剑桥8真题阅读解析
剑桥雅思8-第三套试题-阅读部分-PASSAGE 1-阅读真题原文部分:
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
Striking Back at Lightning With Lasers
Seldom is the weather more dramatic than when thunderstorms strike. Their electrical fury inflicts death or serious injury on around 500 people each year in the United States alone. As the clouds roll in, a leisurely round of golf can become a terrifying dice with death - out in the open, a lone golfer may be a lightning bolt's most inviting target. And there is damage to property too. Lightning damage costs American power companies more than $100 million a year.
But researchers in the United States and Japan are planning to hit back. Already in laboratory trials they have tested strategies for neutralising the power of thunderstorms, and this winter they will brave real storms, equipped with an armoury of lasers that they will be pointing towards the heavens to discharge thunderclouds before lightning can strike.
The idea of forcing storm clouds to discharge their lightning on command is not new. In the early 1960s, researchers tried firing rockets trailing wires into thunderclouds to set up an easy discharge path for the huge electric charges that these clouds generate. The technique survives to this day at a test site in Florida run by the University of Florida, with support from the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI), based in California. EPRI, which is funded by power companies, is looking at ways to protect the United States' power grid from lightning strikes. 'We can cause the lightning to strike where we want it to using rockets, ' says Ralph Bernstein, manager of lightning projects at EPRI. The rocket site is providing precise measurements of lightning voltages and allowing engineers to check how electrical equipment bears up.
Bad behaviour
But while rockets are fine for research, they cannot provide the protection from lightning strikes that everyone is looking for. The rockets cost around $1, 200 each, can only be fired at a limited frequency and their failure rate is about 40 per cent. And even when they do trigger lightning, things still do not always go according to plan. 'Lightning is not perfectly well behaved, ' says Bernstein. 'Occasionally, it will take a branch and go someplace it wasn't supposed to go. ' And anyway, who would want to fire streams of rockets in a populated area? 'What goes up must come down, ' points out Jean-Claude Diels of the University of New Mexico. Diels is leading a project, which is backed by EPRI, to try to use lasers to discharge lightning safely - and safety is a basic requirement since no one wants to put themselves or their expensive equipment at risk. With around $500, 000 invested so far, a promising system is just emerging from the laboratory.
The idea began some 20 years ago, when high-powered lasers were revealing their ability to extract electrons out of atoms and create ions. If a laser could generate a line of ionisation in the air all the way up to a storm cloud, this conducting path could be used to guide lightning to Earth, before the electric field becomes strong enough to break down the air in an uncontrollable surge. To stop the laser itself being struck, it would not be pointed straight at the clouds. Instead it would be directed at a mirror, and from there into the sky. The mirror would be protected by placing lightning conductors close by. Ideally, the cloud-zapper (gun)would be cheap enough to be
installed around all key power installations, and portable enough to be taken to international sporting events to beam up at brewing storm clouds.
A stumbling block
However, there is still a big stumbling block. The laser is no nifty portable: it's a monster that takes up a whole room. Diels is trying to cut down the size and says that a laser around the size of a small table is in the offing. He plans to test this more manageable system on live thunderclouds next summer.
Bernstein says that Diels's system is attracting lots of interest from the power companies. But they have not yet come up with the $5 million that EPRI says will be needed to develop a commercial system, by making the lasers yet smaller and cheaper. 'I cannot say I have money yet, but I'm working on it, ' says Bernstein. He reckons that the forthcoming field tests will be the turning point - and he's hoping for good news. Bernstein predicts 'an avalanche of interest and support' if all goes well. He expects to see cloud-zappers eventually costing 100, 000 each.
Other scientists could also benefit. With a lightning 'switch' at their fingertips, materials scientists could find out what happens when mighty currents meet matter. Diels also hopes to see the birth of 'interactive meteorology' - not just forecasting the weather but controlling it. 'If we could discharge clouds, we might affect the weather, ' he says.
And perhaps, says Diels, we'll be able to confront some other meteorological menaces. 'We think we could prevent hail by inducing lightning, ' he says. Thunder, the shock wave that comes from a lightning flash, is thought to be the trigger for the torrential rain that is typical of storms. A laser thunder factory could shake the moisture out of clouds, perhaps preventing the formation of the giant hailstones that threaten crops. With luck, as the storm clouds gather this winter, laser-toting researchers could, for the first time, strike back.
Questions 1-3
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.
1 The main topic discussed in the text is
A the damage caused to US golf courses and golf players by lightning strikes.
B the effect of lightning on power supplies in the US and in Japan.
C a variety of methods used in trying to control lightning strikes.
D a laser technique used in trying to control lightning strikes.
2 According to the text, every year lightning
A does considerable damage to buildings during thunderstorms.
B kills or injures mainly golfers in the United States.
C kills or injures around 500 people throughout the world.
D damages more than 100 American power companies.
3 Researchers at the University of Florida and at the University of New Mexico
A receive funds from the same source.
B are using the same techniques.
C are employed by commercial companies.
D are in opposition to each other.
Questions 4-6
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 4-6 on your answer sheet.
4 EPRI receives financial support from………………………….
5 The advantage of the technique being developed by Diels is that it can be used……………….
6 The main difficulty associated with using the laser equipment is related to its……………….
Questions 7-10
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.
Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.
In this method, a laser is used to create a line of ionisation by removing electrons from 7 …………………………. This laser is then directed at 8 …………………………in order to control electrical charges, a method which is less dangerous than using 9 …………………………. As a protection for the lasers, the beams are aimed firstly at 10………………………….
A cloud-zappers
B atoms
C storm clouds
D mirrors
E technique
F ions
G rockets H conductors I thunder
Questions 11-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
11 Power companies have given Diels enough money to develop his laser.
12 Obtaining money to improve the lasers will depend on tests in real storms.
13 Weather forecasters are intensely interested in Diels's system.
READING PASSAGE 1
篇章结构
体裁说明文
主题用激光回击闪电
结构第1段：闪电带来的危害
第2段：科研人员正在研究回击闪电的方法
第3段：先前的闪电回击术介绍
第4段：火箭回击术的缺陷
第5段：更安全的激光回击术
第6段：激光回击术的技术原理
第7段：激光回击术的缺陷
第8段：通过实地实验改进激光回击术
第9段：激光回击术对其他学科也有益处
第10段：激光回击术的其他用途
解题地图
难度系数：★★★
解题顺序：按题目顺序解答即可
友情提示：烤鸭们注意：本文中的SUMMARY题目顺序有改变，解题要小心；MULTIPLE CHOICE的第三题是个亮点，爱浮想联翩的烤鸭们可能会糊掉。
必背词汇
1. inflict v. 造成
The strikes inflicted serious damage on the economy. 罢工给经济造成了重大损失。
2. inviting adj. 吸引人的
The log fire looked warm and inviting. 篝火看上去温暖而诱人。
3. property n. 财产；属性
The hotel is not responsible for any loss or damage to guests’personal property.
酒店不承担宾客的任何个人财产的丢失或损坏。
a her
b with healing properties具有治疗效果的草药
physical/chemical properties物理特性/化学特性
4. fund v. 资助，投资
The project is jointly funded by several local companies. 这个项目得到了当地几家公司的联合资助。government-funded research政府资助的研究
5. back v. 支持，帮助
The scheme has been backed by several major companies in the region.
这个项目得到了该地区几家大公司的支持。
Some suspected that the rebellion was backed and financed by the US.
有人怀疑这次叛乱是由美国主使并资助的。
6. discharge v. 放电；排出
Both forms are readily gasified by electrical discharge without leaving any tangible residue.
两种形态都易被放电气化而不剩任何可触察的残余。
7. emerge v. 出现，浮现
The sun emerged from behind the clouds. 太阳从云朵中探出头来。
Eventually the truth emerged. 真相最终浮出水面。
8. reveal v. 展现，显示；揭示，泄露
He may be prosecuted for revealing secrets about the security agency.
