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高级英语unit10词汇,翻译,课后习题

Unit 10 The Trial That Rocked the World

词汇(Vocabulary)

sweltering ( adj.) :that swelters or suffers from the heat；very hot；sultry热得发昏的；酷热

counsel ( n.) :a lawyer or group of lawyers giving advice about legal matters and representing clients in court辩护律师；法律顾问；辩护人

silver-tongued ( adj.) :eloquent；persuasive雄辩的；口才流利的

orator ( n.) :a skilled，eloquent public speaker雄辩家

jury ( n.) :a group of people sworn to hear the evidence and inquire into the facts in a law case，and to give decision in accordance with their findings陪审团

erupt ( v．) :burst forth or out，as from some restraint进发；爆发；喷出

clash ( n.) :a sharp disagreement；conflict抵触；冲突；意见不一致；对立

fundamentalism ( n.) :religious beliefs based on a literal interpretation of everything in the Bible and regarded as fundamental to Christian faith and morals原教旨主义(相信《圣经》所记载的传统的基督教信仰，反对较为近代的教义)

legislature ( n.) :a body of persons given the responsibility and power to make laws for a country or state(esp. the lawmaking body of a state，corresponding to the U．S．Congress)立法机构(尤指美国的州议会)

prohibit ( v．) :refuse to permit；forbid by law or by an order禁止；不准

legality ( n.) :quality，condition，or instance of being legal or lawful；conformity with the law合法性

indict ( v．) :accuse；charge with the commission of a cime; esp. make formal accusation against on the basis of positive legal evidence usually said of the action of a grand jury控告，控诉；指控，告发，对……起诉prosecute (v．) :institute legal proceedings against，or conduct criminal proceedings in court against对……起诉festoon ( v．) :adorn or hang with festoons饰以(或悬挂)花彩，结彩于

sprout (v．) :grow or develop rapidly迅速生长，迅速发展

rickety ( adj.) :1iable to fall or break down because weak；shaky易倒的；易垮的；不结实的；不稳固的evangelist ( n.) :anyone who evangelizes(esp. a traveling preacher or a revivalist)福音传教士(尤指巡回说教者或信仰复兴者)

exhort ( v．) :urge earnestly by advice，warning，etc．规劝，劝告，劝戒

infidel ( n.) :a person who holds no religious belief无宗教信仰者，不信宗教者

florid ( adj. ) : flushed with red or pink(said of the complexion)(脸色)红润的

paunchy ( adj. ) :[derog. or humor](esp. of a man)having a fat stomach[贬或幽](尤指男性)大腹便便的

attorney ( n.) :．any person legally empowered to act as agent for. or in behalf of，another(esp. a lawyer)(被当事人授权的法律事务中的)代理人

shrewd ( adj.) :keen—witted，clever，astute or sharp in practical affairs机敏的；精明的；伶俐的

magnetic ( adj.) :vpowerfully attractive(said of a person，personality，etc．)有吸引力的；有魅力的(指人或个性等)

steep ( v．) :immense，saturate，absorb，or imbue(esp. used as steeped锄：thoroughly filled or familiar with)

沉浸；埋头于(尤用作steeped in充满着；沉湎于；精通)

agnostic ( n.) :a person who believes that the human mind cannot know whether there is a God or an ultimate cause，or anything beyond material phenomena；atheist不可知论者

growl (v．) :complain in an angry or surly manner牢骚满腹地说

spar ( v. ) :wrangle or dispute争论；争吵

drawl ( v．) :speak slowly，prolonging the vowels慢慢吞吞地说

bigotry ( n.) :the behavior，attitude，or beliefs of a bigot：intolerance；prejudice偏执的行为(或态度、信念等)；偏执；顽固；偏见

rampant ( adj. ) :spreading unchecked；widespread蔓延的；猖獗的

faggot ( n.) :a bundle of sticks，twigs，or branches(esp. for use as fuel)柴捆；柴把

contaminate ( v．) :make impure，infected，corrupt，etc．使感染，传染，毒害

mammal ( n.) :any of a large class of warm—blooded. usually hairy vertebrates whose off springs are fed with

milk secreted by female mammary glands哺乳动物

snort ( v．) :wave，shake. or exhibit in a menacing, challenging，or exultant way(威胁地、挑战似地、狂喜地)挥舞

denounce ( v．) :condemn strongly as evil谴责，指责，痛斥

sonorous ( adj. ) :having a powerful，impressive sound(声音)响亮的；洪亮的

reconcile ( adj. ) :settle(a quarrel，etc．)or compose(a difference，etc．)调解；调和；使一致；使相符

