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深圳牛津版七年级语法(完整版)

深圳牛津版七年级语法(完整版)
深圳牛津版七年级语法(完整版)

七升八暑假教案(语法部分)

课时一:冠词a/an/the

(一)概说

1.冠词是一种虚词,不能独立担任一个成分,只能附着在一个名词上,帮助说明其词义。英语中

有两个冠词:

1)定冠词 the2)不定冠词 a/an

2.定冠词 the 通常读作 [] ,在元音前读作 [i] ,特别强调或单念时读作 [i:] 。

不定冠词在元音音素开始的单词前用 an这个形式,读作 [n];在其他情况下则使用 a,读作 [] 。

(二)不定冠词的基本用法

1.泛指某一类人或事物中的一个,代表某一类别(不一定译为“一”)

例如:His father is a doctor. 他父亲是医生。

2.代表某一类人或事物,相当于 any(+名词)(不必译为“一”,但必须用 a,表示类别)

例如: A horse is a useful animal. 马是有用的动物。

3.指某人或某物(不是指某一类),但不具体说明何人或何物(一般译为“一”)

例如: This book was written by a worker. 这本书是一位工人写的。

4.表示数量,有“一”的意思,但数的概念没有one 强烈(一般译为“一”)

例如:Wait a moment. 等一下。

5.表示单位,相当于“每”的意思

例如:We have three meals a day.我们每日吃三餐。

6.用于某此固定词组中

例如: a few, a little, a bit (of), a lot of 等。

(三)定冠词的基本用法

1.特指某(些)人或某(些)事物

例如:Give me the book. 把那本书给我。

2.指谈话双方都知道的人或事物

例如:Where is the doctor? 医生在哪儿?

3.再次提到上文提到过的人或事物

例如: I bought a dictionary yesterday. The dictionary is at home.昨天我买了一本词典。词典在家里。4.用在大家所熟悉的、世界上独一无二的事物

例如:The earth is bigger than the moon, but smaller than the sun地.球比月亮大,但比太阳小。

5.用在序数词和形容词最高级前

例如:Mr Wang teaches the first class.王先生上第一节课。

Of all the stars the sun is the nearest to the earth在.所有的恒星中,太阳离地球最近。

6.用在单数可数名词,表示某一类人或事物

例如: The horse is a useful animal. 马是有用的动物。

7.与下列专有名词连用

1)在江、河、湖、海、群岛、山脉的名称前

例如:the Changjiang River, the Great Lake

2)在姓氏的复数名词前,表示夫妇二人或全家人

例如:The Greens are sitting at the breakfast table格.林一家人正围坐在早餐桌旁。

8.和某些形容词连用,表示一类人

例如:the old 老人the young 年轻人the rich 富人 the poor 穷人 the sick 病人 the dead 死人9.在一些习惯说法中

the east (west, south, north) in the end in the morning (afternoon, evening)

go to the cinema

on the left (right)

(四)不用冠词的几种情况

1.在专有名词,抽象名词和物质名词前

例如:Have you ever been to Shanghai?你到过上海吗?We love science. 我们爱好科学。

2.在表示一类人或事物的复数名词前

例如:Girls can be scientists. 女孩子可以当科学家。

3.在季节、月份、星期、一日三餐的名称前

例如:It is hot in summer. 夏天天气热。 Have you had breakfast? 你吃过早饭没有? It ’ s

Tuesday, August the 22nd今.天是八月二十二日,星期三。

4.称呼语或表示头衔,职务的名词前

例如: What’s the matter with you, Mike?怎么啦,迈克?He is headmaster of our school.他是我

们学校的校长。

5.学科和球类运动的名称前

例如:We study English. 我们学习英语。Do you like to play football? 你喜欢踢足球吗?

6.名词前已有用作定语的 this, that my, your, some, any, no, whose, every, each等代词时,不用冠

词例如: That is her bike。那是她的自行车

Each student in his class studies hard这.个班的每个学生都努力学习。

7.在某些固定词组的名词前

例如:at home, at night, after school, by bus, in bed, in town, in front of, go to school, go to bed等。

课时二:一般疑问句

1.概念:什么是一般疑问句

用Yes 或 No 作答的疑问句叫一般疑问句。一般疑问句还有下列特点: 1、以 be 动词、助动词

或情态动词开头;例:Is your father a teacher? Does Catherine like animals? Can Jenny speak French?2、往往读升调;3、译成汉语,都可以带上“吗”,例如上面三句可分别译为:你父亲是老

师吗?凯瑟琳喜欢动物吗?詹妮会说法语吗?

2.如何将陈述句变成一般疑问句?

要将陈述句变成一般疑问句,可以遵循下列步骤:

1.看句中有没有 be 动词( am、 is、 are、 was、 were)、助动词( do、does、did 、 have、had)或情态动词( can、 must、 will 、 may 等),如果有,将其提到句首,句末打上问号即可。

例: It was rainy yesterday.

→ Was it rainy yesterday?

Tom's father can play the piano.

→ Can Tom's father play the piano?

I have finished my homework.

→ Have you finished your homework?

2.如果句中没有 be 动词、助动词或情态动词,则根据谓语动词的形式借助do 的相应形式

放在句首。具体方法是:如果谓语动词是原形,则借do;如果谓语动词是一般现在时第三人称单

数形式,则借 does;如果谓语动词是过去式,则借did. 需要注意的是,借does或 did 后,原句的

谓语动词要变回原形。

例: They go to school by bike.

→ Do they go to school by bike?

→Does bill gets up at 6:30 every day?

The students saw a film yesterday.

→Did the students see a film yesterday?

三.陈述句变一般疑问句应注意的事项

陈述句变成一般疑问句除了遵循上述规则以外,还应注意下列几点:

1.如果陈述句中有第一人称,则变问句时最好要变为第二人称。

例: I usually have lunch at school.

