外文参考文献译文及原文

广东工业大学华立学院

本科毕业设计（论文）

外文参考文献译文及原文

系部城建学部

专业土木工程

年级 2011级

班级名称 11土木工程9班

学号 23031109000

学生姓名刘林

指导教师卢集富

2015 年5 月

目录

一、项目成本管理与控制 (1)

二、Project Budget Monitor and Control (2)

三、施工阶段承包商在控制施工成本方面所扮演的作用 (3)

四、The Contractor's Role in Building Cost Reduction After Design (5)

一、外文文献译文（1）

项目成本管理与控制

随着市场竞争的激烈性越来越大，在每一个项目中，进行成本控制越发重要。本文论述了在施工阶段，项目经理如何成功地控制项目预算成本。本文讨论了很多方法。它表明，要取得成功，项目经理必须关注这些成功的方法。

1.简介

调查显示，大多数项目会碰到超出预算的问……功控制预算成本。

2.项目控制和监测的概念和目的

Erel and Raz (2000)指出项目控制周期包括测量成……原因以及决定纠偏措施并采取行动。监控的目的就是纠偏措施的...标范围内。

3.建立一个有效的控制体系

为了实现预算成本的目标，项目管理者需要建立一……被监测和控制是非常有帮助的。项目成功与良好的沟通密...决( Diallo and Thuillier, 2005)。

4.成本费用的检测和控制

4.1对检测的优先顺序进行排序

在施工阶段，很多施工活动是基于原来的计……用完了。第四，项目管理者应该检测高风险活动，高风险活动最有...重要(Cotterell and Hughes, 1995)。

4.2成本控制的方法

一个项目的主要费用包括员工成本、材料成本以及工期延误的成本。为了控制这些成本费用，项目管理者首先应该建立一个成本控制系统：

a)为财务数据的管理和分析工作落实责任人员

b)确保按照项目的结构来合理分配所有的……它的变化

--在成本控制线上准确地记录所有恰...围、变更、进度、质量）相结合由于一个工程项目......虑时间价值影响后的结果。

4.3变化的检测和控制

Voropajev (1998)指出，施工环境的动态….更控制体系。可以从以下几个方面考虑：

a) 为确保良好的结果，应检测...要因素，应该保证变更必须由合适的人员检查b）一旦被批准，变更应该发生....文件资料中(Voropajev, 1998,pl8)

5.结论

本文介绍了控制预算的最佳方法。首先，必………目的成功。

二、外文文献原文（1）

Project Budget Monitor and Control

.

With the marketing competitiveness growing, it is more and more critical in budget control of each project. This paper discusses th……to be successful, the project manager must concern all this methods.

1. INTRODUCTION

The survey shows that most pro jects encoun……ccessful monitoring and control to lead the project to success. In this article, we will discuss in the construction phase, how can a project manager to be successful budget control.

2. THE CONCEPT AND THE PURPOSE OF PROJECT CONTROL AND MONITOR

Erel and Raz (2000) state that the project control cycle co……ntation of corrective actions, ensure projects stay on target ……

4. COST MONITOR AND CONTROL

4.1 Ranking the priority of monitoring

In construction phase, many activities are carried out b……ities using critical resource. Some resource is critical because they are very expensive or limited (Cotterell and Hughes, 1995).

4.2Methods of cost control

The main cost of a project includes ……scounts future cash flows, it is the result of the time effect on cash

4.3 Change monitor and control

Voropajev (1998) states that dynamic changes of project e…… effective change control system should be established to ensure change procedure is clear and unambiguous and easy for employee to request a change. A……

c) All changes in project should be recorded in the project documentation (Voropajev, 1998,pl8).

5. CONCLUSION

This article shows the best methods of budget control. First, an efficient control system must be set up. Secondly, It is required to recog…..y, manager should combine different control techniques to reach the success of a project.

三、外文文献译文（2）

施工阶段承包商在控制施工成本方面所扮演的作用

从最近的新闻报道中可以明显的看出，通货膨……下。在过去的几年中，美国很多地区的建筑行业的成本的增……国材料需求的增…..本以达到业主可以奖励的范围。实现成本的降低通常可以采用以下方法：

?价值工程

?缩小项目成本支出的范围

价值工程

价值工程（VE）被定义为一种提高商品和服务的价值并降低成本的系统的方法。也就是功能比上成本。价值增加不仅可以通过提高功能还可以通过降低生产成本来实现。

价值工程的一个主要宗旨是，在追求价……包括以下几个方面：

?信息收集：定义项目的需求、进行功能分析。

?方法：各种可以满足要求和功能的方法。

?评估：评估各种方法对于满足需求和降低成本的程度。

?表述：选择最好的方法提供给客户以帮助他们做决定。

VE评估的生命周期包括初始成本、维修成本、运营成本、产品的寿命、货币时间价值、重置成本以及替换的频率。VE可以应用于建筑设计的任何阶段，然而，在早期最为有效，因为更改初步设计文件的花费更少。

缩小项目成本支出的范围

缩小支出范围包括在业主可接受基础上降低质量水平、减少数量或者两者同时减少。

缩小支出范围往往在于替换材料或设备……标者进行协商达成双方都可接受的合同价。对于被选中参加协商谈判的承包商来说，这是一个获得项目的机会，同时也是与业主和设计单位建立信任、公开化关系的机会。