他可能会因为泄露国安局机密而遭检控。
He revealed that he had been in prison twice before. 他透露说他曾经坐过两次牢。
9. generate v. 使产生
The program would generate a lot of new jobs. 这项计划会创造很多新职位。
Tourism generates income for local communities. 旅游业给当地社区带来了收入。
10. surge n. 涌流：猛增
a surge of excitement一阵兴奋
a surge of refugees into the country 涌入该国的难民潮
a surge in food costs食品价格猛涨
11. install v. 安装
They've installed the new computer network at last. 他们最终安装了新的计算机网络。
Security cameras have been installed in the city centre. 市中心安装了安全摄像头。
12. nifty adj. 灵便的
a nifty little gadget for squeezing oranges一个榨橘子汁用的灵便小工具
13. in the offing即将发生的
Big changes were in the offing. 剧变即将发生。认知词汇
dramatic adj. 激动人心的
fury n. 狂怒，狂暴(本文中指雷暴电流) leisurely adv. 轻松地
dice with death拿性命开玩笑
neutralize v. 中和
brave v. 勇敢地面对
armoury n. 军械库
on command 按指令
power grid 电力网
precise adj. 精确的
voltages n. 电压
frequency n. 频率
failure rate 失败率
trigger v. 激发，触发
branch n. 岔路
populated adj. 人口密集的
extract v. 提取
atom n. 原子
ion n. 离子
ionization n. 离子化
electric field 电场
conductor n. 导体
sporting event体育项目
stumbling block 绊脚石
monster n. 庞然大物
manageable adj. 易管理的
yet adv. 尚未；还没有
come up with 准备好；提供
reckon v. 料想，预计
forthcoming adj. 即将来临的
field test 实地测试
turning point 转折点
an avalanche of似雪片般的
current n. 电流
matter n. 物质
interactive meteorology互动气象学
confront v. 面临，对抗
menace n. 威胁
hail n. 冰雹
torrential rain 暴雨
moisture n. 水汽
giant hailstone 大冰雹
佳句赏析
1. If a laser could generate a line of ionisation in the air all the way up to a storm could, this conducting path could be used to guide lightning to Earth, before the electric field becomes strong enough to break down the air in an uncontrollable surge.
?参考译文：如果激光器能够生成一条直达暴雨云的离子线，就可以在闪电电场增强为一股无法控制的涌流并击破空气之前，用这条传导通道把电荷引导到地面上来。
?语言点：状语从句——条件状语从句
条件状语从句的连接词主要有：if, unless，as/so long as，on condition that等。此处为if 引导的条件状语从句。
例句：Just imagine how horrible the world would be if humans are the only creature in the world.
想一想，如果人类是这世界上唯一的生物，这世界会变得多可怕。
Some animal species are under threat if they stay in their natural habitat.
如果留在自然栖息地，某些动物物种会面临威胁。
If引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句可以表示：
(1)同现在事实相反的假设：从句(一般过去时)+主句(should/would+动词原形)
(2)与过去事实相反的假设：从句(过去完成时)+主句(should/would have+过去分词)
(3)对将来的假设：从句(一般过去时)+主句(should+动词原形)；从句(were+不定式/should+动词原形)+主句(would+动词原形)
例句：If drug use were to be legalized，considerable police time would be spent in dealing with other more serious problems.
如果吸食毒品合法化，警察大量的时间就将用于解决其他更严重的问题。
2. A laser thunder factory could shake the moisture out of clouds, perhaps preventing the formation of the giant hailstones that threaten crops.
?参考译文：一个激光雷工厂可以把水汽从云层中震出，这样也许可以阻止威胁庄稼的大冰雹的形成。
?语言点：现在分词作状语
例句：Facing high competition，people may suffer great pressure.
面对高度竞争，人们可能会承受巨大的压力。
Being confronted with economic pressure，women have to go outside to work.
面临经济压力，妇女不得不外出工作。
Not wearing proper clothes people will be considered those who do not know social and interpersonal skills.
如果衣着不当，人们会被当成是不懂社交和人际关系技巧的人。
试题解析
Questions 1-3
?题目类型：MULTIPLE CHOICES
?题目解析：
解题小窍门：
读清题干巧定位，
四个选项要读完，
绝对only排除掉，
正确选项在中间。
题号定位词题目解析
1
main topic 题目：本文讨论的主题是
A闪电攻击对美国高尔夫场地和高尔夫选手造成的损失。
B闪电对美国和日本电力供应的影响。
C试图用来控制闪电袭击的各种方式。
D一种试图用来控制闪电袭击的激光技术。
正确翻译后，选项A和B比较容易排除，选项C比较具有迷惑性，但是只要看看文章标题，就不难发现本文主题是laser，所以正确答案是D。
2 lightning 题目：根据文章，每年闪电会
A在暴风雨期间对建筑物造成相当大的破坏。
B在美国主要导致高尔夫球手死亡或受伤。
C在全世界范围内导致500人死亡或受伤。
D破坏了100多家美国电力公司。
选项C和D中的具体数字是很好的定位词，可定位至文章第一段。文中提到，只是在美国，闪电每年就能杀伤500人，而不是世界范围内，因此排除选项C。而100这个数字在文中是100 million a year，说的是每年闪电会让电力公司损失超过一亿美元，而不是说毁掉100多家电力公司，因此排除选项D。文中提到了云层翻滚而来时在户外打高尔夫是非常危险的，并没有说每年因雷击而死伤的是高尔夫球手，因此排除选项B。文中提到，there is damage to property too. buildings属于property的范畴，因此正确答案为A。
3
University of Florida，University of New Mexico 题目：佛罗里达大学和新墨西哥大学的研究员们
A有同样的资金来源。
B使用同样的技术
C受雇于商业公司。
D互相反对。
此题是不可过多联想的典型，越直白的想法越能解题。一般来讲，带有金钱的选项应该去掉，但是此题剑走偏锋，偏偏选了带funds一词的选项A。文中有两处支持这个答案：
第一处在第三段：…with support from the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI)…另一处在第五段：…which is backed by EPRI…
两处暗示两项研究都得到了EPRI的资助，因此答案为A。
选项B可以从文中说的一个主张用火箭，一个主张用激光来排除；选项C在文中并没有提及；选项D则是过多推理的结果，尽管使用技术不同，但是并不代表两者互相反对。
Questions 4—6
?题目类型：SENTENCE COMPLETION
?题目解析：
题号定位词文中对应点题目解析
4 EPRI，financial
support 第三段：
EPRI，which is funded by
power companies…用EPRI定位到文章第三段，EPRI第一次出现之后即指出其是由电力公司资助的，原文中的funded等同于题干中的receives financial support from，因此答案应该填power companies。注意不要写成单数。
5
Diels 第五段：
…to try to use lasers to
discharge lightning safely…用人名Diels在文中定位到第五段，从题目看出这里应填入一个副词，所以可以在人名周围寻找use或者use的替换词，并且在其周围找带有-ly形式的词，这样正确答案safely很快就能浮出水面了。
6 difficulty，laser equipment 第七段：
The laser is no nifty portable：it’s a monster that takes up a whole room. Diels is trying to cut down the size…这道题目的定位稍微有一些困难，需要将difficulty一词与文章中的stumbling block联系起来，进而找到第七段中的laser一词。文中提到，该激光设备并不方便携带，它是个体积占据了一整间房间的庞然大物。看到这里，通过理解，考生们可以想到激光设备最大的问题就是体积太大，不好携带，所以正确答案是size。
Questions 7-10
?题目类型：SUMMARY COMPLETION
?解题小窍门：
?题目解析：
解题小窍门：
1. 理解词库里的单词，并将其按词性归类。
2. 带动整道题的定位词是第一行的ionisation，比较容易定位到文章第六段，那么整个summary的答案就应该在这个词周围寻找。
题号定位词文中对应点题目解析
7
electrons 第六段：
…to extract electrons out of atoms…本题关键是要理解题目中的remove…from…与文中的extract…out of…属于同义替换，这里要表达的是从原子(atoms)中提取电荷(electrons)。故正确答案是B。
8 directed at 第六段：
If a laser could generate a line of ionization in the air all the way up to a storm cloud…注意文中generate是“产生”的意思；directed at对应文中的all the way up to，其后的a storm cloud 即对应空格处要填的内容。因此正确答案是C。
9 less dangerous 第五段：
…who would want to fire streams of rockets in a populated area?…to try to use lasers to discharge lightning safely…这道题比较麻烦，对于只是按照顺序寻找答案的考生，定位答案会比较困难。这里需要联系第五段中的信息，参照词库里的单词，推测出空格所在句的意思是“用激
光控制闪电是比用火箭更安全(less dangerous)的方式”。正确答案是G。
10 protection，aimed firstly at 第六段：
To stop the laser itself being
struck…Instead it would be directed at a
mirror…protection对应文中的stop…being struck；at是解题关键词，即使不知道文中的directed和题目中的aimed是同义词，也可以从词组的形式上看出来两者是同位的，其后的名词即为答案。由此可知答案是D。
Questions 11-13
?题目类型：YES/NO/NOT GIVEN
?题目解析：
11. Power companies have given Diels enough money to develop his laser.
参考译文电力公司已经向Diels提供了足够的资金来研发他的激光器。
定位词Diels，money
解题关键词have given…enough money
文中对应点由定位词及顺序规律可以定位到第八段：“I cannot say I have money yet, but I am working on it. ”(“我还不能说我已经拿到钱了，但是我正在为之努力。”)看到这句话，再联系上句：Bernstein says that Diels’system is attracting lots
of interest from the power companies. But they have not yet come up with the 5 million that EPRI says will be needed to develop a commercial system…(Bernstein表示，Diels的激光系统正在引起各电力公司的广泛兴趣。但他们还没有准备好EPRI提出的500万美元——开发一个……的商用系统的所需资金。)这两句话足以证明Diels的系统还没有得到足够的资金支持。