→Do you usually have lunch at school?

My father is playing soccer.

→Is your father playing soccer?

2.如果陈述句中有some, 则变问句时往往要变成any 。

例: There is some water on the playground.

→Is there any water on the playground?

3.复合句变一般疑问句通常只变主句,从句不变。

例: I know he comes from Canada.

→Do you know he comes from Canada?

4.如果句中含有实义动词 have且表示“有”时,除借 do 外,也可将其直接提到句首。

例: I have some friends in America.

→Have you any friends in America?/Do you have any friends in America?

四 .一般疑问句的回答

一般疑问句往往采用简短回答,共由三部分(三个单词)组成,对这三部分(三个单词)

的确定可以概括例下:

1.第一个词:不是 Yes 就是 No 。(有时根据语气的不同, Yes 可由 Sure, Certainly, Of course 等代替 .NO 可由 sorry 代替 .)

2.第二个词:问谁答谁。即答语中的主语须与问句的主语一致(但必须用主格代词)。

例: Does she clean her room every day? Yes, she does.

Is Anna ′ s father a doctor?,Nohe isn′ t.

如果主语是this that,回答时用it 代替,如果问句中主语these, those,回答时用they ′代替。

3.第三个词:用什么问,用什么答。即沿用问句中的引导词。

Can Jim play soccer? Yes, he can./Does Mr Bean speak English? Yes, he does需.要注意问题:(1).用 may 引导的问句,肯定回答用 may,否定回答用 can′或t mustn′t,用 must 引导的问句,肯定回答用 must,否定回答用 needn′t.

例: May I go to the park now? Yes, you may. /No, you mustn Must I wash my clothes now? Yes, you must. /No, you needn ′t.

′ t.

4.用 No 开头作否定回答时 ,结尾要加上 not。因为回答必须是三部分,所以否定回答必须缩写,而肯定回答不能缩写。

例 :Did Thomas come here yesterday? Yes, he did./ No ,he didn′ t.

Is Lin Lin in Class 3? Yes, she is. / No, she isn 或( No, she ′′s)not..

课时三:特殊疑问句和疑问词

以疑问词开头,对句中某一成分提问的句子叫特殊疑问句。常用的疑问词有:what who whose which when where how why 等。

特殊疑问句有两种语序:

1.如疑问词作主语或主语的定语,即对主语或主语的定语提问,其语序是陈述句的语序:疑问

词(+主语)+谓语动词+其他成分?如:

who is singing in the room﹖

whose bike is broken﹖

2.如疑问词作其他成分,即对其他成分提问,其语序是:疑问词+一般疑问句语序?如:what class are you in﹖

What does she look like﹖

Where are you from﹖

What time does he get up every morning﹖

How do you know﹖

特殊疑问词 +助动词 +主语 +动词原形 +其他?

eg:Where do you do study English?

特殊疑问词 +be 动词 +主语 +其他?

eg:Why is your Mum so angry?

特殊疑问词 +情态动词 +主语 +动词原形 +其他?

eg:What can I do for you?

注意:

1.回答特殊疑问句时,不能用yes / no,即问什么答什么,尤其是简略回答。如:

Who is from Canada﹖

Helen (is).

Where's the restaurant﹖

Near the station.

Why do you like koalas﹖

Because they are cute.

特殊疑问句中的疑问词:

(一)疑问句的基本结构

特殊疑问句的基本结构是:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句结构,其答语要根据特殊疑问词来回答,读的时候用降调。

(二)疑问词的用法:

英语中的疑问词可分为疑问代词和疑问副词两类:

疑问代词有: what, which, who, whose

疑问副词有: where, when, why, how

疑问词还可以与某些单词搭配,构成疑问词短语,如:much how long, how often, how soon,how old,

what time, what color, how many,

how tall, how high, how wide

how

1.What is your favourite sport ?

你最喜欢的运动时什么?

What 可以用来询问物体“ things”根据本句提问可以回答football, basketball 等运动方面的词。What 可以组成疑问词短语what time, what color, what grade/class/school等运动方面的词。

(1) What time is it ? 几点了

It is six o’ clock点了. 6

What time 用来询问时间,其答语通常为具体时间。

(2)What color is your car ? 你的车是什么颜色的?

It ’ s red红.色的

What color 询问颜色,其答语应为表示颜色的词。

(3)what grade询问年级, what class询问班级,其答语通常为 Class+数词,Grade+数词,班级在前,年级在后,而且首字母要大写,其中数字也可以用阿拉伯数字来表示。

2. Which 表示询问哪一个。

Which do you like better, the red one or the yellow one ?

你更细化哪一个,红的还是黄的?

3. Who is the man over there ?

Who 用来询问人物,其答语应为He is ??

4. whose watch is it ? 这是谁的手表?

Whose用来询问某物是谁的。其答语应为物主代词+名词、名词性物主代词或名词所有格。

Whose bike is this ? 这是谁的自行车?

It ’ s mine./ my bike/ Lily 是我的’/我s.的车 /莉莉的车。

5. Where do you live ?I live in Shenzhen.

Where 询问地点,其答语应为表示地点的词或短语。

6.When is your birthday?你的生日是什么时候?On

August 24th .

When 询问时间,其答语应为表时间的词或短语,时间范围较大。

what time 也是用来询问时间

what time 和 when 的区别:

what time 意为“几点”,其答语多为具体时刻。

when 意为“什么时候”,其答语可以是具体时刻,也可以是一段时间。

7.How many people are there in your family ?

How many 用来询问数量,其答语为数词。

How many 后面接可数名词的复数。

8.How much water do you have? 你有多少水?

How much 用来询问数量,其后接不可数名词

另外 how much 还可以用来询问价钱?