divine ( adj. ) :given or inspired by God；holy；sacred神授的，天赐的；神圣的

fervour ( n.) :great warmth of emotion；ardor；zeal；passion热烈；热情，热心，热诚

arena ( n.) :any sphere of struggle or conflict竞争场所；活动场所

prairie ( n.) :a large area of level or slightly rolling grassland大草原

scorch (v．) :char，discolor，or damage the surface of sth. by superficial burning；burn；make a caustic attack on；assail scathingly；excoriate烧焦；烤焦；挖苦；严厉指责(或批评)

pop ( v．) :[colloq．]arise；happen or arrive unexpectedly[口]突然发生，突然出现，突然来到

duel ( n.) :any contest or encounter suggesting such a fight，usually between two persons(常指两人间的)争斗，冲突，斗争

hush ( n.) :absence of noise；quiet；silence寂静，平静，安静；默不作声，沉默

adjourn ( v. ) :close a session or meeting for the day or for a time休会，闭会；延期

swarm (v．) :be filled or crowded；teem(with)充满，被挤满(常与with连用)

hawker ( n.) :a person who hawks goods in the street；peddle；huckster(沿街叫卖的)小贩

entrepreneur ( n.) :[Fr．]a person who organizes and manages a business undertaking．assuming the risk for the sake of the profit[法语]企业家

ape ( n.) :any of a family(Pongidae)of large，tailless monkeys that can stand and walk in an almost erect position

猿

ponder ( v．) :weigh mentally；think deeply about；consider carefully默想；深思；考虑

cower ( v．) :shrink and tremble，as from someone's anger，threats，or blow(因别人发怒、威胁或打击而)畏缩；发抖，哆嗦

sulphurous ( adj.) :violently emotional；heated；fiery异常激动的；激烈的；暴怒的

dispatch ( n.) :a news story sent to a newspaper，radio station，etc．，as by a special reporter or news agency(特派记者或新闻社发给报社、电台的)(新闻)电讯，电文，通讯

yokel ( n.) :[a contemptuous term]a person living in a rural area；rustic；country bumpkin[贬]乡巴佬，土包子perch ( v．) :alight or rest on or as on a perch栖息；停歇；坐在高处

gawk ( v．) :stare like a gawk，in a stupid way(像呆子般)呆呆地盯着，呆视

wily ( adj.) :full of wiles；crafty；sly狡猾的；狡诈的；诡计多端的

repel ( v．) :drive or force back；hold or ward off击退；抵挡住

fervent ( adj.) :having or showing great warmth of feeling；intensely devoted or earnest；ardent；passionate热烈的，满怀热情的，热心的，深表热诚的；强烈的

Genesis ( n.) :the first book of the Bible，giving an account of the creation of the universe《创世纪》(《圣经·旧约》的首卷)

snigger ( n.) :a sly，derisive，partly stifled laugh窃笑；暗笑

twirl (v．) :rotate rapidly；spin(使)快速旋转，(使)迅速转动

serpent ( n.) :a snake，esp. a large or poisonous one蛇(尤指大蛇或毒蛇)

livid ( adj.) :grayish—blue；pale；lead—colored青灰色的；铅色的

slur ( n.) :any remark or action that harms or is meant to harm someone's reputation；aspersion，reproach，stigma，etc．诽谤；污辱；诋毁，中伤，破坏……的名誉

gavel ( n.) :a small mallet rapped on the table by a presiding officer in calling for attention or silence or by an auctioneer(会议主席、法官或拍卖商用以敲击桌子的)小木槌，议事槌

quell ( v．) :crush；subdue；put an end to镇压；平息

hubbub ( n.) :a confused sound of many voices；noise；uproar；tumult吵闹声，喧哗，喧嚣；鼎沸；骚动forlorn (adj.) :abandoned or deserted被抛弃的；被遗弃的；孤独的，寂寞的／forlornly adv．

verdict ( n.) :the formal and unanimous finding of a jury on the matter submitted to them in a trial裁定；判决conviction ( n.) :a convicting 0r being convicted证明有罪；(被)判罪；定罪

短语(Expressions)

adhere to : continue to obey or maintain(esp，a rule，standard or belief)坚持，忠于

例：She adheres to her principles throughout her teaching career. 她在整个教学生涯中始终坚持自己的原则。take on : begin to have呈现