答案NO
12. Obtaining money to improve the lasers will depend on tests in real storms.
参考译文获得改善激光器所需的资金依赖于在真正的暴风雨中进行的试验。
定位词obtaining money. tests in real storms
解题关键词tests in real storms
文中对应点第八段：第11题对应的原文下一句提到：He reckons that the forthcoming field tests will be the turning point…其中turning point是“转折点”的意思，联系上题中说到的，目前该项目还没有拿到钱，可知这句话的意思是field tests就是得到资金的转折点。field tests=tests in real storms
答案YES
13. Weather forecasters are intensely interested in Diels's system.
参考译文天气预报员们对Diels的系统设备特别感兴趣。
定位词Diels，weather forecasters
解题关键词intensely interested
文中对应点这是一道典型的完全未提及的题目，interest一词出现在第八段的末尾，而weather forecasters这两个词也仅在第九段最后两句中出现：…not just forecasting the weather but
controlling it…，而具体内容则完全不相干。
答案NOT GIVEN
参考译文
用激光回击闪电
很少有比雷暴天气更令人感到恐怖的天气了。仅在美国，猛烈的雷暴电流每年都会造成大约500人死亡或重伤。云层翻滚而来的时候，在户外打一场轻松的高尔夫成了一件异常可怕的事情，无异于是在拿自己的性命开玩笑——孤身一人在户外的高尔夫球手可能是闪电最喜欢攻击的目标。此外，闪电也会带来财产损失。每年闪电会对美国电力公司造成超过一亿美元的损失。
不过，美国和日本的研究人员正在策划回击闪电的方案。他们已开始通过实验测试中和雷暴电荷的各种方法。今年冬天，他们将直面雷暴：使用配备的激光器射向空中的雨云，使其在闪电出现之前放电。
迫使雨云根据指令释放闪电并非一个新想法。早在20世纪60年代早期，研究者们就尝试过把带着拖曳线的火箭射入雨云，以期为这些云层发出的庞大的电荷群搭建起便捷的放电路径。由于受到建在加利福尼亚的电力研究所(EPRI)的支持，这一技术在佛罗里达的州立大学试验基地幸存到了今天。EPRI由电力公司资助，现正致力于研究保护美国输电网不受闪电袭击的方法。“我们可以通过火箭让闪电击向我们想让它去的地方，”EPRI的闪电项目经理Ralph Bemstein如此说道。该火箭基地现在能对闪电电压进行精确测量，并可以让工程师们检测电气设备的负载。
不良行为
虽然火箭在研究中功不可没，但它们无法提供闪电来袭时所有人都希求的保护。每支火箭造价大约1,200美元，发射频率有限，而失败率却高达40％。即使它们确实能够引发闪电，事情也无法总是按计划顺利进行。“闪电可不那么听话，”Bernstein说，“它们偶尔会走岔路，射到它们本不该去的地方。”
但不管怎样，有谁会想在人口密集的地区发射成群的火箭呢?“射上去的肯定会掉下来，”新墨西哥大学的Jean-Claude Diels指出。Diels现在正在负责一个项目，该项目由ERPI所支持，试图通过发射激光使闪电安全放电——安全是一项基本要求，因为没人愿意把他们自己的性命或他们的昂贵设备置于危险之中。有了迄今为止的50万美元的投入，一套有巨大潜力的系统装置正在该实验室慢慢成形。
这一系统装置的想法始于大约20年前，当时正在开发大功率激光器从原子中提取电荷并生成离子的能力。如果激光器能够生成一条直达暴雨云的离子线，就可以在闪电电场增强为一股无法控制的涌流并击破空气之前，用这条传导通道把电荷引导到地面上来。为了防止激光器本身受到电击，不能把它直接对准云层，而是要把它对准一面镜子，让激光通过镜子折射向天空。要在靠近镜子的四局布置闪电传导器从而对其进行保护。理想的做法是，云层遥控器(枪)要比较廉价，以便能够把它们安装在所有重点电力设备周围；另外还要方便携带，以便在国际运动赛事场地中用于使逐渐聚积的雨云失去威力。
绊脚石
可是，仍存在巨大的绊脚石。激光器并不方便携带：它是个能占据整个房间的庞然大物。Diels一直想要缩小它的体积，并表示很快就会有小型桌子大小的激光器了。他计划在明年夏天用真正的雨云来实际测试这个更容易操作的激光系统。
Bemstein表示，Diels的激光系统正在引起各电力公司的广泛兴趣。但他们还没有准备好EPRI提出的500万美元——开发一个让激光器更小巧、价格也更便宜的商用系统的所需资金。Bernstein说：“我还不能说我已经拿到钱了，但是我正在为之努力。”他认为，即将进行的实地测试会成为一个转折点，而且他也在期待着好消息。Bemstein预言，如果一切顺
利，这将吸引“排山倒海般的兴趣和支持”。他希望看到云层遥控器的最终价格能定在每台5万到10万美元之间。
其他科学家也能从中受益。如果手上有了控制闪电的“开关”，材料科学家就可以了解强大的电流遇到物质时会发生什么现象。Diels也希望看到“互动气象学”问世——不仅仅是预测天气，而且能控制天气。“如果我们能使云层放电，我们也许就能左右天气，”他说。
而且也许，Diels说，我们将能够对抗一些其他的气象威胁。“我们认为我们也许能通过引导闪电来阻止冰雹，”他说。雷，来自于闪电的冲击波，被认为是大暴雨——典型的雷暴天气——的触发器。一个激光雷工厂可以把水汽从云层中震出，这样也许可以阻止威胁庄稼的大冰雹的形成。如果运气好的话，在今年冬天雨云聚积的时候，持有激光器的研究者们就能第一次对其进行回击了。
剑桥雅思8-第三套试题-阅读部分-PASSAGE 2-阅读真题原文部分:
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
The Nature of Genius
There has always been an interest in geniuses and prodigies. The word 'genius', from the Latin gens (= family) and the term 'genius', meaning 'begetter', comes from the early Roman cult of a divinity as the head of the family. In its earliest form, genius was concerned with the ability of the head of the family, the paterfamilias, to perpetuate himself. Gradually, genius came to represent a person's characteristics and thence an individual's highest attributes derived from his 'genius' or guiding spirit. Today, people still look to stars or genes, astrology or genetics, in the hope of finding the source of exceptional abilities or personal characteristics.
The concept of genius and of gifts has become part of our folk culture, and attitudes are ambivalent towards them. We envy the gifted and mistrust them. In the mythology of giftedness, it is popularly believed that if people are talented in one area, they must be defective in another, that intellectuals are impractical, that prodigies burn too brightly too soon and burn out, that gifted people are eccentric, that they are physical weaklings, that there's a thin line between genius and madness, that genius runs in families, that the gifted are so clever they don't need special help, that giftedness is the same as having a high IQ, that some races are more intelligent or musical or mathematical than others, that genius goes unrecognised and unrewarded, that adversity makes men wise or that people with gifts have a responsibility to use them. Language has been enriched with such terms as 'highbrow', 'egghead', 'blue-stocking', 'wiseacre', 'know-all', 'boffin' and, for many, 'intellectual' is a term of denigration.
The nineteenth century saw considerable interest in the nature of genius, and produced not a few studies of famous prodigies. Perhaps for us today, two of the most significant aspects of most of these studies of genius are the frequency with which early encouragement and teaching by parents and tutors had beneficial effects on the intellectual, artistic or musical development of the children but caused great difficulties of adjustment later in their lives, and the frequency with which abilities went unrecognised by teachers and schools. However, the difficulty with the evidence produced by these studies, fascinating as they are in collecting together anecdotes and apparent similarities and exceptions, is that they are not what we would today call norm-referenced. In other words, when, for instance, information is collated about early illnesses, methods of upbringing, schooling, etc. , we must also take into account information from other historical sources about how common or exceptional these were at the time. For instance, infant
mortality was high and life expectancy much shorter than today, home tutoring was common in the families of the nobility and wealthy, bullying and corporal punishment were common at the best independent schools and, for the most part, the cases studied were members of the privileged classes. It was only with the growth of paediatrics and psychology in the twentieth century that studies could be carried out on a more objective, if still not always very scientific, basis.
Geniuses, however they are defined, are but the peaks which stand out through the mist of history and are visible to the particular observer from his or her particular vantage point. Change the observers and the vantage points, clear away some of the mist, and a different lot of peaks appear. Genius is a term we apply to those whom we recognise for their outstanding achievements and who stand near the end of the continuum of human abilities which reaches back through the mundane and mediocre to the incapable. There is still much truth in Dr Samuel Johnson's observation, 'The true genius is a mind of large general powers, accidentally determined to some particular direction'. We may disagree with the 'general', for we doubt if all musicians of genius could have become scientists of genius or vice versa, but there is no doubting the accidental determination which nurtured or triggered their gifts into those channels into which they have poured their powers so successfully. Along the continuum of abilities are hundreds of thousands of gifted men and women, boys and girls.
