托福培训丨托福独立写作主体段的论证方式

托福培训丨托福独立写作主体段的论证方式

朗阁托福培训中心丁仡然

在托福独立写作当中主体段的写作水平往往是决定一篇文章高分与否的关键所在，可以说一篇文章70-80%的分数是取决于主体段写作的好坏的。而托福独立写作主体段对于写作的层次和论证方式又有着一定的讲究和固定的要求。本文中，朗阁托福培训中心的老师就给广大考生介绍一下托福写作主体段有哪些主要的论证方式以及范例的讲解。

首先，我们先说一下托福写作主体段的一般写作层次和论证方式：

主体段一般由四句话组成：第一句：topic sentence（主题句）

第二句：supporting sentences（1-2句支持句），使用具体的因果论证或者假设论证、并列关系等来具体的解释说明主题句。

第三句：举例子（写出一个长长的例子用于举例论证）

第四句：这一段的小结（可以使用对比论证或者因果论证等小结这一段）

知道了每段主体段的写作结构后，现在我们就来谈谈具体的每个主体段的论证方式：

第一种：举例论证

可以这么说，举例论证是所有论证方法里，尤其是托福写作里面最重要也是必须要用的一种论证方式，因为根据评分标准，在托福4-5分的标准里都明确提出了：

5分：using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details

4分：using appropriate and sufficient explanations, exemplifications, and/or details

而无论是托福，雅思还是SAT考试都是严格的按照评分标准来批改的，所以根据这个标准学生必须要重视和用出举例论证，否则托福写作无法拿到高分。

接下来问题来了，究竟老美喜欢的举例论证有几种形式呢？接下来笔者就为考生们一一回答。

第一种：以for example, for instance, such as等词组引出的句子，这种也是最普遍或者用的最多的一种。

下面为大家举一个例子：

题目：It is sometimes said borrowing money from a friend can harm or damage the friendship. Do you agree? Why or why not?

在这篇文章的第二和第三主体段里，考官的高分范文分别用了：For example, a friend borrowed some money from his or her friend and did not return it.

下面一段用了：for example , when my friend asks me to baby-sit her child while she is taking her classes I agree because i know that she desperately needs my help in order to finish her degree and save some money.

分析：高手在写文章的时候很喜欢说打个比方之类的话，这样的论证方法既满足了高评分的需要，也形象生动地说明了你前面主题句的论点，而且段落字数也得到了增加，可以说是高分文章必不可少的要点之一。

还有一种举例论证方式：以according to my personal experience or other people’s experience为开头引出举例论证。

分析：各位同学要记住美国人做事情很喜欢DIY, 因为在美国，个体的劳动力很贵，很多美国人做事情都喜欢自己亲自实践或者采取他人做事情的经验，如果你得出的结论或者论点是基于亲身的经历或者他人的实战经验，那美国人是很相信你所说的话的。记住这是美

国人的思想或者文化之一。

下面为大家举一个例子：

题目：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should read only those books that about real events, real people, and established facts.

在这篇文章的第一段我们可以看到：From my everyday experience and observation I can stand that fiction, miracles and fairy tales are required in our daily life.

这里我们清楚地看到作者这里明确说出了根据他自己每天的经验和观察得出的观点，很好地论证了他前面提及的完全不同意题目里讲的这个观点，符合典型的美国人思维逻辑。

第二种：递进法论证

分析：可以这么说，递进法是托福三个主体段在相互连接的时候要用到的连接段落的方法，一般所采用的连接词有：first of all/firstly, from one side引出第一个主体段，然后用secondly, second of all, from the other side, moreover等来引出第二个主体段，然后用Thirdly, finally等引出第三个主体段。

符合评分标准里well organized and well developed（5分）的要求

下面为大家举一个例子：

题目：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents or other adult relatives should make important decisions for their (15-18 year-old) teenage children.

这篇文章的三个主体段的开头，高分范文分别用了：

First of all, teenage children have the tendency to live in their own fantasies. Second of all, I think that parents have the right to interfere in their children’s lives.

Finally, I think teenage children should be more open-minded with their parents.