How much is your pen ?

It is ten yuan.

9.why are you late ? 你为什么迟到?

Because I get up late this morning. 因为我早上起来迟了。

Why 用来询问原因,答语要用because 因(为 )

10.how often 用来问频率(多久一次)

How often do you play football ?

Twice a week.

11. how soon will you come back ? 你再过多久回来?

In a week . 再过一个星期。

how soon询问未来的时间,常用于一般将来时。其答语通常为“in+一段时间”

12. how tall 问身高how high 问建筑物的高how long 问物体长度how wide 问多宽

how old 问年龄

课时四:连词and/ but/ so

’ t be I am good at math and English ,but I am not good at science, so I always can

one of top students. 我擅长数学和英语,但我不擅长自然科学,因此我总是不

能成为优秀的学生之一。

1.and ,是最常用的并列连词,意为“和;并且;然后;那么”用来连接两个或两个以上并列的单词,

短语或句子,表示并列或递进的关系。

My brother and I are in the same school. 我和我哥哥在同一所学校。

Tom goes into his room and closes the door. 汤姆进了房间,让后关上了门。

Work hard and you will pass the exam. 你若是努力学习,就会通过考试。

2.but,意为“但是;然而”用来连接两个或两个以上并列的单词,短语或句子,表示转折的关系。After getting to the top of the Great Wall, I am tired but happy. 登上了长城后,我虽然累,但也高兴。

I like the blue T-shirt, but not the green one.我喜欢那件蓝色的T 恤衫,而不是绿色的那件。

The girl cut her hand with a knife, but she didn ’ t cry那.个女孩被刀子割破了手,但她没有哭。

3. So ,意为“因此;所以”用来连接两个或两个以上并列的句子,表示因果关系。(注意不能和

because连用 )

It rained all the night, so there is water everywhere now下.了一整夜的雨,因此现在到处是水。

My bike was broken, so I had to walk home. 我的自行车坏掉了,所以我不得不步行回家。

课时五:一般现在时

形式

第三人称单数形式构成

1.在动词原形后加 -s

2.以 ch, sh, s, o, x结尾的

词后加 -es

3.以辅音字母 +y 结尾的动

词,先将 y 变为 i,再加 -es

4.以元音字母 +y 结尾的动

词后加 -s

例词

run → runs

teach → teaches

wash→ washes

go→ goes

pass → passes

try → tries

stay → stays

英语动词有五种基本形式,即动词原形、过去式、过去分词、现在分词和第三人称单数形式

1)构成

动词一般现在时,除主语为单数第三人称以外,谓语动词一律用原形,若主语为第三人称单数,则谓语动词的词尾应发生变化(加 -s 或-es)。另外 be 和 have 有特殊的人称变化形式。

详见下表:

动词 to be

I am a student

You are a student

He (She) is a student.

We (You, They) are students 动词 to have

I have a pen.

You have a pen.

He (She) has a pen.

We (You, They) have pens.

2)用法

a.表示经常发生的动作、行为或存在的状态。

常用的时间状语有: often, usually, always, every day等。

I go to school every day except Sunday除.了星期日,我每天上学。There are fifty students in our class我.们班上有五十个学生。b.表示主语的身份或特征。

His father is a doctor.他的父亲是医生。

Tom is tall.汤姆个子高。

c.表示一种客观事实或普遍真理

The earth is round.地球是圆的 .

The sun is bigger than the moon太.阳比月亮大。

d.在条件状态从句和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来。

If you don't go soon, you'll be late.如果你不快去的话,你就要迟到了。

I will wait for you until you come back.我将一直等到你回来。

课时六:一般过去时

1)构成

一般过去时其谓语动词使用动词过去式形式。

形式构成

过去式1.在动词原形后加 -ed

2.以辅音字母 +y 结尾的动词,先

将y 变为 i 再加 -ed

3.以重读闭音节一个辅音字母

结尾的动词,先双写结尾的辅音

字母再加 -ed 例词

work → worked carry → carried stop → stopped

一般动词

be 动词肯定式否定式疑问式

I (You, He, She, We,I (You, He, She, We,Did you (I, he, she, They) worked there.They) did not work we, they) work there?

there.

I (He, She, It) was there. I (He, She, It) was not Was I (he, she, it) We ( You, They) were there.there?

there We (You, They)Were you (we, they)

were not there.there?

2)用法

a.表示在过去某一时间内发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示过去的时间状语连用,如:

yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, just now, upon a time, in 1989, in the old days, when I was at middle school等。

He left for Beijing yesterday morning.他昨天上午到北京去了。

She wasn't at home last night.她昨晚上在家。

Did you finish your work at four yesterday afternoon?你昨天下午四点完成工作了吗?

b.表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。

I got up very early at that time.我那时总是起得很早。

Mary always got up too late and never had enough time for breakfast when she was at middle school.玛丽上中学时总是起得很晚,从来都没有足够时间吃早饭。

课时七:一般将来时

1)构成

动词一般将来时由助动词 shall 或 will 加动词原形构成。 shall 用于第一人称作主语, will 用于第二、三人称作主语。除英国以外的说英语的国家,在陈述句中,即使在第一人称作主语时一般也使用

助动词 will ,在英国现在也有这种趋势。在口语中,shall,will 常缩写成 I ‘ll You'll, We'll等。在否定

句中, will not 缩写成 won't shall not 缩写成 shan't。

肯定式否定式疑问式

I (We) shall / will go there You (He, She, They) will go there I (We ) shall / will not go there

You (He, She, They) will not

go there

Shall I (we) go there? Will

you (he, she, they) go

there?