例：Her voice took on a troubled tone．她的声音里有些不安。

under way: begin，start(开始)进行，在前进中。

例：We have several plans under way．我们已将几项计划付诸实施。

震撼世界的审判（约翰?司科普斯）

在一九二五年七月的那个酷热日子里，当我在挤得水泄不通的法庭里就位时，人群中响起一阵嘁嘁喳喳的议论声。我的辩护人是著名刑事辩护律师克拉伦斯?达罗。担任主控官的则是能说会道的演说家威廉?詹宁斯?布莱恩，他曾三次被民主党提名为美国总统候选人，而且还是导致我这次受审的基督教原教旨主义运动的领导人。

几个星期之前，我还只是田纳西州山区小镇戴顿的一名默默无闻的中学教员，而现在我却成了一次举世瞩目的庭审活动的当事人。在法庭就座为我作证的有以哈佛大学的科特里?马瑟教授为首的十几位有名望的教授和科学家。到场的还有一百多名新闻记者，甚至还有一些广播电台的播音员，他们也要破天荒地播放一次庭审实况。就在我们静候着法庭开审的当儿，达罗关切地搂住我的肩膀低声安慰道：“别担心，孩子，我们会给他们点厉害瞧瞧。”

我刚到戴顿中学任自然科学教员兼足球教练不久，这件案子就突然降临到我的头上。若干年来，原教旨主义者和现代主义者之间就一直在酝酿着一场冲突。原教旨主义者坚持严格按照字面意义去理解《旧约全书》，而现代主义者则接受查尔斯?达尔文的进化论——认为一切动物，包括猿和人，都是由同一个祖先进化而来的。

在田纳西州，原教旨主义势力很强，州立法机构最近还通过了一项法令，禁止公开讲授“任何否定《圣经》上宣讲的创世说的理论。”这项新法规的矛头直接指向了达尔文的进化论。有位名叫乔治?拉普利亚的工程师因反对这项法规常和当地人进行辩论。有一次辩论中，拉普利亚说，任何人要讲授生物学，就不能不讲进化论。因为我就是讲授生物学的，所以他们便把我叫去作证。

“拉普利亚是对的，”我对他们说。

“那么说，你在触犯法律，”他们中的一位说。

“所有其他的教师也都在触犯法律，”我回答说。“亨特所著的《生物学基础》中就讲到了进化论，那是我们使用的教科书。”

于是拉普利亚提出一个建议。“让我们将此事交付法庭判决，”他说，“以检验其是否合法。”

当我于五月七日被正式起诉时，谁也不曾料到，我本人更没有料到我的这件案子竟会越闹越大，以至成为美国历史上最著名的庭审案例之一。美国公民自由联合会宣布：如有必要，联合会将把我的案子提交美国最高法院审理，“以确保教师不至于因讲授真理而被送进监狱。”接着，布莱恩自告奋勇地要协助州政府方面对我进行起诉。著名律师克拉伦斯?达罗也立即主动提出要替我辩护。具有讽刺意味的是，在这次审判之前我并不认识达罗，但我却见过布莱恩，那是我念大学的时候，他来校作过演讲。我很钦佩他，尽管我并不赞同他的观点。

到七月十日庭审开始的时候，我们这个拥有一千五百人口的小镇上呈现出一派看马戏似的热闹气氛。大街两旁的建筑物上都挂起了彩旗。在法院的三层红砖房子周围的街道上突然冒出了许多摇摇晃晃的摊贩货架，出售的是热狗、宗教书籍和西瓜。福音传教士们也在街上搭起帐篷向行人传教布道。附近一带的山区居民，其中多半是原教旨主义者，也纷纷赶到镇上来为布莱恩呐喊助威，打击那些“外来的异教徒”。他们当中就有具体起草了那条反进化论法令的约翰?巴特勒。巴特勒是一位四十九岁的农场主，在当选之前还从未跨出过自己的县境。

主审法官名叫约翰?劳尔斯顿，是一位面色红润的男人。他操着浓重的地方口音高声说道：“我只是个平平常常的山区法官。”布莱恩的样子老态龙钟，大腹便便。协助他进行起诉工作的有他的儿 1 85子——也是个律师——及田纳西州年轻有为的检察长汤姆?斯图尔特。我的辩护人当中则除了六十八岁的精明老练的达罗外，还有英俊潇洒、富于魅力的四十三岁的达德雷?费尔德?马隆和文质彬彬、学识丰富，尤其精通法学的阿瑟?伽费尔德?黑斯。在一场宗教起着关键作用的审判案中，达罗是个不可知论者，马隆是个天主教徒，而黑斯则是个犹太教徒。我的父亲也特意从肯塔基州赶来陪我面对这次审判。

法官请了一位当地的牧师主持开庭祷告仪式，接着审判便开始了。陪审团的十二名成员中，有三人除《圣经》之外再没有念过什么别的书，还有一人则根本不识字。难怪我父亲气呼呼地骂道：“真是他妈狗屁的陪审团!”