分析：我们看到这三个主体段分别用了以上的连接词来表示段落和段落之间的递进关系，引出了每一段的开头。这种表示递进的连接词学生可以适当背一两个就行，考试的时候用出来就好了，因为考试的时候是几乎每篇文章都适用的。

第三种：对比论证

这种论证方法可以说在托福写作比较类的题型里面比较常见，这里很多同学比较困惑什么是比较类题型。这里我给大家先解释一下：

1. 有明显的比较级的单词：than。

题目例子：Your job has greater happiness than your social life.

2. 给你两样东西a or b, 问你喜欢哪一个？或者哪一个更加好？

题目例子：Some movies are serious, designed to make the audience think. Other movies are designed primarily to amuse and entertain. Which type of movie do you prefer?

接下来我给大家举一个典型的对比论证的例子：

题目：Life today is easier and more comfortable than it was when your grandparents were children. (TPO 6)

其中三段的主体段里面作者都会用到对比论证：

第一个主体段：However, people were much more stable and care-free when our grandparents were children; they did not have to learn a second language in order to get a better job, or read a lot in order to get informed.

第二个主体段：But several decades ago, people treasured their friends and maintained relatively close interpersonal relations, which is much more enjoyable than the estrangements we are experiencing.

第三个主体段：Several decades ago, people could still live closer to nature and make rational use of modern technology, which to me is the essence of human living experience.

（本范文来源于网络）

分析：这里我想跟同学们说，在对比类型的文章里面，一定要在每一段的最后用到对比论证，突出自己支持或者表明的观点的好处或者是对的，而另外一个不支持的观点是错误的或者有很多弊端的，达到肯定自己的观点，否定对方观点的作用，这是在对比性文章里面必须使用的论证方法。

第四种：转折关系和因果论证

这种论证方法往往在主体段的第二句写支持句的时候和最后一句转折句中出现。

接下来我们来看一下典型的例子：

Does modern technology help students learn more information and learn it more quickly? (2011.08.02 Independent Writing)

第三个主体段作者写到：Furthermore, modern technology gives students an illusion that information and real knowledge is easy to learn – just by clicking mouse or watching videos.But in fact this forms only the first step towards useful information and effective learning, as learning of any kind requires full concentration and interactive thinking, which are almost absent in the process of popular e-learning experience.

（本范文来源于网络）

分析：这里我们可以看到作者先是说出了使用现代化高科技学习表面上看是只要轻点鼠标

和看视频就可以学习到有用的知识，但是作者马上用转折关系的连词but说到这个只是有效学习的第一步，然后引出用as连接的因果关系论证的句子：任何种类的学习都需要全神专注，交互性的思考，而这点是在现在比较流行的电子学习经历当中所缺失的。大家要记住因果论证用于第二句支持句的解释说明功能的句子里很多，而but连接的转折句子往往是用于否定前面表面上看似正确的观点，而肯定后面自己的观点的论证方式。

（本文来自朗阁教育托福培训考试教研组，供广大考生学习使用，转载请注明出处）

托福写作结尾段有三种写法

托福备考资料杭州朗思教育

托福写作结尾段有三种写法 托福写作中考生不能完全照搬模板，要有自己的写作特色，但是在开头和结尾部分，考生还是可以参考一定的规律。用好这些规律可以帮助考生节省托福写作构思时间。一起看看托福写作结尾的写法，希望对大家有所帮助。 托福写作结尾段的两个部分： 1. 再次陈述主题。用paraphrase 方式再次呈现主题陈述中出现的三要素: a.问题中存在争议的地方; b.观点;c.理由。 2. 结束句。放在陈述完主题之后。 托福写作结尾段的三种构思方法： 一. 托福写作的最后总结教训或提出建议 In conclusion, whether to imitate or vary from others to achieve success, it hinges mostly on the occupations we engage in. For jobs like doctors that require routine practices, it is unnecessary for them to make alterations to become successful. Whereas artists like painters whose works are characteristic of creativity and imagination, it is of crucial importance to distinguish from others to succeed. 二. 提出令人忧虑的结果或可能出现的负面结果 假设读者没有想作者说的那样去做，在结论中提出将会出现的负面结果，帮助读者预见到令人忧虑的后果，进而令读者自然第接受作者的意见。 e.g., To summarize, on one hand, for artists who are fortunate to profit immensely from their occupation, it is unnecessary for the government to offer additional financial incentives for them. On the other hand, government should provide financial support and appropriate policies to impoverished artists who engage in conventional craftsmanship because these are viewed as national treasure and cultural heritage of the