2)用法

a.表示将要发生的动作行为或存在的状态。

常与表示将来的时间状语连用,如:tomorrow, next time, next year, in a few days等。

I'll go and see her next Friday我.下周五去看她。

He won't go there tomorrow morning. 他明天上午不到那儿去。

Will you do it again?你再做一遍好吗?

b.有时没有时间状语,根据上下文判断其谓语动作是将要发生的。

I don't know who will do it. 我不知道谁将做这件事。

Don't worry, he will be there on time.别着急,他会准时在那儿。

c.表示将来经常发生的动作。

From now on I'll get up early every morning.从今以后,我每天早晨早起。

注意:

1)表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态,除了用上述的一般将来时外,还可以用be going to来表示。 be going to 这个结构表示:

a.即将发生的动作; b.主语打算或准备要做的事; c.说话人根据已有的迹象判断即将发生的事。 be going to 结构中的 be 随着句子中主语的人称而变化。

例如:

We are going to learn English我.们将学习英语。

How are you going to spend your holidays?你们打算怎样度过假期?

Look at these black clouds. I think it's going to rain看.这些黑云,我想天要下雨了。

2)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,一般将来时要用一般现在时代替。

例如:

He will come to see you when he has time他.有空时会来看你的。

They will ring you up as soon as they get back他.们一回来就打电话给你。

课时八:现在进行时

形式构成例词

现在分1.在动词原形后加 -ing read → reading

词2.以不发音的 e 结尾的动write → writing

词,去掉 e 再加 -ing swim→ swimming

3.以重读闭音节一个辅音字die → dying

母结尾的动词,先双写结尾

的辅音字母再加 -ing

4.少数几个以 ie 结尾的动

词要变 ie 为 y,再加 -ing

1)构成

现在进行时由助动词 be 的人称形式加动词的现在分词构成。它的肯定式,否定式及疑问式的结构如下:

肯定句否定句疑问句

1.I am working now. 1.I am not working now. 1.Am I working now?

2.You are working now. 2.You are not working 2.Are you working now?

3.He (She) is working now. 3.Is (he, she) working

now. 3.He (She)is not now?

4.We (You, They) are working now. 4.Are you (we, they)

working now. 4.We (You, They) are working now?

not working now.

2)用法

a.现在进行时表示说话时谓语的动作正在进行。

Who are you waiting for?你在等谁?

He knows that we are helping him now他.知道我们现在正在帮助他。

b.在现阶段正在进行的动作,但不一定说话时动作正在进行。

The students are working on the farm there days这.些天学生们正在农场劳动。

c.有些动词的进行时态还可用来表示将来时。这类动词有go, come, leave, arrive, move, die等。

He is coming soon他.不久就要来了。

Mary is arriving here at 4 o/clock this afternoon.玛丽今天下午四点到达这里。

注意:

1)表示状态或感觉的动词,如:know, love, like, want, hear, see, think等,一般没有进行时态,因为它们不能表示正在进行的动作。但是,如果词义发生变化,能表示一个正在进行的动作,

也可使用进行时态。

例如:

Stop, I am thinking.停下来,我正在想问题呢。

2)无法延续动作的动词,如: jump, begin, start, stop 等一般不宜用于进行时态。但是,若想

表示动作反复或即将发生,也可使用进行时态。

例如:

He is jumping up and down.他一上一下地跳个不停。

课时九:祈使句

定义:用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句,祈使句最常用于表达命令,

因此又叫做命令句。

Go and wash your hands. 去(洗你的手。—命令 )

Be quiet, please.(Please be quiet). (请安静。——请求)

Be kind to our sister. (对姊妹要和善。——劝告)

Watch your steps. (走路小心。——警告)

Look out!Danger!小心!危险!——强烈警告Keep off the grass. (勿践草坪。——禁止)No parking. (禁止停车。——禁止)

表现形式——●肯定结构:

1.Do 型——动词原形开头

即:动词原形 (+宾语 )+其它成分。

如:Please have a seat here.请这边坐。

有的祈使句在意思明确的情况下,动词可省略。如 :This way, please. =Go this way, please请.这边走

2.Be 型——动词 Be 开头

即:Be + 表语 (名词或形容词 )+其它成分 )。

如:Be a good boy! 要做一个好孩子 !

3.Let 型——动词 Let 开头。

即:Let + 宾语 + 动词原形 + 其它成分 )。

如:Let me help you. 让我来帮你。

表现形式——●否定结构 :

1.Do 型和 Be 型的否定式都是在句首加 don't 构成。如 :Don't forget me! 不要忘记我 !

Don't be late for school! 上学不要迟到 !

2.Let 型的否定式有两种 :

①“Don‘t + let +宾语+ 动词原形+ 其它成分”

②“ Let + 宾语 + not + 动词原形 + 其它成分”。

如:Don't let him go.

Let him not go. 别让他走。

3.No 开头——用来表示禁止性的祈使句。

如:No smoking! 禁止吸烟 !

No fishing! 禁止钓鱼 !

课时十:不定代词

1)some 和 any

a.some 常用于肯定句,any 多用于否定句,疑问句或条件状语从句,两者都可以代替可数或不可数名词。

例如Some say yes and some say no有.的人说是,有的人说不是。

I don’ t like any of them我对.他们一个也不喜欢。

Does any of them know this? 他们当中有谁知道吗?

b.如果在提问时期待对方肯定回答,或鼓励别人说yes 时,疑问句中的不定代词要用some,不用any。

例如:Would you like some of the tickets? 你想要些票吗?

c.在强调“任何一个”意思的时候,any 也可用于肯定句。

例如:You can take any of the newspapers here. 你可以拿这儿任何一份报纸。

2)复合不定代词

复合不定代词是由some, any, no, every 同 body, one, thing 等词构成的代词。复合不定代词都可看作单数,表示“某人”或“某物”,并在句中作主语、宾语或表语。

同some和any在用法上的区别一样,some, someone

和something 一般用于肯定句, anybody, anyone 和 anything 一般用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中。例如: We want somebody to help us. 我们想要有人来帮助我们。

Have you found anything here? 你们在这儿发现什么了吗?