首先，承包商应该与业主和设计单位洽谈，充分了解业主对项目的要求，他们考虑的首要因素、项目的生命周期和预算。

其次，承包商的角色就是要利用他们在估算和施……图在分析建筑工程各个部分和系统中是一种非常有用的工具。WBS是一种将项目分为最基本组成成分的树状结构图。这种分解结构图对项目从地基基础到全部完工的各个部分的费用估算带来很大的便利。

通过WBS图来发现问题和/或者找出需要考虑的地方

这个部分向承包商提供了需要审查和/或提出问题的地方，这是建立在WBS

图基础上来降低施工成本。这些变化中有些可以不用增加设计变更的成本来实现，而是通过附录的形式并入建设合同中。在所列的这些范围中有些需要大量的设计变更并导致工期延误。

地基基础

----考虑能否由其它类型的基础来替代？

?用木桩来替代预制桩

?采用箱形基础还是桩基础

?用基础垫层来取代桩基础或者箱形……统的粉灰泥和外墙保温涂层

?用砖或者预制混凝土来替代石材

----比较不同的玻璃装配方式

?能否减少外墙玻璃安装的区域

?在合理范围内用橱窗来替代幕墙

?涂漆的铝制品来替代不锈钢或者……栏杆

?铝制材料或者缆索来替代玻璃栏杆

?使用标准设计来替代习惯性的使用元素

屋面

----评估不同材料的屋顶

?混合金属的装饰/保温系统替代单一金属系统

……?比较标准的天花板与自定义天花板

?比较纤维材质的天花板与金属材质的

输送系统

----审查指定的电梯和自动扶梯

?是否已经比较不同的制造商？

?室内电梯室采用指定的涂料还是自定义的？

?玻璃幕墙是否需要被淘汰？

?标准是否是确定唯一的？

现场准备

?是否已经分析现场的工作情况，从而通过削减或者增加来平衡场地改进……计算项目的开工时间以避免受到冬季气候条件的影响，从而来降低成本？?建筑业的政策风险是否需要业主来分担

通过工作分解结构图来分解和分析项目的各……，承包商可以在控制过程中扮演重要角色---使用他们过去的建设经验以及他们分包商和供应商的网络系统来降低成本费用，这些可能是业主和/或者设计团队在之前所没有考虑到的。

四、外文文献原文（2）

The Contractor's Role in Building Cost Reduction After

Design

It has become evident from recent news articles that inflationary pressures and increased construction activity are causing many building projects to come in well over owner's budgets. This trend has increased dramatically ove…… following methods.

? value engineering;

? scope reduction;

Value Engineering

Value engineering (VE) has been defined as a systematic ...............to be presented to client for decisions.

True VE evaluates life cycle costs such as initial cost, maintenance cost, operational cost, life span, time value of money, replacement cost, and frequency of replacement. VE can be undertaken at any stage of the building design process; however, it is most effective in the early stages, since it is less costly to make changes to preliminary documents .

Scope Reduction

Scope reduction involves identifying a…… accomplished

without major re-design cost and incorporated into the construction documents in the form of an addendum. Other changes listed would require extensive re-design and time delays.

SUBSTRUCTURE

—Have alternate types of foundation system been considered?

? wood piles in lieu of precast;……

? Manual entrance doors in place of automatic entr ances.

? Automatic entrances in lieu of revolving doors.

? Cedar entrance doors rather than mahogany.

—Examine exterior railing systems.

?……

? Can skylights be reduced or styles changed?

? Are standard warranties specified?

INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION

—Examine interior wall systems.

? Can light gauge metal-framed walls be used in lieu of concrete masonry units?

……

? Alternate carpet manufacturers.

—Review alternate ceiling finishes.

? Standard ceiling vs. custom.

? Fiber ceiling vs. metal.

CONVEYING SYSTEMS

—Review specified elevators and escalators.

? Have alternate manufacturers been considered?

? Are standard interior elevator cab finishes specified or custom?

? Can glass walls be eliminated?

? Are standard warranties specified?

SITE PREPARATION

? Has a site wo rk analysis been performed to balance cuts and fills.

SITE IMPROVEMENTS

? Can paved areas be reduced or more economical paving materials used?

? Has resurfacing existing parking areas been considered rather than new parking …….

Breaking down and analyzing the components of a building project through the work breakdown structure can aid in reduction summaries also reveal that the mechanical, electrical and plumbing(MEP) systems typ........bstantial structural and/or building redesigns are unavoidable. However, building contractors can play a major role in bringing projects into budget—using their past experience along with their subcontractor and supplier networks to develop cost reduction alternatives that may not have been previously considered by owners and/or design teams.

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(2) w 12… . (3) R 1,2, … (4) Δ ? ? ?others toprojectQ rcer humanresou i k 01 (5) . I t I t . (6) △ I ’s a .( ’t .) (7) (5) t I △ ,( △ ). , – a . (8) (6) (7), I ( = △* △ ). (9) =ηi / * , ηi I ; * I , * =∑=R k ki 1 δ . , . , , . 3.3 , , : = ∑∑==N i i N i Ci 11 ω i i N i i N i c t ??∑∑==1 1 ω (2) ∑∑ ==N i i N i 1 1 ω ) E i R i ki i t - ?? ∑=1 δη i c ? 2F Z 2()i t ? ) E i R i ki i t - ??∑=1 δη (3) () ,(N j i K 3,2,1,=?) (4)

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