如何写托福独立写作的主题句

如何写托福独立写作的主题句 在托福独立写作部分应该包括开头段、中间段、结尾段这三大部分。因此每一段都应该有一个主题句，那么应该如何写托福独立写作的主题句呢?下面前程百利小编就为考生详细分析。 主题句的要求 构建主题句的最基本的要求应该是“不偏离总论点、言简意赅、不相互包含和不互为因果”，细细探究这些写作要求，它们其实是围绕着“论述逻辑性”、“句子单词数”和“说服力强弱”而存在的。换言之，只有做到了这三点，主题句才算比较好的主题句。 严格按照这些要求所写出来的主题句，在逻辑维度绝对是严谨的，能够让考官对考生的理解力给予肯定;在篇幅维度一定是简洁的，能够让考官对考生的概括力给予肯定;最后，在表述维度必须是多元的，能够让考官对考生的思辨力给予肯定。 案例分析 例如，托福写作-学习和教育 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?All students should be required to study art and music in secondary school. 高中学生必须学习音乐和艺术吗? 题目分析： 尽管All是绝对修饰词，不过要注意，是secondary school(中学)。所以，不妨同意。因为仍然处于义务教育(compulsory education)阶段。

范文主题句分析： 在本道题目中是同意学生应该学习艺术和音乐，因此我们应该从学习音乐和艺术的好处着手。所谓的主题段跟作文的大纲极为相似，如果把作文的每一个主题段都确定下来，作文的大纲也就有了。 在本篇独立写作的主体部分有三个段落：每个段落的主题句如下， Studying art and music makes a person more diverse and thoughtful.在这句话中说到学生学习艺术和音乐使人更加多样化并且思考方式更加周全，呼应了主题的应该让学生学习音乐和艺术。 These subjects give the students an outlet for expressing their turbulent emotions during puberty.这些课程让学生释放他们在青春期的骚动。 Viewing art and listening to music are excellent ways to relax.欣赏艺术和听音乐是放松的最好方式。 这三个主题无论从逻辑上还是从结构篇幅上都符合要求。从逻辑方面来看，跟文章主题切合，不偏题，都从学习艺术和音乐的好处出发;从字数上看，句子没有太长都在20单词以内，体现了学生的概括能力。从说服力方面来看，第一个从音乐能提高能力方面，第二个从同学们的需求方面，第三个从学生的生理和心理方面论述了学习音乐和艺术的益处，具有很强的说服力。这样的主题段是符合考官要求的，因此考生在写主题段的时候也要这样写，才有可能取得高分。 以上就是如何写托福独立写作的主题句的相关内容。希望通过以上分析考生可以参考一下，多多进行实践，争取写出符合考官口味的作文!

托福作文写作论据例子

1.Should teacher help with self-confident or specific knowledge? My opinion: 1. Confident would play high effect on give rise to motivation of study. 2 Student would have positive impress on study for extended study life 3 Self-confident could promote ability of student, innovation is needed. Disagree; 1 Specific knowledge definitely during period of education will enrich their time 2 Specific knowledge is the strength of evidence where self-confident emerges. 3 specific knowledge will be the goal for education on purpose. 2 achieving success or having delight and optimistic mood, which is more important? My opinion: 1 Success would contribute you own self-confident for the motivation of next challenge. 2 Success would help you get reward and celebrity, which may encourage you. 3 Success is the summary of your hard working, of which would imprint experience for your whole life. Disagree: 1. Optimistic mood would be continuous and prolonged for dream of success. 2 Optimistic reveals one’s healthy psychology for perfect life 3 Optimistic would be used in other field other than success. 3 People with different personalities and amateur can’t be friend: My opinion: 1 different disagreement may led to unfriendly friendship. 2 It’s hard to find common topic as combination of both people. 3 they are unlikely to know each other very well in short time. Disagree: 1. They would study other different type of advantage filling space 2 Finding more different topic will strengthen friendship. 3 open up their view and accumulate more knowledge 4 competition may hurt friendship My opinion: 1 Competition may increase possibility that you friend is jealous of others 2 Competition may reduce the communication chances hence have less meaningful friendship bit by bit Disagree: 1 It factually might let you know each other better