履行完规定的法律诉讼程序之后，达罗站起来开始发言了。“我的朋友检察长先生方才告诉我们说约翰?司科普斯知道他为什么会被带上法庭，”达罗拖长着声音说。“我也知道他为什么会被带上法庭。那是因为愚昧和偏见还很猖獗，而且这两者又结合在一起，形成一股强大的势力。”

达罗在热得像烘箱似的法庭里来回踱着方步。“今天受攻击的是教师，”他接着说道，“明天就会轮到杂志、书籍和报纸。要不了多久，社会上便会是一种人与人为仇，教派与教派为敌的局面，直到我们的社会大踏步地退回到十六世纪那光辉的年代，那时如果有谁胆敢给人类带来智慧、知识和文化，就会被那些愚昧的偏执狂们点燃柴堆活活烧死。”

他的话音刚落，就听到一个妇女高声咕嘟了一句：“这个该死的异教徒!”

第二天，控方开始传唤证人出庭作证。出庭作证的是我的两个学生，他们一边羞涩地对我傻笑，一边向法庭证明说我向他们宣讲过进化论，但又补充说他们并没有因此而受到毒害。一个叫霍华德.

摩根的聪明的十四岁小男孩作证说我对他们讲过，人也像牛、马、狗、猫一样是哺乳动物。

“他没有说猫和人完全一样吧?”达罗问。

“没有，先生，”那孩子说道。“他说人是有思维能力的。” “这话怕不一定对哩，”达罗哼着鼻子说。

证人作证完毕后，布莱恩起立向陪审团陈辞。问题很简单，他说，“基督徒相信人来自天上，进化论者则认为人一定是来自地下。”旁听的群众忍不住咯咯地笑了起来，布莱恩也就越说越起劲，他一只手挥动着一本生物学教科书，一边口中发话谴责那些来到戴顿为我作证的科学家们。

“《圣经》，”他用洪亮的嗓音大喊大叫道，“是不会被那些千里迢迢赶来作证的学者专家们赶出这个法庭的。这些专家们来到这里的目的是想证明主张人类祖先来自丛林的进化论和上帝按照天机，依其形象创造人类并安排到这个世界上来的看法，是并行不悖的。”

他讲完话时，下巴翘得老高，眼里闪着光芒，听众席中立刻爆发出喝采的掌声和“阿门”的喊声。但似乎还是缺少了一点什么东西。昔日当布莱恩如燎原的烈火般席卷政界时表现出的那种火热的激情已消失殆尽。听众们似乎觉得他们的这位英雄没能充分发挥出应有的辩才将那些异端分子打个落花流水。

达德雷?费尔德?马隆跳起来反驳布莱恩。“布莱恩可不是唯一有资格为《圣经》辩护的人，”他说。“在我们这一国度，还有些人将自己的全部生命都奉献给了上帝和宗教。而布莱恩先生却满腔热情地将自己的大半生命献给了政治。”布莱恩从水杯中呷了一口水，马隆说话的音调随之变得越来越高。他呼吁学术自由并指责布莱恩存心在科学与宗教之间挑起一场殊死决斗。

“从来没有人能同真理决斗，”他大声怒吼，“真理从来都是胜利者——我们并不害怕这一点。真理不需要布莱恩先生。真理是永存的、不朽的，而且并不需要依靠人的力量去维护它!”

马隆发言结束时，场上出现了一阵沉默，但接着法庭里便爆发出一阵暴风骤雨般的掌声．超过了刚才为布莱恩发出的掌声。然而，尽管马隆在同布莱恩进行的这场舌战中取得了胜利，法官还是决定不许在座的科学家们为辩方作证。

休庭期间，我们发现戴顿镇的街头巷尾到处挤满了陌生人，每个角落里都有一些小商小贩在叫卖货物。有家商店的招牌上写道：达尔文：没错——就在里面。(这是小达尔文的服装店。)还有一个承包商租了一个商店橱窗来展出一只猿猴。有些人便花钱去观看这只猿猴，并思量着自己是否可能与它有什么渊源。