If anyone comes to visit us, tell him we have gone to the cinema.如果有人来访,就告诉他我们去电影院了。

表示人的复合不定代词后面都可以加’s构成所有格。

例如:Somebody’s wallet has just been stolen.有人的钱包刚刚被偷了。

复合不定代词要求后置定语。

例如:We will have something important to do this afternoon.今天下午我们有些重要事情要做。

课时十一:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词

(一)人称代词

1.人称代词的单数、复数和主格、宾格

单数复数

人称

主格宾语主格宾格

第一人称I 我me we 我们us

第二人称you 你you you 你们you

he 他him they 他们她们them

第三人称she 她her它们

it 它it

2.人称代词的用法

1)人称代词的主格在句子中充当主语

例如:

I am studying English now我.现在正在学英语。

We love our country.我们热爱我们的国家。

如果有几个人称代词并列充当主语,它们的顺序是:

单数形式you, he and I

复数形式we, you and they

2)人称代词的宾语在句子中充当宾语、介词宾语或表语。

例如:

Can you help us?你能帮助我们吗?

We are waiting for them.我们正在等他们。

Who is there? It’是s谁me呀.?是我。

(二)物主代词

物主代词用来表示人和物之间的所有关系,这类代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种,并有不同的人称和单复数之分。

单数复数

第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称形容词性

my your his, her, its our your their 物主代词

名词性

mine yours his, hers, its ours yours theirs 物主代词

形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词的主要用法区别

1)形容词性物主代词不能独立使用,只作定语,用来修饰后面的名词。

例如:

My parents are both doctors.我的父母都是医生。

We saw a film yesterday. Its name was Speed我.们昨天看了一场电影,片名是《生死时速》。2)名词性物主代词应独立使用,后面不跟名词,相当于形容词性物主代词 +名词,它们在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语。

例如:

Is this her pen? No, hers is red. (主语)这是她的钢笔吗?不,她的是红色的。

Let ’ s clean their room first, and then cleanours. (宾语)咱们先打扫他们的房间,然后再打扫我

们的。

These letters are his.(表语)这些信是他的。

(三)反身代词

反身代词用来表示反射或强调。

1.反身代词的形式

人称一二三

单数myself yourself himself herself itself

复数ourselves yourselves themselves

2.反身代词的用法

1)在句子中作宾语,表示动作回射到动作的执行者本身。

例如:

My grandmother is too old to look after herself. 我奶奶年纪太大了,照顾不了她自己。

Lei Feng was always ready to help others, he never thought of himself雷.锋总是乐于帮助别人,从不

虑自己。

2)在句中作名词或代词的同位语,用来加强语气,常可译为“亲自”、“本人”等。在这种情况下,反身代词可以紧跟名词或代词之后,也可以放到句末。

例如:

We ourselves will build the factory.我们将自己建造这个工厂。

He spoke to me myself他.对我本人说话。

3)反身代词在实际运用中可构成许多常用词组。

例如:

by oneself 亲自 for oneself 为自己

call oneself 称自己teach oneself 自学

help oneself to 随意吃lose oneself 迷路

speak to oneself 自言自语seat oneself 就座

make oneself understood 让别人懂得自己的意思

课时十二:指示代词

指示代词

指示代词是表示“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”等指示概念的代词,如:this, that, these, those 等。英语中指示代词的用法同汉语中的情况相似。 this 和 these 一般用来指较近的事物,that 和 those 则指较远的事物。

指示代词可以充当句子中的主语、定语、宾语或表语。

例如:

This is a difficult question.这是个难题。

That basketball isn’那t个ours篮球.不是我们的。

Do you like these?你喜欢这些吗?

1)指下文要提到的事用this

Please remember this: No pain, no gain. 请记住这点:没有付出就没有收获。

2)指前面刚刚提到过的是

He was ill, that’swhy he didn’tgo to school.他病了。那就是他没去上学的原因。

3)打电话时用 this 介绍自己,用 that 询问对方。

---Who is that? ----This is Mike speaking. 你是哪位?我是迈克。

4) That,those 常用于比较句型中,代替前面提到的名词。

The weather in Shenzhen is different from that in Beijing.

The apples in this shop are much cheaper than those in that shop.

课时十三: who/whose one/ ones

A、 who 与 whose

疑问代词 Who 意为“谁”,whose 意为“谁

的”。 Who is your English teacher?你们的英语老

师是谁? Whose is this umbrella? 这伞是谁的?

Whose umbrella is this? 这是谁的伞?

who 与 whose 都是疑问代词,用来构成特殊疑问句。特殊疑问句不能用 yes 和 no 来回答,要用完整

形式来回答,读时用降调。

who 的意思是“谁”,问的是姓名或某人的关系。如:

—Who is he ?— He is John.(问姓名)

他是谁?他是约翰。

—Who is she ?— She is our teacher.(问关系)

她是谁?她是我们的老师。

whose 一般是就物主代词或名词所有格提问。

1)提问部分作定语时,用“Whose +名词+一般疑问句?”结构。如:

Whose shirt is it? It's my shirt.

2)提问部分作表语时,用“Whose +一般疑问句?”结构。

Whose is the shirt? It is mine.

B、one和ones

one 作替代词,相当于“a(an)+名词”,用来代替前面出现过的同类事物, one 代替单数可数名词,ones 代替复数可数名词, one 不能代替前面的不可数名词。

This bike is very nice. I also want to buy one.

There are many apples on the desk, the red ones are mine.

情景对话: A.I d’like some chicken wings,please.