托福独立写作主体段写法技巧――双观点篇(精)

托福独立写作主体段写法技巧——双观点篇 托福独立写作对于很多托福考生来说是取得高分难以逾越的一道鸿沟, 这不仅需要大量的练习, 还需掌握其中的诀窍。今天, 教育优选为各位考生带来托福独立写作主题段双观点的写法点拨,希望对各位考生有所帮助。 通常对于独立写作我们都会选择五段式的结构,这个结构包括三个主体段, 按照题型我们可以将写作类型分为三个:支持反对类 (单观点、对比比较类 (双观点、自主定义类。今天,闫玲娟老师跟各位考生分析一下有关双观点类题目的写作技巧,下面是一道典型的题目: Topic 2008.11.9 Movies and TV have more positive effects than negative effects on young people’ s behavior. 电影电视对于青少年行为的影响利大于弊。 题目中明显要求就电视的优点以及缺点进行比较,我们暂且用 A 、 B 表示两个不同观点 1.A+A+B 双关的写作的第一种写法是运用两个正向的论点去支撑 A , 再用一个论点去支持 B ,因为 A 的优势更大一些,所以最终得出 A 更合适的结果。 Topic 2008.11.9 Movies and TV have more positive effects than negative effects on young people’ s behavior. 电影电视对于青少年行为的影响利大于弊。 Agree :

The positive influence outweighs their negative effects. Large quantities of motion pictures (movies about encouragement strengthen young generation’ s willpower to chase dreams with determination. Influenced by a number of interesting TV programs, young people begin to learn things that they used to feel boring. Admittedly , we should not ignore that there are some violent plots which tend to result in teenage crimes.However, this kind of movie makes up only a small section of products in film industry and is under the strict control of government. Therefore, its influence is quite limited. 我们可以看到, 在这种写法中, 我们所支持的观点为电影电视是利大于弊的。 前两个理由我们先正向抛出两个论点说明为什么它们对青年人的影响利大于弊, 最后一个分论点我们写让步段, 先承认它们的确有可能对青年人行为产生错误的引导, 但是其后又对这些错误影响做一些弥补, 因为有负面影响的节目只是整个电影市场的一小部分,不能够以偏概全,断章取义。 2.A+A-B 我们介绍的第二种写法是, 先用两个正向的论点支持 A , 再用一个论点去反对B ,最终得出 A 更适合的结果。 Topic :Some people argue that the government should not spend money on public services and facilities, but on arts. 有一部分人认为政府应该花更多的钱在公共服务和基础设施上,而非艺术上。 Public facilities, widely accepted as the main foundation to a city’ s development, should be one of the highest priorities. In addition to social benefits, ther e are a great number of economic merits that …

托福英语——结尾段写作步骤

外教一对一https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2a1662110.html, 托福英语——结尾段写作步骤 结尾段写作步骤 结尾段写作步骤可分为两步，第一步是复述己方观点，第二步是总结支撑己方观点的原因。 1. 示例1 例题：Providing the Internet access is as important as other services, like building roads, so the government should provide it at no cost. (2015年4月13日大陆考题) 己方观点：The government should not offer the service at the expense of the taxpayers. 理由1：First, Government subsidized free Internet is a breach of political principle. 理由2：The assumption that the Internet is as important as other infrastructure services is incorrect 结尾段：In conclusion, I think government should not assumethe responsibility to offer free Internet service. (复述观点) The proposal not only is a breach of democratic and fair principle (总结理由1)， but mistakenly claims the Internet is as critical as other infrastructure. (总结理由2) 2.示例2 例题：People learn things better from those at their own level—such as fellow students or co-workers—than from those at a higher level,such as teachers or supervisors. (Official TOEFL Practice 4) 己方观点：We should be learning from our teachers or supervisors who are apparently more knowledgeable and experienced. 理由1：Studying from your teachers is the best way to gain new knowledge. 理由2：People at your own level do not know much more than you. 结尾段：In conclusion, learning from your supervisor and teachers is the best way to improve yourself. (复述观点) Not only can they pass on knowled ge to you effectively (总结理由1), but you can also benefit from their experiences. (总结理由2) 3.示例3 例题：Life today is easier and more comfortable than it was when your grandparents were children. (TPO 6) 己方观点：Today's life is indeed much easier and more comfortable than at any time in history. 理由1：We have much better education and health services are readily available.

