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科技英语高级语法(1)

科技英语高级语法(1)
科技英语高级语法(1)

英语语法大攻克--现在完成时的讲解

现在完成时的讲解 基本结构:主语+have/has+过去分词(done) ①肯定句:主语+have/has+过去分词+其他 ②否定句:主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他 ③一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他 ④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+过去分词+其他) (1)现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在. I have spent all of my money.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.) Jane has laid the table.(含义是:现在桌子已经摆好了.) Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱) He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地) (2)现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作(用行为动词表示)或状态(be动词表示)常与for(+时间段),since(+时间点或过去时的句子)连用. Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998. 注(超重要):瞬间动词(buy,die,join,lose……)不能直接与for since 连用。要改变动词 come-be go out-be out finish-be over open-be open die-be dead ……………… 1.have代替buy My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years. 2、用keep或have代替borrow I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days. 3、用be替代become How long has your sister been a teacher? 4、用have a cold代替catch a cold Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday. 5、用wear代替put on b)用“be+形容词”代终止性动词 1、be+married代marry 2、be+ill代fall (get) ill 3、be+dead代die 4、be+asleep代fall (get) asleep 5、be+awake代wake/wake up 6、be+gone代lose,die,sell,leave 7、be+open代open 8、be closed代close/shut 9、be+missing(gone,lost)代lose c)用“be+副词”代终止性动词 1“be+on”代start,begin 2“be+up”代get up 3“be+back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to 4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等 d)用“be+介词短语”代终止性动词 1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to 2.用be in the army 代替join the army

英语语法大全(完整版)

【学英语必看】 《英语语法手册》 在实用英语备受青睐的现在,大家在学习英语和准备各种考试时,总是把 听说读写放在首位,诚然,学习语言重在实践。但是,请不要忽视语法的作用,特别是在阅读和写作中,他能帮助你分析清楚句子结构,准确抓住句子的要点,更能帮你写出复杂而优美的长句。 以下为你整理《英语语法手册》全集,不需背诵记忆,只要静下心阅读一遍,就能有所收获! 宝宝更希望你能把他们融在平时的阅读写作里. [英语语法手册]关于词类和句子成分 根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的功用将词分为若干类,叫做词类。一个 句子由各个功用不同的部分所构成,这些部分叫做句子成分。 学一个词,要学它的发音、拼法、意义,也要记它的词类;更重要的是要 了解它和其他词的关系,及其在句中作什么句子成分。如China is in East Asia(中国位于东亚)一句中的China这个单词所属的词类是名词,在句子中作主语。 词类(parts of speech) 英语的词通常分为十大类: 1)名词(noun,缩写为n.)是人和事物的名称,如pen(钢笔),English(英语),life(生活)。 2)代词(pronoun,缩写为pron.)是用来代替名词的词,如we(我们),his(他的),all(全部)。 3)形容词(adjective,缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词,如great(伟大的),honest(诚实的),difficult(困难的)。 4)数词(numeral,缩写为num.)是表示"多少"和"第几"的词,如four(四),eighteen(十八),first(第一),eighth(十八),hundred(一百)。

科技英语的语法特点

词类转换多: 在翻译时将英文的某种词类翻译成汉语的另一词类 The operation of a machine needs some knowledge of its performance. 操作机器需要懂得机器的一些性能。 被动语态 1. Mathematics is used in many different fields. 2. People use mathematics in many different fields. 后置定语多 In additional aliphatic compounds, there are a number of hydrocarbons derived from benzene and seemed to have distinctively different chemical properties. 复杂长句多 科技文章要求叙述准确,推理严谨。为了表达请楚,科技英语句子往往较长,需认真分析方能明确句子中各成分之间的关系。译成汉语时,必须按照汉语习惯翻译成若干简句,才能条理清楚,避免欧化句。 科技英语翻译标准

所谓构词法即词的构成方法.即词在结构上规律. 科技英语构词特点 1)外来语多(很多来自希腊语和拉丁语); 2)构词方法多. 除了非科技英语中常用的三种构词法—转化、派生及合成法外,还普遍采用压缩法、混成法.符号法和宇母象形法. 3)有大量半科技英语词汇(semi-scientific words) annual output 年产量 produce…every year 2.1 转化法(conversion) 2.2 派生法(derivation)

2020智慧树知道网课《科技英语语法》课后章节测试满分答案

第一章测试 1 【判断题】(1分) 冠词在翻译的时候都不用译出。 A. 对 B. 错 2 【单选题】(1分) Inthiscase,thefailurepoint(失效点)correspondstoafactorofsafetyof1. 划线部分做什么成分? A. 定语 B. 状语 C. 谓语 D. 主语