B. Fresh or frozen?

A. Fresh ones, please.

课时十四:情态动词

综述:情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度,或表示主观设想。情态动词后接动词原形,

没有人称和数的变化。

1.Can, cannot(can’t) 过去式 could, couldn’t

1)表示有能力做某事,意为“能,会” = be able to /be not able to

Can you swim?

Yes I can. / No, I can’t.

Can they dance?

Yes they can. / No, they can’t.

2)表示请求或允许时(和 may 的意思差不多,日常口语常用 can)意为“可以”

You can/may sit down. They/You/he can/may go now(.注意与人称无关)

Can / may they go now? Can/may I come in?

回答 yes, they can/may. No. you can’t/ may not.

或者, yes, please./ certainly / of course

No, you mustn’t.

3)Can 和 can’t用于否定句,疑问句还可以表示推测和判断”可能”“不可能”

There is some on outside, who can it be?

回答 It may be lily./ it can’tbe lily.

2.Must, must not(mustn ’t)

1) 表示必须,禁止,强调客观性,语气较强硬,否定形式 mustn’t

You must finish your homework now.

You mustn’tplay football in the street.

疑问句Must I finish my homework now?

回答 Yes you must./ No you needn’t.

2)Must 还可表示推测,意为“一定,准是”

You must be hungry, get something to eat.

翻译 :有人在敲门,那肯定是李雷。 / 那不可能是李雷。

------Someone is knocking at the door.

-------It must be Lilei. / It can’tbe Lilei.

课时十五:名词之专有名词/ 可数名词 / 不可数名词

专有名词

专有名词主要指人名、地名及某些类人和事物专有的名称。专有名词的第一个字母要大写。

例如:

1)人名: Mary, Mrs Green, Zhanghua2)地名: Beijing, West Lake

3)某类人的名称: Americans, Russians4)某些抽象事物的名称:English, Chinese

5)月份、周日及节日名称: May, Saturday, Easter6)书名、电影及诗歌的名称: Cone with the Wind 7)对家人等的称呼: Mum, Dad, Uncle Tom

可数名词和不可数名词

(1)名词按所表示的事物的性质分为可数与不可数名词两类。可数名词有复数形式,不可数名

词一般没有复数形式。

普通名词中的个体名词和集体名词一般是可数的,所以它们又可称为可数名词。可数名词单数

往往要同不定冠词 a 或 an 连用,复数则要使用其复数形式。

普通名词中的物质名词和抽象名词及专有名词一般是不可数的,这些名词又可称为不可数名词。不可数名词不能用不定冠词修饰,也不存在复数形式,如 ice (冰), water (水), rice (稻子 )等。在

英语中个别名词既可以作不可数名词,又可以作可数名词。但由于用法不同,它们的意思往往也不

大相同,对这些名词要特别注意。

例如

作不可数名词glass 玻璃

paper 纸张time 时间work 消息作可数名词

玻璃杯;镜子;眼镜报纸;文件;考卷次数;时代

单词;话语

常用的不可数名词有:

Food, meat, fish, chicken, pork, beef, mutton, drink, orange, milk, tea, coke, water, rice, bread, homework, news, paper, ice, rain, snow, wind, cloud, air, weather, maths, Chinese, English, music, information, fun, work.

可以修饰不可数名词的词或短语

A lot of, lots of, some, a little, little

数次 +容器 +of+不可数名词

如: a glass of water two glasses of water

A piece of news two pieces of news

( 2)可数名词复数形式的构成

可数名词的复数形式通常是在单数形式后加-s 或-es,现将其复数的一般构成方法及读音列表如下:

情况

构成方法 例词

读音

一般情况

在词尾加 -s

desk →desks

-s 在请辅音后发 音

map → maps [s]

day → days -s 在元音私浊畏音后发 [z]

girl → girls

以 s, x, ch, sh

在词尾加 -es

bus →buses es 发 [iz]音

结尾的词

box → boxes watch → watches

fish → fishes

以辅音字母加 变 y 为 I 再加 -es

family →families

-ies 发[iz] 音

y 结尾的词

factory → factories

party → parties

以元音字母 y

在词尾加 -s

day →days

-s

boy → boys

[z]

结尾的词

key → keys

以 f 或 fe 结尾 变 f 或 fe 为 v 再 knife →knives -ves 发 [vz] 音

life → lives

的词

加 -es

wife → wives

half → halves 以辅音字母加 在词尾加 -es

potato →potatoes -es 发[z]音 o 结尾的词

tomato → tomatoes

hero → heroes 以元音字母加

在词尾加 -s

radio →radios

-s 发 音

zoo → zoos

[z]

o 结尾的词

少数以辅音字母加 o 结尾的名词变为复数时只加 -s 。如: photo →photos, piano

→pianos

等。

有些以 f 结尾的名词变为复数时也只加 -s 。如: handkerchief →handkerchiefs, roof →等

roofs 。

英 语 中还 有不少 名 词 的复数 形 式是 不规 则的 , 必 须 把它们 牢 记在 心 。 如: man →men, woman → women, Frenchman → Frenchmen, child → children,tooth → teeth, foot → feet,goose → geese, mouse → mice, sheep → sheep, deer → deer, fish 等。→ fish

课时十六:数词的表达

(一)基数词

基数词用来表示数目,或者说表示数量的词叫基数词。最基本的基数词如下表所示。

1 one 11 eleven

100 a hundred 2 two 12 twelve 20 twenty 1000 a thousand

3 three 13 thirteen 30 thirty , , 000 a million

1 000

4 four 14 fourteen 40 forty , , 000 ten million

10

000

5 five 15 fifteen 50 fifty

, , 6 six

16 sixteen

60 sixty

100 000 000 a hundred million , , ,

1 000 000 000 a billion

7 seven 17 seventeen

70 seventy

8 eight 18 eighteen 80 eighty 9 nine 19 nineteen 90 ninety

10 ten

说明:

1.13—19 是由个位数加后缀 -teen 构成。注意其中13、15 的拼写是 thirteen 和 fifteen 。

2.20—90 由个位数加后缀 -ty 构成,注意其中 20—50 的拼写分别是 twenty, thirty, forty 和 fifty;80 的

拼写是 eighty。

3.其它非整十的两位数21—99 是由整十位数加连字符“-”,再加个位数构成。如: 81 eighty-one。4.101—999 的基数词先写百位数,后加and 再写十位数和个位数。如:691 six hundred and ninety-one。

5.1000 以上的基数词先写千位数,后写百位数,再加and,最后写十位数和个位数。

如: 5893 five thousand eight hundred and ninety-three。在基数词中只有表示“百”、“千”的单位词,没有单独表示“万”、“亿”的单位词,而是用 thousand(千)和 million(百万)来表达,其

换算关系为: 1 万 =10 thousand;1亿 =100 million; 10 亿=a thousand million=a billion。

7.多位数的读法:

1)1000 以上的多位数,要使用计数间隔或逗号“,”。即从个位起,每隔三位加一个间隔或逗号。第

一个间隔或逗号前是 thousand(千),第二个间隔或逗号前是 million (百万),第三个间隔或逗

号前是 a thousand million 或 a billion(十亿 )。

2)每隔三位分段以后就都成了101—999。读的时候十位数(或个位数)的前面一般要加and。如:888, 000,000 读作: eight hundred and eighty-eight million 。

(二)、基数词的用法

1.基数词的复数形式表示大量的的数目。

在这种情况下,表示单位的基数词(hundred, thousand, million, billion) 不能在词尾加 -s。

例如:

two hundred students 二百个学生

five thousand years 五千年

2.基数词的复数形式表示大量的的数目,在这种情况下,表示单位的基数词词尾加 -s,要与 of 短语连用。

(三)序数词

表示顺序的词,叫序数词。序数词用来表示数词顺序。除特殊情况外,序数词一般都由相应的基

数词加后缀 -th 构成。

请见下表:

第一到第十第十一到第十九第二十以上

first eleventh twentieth

second twelfth thirtieth

third thirteenth fortieth

fourth fourteenth fiftieth

fifth fifteenth sixtieth

sixth sixteenth seventieth

seventh seventeenth eightieth

eighth eighteenth ninetieth

ninth nineteenth hundredth

tenth thousandth

说明:

1.英语中表示第一、第二、第三的序数词属特殊形式,要注意它们的拼写。

2.表示“几十”的序数词通常是将基数词词尾y 变成 i 再加上后缀 -eth。

3.其余的二位数序数词是以相应的整十基数词加个位序数词。如:fifty-first (第五十一)。

4.少数序数词拼法不规则,如: fifth (第五), eighth(第八),ninth (第九), twelfth (第十二)等。

注意:

1.序数词可缩写为阿拉伯数字加序数词最后两个字母。

例如:

第一: (the) first=1 st

第二: (the) second=2 nd

第三: (the) third=3 rd

第五: (the) fifth=5th

第九十七: (the) ninety-seventh=97 th

第一百零一: (the) one hundred (and)first=101st

2.编了号的事物要用基数词表示顺序,但是基数词要后置。

例如:

第一课: Lesson One

第三十二页: Page 32

第305 房间: Room 305

第12 路公共汽车: Bas No.12

(四)、年、月、日和时间的表达法

1.年份用基数词表达,分两位一读,年份前用介词in。

例如:

1999 nineteen ninety-nine

2000 two thousand

2001 two thousand and one

2.月份的第一个字母要大写,有些月份名称有缩写形式。

例如:

一月 January(Jan.), 二月 February(Feb.), 三月 March(Mar.), 四月(Apr.),五月 May, 六月 June, 七月July, 八月 August(Aug.),九月 September(Sep.), 十月 October(Oct.), 十一月 November(Nov.), 十二月December(Dec.)。

3.日期的表达要用序数词,读时前面要加定冠词the,介词要使用 on。

例如:

在6 月 1 日: on June 1 st 读作: on June the first.

年、月、日同时表达时,一般应先写月、日、后写年。

例如:

在2001 年 5 月 4 日: on May 4 th, 2001。

4.年代用基数词的复数表示。

例如:

20 世纪 90 年代: nineteen nineties

21 世纪 20 年代: twenty twenties

5.时间表达法:时间可用顺读法或倒读法两种方式表达。

例如:

顺读法倒读法

5:00 five (o’ clock)

6:18 six eighteen eighteen past six

12:15 twelve fifteen fifteen (a quarter) past twelve

4:30 four thirty half past four

5:50 five fifty ten to six

6:45 six forty-five a quarter to seven

注意:

o’ clock(也可不加 )。表达“几点几分”时,绝不能1)表示整点时间,直接用基数词表达,后边可接

用 o’clock。

2)表达“ 15分”或“ 45分”时,常用 quarter(刻)。

3)在倒读法中,如果钟点不过半,须用“分钟数 +past+钟点数”的形式;如果钟点过半,则用“差多少分钟数 +to+全钟点(下个钟点数)”的形式。

例如:

8:20 twenty past eight

8:40 twenty to nine

6.分数的表达法

1)分子用基数词,分母用序数词。分子大于 1 时,分母用复数。

2)小数的读法:小数点前面的数按照基数词的读法,小数点后面的数按照数本身读,小数点读 point

例如:

0.38 zero point three eight

96.89 ninety-six point eight nine

3)百分数,在数词后加percent。

例如:

15%读作: fifteen percent

60%读作: sixty percent

(五)加减乘除

加减乘除的英语表达法:对算式的提问,常用“ what is?”的句型,“等于”用 is 或 equals 等表示。

1.加:add v.plus prep.

add A to/and B= A added to B is C= A plus B is C= A and B is C

2.减: subtract v. minus prep.