托福独立写作高分开头写作方法

托福独立写作高分开头写作方法 好的开端等于成功的一半，所以托福写作如果能写好开头，你的作文也能奠定下高分的基础。今天和大家分享托福独立写作高分开头写作方法,希望能帮助到大家，来欣赏一下吧。 托福独立写作高分开头写作方法 一.先根据话题铺设背景 在独立写作的背景铺垫中，首先我们需要明晰独立写作常考的15个topic，其中包括education，technology，sports等。在审题、理解题意之后，可以适当定位关键词进行文题分析和头脑风暴，进行社会背景定位。 示范：Increasingly，under the backdrop of the fierce social competition and the need for searching for individual growth，people especially employees show great concern to their career development. 二.确定观点 此步骤一定不要直接抄写原题。结合第一句的背景铺垫，可适当改写题目，引出有争议性的argument。 三.表明自己针对话题的立场

立场是开头段最为重要且核心的句子，其作用是表明了考生对这一论题的态度，且后面内容的陈述也是建立在这一立场基础上进行论证、分析;立场表明时，尽量用自己的语言进行表述最佳。 四.结尾句启下 过渡句的作用是承上启下，承接开头段内容的同时，以一种自然流畅的方式简要引出下文，从而加强*的逻辑关系;也可以适当提及中间段会涉及的论点，进行实际内容的铺垫。建议大家多进行练习和范文积累，一定可以总结出不同的过渡句写作方式。 示范：… with several reasons t o exemplify. 托福独立写作是托福写作的重点，而开头段对于独立作文整体评分影响颇大，所以小站君建议大家认真学习上文中关于开头段的写作方法，并运用起来，写出漂亮的开头。 托福写作解析：take more exercise 托福写作解析： If there’s a way to improve yourself, which one among the three choices you would take? 1. take more exercise 2. eat more healthy food

托福独立写作文章结构如何安排

托福独立写作文章结构如何安排 托福独立写作*结构如何安排?常见问题及高分思路分享,下面就和大家分享托福独立写作*结构如何安排，希望能够帮助到大家，来欣赏一下吧。 托福独立写作*结构如何安排?常见问题及高分思路分享 托福独立写作总分总结构很LOW吗? 说到托福写作的结构，曾有考生问过ETS官方，说中国语文的作文是总分总的结构，托福还是这么写会不会太低端了啊?官方给出的回答是，总分总的篇章安排不叫低端(low)，而叫经典(classic)。我们都说一个写作题目没有标准答案的范文，但是有一个东西可以说是形成了不成文的规定的，那就是一篇好的作文一定是有头有尾、中间细分几段论证的，这一点可以从很多官方给出的范文或是学生的高分*中得到证实。 托福独立写作到底应该写4段还是5段? 另外，很多考生还存在疑问的一点在于到底一篇*是写四段还是五段，在看来，两种结构各有利弊所在。一般写4段式的同学都是因为主体段只能想出两条理由，实在是想不出第三条理由，只能以1+2+1的结构完成*。大家都知道一般来说要想拿到不错的分数，一篇新托福议论文需要写到400字左右，那么，如