What we appreciate, enjoy or marvel at in the works of genius or the achievements of prodigies are the manifestations of skills or abilities which are similar to, but so much superior to, our own. But that their minds are not different from our own is demonstrated by the fact that the hard-won discoveries of scientists like Kepler or Einstein become the commonplace knowledge of schoolchildren and the once outrageous shapes and colours of an artist like Paul Klee so soon appear on the fabrics we wear. This does not minimise the supremacy of their achievements, which outstrip our own as the sub-four-minute milers outstrip our jogging.
To think of geniuses and the gifted as having uniquely different brains is only reasonable if we accept that each human brain is uniquely different. The purpose of instruction is to make us even more different from one another, and in the process of being educated we can learn from the achievements of those more gifted than ourselves. But before we try to emulate geniuses or encourage our children to do so we should note that some of the things we learn from them may prove unpalatable. We may envy their achievements and fame, but we should also recognise the price they may have paid in terms of perseverance, single-mindedness, dedication, restrictions on their personal lives, the demands upon their energies and time, and how often they had to display great courage to preserve their integrity or to make their way to the top.
Genius and giftedness are relative descriptive terms of no real substance. We may, at best, give them some precision by defining them and placing them in a context but, whatever we do, we should never delude ourselves into believing that gifted children or geniuses are different from the rest of humanity, save in the degree to which they have developed the performance of their abilities.
Questions 14-18
Choose FIVE letters, A-K.
Write the correct letters in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
NB Your answers may be given in any order.
Below are listed some popular beliefs about genius and giftedness.
Which FIVE of these beliefs are reported by the writer of the text?
A Truly gifted people are talented in all areas.
B The talents of geniuses are soon exhausted.
C Gifted people should use their gifts.
D A genius appears once in every generation.
E Genius can be easily destroyed by discouragement.
F Genius is inherited.
G Gifted people are very hard to live with.
H People never appreciate true genius.
I Geniuses are natural leaders.
J Gifted people develop their greatness through difficulties.
K Genius will always reveal itself.
Questions 19-26
Reading
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 19-26 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE
FALSE
NO T GIVEN
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
19 Nineteenth-century studies of the nature of genius failed to take into account the uniqueness of the person's upbringing.
20 Nineteenth-century studies of genius lacked both objectivity and a proper scientific approach.
21 A true genius has general powers capable of excellence in any area.
22 The skills of ordinary individuals are in essence the same as the skills of prodigies
23 The ease with which truly great ideas are accepted and taken for granted fails to lessen their significance.
24 Giftedness and genius deserve proper scientific research into their true nature so that all talent may be retained for the human race.
25 Geniuses often pay a high price to achieve greatness
26 To be a genius is worth the high personal cost.
READING PASSAGE 2
篇章结构
体裁议论文
主题天才的本质
结构第1段：天才一词的来源及其含义
第2段：人们对于天才的种种误解
第3段：十九世纪对天才的研究及其缺陷
第4段：天才何以为天才?
第5段：天才是非凡的凡人
第6段：要看到天才所付出的代价
第7段：总结到底应该如何看待天才
解题地图
难度系数：★★★★☆
解题顺序：MUTIPLE CHOICE→TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN
友情提示：看到这么多的TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN，考生心里一定乐开花了吧。本题是全TRUE法最佳试验场地，别客气，尽管用吧，结果会给你惊喜!!
必背词汇
1. perpetuate v. 使永久存在，使不朽
It is our hope that the men of Yale will，in their own lives，perpetuate their manhood and courage.
我们愿所有耶鲁人一生都能永远保持他们这种豪迈精神与勇气。
His honesty and generosity perpetuated our memory. 他的真诚和大度长存于我们的记忆中。
2. attribute n. 品质：属性
What attributes should a good manager possess?一名优秀的经理人应该具备何种品质?
Courage is a good attribute of a soldier. 勇气是一名好士兵应该具备的品质。
3. ambivalent adj. 自相矛盾的；含糊的(n. ambivalence)
We are both somewhat ambivalent about having a child. 对于要不要孩子这件事，我们都有些摇摆不定。
O’Neill had a genuine ambivalence toward US involvement in the war.
O’Neil在美国是否参战一事上态度暧昧。
4. mistrust v. 不相信，怀疑
As a very small child she had learned to mistrust adults. 还是个小孩的时候，她就已经学着不相信大人了。
Some people mistrust the computerised banking. 有些人对计算机化的银行业深表怀疑。
5. defective adj. 有缺陷的
The disease is caused by a defective gene. 这种疾病是由基因缺陷引起的。
This is a defective product. 这是件次品。
6. burn out燃尽；耗尽
The hotel was completely burnt out. Only the walls ramained.
那座宾馆完全烧毁了，只留下一些残垣断壁。
It’s a high-pressure job and you could burn out young.
这工作压力太大，你可能在年纪轻轻时就江郎才尽了。
7. eccentric adj. 古怪的
His eccentric behaviour lost him his job. 他的怪异举止让他丢了饭碗。
Aunt Lucy was always a bit eccentric. Lucy姑妈总是有点怪怪的。
8. adversity n. 逆境
We admire his courage in the face of adversity. 我们佩服他在逆境中的勇气。
He had drifted through life with advantage of wealth，never tested by adversity.
他一生生活富足，从未经受贫苦的考验。
9. collate v. 整理
A computer system is used to collate information from across Britain.
一个电脑系统被用来整理英国的所有信息。
10. upbringing n. 养育
Mike had had a strict upbringing. Mike从小家教严格。
11. vantage point特定角度，有利位置
From my vanrage point on the hill，I could see the whole procession.
从我在山上的位置望去，整个队伍尽收眼底。
The whole dispute looked silly from my uantage point. 从我的角度看，整个争端毫无意义。
12. continuum n. 连续统一体
The Creole language is really various dialects arranged on a continuum.
克里奥尔语是几个相当不同的方言组成的共同体。
All the organisms in an ecosystem are part of an evolutionary continuum. 生态系统中所有的生物都是一个进化体系的一部分。
13. manifestation n. 表现
These latest riots are a clear manifestation of growing discontent. 最近的暴乱正是民怨的明确体现。
Manifestation of the disease often doesn't occur until middle age. 这种病的症状到人的中年时才会显现。
14. minimise v. 使缩小
Every effort is being made to minimise civilian casualties. 我们尽了最大努力减少平民伤亡。
We must not minimise the problem of racial discrimination. 我们不可以轻视种族歧视的问题。
15. supremacy n. 最高地位；主权
We can't deny Japan's unchallenged supremacy in the field of electronics.
我们不能否认日本在电子产品市场不可挑战的权威。
air supremacy制空权
16. outstrip v. 超过
We outstripped all our competitors in sales last year. 去年我们的销售额赶超了所有对手。
Demand for new aircraft production is outstripping supply. 新型航空产品供不应求。
17. emulate v. 效仿
He hoped to emulate the success of Wilder. 他希望能够效仿Wilder的成功。
Few teachers can emulate the remarkable result of the experiment.
鲜有教师能够效仿实验的惊人结果。
认知词汇
genius n. 天才
prodigy n. 神童
cult n. 狂热崇拜
divinity n. 神明
characteristic n. 特点，特征
exceptional adj. 非同一般的，优秀的
intellectual n. 知识分子
impractical adj. 不切实际的，缺乏实践经验的
denigration n. 贬损
frequency n. 频繁
beneficial effect 有利影响
adjustment n. 适应
fascinating adj. 吸引人的
anecdote n. 轶事
norm-referenced 常模参照
schooling n. 学校教育
historical sources 历史资源
infant mortality 婴儿死亡率
life expectancy寿命
home tutoring 家教
bullying n. 恃强凌弱(的行为)
privileged adj. 特权的
paediatrics n. 儿科学
mundane adj. 平凡的
mediocre adj. 平庸的
incapable adj. 无能的
nurture v. 养育，培养
trigger v. 引发，触动
marvel v. 惊叹
demonstrate v. 论证，证明；示范
unpalatable adj. 令人不快的，讨厌的
perseverance n. 坚持不懈
precision n. 精确性；明确性
save conj. 只是，除了
佳句赏析
1. Perhaps for us today, two of the most significant aspects of most of these studies of genius are the frequency with which early encouragement and teaching by parents and tutors had beneficial effects on the intellectual, artistic or musical development of the children but caused great difficulties of adjustment later in their lives, and the frequency with which abilities went unrecognised by teachers and schools.