Subtract A from B= B minus A is C

3.乘: multiply v. times prep.

Multiply A by B= A multiplied by B is C= A times B is C

4. 除: divide v.

Divide A by B= A divided by B is C A 除以 B

课时十七:介词(时间介词/ 方位介词)

一、时间介词

In on at before after until

In: 表示一段时间,如年、月、世纪、四季或泛指一天的上午、中午、晚上in autumn, in the morning,

in a month

on: 主要用于表示星期,具体某一天或某一天的早、午、晚或用在节日前on August 8th, on a cold morning

at: 多用于表示具体的钟点、时刻,所指的时间大多比较短暂Eg:at a quarter to ten

after 表示时间,意为在?之后 ,I always go to sleep after 10 o’ clock.

before 表示时间,意为在?之前 , “ Please finish your homework before you go to sleep.” my m

me.

二、方位介词

(1)on 表示在某物的上面,指与某物体相接触。如:

The map of China is on the wall. 中国地图挂在墙上。His coat is on the chair. 他的上衣在椅子上。

(2) under 表示在某物垂直的正下方,两者之间不接触。如:My pen is under the desk. 我的钢

笔在桌子下。

(3)behind 表示在某物的后面。如: There is a tree behind the house. 房子后面有棵树。

(4)in 表示在场所、地点或位置里,意为“在??之内”、“在??里面”。如:

Your pencil is in the pencil-box. 你的铅笔在铅笔盒里。Nanjing is in Jiangsu Province.南京在江苏省。

(5)in front of 表示“在??的前面”,与 behind 恰好相反。如:

My sister stands in front of my father. 我妹妹站在我父亲前面。

(6)near 表示在某物的附近,意为“接近,靠近”。如: My house is near the lake. 我的房子位于湖

畔。

(7) over 表示在某物的垂直正上方,与under 正好相反。如:The light is over the desk. 灯在课桌的正上方。

另: In on to

in : 表示在某一地区之内的某方位(属于该范围)

on: 表示与某地的毗邻关系

to: 表示在某一地区之外的某方位(不属于该范围)

例如:

China is in the east of Asia.

The United Kingdom is to the west of China.

Russia is on the north of China.

区分: 1)above, over, on 在??上

above 指在??上方 ,不强调是否垂直,与below 相对;

over 指垂直的上方 ,与 under 相对 ,但 over 与物体有一定的空间,不直接接触。

on 表示某物体上面并与之接触。

The bird is flying above my head.

There is a bridge over the river.

He put his watch on the desk.

2)below, under 在??下面

under 表示在?正下方

below 表示在??下,不一定在正下方

There is a cat under the table.

几对短语的区别:

1)in the wall / on the wall 都可以表示在墙上。

但介词 in 表示里面的意思,而on 只是在表面上,所以用法不同。

如: There is a hole in the wall. 墙上有一个洞。

There is a picture on the wall. 墙上有一幅画。

2)in the tree/ on the tree 都可以表示在树上。但如果是长在树上的东西,用介词on,而如果不是树上本身长的东西则用in。

如: There is an apple on the tree.

There is a bird in the tree.

3)On the paper/ in the newspaper 在纸上用介词on;而在报纸上,则同在书上的介词, 用 in. 4)on the wall: 表示东西粘贴或挂在“在墙上”

in the wall :表示门、窗等嵌“在墙上”

5)between 常指“在 , (两者)之间” ,如果把三者以上的人或事物分别看待指每两者之间也用between,如 between meals

among 用于指“在(三者或三者以上的人或物)之间”

6)across 含有“从,表面穿过”之意,或指沿某一条线的方向而进行的动作,表示游渡、乘船过海或过河时用 across

through 含有“从 , 中间穿过”之意

I threw it through the window.

He pushed his way through the crowd to the door.

课时十八:音标

英语国际标准音标练习

前 元

音 (4

[i:] [i]

[e]

[? ]

个 )

单 元

音 (5 ɑ

音 12

[?:]

[?]

[u:] [u]

个 )

[ :]

元 音 中 元

音 (3

[?]

[?:]

[?]

(20 个)

个 )

音 (5

双 元 合口双元

[ei] [?u] [ai]

[au] [?i]

个 )

音 8

集中双元 音 (3

[i ?] [u ?] [??]

个 )

[ θ][?] [t ?]

音 清 辅

音(11 个)

[p] [t] [k] [f] [s] [tr] [ts] [h]

[b] [d] [g] [v] [z] [e] [?] [d ?] [dr] [dz] [l]

(28 个) 浊 辅 音(17 个)

[m] [n] [?] [j] [w] [r]

语音知识 : 1) 字母:语言的书写形式。元音字母只有 a,e,i(y),o,u 2) 音素:音的最小的单位。英语中有 48 音素。即 20 个元音音素和 28 个辅音音素 .

3) 元音:发音响亮,是乐音;口腔中气流不收阻碍;是构成音节的主要音。英语中有

20 元音。 4) 辅音:发音不响亮,是噪音;口腔中气流受到阻碍;不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有 28 辅

音。 5) 音节:由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。 ap'ple , stu'dent ,tea'cher , un'der'stand 。 6) 开音节:a) 辅音 +元音 +辅音 +e name bike home due;

b) 辅音 +元音 he ,go ,hi 。 7) 闭音节:a) 辅音 +元音 +辅音 bad , bed , sit , hot , cup; b)元音 +辅音 it 。

8) 重读音节:单词中发音特别响亮的音节。

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