果主体段只写两段，势必需要考生在这两个段落的论证细节上写出更多的内容，否则字数撑不到那么多，而这一点对于很多考生来说恰恰也是很有难度的。相反地，如果写成5段式，貌似就需要考生能想出3条理由进行论证，但事实是，很多考生根本想不到3点理由，能想出2点已经是绞尽脑汁了。在这种情况下，怎么做才是最简易、最轻松的应对办法呢? 比较建议大家写5段式的*，但主体段并不是上文所说的3个理由段，而是采用2+1的模式，即两个理由段，再加一个让步段。关于理由段的写法，将在下文详细分析，在此先重点解释一下让步段到底是什么意思。“让步”字面意思是退一步，那么放到我们作文里，意思就是承认一下反方的观点。西方的*不太喜欢作者全篇一味强调自己观点的正确性，而是需要作者能适当回应并评价一下反方的观点，这样的*看起来会更加有说服力。当然，广大考生需要注意的是，这里提到的“承认反方观点”指的是“弱弱地承认”，承认过后必须再削弱回去或者说再驳斥回去，只有这样才能更强调出*观点的准确性，否则读者看起来会有confusion，也就是为什么一会儿支持自己的观点，一会儿又支持反方观点。 托福独立写作合理结构分配建议 总结一下，笔者推荐的新托福议论文结构为1+3(2+1)+1的模式。第一段总起全文，导入话题并给出本人观点，主体段前两段

托福满分作文惯用的4种结尾

智课网TOEFL备考资料

托福满分作文惯用的4种结尾 摘要：一篇让托福写作考官满意的作文，不光要有一个漂亮的开头，一个精彩的结尾对于这篇文章而言同样重要。有不少的考生认为，只要有好的开头就好，考官不会认真看结尾部分。其实你错了，写作也一样需要善始善终。有一个精彩的结尾也能让你的托福写作增色不少。如果你想要明天考试托福写作满分，不妨尝试一下以下4种结尾招式。 满分作文惯用的4种结尾： 写作招式一：回答问题 E.g.1 When a country develops its technology; the traditional skills and ways of life die out.It is pointless to try and keep them alive. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? In conclusion, without suggesting that all technology is necessarily good,I think it is by no means ‘ pointless’,in any way, to try to keep traditions alive with technology.We should not ignore technology,because it can be our friend and support our way of life. 这个结尾段落明确地提出了自己的观点，不是所有的科技都是好的，但是科技也不是完全没有用处的。 写作招式二：不要添加新的信息

托福独立写作开篇段写法

托福独立写作开篇段写法 开头1：现象+题目改写+作者观点 现象：提出一种普遍现象或值得关注的现象(紧扣论题)作为背景 例如：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents should reward their children with money for the high grades. A: To some extent, scoring high at school might indicate a promising future. Thus, grades are commonly accept as a reliable criterion to evaluate the potential in a student. In the unprecedentedly competitive society today, most parents are having high ambitions for their children. In order to realize these glamorous expectations, they would spare no cost. A number of parents choose to reward their children with money if they manage to achieve high marks. As far as I am concerned, there are more defects than merits lying in such a measure. 例如：Some people prefer to work for a large company. Others prefer to work for a small company. Which would you prefer? Use specific reasons and details to support your choice. A: In today’s increasingly vigorous job market, two-way selection has become a most typical mode of employment. Both job hunters and employing units are facing equal chances of mutual-assessment. Such a hiring mode marks the noticeable progress of modern economy. Blessed with a large source of job offers, candidates have the freedom to decide which employer suits them best. Some prefer to work for small companies, while others are in favor of larger ones. If I were a job hunter, I would definitely choose a large enterprise. 开头2：事例+背景+题目改写+作者论点 事例：1. 媒体(电视，电台，报纸，杂志和网络)的报道 2. 自己，朋友，邻居，同事的事例 例如：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In the past, people were friendlier than they are today. A: In my childhood, my grandma used to tell me many stories about their “good old days”. They have all been etched deep in my mind. I could never forget them, even down to the smallest details. Those stories illustrated that the relationships between people at that time seemed to be purer and closer. As time goes by, society has undergone dramatic changes and so have people’s feelings towards each other. Realizing this, I have gradually accepted the reality of these changes. Indeed, people in the past were friendlier than people are now. 新通教育