?参考译文：或许现在对于我们来说，大部分对天才的研究中包含以下两个最重要的方面：其一，早期教育中父母和教师对孩子进行的频繁的鼓励和教导对孩子在智力、艺术或音乐方面的发展是有益的，但这也给孩子以后对生活的适应方面带来了巨大的困难；其二，老师和学校常常认识不到孩子所具备的才能。
?语言点：which引导的定语从句
例句：Proper monitoring of the mesa prevents indecent materials which will be harmful to children's growth.
对媒体恰当的监控阻止了有害于孩子们成长的不健康材料的出现。
(which在从句中作主语。)
Military life creates hero worship which may do harm to youngsters.
军旅生活会产生对年轻人有害的英雄崇拜主义。
(which在从句中作主语。)
There is an urgent need to censor the net to remove inappropriate materials which children have online access to.
现在迫切需要监督网络，以消除孩子可以在网上看到的不当材料。
(which在从句中作宾语。)
2. What we appreciate, enjoy or marvel at in the works of genius or the achievements of prodigies are the manifestations of skills or abilities which are similar to, but so much superior to, our own.
?参考译文：天才的作品或神童的成就令人欣赏、喜爱和惊叹之处在于其体现了他们的技能和本领，这些技能和本领虽然与我们的相似，但远远高于我们的水平。
?语言点：what引导的名词性从句
例句：What happened was my fault.
所发生的事是我的错。(主语从句)
People do not know what will happen to minority languages under the pressure of English globalization.
人们不知道在英语全球化的压力下少数民族语言会怎样。(宾语从句)
3. To think of geniuses and the gifted as having uniquely different brains is only reasonable if we accept that each human brain is uniquely different.
?参考译文：只有在承认了每个人的大脑都是独特的这个前提下，认为天才和有天赋者的大脑独一无
二、异于常人这一想法才能算是合理的。
?语言点：不定式作主语
例句：To telecommute usually means to work at home.
远程上班通常意味着在家工作。
To have a family full of love and care helps one enjoy his life more.
拥有一个充满爱和关心的家庭让人们更加享受生活。
To send children to the army helps cultivate their independence and self-control.
送孩子去参军有助于培养他们的独立和自理能力。
试题解析
Questions 14-18
?题目类型：MULTIPLE CHOICE
?题目解析：
本题属于选择题中的多选题，一般题目说明中会指定要选几个答案。
本题问的是作者在文中描述的看法，答案全部集中于第二段。
题目题目翻译试题解析
A 真正的天才在各个领域都有才华。与…it is popularly believed that if people are talented in one area，they must be defective in another…相矛盾。
B 天才的才能会很快耗尽。与…prodigies burn too brightly too soon and burn out这句话一致；burn out是“耗尽”的意思，等同于exhausted。故选项B正确。
C 天才应该应用他们的天赋。对应文中…people with gifts have a responsibility to use them。故选项C 正确。
D 每代人中出一个天才。文中提到…that genius runs in families，指出天赋是遗传的，但是并没有精确到每一代人就出一个天才。题目属于过度推断。
E 天才会被挫折轻易摧毁。其实这一点在文章中没有提到，如果非要加以联系的话，可能…that
adversity makes men wise，逆境出英才这句话会产生误导作用，但并不等同于英才为挫折所毁。
F 天赋是遗传的。文中说…genius runs in ramifies，指天才是遗传的。看到这个选项，就更能体会选项D的错误所在了。故选项F正确。
G 天才很难相处。有的考生对文中eccentric这个词比较敏感，这个词是指人行为“古怪的”，但是并不等同于难相处。显然，这道题在混淆概念。词汇量大但又记得不够精准的同学可能会在这里吃亏。
H 人们从不欣赏真正的天才。对应文中的…genius goes unrecognised and unrewarded，即天才不受认同也得不到相应的回报，故选项H正确。
I 天才是天生的领导者。文中没有提到有关“领导者”的内容。
J 天才于困境中实现卓越。对应文中的…adversity makes men wise，故选项J正确。
K 天赋总能显现出来。完全没有提到。
Questions 19-26
?题目类型：TRUE/FALSE/NOTGIVEN
?题目解析：
19. Nineteen-century studies of the nature of genius failed to take into account the uniqueness of the person's upbringing.
参考译文19世纪关于天才本质的研究未曾考虑到每个人生长环境的独特性。
定位词nineteen-century. studies
解题关键词failed to，uniqueness of the person's upbringing
文中对应点第三段：However, the difficulty with the evidence produced by these studies，fascinating as they are in collecting together anecdotes and apparent similarities and exceptions, is that they are not what we would today call norm-referenced. In other words, when, for instance, information is collated about early illnesses, methods of upbringing, schooling etc. ,we must also take into account information from other historical sources about how common or exceptional these were at the time.
但是，想要利用这些研究得出的证据也有一定困难，因为它们不符合我们今天所谓的常模参照。换句话说，比如当我们在搜集有关早期疾病、养育方式、学校教育等信息时，我们也要考虑到在其他的历史资料中所记载的、关于这种情况在当时有多么普遍或不寻常的信息。本题并不能利用nineteen-century的定位来轻松解决问题。本题需要通读第三段，在考场上，这无疑是个折磨人的过程。正确翻译之后，判定答案是TRUE。建议词汇量较小的考生使用全TRUE法解决此题。
答案TRUE
20. Nineteen-century studies of genius lacked both objectivity and a proper scientific approach.
参考译文19世纪关于天才的研究既缺乏客观性也缺少一种恰当的科研方式。
定位词nineteen-century，objectivity
解题关键词lacked, both…and…
文中对应点第三段末句：
It was only with the growth of paediatrics and psychology in the twentieth century that studies
could be carried out on a more objective，if still not always very scientific，basis.
直到20世纪，随着儿科学和心理学的发展，相关研究才得以在更加客观的基础上进行——尽管依然并不总是很科学。
通过本句首先可以推测出19世纪关于天才的研究缺乏客观性，然后通过if still not always very scientific得知，连20世纪有关天才的研究都并不总是很科学，那么就更别提19世纪的研究了，因此可以推测出本题正确答案是TRUE。
答案TRUE
21. A true genius has general powers capable of excellence in any area.
参考译文一个真正的天才是在任何领域都能出类拔萃的通才。
定位词general powers，area
解题关键词any area
文中对应点本题的描述过于绝对，而绝对词正是选择FALSE的主要判断依据。如果题目中出现如all/always/any/never/none/every这样过于绝对的词，那么该题答案基本就是FALSE 了。此题定位于文章的第四段：We may disagree with the ‘general’. for we doubt if all musicians of genius could have
become scientists of genius or vice versa…但我们可能会对“各方面”这一点有所保留，因为我们怀疑是否所有的天才音乐家都可以成为天才科学家，反之亦然。
这句话表明了作者对于所谓全能型天才的质疑，正好与题干的表述相反，故答案应该是FALSE。
答案FALSE
22. The skills of ordinary individuals are in essence the same as the skills of prodigies.
参考译文普通人的技能与神童的技能在本质上是相同的。
定位词skills，ordinary individuals，prodigies
解题关键词the same as
文中对应点第五段首句：
What we appreciate，enjoy or marvel at in the works of genius or the achievements of prodigies are the manifestations of skills or abilities which are similar to，but so much superior to, our own. 天才的作品或神童的成就令人欣赏、喜爱和惊叹之处在于其体现了他们的技能和本领，这些技能和本领虽然与我们的相似，但远远高于我们的水平。
这句话说明了天才的技能与普通人相似，只不过更高超而已。有的考生可能认为更高超就是不同，因而选FALSE；其实这是一种逻辑谬误。从句型结构上可以看出，but so much superior to是以插入语的形式出现的，并不是该句论述的重点，重点还是在similar to上，等同于题目中的the same as，所以答案应该选择TRUE。
答案TRUE
23. The ease with which truly great ideas are accepted and taken for granted fails to lessen their significance.
参考译文真正伟大的思想可以被轻松接受，甚至得不到重视，但是这无损它们的重要性。定位词great ideas
解题关键词fail to，lessen their significance
文中对应点第五段后两句：
But that their minds are not different from our own is demonstrated by the fact that the hard-won discoveries of scientists like Kepler or Einstein become the commonplace knowledge of schoolchildren and the once outrageous shapes and colours of an artist like Paul Klee so soon appear on the fabrics we wear. This does not minimise the supremacy of their achievements. . .
然而事实可以证明他们的智力和我们的并非迥然不同，比如，像Kepler和Einstein这样的科学家历尽艰辛所取得的科学发现现已成为学童的常识性知识；像Paul Klee这样的画家所创造的曾经非比寻常的形状和颜色很快就出现在了我们穿着的面料上。当然，这并没有降低天才成就的价值。
作者先是举出数个例子来说明天才伟大的思想或者作品已经成为日常生活中司空见惯的东西，这就对应了题目的前半句the ease…，接着又提出This does not minimise the supremacy of their achievements，正好对应题干后半句。因此此题选TRUE。当然，如果比较纠结于翻译的话，最好的方法就是先放下，最后全TRUE之。
答案TRUE
24. Giftedness and genius deserve proper scientific research into their true nature so that all talent may be retained for the human race.