3 【判断题】(1分) Einsteinputuptheprincipleofrelativity,validnotonlyinmechanicsbutinallphysics. 划线部分是形容词短语做后置定语 A. 错 B. 对 4 【单选题】(1分) 百万分之二十的英文表达是 A. 20partspermillions B. 20partpermillion C. 20partpermillions D. 20partspermillion

5 【单选题】(1分) 并列连接词and的用法有几种? A. 3 B. 4 C. 1 D. 2 6 【单选题】(1分) 这台电压表/伏特计如此灵敏,可以测量出电压的微小变化。 Thisissuch____sensitivevoltmeterthatitcanmeasuretheslightestchangesinvoltage. A. / B. a

C. the D. an 7 【单选题】(1分) 读者学会这些基本概念很重要,否则后面内容的讨论理解起来会有困难。Itisimportantforthereadertolearnthebasicconceptswell,____thediscussionoflatertopicswillbediffi culttounderstand. A. but B. for C. or D. and 8

(完整版)(英语语法)四种完成时态

LESSON EIGHT 四种完成时态 主系表 现在:You are rich. 过去:You were rich. 将来:You will be rich. 过去将来:You would be rich. There be 现在:There is a book on the desk . 过去:There was a book on the desk. 将来:There will be a book on the desk. 过去将来:There would be a book on the desk. 主谓宾状 现在:You study English in the school. 过去时:You studied English in the school. 将来时: You will study English in the school. You are going to study English. You are to study English. You are about to study English 过去将来:You would study English in the school You were going to study English. You were to study English. You were about to study English. You are studying English. You were studying English. You will be studying English. You woud be studying English. 课堂练习 1:你知道你们老师的爸爸昨天为什么要打beat他? 2:你知道你们班的那个女孩子怎样成为你们班最好的学生吗?3:你知道昨天他们家的狗为什么咬bit bite你吗? 4:我妈妈昨天问我我打算在哪学英语.

科技英语的特点.doc

科技英语的特点 一、大量使用名词化结构 《当代英语语法》(A Grammar of Contemporary)在论述科技英语时提出,大量使用名词化结构(Nominalization)是科技英语的特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实。而非某一行为。 Archimeds first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies. 阿基米德最先发展固体排水的原理。 句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化结构,一方面简化了同位语从句,另一方强调displacement 这一事实。 The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night. 地球绕轴自转,引起昼夜的变化。 名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句,而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。 If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss. Can be considerably reduced. 炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。 科技英语所表述的是客观规律,因之要尽量避免使用第一、二人称;此外,要使主要的信息置于句首。 Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves. 电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。

薄冰实用英语语法详解

被动语态 现在范畴一般现在时am/is/are made 现在进行时am / is /are being made 现在完成时has/have been made 过去范畴一般过去时was/were made 过去进行时was/werebeingmade 过去完成时had been made 将来范畴一般将来时shall/will be made 将来完成时shall/will have been made 过去将来时should/would be made 过去将来完成时should/would have been made 1. 被动语态的各种时态 被动语态(The Passive Voice)是动词的一种形式,表示主语是谓语动词的承受者。被动 语态便于论述客观事实,故常用于科技文章、新闻报道、书刊介绍以及景物描写。被动语态没有将来进行时、过去将来进行时和完成进行时形式。 (1) 一般现在时的被动语态 I am not so easily deceived. 我不会轻易上当受骗的。 Computers are widely used in the world. 计算机在世界范围内得到广泛应用。 (2) 一般过去时的被动语态 The car was seriously damaged. 汽车受到严重损坏。 Printing was introduced into Europe from China. 印刷术是由中国传入欧洲的。 (3) 现在进行时的被动语态 The question is being discussed at the meeting. 这个问题现在正在会上讨论。 The children are being taken care of by their aunt. 孩子们现在正由其姑妈照看。 (4) 过去进行时的被动语态 When I called, tea was being served. 当我来访时,正值上茶之际。 When they arrived,the experiments were being made. 他们到达时,实验正在进行。

科技英语的特点与翻译

科技英语的特点与翻译

任何作品均有特定的文体,原文的文体不同,翻译方法也随之而异。试观察下列几个片断的原文及其译文 "It appears that you've got the offer of a very good job." "A wonderful job." "Are you going to take it ?" "I don't think so." "Why not?' "I don't want to." "听说有个很好的工作要你去干。"

She was of a helpless, fleshy build, with a frank, open countenance and an innocent, diffident manner. Her eyes were large and patient, and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress as only those who have looked sympathetically into the countenances of the distraught and helpless poor know anything about. 那妇人生着一副绵软多肉的体格,一张坦率开诚的面容,一种天真羞怯的神气。一双大落落的柔