托福写作模板 integrated writing(亲测 ..写作25)

The speaker, on the topic of ___________________, effectively casts doubt on the passage, providing the opposite evidence concerning/ about influences on/from ____________________. Firstly, _____听力结果______. Despite the content from passage that ____阅读结果____, the speaker provides an alternative explanation that ___听力内容_2句_. From this case, the speaker questions the validity of the passage. Secondly, ____听力结果_____. According to the lecture, ____听力内容2句__________. Such information directly challenges the position of the passage that ____阅读结果____. Thirdly, ____听力结果___. The passage states that ___阅读结果____. However, the speaker denies this point and gives the proof that ___听力内容2句______. This is another case where the content from the passage is totally groundless. Fourthly, 听力结果 . The passage states that 阅读结果, which is actually questioned by the speaker, who proposes the proof that 听力内容2句. Therefore, the side of the passage is overthrown by listening material.

托福独立写作如何写好独立写作结尾段

托福独立写作如何写好独立写作结 尾段 托福独立写作是托福写作考试中的最后一项，大家需要根据给出题目选择自己的观点并加以论述。独立写作不仅要写好开头和内容，写好结尾也很重要。下面就和大家分享托福独立写作如何写好独立写作结尾段，希望能够帮助到大家，来欣赏一下吧。 托福独立写作如何写好独立写作结尾段? 一.托福独立写作之建议性结尾 如果说“如此结论”是结尾最没用的废话，那么“如此建议”应该是最有价值的废话了，因为这里虽然也是废话，但是却用了一个很经典的虚拟语气的句型。 Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve theproblem.Toefl 这里的虚拟语气用得很经典，因为考官本来经常考这个句型，而如果我们自己写出来，你说考官会怎么想呢? 更多句型： Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.

Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken. 二.托福独立写作之结论性结尾 说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，相信各位都有这样的经历，领导长篇大论，到最后终于冒出个“总而言之”之类的话，我们马上停止开小差，等待领导说结束语。也就是说，开头很好，也必然要有一个精彩的结尾，让读者眼前一亮，你就可以拿高分了，比如下面的例子： Obviously(此为过渡短语), we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise frompoliteness and respect for others. 更多过渡短语： to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus 更多句型： Thus, it can be concluded that…, Therefore, we canfind that… 托福写作模板:结尾段模板 In summary, the conclusion reached in this argument is in valid and misleading. To make the argument more convincing, the arguer would have to prove that_____. Moreover, I would suspend my judgment about the credibility of the recommendation until the

托福独立写作的审题原则和布局(上)

托福独立写作的审题原则和布局（上） 新托福写作考试的第2部分为独立写作，要求考生在30分钟内完成一篇字数在300字左右的议论文。而朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家们根据对ETS最新的评分标准的解读，发现阅卷者评判考生的文章遵循的原则是：“Readers should focus on what the examinee does well”。这就意味着整个评分过程是考察考生表现出优点的过程，而并非对考生的文章吹毛求疵的过程。因此，即使是一篇满分的文章，也是允许考生有少量错误的。在本文中，笔者将就独立写作部分的审题原则以及如何进行观点筛选作一简单说明。 一、字数 对于独立写作的字数要求，官方的说法是：“An effective response is typically about 300 words long. If you write fewer than 300 words, you may still receive a top score, but experience has shown that shorter responses typically do not demonstrate the development of ideas needed to earn a score of 5.”。可见，若想得到高分，考生最好能将文章写到300字以上，虽然有些文章字数不足但仍可得到满分，但是毕竟这种情况比较罕见，要充分对于考题展开论述，从而有利地支持文章观点，充足的字数是必须的。 二、题目的解读 独立写作最近几年在中国大陆地区的考题基本上是以支持/反对型为主的，理论上来说考生同意或者反对题目的表述，然后展开进一步论证都是可以的，但是朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家们发现有些考题并非考生可以“随心所欲”的“自由发挥”，比如当题目中包括了一些“绝对”含义的词，如only, must, fully以及形容词或者副词最高级的时候，考生在答卷时就不能采用“完全同意”的立场。比如2008年9月28日考题： Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The only effective way for government to encourage energy conservation is increasing the price of gasoline and electricity. 考生可以部分同意，即提高能源价格是一种有效措施之一，但同时还有其他办法；也可以完全反对，即不能光靠提高能源使用价格来节能，还要靠别的方法措施等。所以在审题时，我们还是建议考生要多花点时间把题目的意思读透，最好在心里把题目的中文含义反复地翻译给自己听几遍，从意思出发，再决定自己的立场，这样就可以避免由于审题的不全面而导致很大的失分。