参考译文人们应当恰当地研究天赋和天才的真正本质以便为人类保留所有的才能。
定位词giftedness，genius，scientific research
解题关键词deserve，retained
文中对应点这道题目定位点在第六段开头的geniuses and the gifted，但是比较隐蔽，难以正确定位。建议如果找不到此题位置，最好的方法就是直接做下一题目，然后用顺序出题原则反推回这道题目。在锁定范围内如果找不到该题所述内容，则此题答案为NOT GIVEN。答案NOT GIVEN
25. Geniuses often pay a high price to achieve greatness.
参考译文为了获得卓越成就，天才往往付出了高昂代价。
定位词pay a high price
解题关键词pay a high price
文中对应点第六段：
…but we should also recognise the price they may have paid in terms of perseverance…这句话以及接下来的内容明确说明了天才在成为天才的道路上所付出的高昂代价，是本题中最容易判断的一道题目。
答案TRUE
26. To be a genius is worth the high personal cost.
参考译文成为天才值得付出高昂的个人代价。
定位词high personal cost
解题关键词worth
文中对应点第六段末句：
…but we should also recognise the price they may have paid in terms of perseverance，single-mindedness，dedication，restrictions on their personal fives，the demands upon their energies and time，and how often they had to display great courage to preserve their integrity or to make their way to the top.
剑桥10阅读解析Test3
Passage1 The Context, Meaning and Scope of Tourism 1. 难度分析：较简单 2.文章标题：The Context, Meaning and Scope of Tourism 旅游业的意义 3.文章话题：社会类
5. 题型分析： 文章题型由三个题型组成：小标题配对题+判断题+句子填空，第一大题属于段落主旨题，后两题是细节题型。 6.题目解析： Questions 1-4 小标题配对题 1. Paragraph B 2. Paragraph C 3. Paragraph D 4. Paragraph E 答案解析： 1. 选ii。定位到第二段第一句话：Tourism in the mass form as we know it today is a distinctly twentieth-century phenomenon. 表明就我们所知，广义的旅游业是一个
二十世纪的现象。选项中的mass tourism与原文中的tourism in the mass form是同义替换。 2. 选i。定位到第三段第一句话：Tourism today has grown significantly in both economic and social importance. 即目前旅游业对经济及社会都非常重要。选项中的significance替换原文的importance。 3. 选v。定位到第四段第一句话：However, the major problems of the travel and tourism industry that have hidden or obscured its economic impact are the diversity and fragmentation of the industry itself. 意思是旅游业的主要问题是这个产业本身的多样性和分散性，这使得其经济影响变得不那么明显。选项中的difficulty，effects分别替换原文的problems和impact。 4. 选vii。定位到第五段第一句话：Once the exclusive province of the wealthy, travel and tourism have become an institutionalised way of life for most of the population. 表明旅游业曾经是富人们的特权，而现在已经变成大多数人们习以为常的一种生活方式了。选项中的world，impact替换原文的most of the population, institutionalised。 Questions 5-10 判断题 5. The largest employment figures in the world are found in the travel and tourism industry. 6. Tourism contributes over six per cent of the Australian gross national product. 7. Tourism has a social impact because it promotes recreation. 8. Two main features of the travel and tourism industry make its economic significance difficult to ascertain. 9. Visitor spending is always greater than the spending of residents in tourist areas. 10. It is easy to show statistically how tourism affects individual economies. 答案解析： 5. 选TRUE。定位到第三段第三句话： According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (1992), ‘Travel and tourism is the largest industry in the world on virtually any economic measure including value-added capital investment, employment and tax
剑桥雅思8阅读解析
1 / 11 剑桥雅思8阅读解析 READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. The Nature of Genius There has always been an interest in geniuses and prodigies. The word 'genius', from the Latin gens (= family and the term 'genius', meaning 'begetter', comes from the early Roman cult of a divinity as the head of the family. In its earliest form, genius was concerned with the ability of the head of the family, the paterfamilias, to perpetuate himself. Gradually, genius came to represent a person's characteristics and thence an individual's highest attributes derived from his 'genius' or guiding spirit. Today, people still look to stars or genes, astrology or genetics, in the hope of finding the source of exceptional abilities or personal characteristics. The concept of genius and of gifts has become part of our folk culture, and attitudes are ambivalent towards them. We envy the gifted and mistrust them. In the mythology of giftedness, it is popularly believed that if people are talented in one area, they must be defective in another, that intellectuals are impractical, that prodigies burn too brightly too soon and burn out, that gifted people are eccentric, that they are physical weaklings, that there's a thin line between genius and madness, that genius runs in families, that the gifted are so clever they don't need special help,
剑桥10阅读解析test2
剑桥雅思10TEST2 PASSAGE1阅读解析 1. 总体难度概括：中等 2. 文章介绍：标题： tea and the industrial revolution 话题：历史类 3. 词汇准备： a段 anthropological adj. 人类学的 historian n. 史学工作者 wrestle v. 斗争 enigma n. 奥秘 birth n. 诞生 strike v. 罢工；打击；冲击 b段 puzzle n. 谜团 factor n. 因素 drive v. 推动，驱动 affluent adj. 富足的 criteria n. 标准【criterion的复数】 sufficient adj. 足够的 convinced adj. 确信的 c段 propose n. 提议 cupboard n. 柜橱 fuel v. 助燃，加速 antiseptic adj. 防腐的，杀菌的 property n. 性能 tannin n. 单宁酸 ingredient n. 配料 hops n. 啤酒花 succumb v. 屈从 dysentery n. 痢疾 eccentric adj. 奇怪的 deduction n. 推理 skepticism n. 怀疑论 wary adj. 谨慎的 admiration n. 羡慕 strengthen v. 加强 notable adj. 值得注意的
distinguished adj. 杰出的 favorable adj. 有利的 appraisal n. 评价 d段 alight v. 偶然发现 static adj. 静态的 virus n. 病毒 bacteria n. 细菌 malaria n. 疟疾 sanitation n. 卫生 e段 dig v. 探寻 reveal v. 揭示 antibacterial adj. 抗菌的 agent n. 药剂 preserve v. 保护 malt n. 麦芽 gin n. 杜松子酒 f段 grip n. 掌握，控制 prevalence n. 流行 coincidence n. 巧合 clipper n. 帆船 sip v. 啜饮 g段 forge v. 伪造 futures n. 期货 wheel n. 轮子 4. 题型分析 这篇文章是由二种题型组成，都是阅读考试中常见的题型。 段落选标题+判断题 5. 题目解析
剑桥雅思8阅读Test1Passage3原文翻译
剑桥雅思8阅读Test1Passage3原文翻译-心灵感应 解析查看，请点击：剑桥雅思8阅读Test1Passage1原文+答案解析 人类可否只通过思想进行沟通交流? 一百多年来,关于心灵感应的话题在科学界产生很大意见分歧,时至今日,它依然在学界精英中引起激烈辩论。 自上个世纪70年代以来，在世界各大高校和科研院所，超心理学者们冒着被同行嘲笑和怀疑的风险，将关于心灵感应的各种不同说法进行严格的科学实验，其结果及其启示即使在研究者本身中，也引发了很大争议。 有些科学家认为，实验结果提供了强有力证据，可以证明心灵感应是真实存在的。另一些超心理学家则相信，该研究虽试图用科学证据证明心灵感应存在，却并未取得成功，相关研究也都处在失败的边缘。不过无论是怀疑者还是倡导者都同意一点，即迄今最有力的证据来自于“ganzfeld”实验。该实验名称来自德语，意思是“全域”。通过冥想心灵感应实验者的报告，超心理学家怀疑，可能因为人们之间传递的“信号”过于模糊，以至于很容易被正常的脑波活动所覆盖。如果这样的话，当人们身处一个伴有灯光和音响的温暖轻松的环境，经历冥想般的宁静，会更容易感知此类信号。 该实验几乎满足了所有的条件。参加者待在密封的房间里，坐着柔软的躺椅，听着轻松的音乐，眼睛被特殊的过滤器覆盖，只看见柔和的粉色光。早期的实验主要涉及选图。先从一个大型图库中任意选出四张图片，再让实验者指认其中一张。具体操作步骤是，作为“发送人”的实验者努力将一张图通过思维传给密封房间内的“接收人”。当传送结束后，“接收人”需从四张图中选出哪一张才是刚刚被传送的图。如果是随便猜测,可达到25%的命中率。然而，如果心灵感应真的存在，命中率就应该更高。1982年，心灵感应研究的先行者之一，美国超心理学家查尔斯·荷诺顿(Charles Honorton)分析了这些早期实验的结果。结果证明典型的命中率要高于30%。虽然比例高不了多少，但统计测试表明，结果已不完全是偶发几率。 “ganzfeld”实验似乎可以证明心灵感应是真的存在。但是在这个论据本身有个不足之处，在很多传统科学领域中也常常被忽视：不能因为排除了偶然几率的存在，就能证明心灵感应就是真实存在的。很多其他方法也可以得出正向的结果：既有图片线索偶然传递给接受者的感官泄露，也有彻底的欺骗。作为回应，研究人员回顾了截至1985年的全部ganzfeld 研究，结果显示80%的研究提供了重要的统计数据。不过，他们也同意,实验中太多的因素都可导致正向结果，因此他们制定了清单，希望在未来研究中可采用新的标准。 此后，许多研究人员转向autoganzfeld 测试。这种自动化技术使用电脑来完成关键任务如随机选择图像。通过最大限度地减少人为参与，尽量降低错误结果出现的风险。1987年，荷诺顿(Honorton)使用了“荟萃分析”，这是一种可以从系列研究中找出整体结果的新型统计方法。他对数以百计的 autoganzfeld 实验结果进行了分析,虽然没有以前那样引人注目，结果依然令人印象深刻。 然而，单独的ganzfeld 实验研究彼此间缺乏一致性，这让一些超心理学家感到十分困扰。心灵感应拥护者们指出，如果要求每一项研究都得出满意结果，起码忽略了一个基本的统计学事实：需要大量的样本才能得出少量的结果。如果像目前的结果显示那样,偶然几率是 25%,而心灵感应存在的几率只略高于它，真正的证据就不可能由一个典型的约40人参加的ganzfeld 实验所提供：因为样本集合不够大,数目不够多。只有用“荟萃分析”将多项实验研究结合起来，心灵感应存在的证据才会由模糊变得清晰。而这貌似也是研究者们所正在追寻的。