顺眼睛,里边隐藏着无穷的心事,只有那些对于凄惶无告的穷苦人面目作过同情观察的人才看得出来。 摘自(珍妮姑娘)(Jennie Gerhardt),傅东华译.上面五十一个词的片断,就运用了十个形容词,占五分之一。"and in then dwelt such a shadow of distress"是非常优美生动的文学语言,译文保持了一风格。 MONTREAL-Clark Johns accomplished a spectacular debut for his NHL career tonight, the first score launching a four -point first period out burst,to lead the Johnson City High Hats to a

科技英语语法_同位语从句_名词性从句_定语从句

2015/12/2 Wednesday
西安电子科技大学
西安电子科技大学
§5. 2 同位语从句
1、一般情况 (1)公式
§5. 2 同位语从句 The latter(后一)form has the advantage that it can be extended(扩展) to complex quantities .
+ 某些抽象名词 +
the this a/an O no
形容词 物主代词
that从句[“that”在
从句中无词义、无 成分]
③ “动宾译法”:这时该“抽象名词” 来自于可带有宾语从句的及物动词。
西安电子科技大学
西安电子科技大学
§5. 2 同位语从句
(2)译法 ① “~ 这一 ……” 的
§5. 2 同位语从句 During the past several years, there has been an increasing [a growing] recognition [realization; awareness] within business(商务)and academic(学术的) circles(界)that certain nations have evolved(发展)into information societies .
The assumption that β = constant is often made to simplify analysis. R = r is the condition that power delivered(提供)by a given source is a maximum .
西安电子科技大学
西安电子科技大学
§5. 2 同位语从句 Here we have used the definition (定义)that acceleration(加速度)is the rate(速率)of change of velocity .
② 这一 ……:~ 以下的
§5. 2 同位语从句 The main theoretical development in this decade(十年)has been in the recognition that material properties should be included in analytical models . This is equivalent to a statement that everything is attracted by the earth.
This account for(解释)the observation(观察到的情况)that the resistivity of a metal increases with temperature .
1

英语语法完成时篇

完成时篇(一)——现在完成时 [提问] 请问在句子“Working in London has been the best decision I have made so far. (Experiencing English Integrated Book1 Page71)”中,为什么时间状语是完成时的情况下,主句仍然可以使用现在完成时呢? 答:完成时态通常表示已完成或已经开始从事的动作,它可以分为现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时以及完成进行时。根据定义我们可以了解到,除了表示到现在为止动作已经完成或已经开始以外,还有多种情况可以用现在完成时来表达。 一、动作从过去某个时间开始发生,延续到现在,并且说话前已经完成。 例如:The mission has been carried out well.任务已经很好地完成了。 Those girls have eaten two big cakes.女孩们已经吃了两个蛋糕了。 二、某个动作或状态发生在过去,持续并影响现在,有可能会继续保持下去。 例如:My brother has been abroad for several years.我哥哥已经出国好几年了。 It has rained all morning.雨下了一个早晨。 Up to now, parents have accepted the pop music youths prefer to.现在,家长们 已经接受了年轻人喜欢的流行音乐。 I have known him since the summer in 2001.自2001年的那个夏天,我就认识他了。 三、动作发生在现在之前的某个时间,可能是多次动作的集合,也表示习惯性的动作或 状态。 例如:Xiao Qin has come over here three times in the daytime.白天小覃已经来过三次了。 Which countries have you traveled recently?最近你都去过那些国家? How many papers have you read today? 你今天看了几篇论文? 四、动作过去曾发生过一次或多次,也可能是一种经历。 例如:Students are very pride that the president has once visited their school. 学生们为总统曾访问过他们学校而骄傲。 Accidents like this have happened more than 20 times these years.这几年此类事故发生不下20起。 在现在完成时态的句子中,常伴随的时间状语有:already,yet,ever,never,just,before,lately,recently,till/until,always,now,since,today; in past years,all morning,all one’s life,up to now,these days,this week/month/year,for a long time。 现在完成时中有几点语法点要注意的: 1)for引出的时间状语只能修饰表示延续性动作的动词。不能用来修饰表示瞬间、短 暂动作或位置转移的动词。如John has come to China for three years,此句错误,come这个动作是短暂性动词,不可能持续发生,因此可改为John has been in China for three years,约翰已经爱中国生活了3年。短暂性动词有appear, begin,borrow,buy,come,close,die,fall,find,finish,join,kill,leave,lend,lose,see,start,stop。 2)在表示时间或条件的状语从句可以用现在完成时表示将来完成的动作。 例如:He will not quit my job until his parents have permitted.父母允许后他才会辞职。 I will arrive at 6 o’clock if the car h as been prepared then.如果到时车准备好了,我能在6 点到达。 3)It is the first/second time that…这个结构中,that从句要用现在完成时。 例如:It is the first time that I have heard of his deeds.这是我第一次听说他的事迹。

写作中真正实用的英语语法

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