托福独立写作满分模板

Independent Writing I.A or B 开头 An increasing number of people begin to realize/complain/question that... OR:The majority of people tend to have a favorable/an unfavorable attitude towards something OR:XXX has now caused wide public concern OR:When it comes to...people often consider... The thing is,which XXX,A or B,(is a more efficient mean of learning/what do we mean by)? People may give various answers to this question. OR：Ask people…and they may give a diverse of answers based on their individual value systems Some believe that…while others/some claim… On balance,my favor goes to A. 正文 To begin with,I concede that B serves as an independent factor in(a successful education)/is of great value/B is superior to A since After all, However compelling these cases may sound,B is not without its problems. OR:However compelling these cases may sound,they cannot overshadow the significant role that A plays in XX. For example, In this sense, Therefore,too much emphasis on B is actually dangerous/harmful and may go contrary to our primary purpose of On the other hand,A can address/respond to some people’s needs that B cannot For one thing, For another, 结尾 In the final analysis,it is true that both A and B are part and parcel of X.However,considering the potential problems resulted from B and the great benefits of A,I believe it is sensible to(choose A) II.Agree or Disagree 开头 An increasing number of people begin to realize/complain/question that... OR:The majority of people tend to have a favorable/an unfavorable attitude with something 托福专业1对1在线培训机构【TPO小站】【保100分】

论证方法

?论证方法 ?举例法 ?对比法 ?因果法 ?数据法 ?类比法 ?举例法 (一) 例子构成 一个词，一个句子，多句意群 ? A university like Yale is prestigious one. (一个词) ?Even in adulthood, we are not free from dissatisfaction. A young adult may be excited to get her first job, but right away she starts thinking about moving up and getting a better job. A young couple is finally able to buy a new house after saving for a few years. But soon they start thinking about buying another, bigger house. A man may finally reach a high position in his company after years of hard work. Not long after that, he starts thinking about retirement. We are never satisfied. (以句子表达三个短例子) ?完整举例 ?举例引导句 ?例子本身 ?例子含义 ?Sometimes, factors totally unrelated to study can interfere with performance on a test. Test anxiety is an excellent illustration(举例引导句). It often strikes students who have prepared adequately and who set high standard for themselves. Test anxiety goes beyond the mild jitters that plague almost every student the night before a test. It holds its victims in a paralyzing grip. Typically, the student with anxiety looks at the first question on the test, and all the carefully studied material seems to evaporate in a haze of panic. The student knows the material before entering the examination room and may recall both questions and answers after the test has ended, but in the pressure cooker of the test environment, the answers do not come. As the example of test anxiety shows, poor test performance is not always an indication that no studying took place. (例子含义) ?常见的举例引导句 ?X aptly illustrate the point. ?X is a case in point. ?X is a pertinent example. ?Take X for example. ?There is no better illustrative of the idea than the fact that ….. ?There is no better illustration of the point than the example of… ?表达“例子含义”的句型 ?As the example/case suggest/show/indicate/illustrate/demonstrate, … ?The example/case suggests/shows/indicates/illustrates/demons trates that…. ?The example highlights/underlines/accentuates… ? A recent article in Wired magazine recounts the story of a student who, after consuming so much video, television, and Internet entertainment, had to be taken to a special camp meant to break self-destructive habits he had formed from consuming so much entertainment. Consuming entertainment had distracted him from his studies and destroyed his habits of discipline and responsibility. The student stayed in the camp for several months to recover from his over-indulgence in entertainment, much as a drug addict would spend several