剑桥雅思9阅读解析汇报test3
Passage 1 Question 1 答案： YES 关键词： reasons, arguments occur 定位原文: 第1段第2、3句“Popular linguistic debate... ”语言学上的普通争论通常会升级为谩骂和论战。语言属于所有人，所以大多数人认为他们有权保留自己对语言的看法。 解题思路: 题干要判断对于语言的争论，原因是否可以理解。原文陈述，语言属于所有人，大多数人有权保留对语言的看法，所以人们的观点会产生分歧是可以理解的。题干与原文完全一致。 Question 2 答案： NO 关键词： language education, language usage 定位原文：第1段第4句“And when opinions differ,…”而当看法出现分歧时，人们可能变得情绪激动。语言用法方面的一点小事，就能像语言学教育政策中的重大问题一样很容易引起争论。 解题思路：题干要判断人们对待语言教育的态度是否比对待语言用法的态度更加强烈。原文陈述，语言用法方面的一点小事都能像语言学教育政策中的大事一样引起争论，这说明对待语言用法与语言学教育政策的态度同样强烈。题干与原文所述观点不一致。 Question 3 答案： YES 关键词： intelligence, affect 定位原文：第2段第2句“No part of society or social…”所有社会组成部分或者社会行为无一例外。语言因素影响我们如何判断一个人的个性、智力、社会地位、教育程度、工作能力以及许多身份与社会生存的其他方面。 解题思路：题干要判断使用语言的方式是否会影响人们对一个人智力的评估。原文陈述，语言因素影响我们如何判断一个人的个性、智力……题干与原文完全一致。 Question 4 答案： NOT GIVEN 关键词： prescriptive, 18th century
剑桥雅思口语真题解析
剑桥雅思口语真题解析 Part 1: 1.1姓名 1. What’s your full name? 2. Can I have your name, please? 3. Are there any special meanings of your name? 4. Do you like your name? Why? 5. Do Chinese people like changing their names? 6. What kind of people in China like changing their names? 7. Is there any rule for Chinese people giving names to their children? 1.2故乡 My hometown is Guangzhou. It is the capital of Guangdong province in the southwest of China. It is a large industrial city. It is close to Hong Kong so a lot of the industries involve trade and retail. It is also a finance area. The people in Guangzhou are very genial and helpful, also are very easy to get around. If you lose your way and ask someone, he will give you the direction immediately, he can also give you a hand if you are in trouble. By the year 2011, it is believed that my hometown Guangzhou has become the economic center of China. 2. Where is it located? 3. How about the climate in your hometown? Which season do you like? In my hometown Guangzhou, the four seasons are not evident, which only has spring and summer. It is too hot in the summer and it is also humid in the winter. I like summer better, for we will go swimming and start our outdoor activities in the summer, it gives us pretty environment, which full of various kinds of colors. Another reason is that it is suitable for traveling around. 4. How about the people in your hometown? The people in my hometown Guangzhou are very genial and helpful, also are very easy to get around. People will always give you a hand with things. If you lose your way and ask someone, he will give you the direction immediately, he can also give you a hand if you are in trouble. 5. What do most people do in your hometown? 6. Oh yes. Even though Guangzhou is very modern, it has some interesting temples and streets. There is one called the Temple of Six Banyan Trees and it was built about 1500 years ago. There is also a famous cultural and commercial street in Guangzhou called Beijing Road. In this street, you can not only see a historic exhibition about different years roadbed, which has more than thousand histories, but also has many business shops sale almost all kinds of things. Besides, you can taste traditional snacks and refreshments or experience temples with /unusual special architectural style nearby. Anyway, it is an interesting place so worth to visit! 7. How about the style of the building in your hometown? 8. What is one of the greatest changes having taken place over the years? 9. What problems still exist in your hometown? 10. How to improve the situation in your hometown? 11. Where is Chinese population mainly distributed? 12. What changes have occurred in people’s dwelling? 1.3学习 1. Are you an employee or a student? (Are you working or studying?) 2. What is your major?
剑桥 雅思 10 test 4 的三篇阅读的解析
1. 2. The Context, Meaning and Scope of Tourism 3. 4. primitive a. motivation n. vital a. civilisation n. economy n. distinctly adv. phenomenon n. advent n. connotation n. revolution
availability n. commercial a. industrialised a. employment n. estimate v. investment n. excess n. profound a. obscure v. ... diversity n. fragmentation n. accommodation
remain v. amorphous a. exclusive a. institionalised a. commodity n. income n. quote v. valid a. domestic a. 5. + + 6. Questions 1-4 1. Paragraph B 2. Paragraph C
3. Paragraph D 4. Paragraph E 1. ii Tourism in the mass form as we know it today is a distinctly twentieth-century phenomenon. mass tourism tourism in the mass form 2. i Tourism today has grown significantly in both economic and social importance. significance importance 3. v However, the major problems of the travel and tourism industry that have hidden or obscured its economic impact are the diversity and fragmentation of the industry itself. difficulty effects problems impact 4. vii Once the exclusive province of the wealthy, travel and tourism have become an institutionalised way of life for most of the population. world impact most of the population, institutionalised Questions 5-10 5. The largest employment figures in the world are found in the travel and tourism industry. 6. Tourism contributes over six per cent of the Australian gross national product. 7. Tourism has a social impact because it promotes recreation. 8. Two main features of the travel and tourism industry make its economic significance difficult to ascertain. 9. Visitor spending is always greater than the spending of residents in tourist areas. 10. It is easy to show statistically how tourism affects individual economies. 5. TRUE According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (1992), ‘Travel and tourism is the largest industry in the world on virtually any economic measure including value-added capital investment, employment and tax contributions’ figures measure
【天道原创】独孤剑9-剑桥雅思9全面解析Writing
目录 Test 1 (5) Task 1 (6) 题目解析 (6) 写作思路 (6) 范文解析 (7) 地图题必备句式 (8) 精彩句子 (11) Task 2 (12) 题目解析 (12) 写作思路 (12) 范文分析 (13) 精彩句子 (15) 类似真题 (16) Test 2 (17) Task 1 (18) 题目解析 (18) 写作思路 (18) 范文分析 (18) 柱状图必备句式 (20) 精彩句式 (20) Task 2 (22)
写作思路 (22) 范文解析 (23) 精彩句子 (25) 类似真题 (25) Test 3 (27) Task 1 (28) 题目解析 (28) 写作思路 (28) 范文解析 (28) 饼状图必备句式 (30) 精彩句式 (31) Task 2 (32) 题目解析 (32) 写作思路 (32) 范文解析 (33) 精彩句子 (35) 类似真题 (36) Test 4 (37) Task 1 (38) 题目解析 (38) 写作思路 (38)
曲线图必备句式 (41) 精彩句式 (41) Task 2 (43) 题目解析 (43) 写作思路 (43) 范文分析 (44) 精彩句式 (46) 类似真题 (47) 天道培训雅思精品课程 (48) 1、一对一课程 (48) A、IELTS一对一课程 (48) B、IELTS辅导课 (48) 2、精英计划 (49) 3、雅思精品小班 (50)
Task 1 题目解析 y本题为双图地图题，描绘的是一个岛屿上旅游设施建设前后的不同情形。 y通过对比前后图及图上的文字示意，我们可以初步看出有可能需要写到的细节包括：accommodation – 住宿； restaurant – 餐厅； reception – 接待； pier – 码头； beach & swimming – 海滩和游泳； footpath – 人行道； vehicle track – 机动车道； y图中并没有给出方向，但为了描述清楚，可以假设上北下南的方位； y写地图题时需要注意时态，如本题，改造前可以使用过去时而改造完后即现在则可以使用一般现在时； 写作思路 对于对比类的地图题，我们可以选用的写作结构大概有两种： 1.分类描写：适用于有两种以上变化形式的地图。例如部分物体增加，部分物体减少，部
剑桥雅思8口语解析test3
Part1范文(每个问题两个回答) 1.Do you like to have flowers in your home? [Why/Why not?] Yes, I do. I love to have flowers in my home, because flowers are very good decorations at home. Just imagine, when you walk into your own home from one day’s tiring work, how comforting it is to see flowers in every corner of the house. It’s soothing and relaxing. Not at all. Look, I’m allergic to pollen. Flowers and their pollen just irritate my skin and give me runny nose and eyes. So I must avoid flowers at all times I can, not to mention my own home. 2. Where would you go to buy flowers? [Why?] There are many places I can choose from. I can go to a small florist on the street if I need the flowers properly wrapped and ribboned. I can also go to a suburban flower market if I want to buy in bulk quantity and save some cash. Besides all these, I can also buy flowers on the Internet. The best thing about buying things on the Internet is that you don’t have to worry about the open time or close time of online shops, which are often run 24/7 (24 hours a day, 7 days a week), so that you can place your order anywhere anytime. Well, I would only go to the flower market near my home. Luckily it’s not really far from where I live. It’s within walking distance, say 10 minutes. Plus there’s a large variety of flowers you can choose from. The price is always reasonable and you can still bargain about it. So why bother going to some distant, price gouging florist’s? 3. On what occasions would you give someone flowers? Well, I’ve never given others flowers before, but there are many occasions when people give flowers, like birthday, wedding, even funeral. Besides that, boys would also give flowers, especially rose, to their girls when they are in love. I would give flowers to my friends, relatives and many others when I visit their homes. You see, it’s not really polite to visit one person’s home empty-handed according to Chinese tradition. So people often bring along some small gifts when they drop by. Well, in my case, I would choose flowers, which according to my experiences are not at all stereotypic, but rather often quite pleasing to my hosts. 4. Are flowers important in your culture? [Why/Why not?] Flowers often bear great importance in many cultures. So do they in Chinese culture. In the past, flowers were believed to have spirits, who can bring happiness and pleasure to the devout. Nowadays, though their superstitious values have already faded away, flowers have taken on new meanings to represent virtues. While orchid represents grace and purity, peony represents nobleness and prosperity, and wintersweet perseverance. And people often use them to express their feelings.
【9A文】剑桥雅思5-test1阅读解析
剑桥雅思5test1阅读解析 Test1Passage1 Question1-Question3 答案：DEG 关键词：Johnson’sDictionarR 定位原文：全文综合信息处理 解题思路:A选项的all，B选项的onlR都太绝对了;C选项对应的原文在第4段第4句“Johnsondecided…”原文都说了他不需要那么多人来确认语言问题的讨论结果，和选项意思矛盾;D选项说约翰逊字典主要集中于当代文本中的语言，原文第6段第1句“Johnsonwrote…”说的是drawnfromtheElizabethanstohisowntime;意思一致;E选项和文中第6段第3句“Workingtoadeadline…”意思一致;G选项和第6段第5句意思一致;F选项和H 选项的定位句分别在第6段“...hehadtodrawonthebestofallpreviousdictionaries.”和第6段“HedidnoteRpecttoachievecompleteoriginalitR.”都与原文矛盾。 Question4 答案：copRingclerks或clerks 关键词：1764/anumberof/whostoodat 定位原文:第5段第1句“…withalongdeskrunningdownthemiddle” 解题思路:anumberof要求其后填名词复数形式，而此空后面的非限制性定语从句who 又限定要填一个关于人的名词。 Question5 答案：librarR 关键词：didnothavea/40，000 定位原文:第6段第1句“Theworkwasimmense：fillingabouteightRlarge…” 解题思路:找到定位句后，很容易得到答案librarR。 Question6 答案：stabilitR 关键词：JamesBoswell 定位原文:第8段最后1句“…inJamesBoswell’swords...” 解题思路:原文的conferredon和空处的bringto属于同义表达。 Question7 答案：pension 关键词：King 定位原文:第9段1句“…KingGeorgeIIItoofferhimapension” 解题思路:offerhimapension和题目的wasgrantedapension属于同义表达。 Question8 答案：TRUE 关键词:middleclasses 定位原文:第3段第1句“BeRond…” 解题思路:题干中的growing跟increase对应这一句中的两个rise，与原文意思一致。 Question9 答案：FALSE 关键词：Johnson/death 定位原文:第3段第2句“...asfamousinhisowntimeasinours...” 解题思路:这句话表明他当时跟现代都享有盛誉，题干与原文矛盾。题干的wellknown 为文章里这句话中的famous的同义替换。 Question10 答案:NOTGIVEN 关键词：severalRears 定位原文:第4段内容 解题思路:按照判断是非题的顺序原则，这题在文章中的定位应该在第9题在文章中所定位的语句后面，同时又应该出现在第11题定位语句的前面，故应该从第3段末开始找一
剑桥雅思8Test4Passage1阅读原文+答案解析
今天雅思为各位雅思考生带来剑桥雅思8阅读解析Test4Passage1，预祝雅思考生们考出理想的成绩! 相关剑桥雅思8test解析如下： 剑桥雅思8Test4Passage3阅读译文-收集蚂蚁样本 剑桥雅思8阅读译文-Test4Passage2-害虫的生物控制 剑桥雅思8阅读原文+答案解析-Test4Passage2 剑桥雅思8写作范文Test4Task1 剑8雅思写作题目+范文Test4Task2（体重话题） 剑桥雅思8听力答案解析-Test4Section4 剑桥雅思8听力原文+答案解析-Test4Section2 剑桥雅思8听力Test4Section1原文+解析 文章结构 体裁：说明文 主要内容：本文主要介绍了日本在数学领域取得的成就以及如何在教育上取得成功。 结构： Section A :日本和英国相比在数学方面取得的成就。 Section B :日本学校的装饰特点和课程模式。 Section C :介绍了 Monbusho 的影响。 Section D :介绍如何对待作业问题和新课程的传授。 Section E :如何帮助后进学生。 Section F :获得数学教育成功的因素。 名师点题剑桥雅思8阅读： 考题解析 Questions 1-5
●题型归类 :List of Headings 题目解析 题目编号题目选项句意段落主题句题解 1 vii 日本中学教育的背景 Section B 第一个小段落的首句 Lower secondary schools in Japan cover three school years ... 答案 vii Section B 重点介绍了日本中学的一个基本情况,其主题句就在第一个小段落的段首,比较容易找到。 2 i Monbush 的影响本段第 2 句话答案 i 本段着重介绍了 Monbusho 并对其展开说明。本段的第 2 句话引出了 Monbusho 这个概念,后面则重点介绍了 Monbusho 对日本数学教育带来的影响。 3 v 数学课的典型模式 Section D 第一个小段落的首句 Lessons all follow the same pattern. 答案 v Section D 介绍了家庭作业以及新课的授课形式。其中第一个小段落的首句话为主题句,点明了课程遵循一个相同的模式,之后则具体阐述了这个模式是如何运转的。 4 ii 帮助不太成功的学生 Teachers say 答案 ii Section E 重点说明教师如何帮助后进学生。其中,第一小段的第 2 句以及第二小段的首句为主题句,介绍了老师给予单独辅导使后进学生能够跟上课程。 that they give individual help at the end of a lesson or after school, setting extra work if necessary. This scarcely seems adequate help to enable slow learners to keep up. 5 viii 日本在数学教育上取得成功的关键第一小段的首句和第2句答案 viii Section F 重点说明了如何在数学教学上取得成功。本段首句和 2 句为主题句,介绍了态度是决定成功的关键性因素。 名师点题剑桥雅思8阅读： 考题解析 Questions 6-9 ●题型归类 :YES/NO/NOT GIVEN 题目编号题目定位词题目句意题解 6 English pupils, Japanese counterparts 学习数学的英国的小孩比日本的小孩在成绩方面有更宽的区间。 YES 原文重现 A 段的第 2 句话。题目中说在学习数学的英国小孩比日本小孩在成绩方面有更宽的区间,文章中原句的意思是和日本孩子相比,英国孩子成绩方面的可变性区间更大, greater 和 wider 属于同义替换。 7 Gross National product, percentage 通常花在教育上钱所占 GNP 的比率反映了