“这只可怜的畜牲双手捂住眼睛，蜷缩在一个角落里，”一位记者这样写道，“生怕人猿同源是真的。”

H?L。门肯穿着短裤，一边吹着电扇，一边写出了一些含辛辣讽刺意味的电讯文稿。由于他在文中将当地居民称作“乡巴佬”，因此人们议论着要将他驱逐出镇。二十二个报务员每天要拍发十六万五千字的报道这场庭审的电文。

由于天气炎热，加之又担心古老的法庭地板会因承受不住人群的重量而坍塌，审判活动改在户外

枫树荫下继续进行。前来观审的有两千多人，他们有的坐在长条木凳上，有的蹲在草地上，有的趴在停放着的汽车的车顶上，还有的人则从窗户里傻呆呆地伸长脖子向外张望。接着审判的高潮到来了。由于反进化论法律条文的限制，控方只得坚持《圣经》必须严格按字面意义解释的立场。这时，达罗突然打出他的王牌，点名要布莱恩充当辩方证人。法官也满脸惊讶。“我们要他当证人是因为他是《圣经》研究专家，”达罗说道。“作为经学权威，他的声誉是举世公认的。”

布莱恩满心狐疑，不知那诡计多端的达罗葫芦里在卖什么药，但他又不能不接受这一挑战。多年来他一直在讲解《圣经》，并且还曾围绕《圣经》著书立说。甚至在反进化论法令通过之前，他就在田纳西州发动过反达尔文主义的运动。这时，只见他刚毅果敢地握着一把芭蕉扇，像是拿它当成一把退敌的利剑似的，大步流星地向证人席走去。

在达罗的平静语调套问下，他承认自己对《圣经》的字字句句深信不疑，旁观的人群对他的激昂的回答不时和以热烈的“阿门，，的喊声。

达罗翻开《创世纪》念道：“夜尽晨来乃第一天也。’’接下来他问布莱恩是否相信太阳是第四天创造出来的，布莱恩回答说他相信。

“没有太阳之前又怎么会有早晨和晚上呢?”达罗问道。

布莱恩闷声不响地擦拭着自己的秃顶。人群中传出阵阵暗笑声，连一些虔诚的基督徒也在发笑。达罗一面捻弄着他的眼镜，一面继续发问。他问布莱恩是否相信有关夏娃的故事字字句句都是真实的，布莱恩作了肯定的回答。

“那末你也相信上帝为了惩罚引诱夏娃的那条蛇便让所有蛇类从那以后永远匍匐爬行的故事是真的了?”

“我相信那是真的。”

“好哇，那么你是否知道那以前蛇类是如何行走的呢?”

观审的人群哄地笑了起来。布莱恩气得脸色发青，盛怒之下他调门提高了，手里拿着的扇子一个劲儿抖动着。

“法官大人，”他说。“我即刻就要回答达罗先生的所有问题。我要让世界知道这个不信上帝的人正在利用田纳西州的法庭诽谤上帝……”

“我反对这种说法，”达罗大声叫道。“我只是在考验你的那些愚蠢的想法，世界上没有哪个有知识的基督徒会相信你的那些想法。”

法官敲响小木槌止住了喧哗声，随即宣布休庭，次日再审。

布莱恩孤零零地站在那儿。当观众们纷纷从他身边挤过去同达罗握手时，我的心替这位昔日的英雄难过起来。

第二天中午，陪审团受命对此案进行裁决。陪审员们离席退到草坪的一角，只低声议论了九分钟，结果是判决被告有罪。我被罚款一百美元，并支付诉讼费用。

达德雷?费尔德?马隆称这次庭审结果对我来说是一次“胜利的败仗”。有几家南方报纸，出于对他们那位已失去昔日光彩的英雄的忠诚，称这次审判结果为布莱恩的胜利，并为之欢呼。可布莱恩本人却因伤心劳神过度，审判结束后才过了两天便在戴顿去世。

学校要请我回去继续担任原先的教学职务，但我谢绝了。有几位前来为我作证的教授已为我争取到了一份芝加哥大学的奖学金，因而我得以继续进修自然科学。．后来，我成为一家石油公司的地质学专家。

前不久，我在那次审判三十七年之后第一次重返戴顿。在我眼中，小镇景物依旧，只是多了一所威廉?詹宁斯?布莱恩大学，它坐落在一个小山坡上，俯视着下面的山谷。

还有一?些其他方面的变化。进化论已经可以在田纳西州公开讲授了，尽管那条曾判我有罪的法令仍未废除。由克拉伦斯?达罗和达德雷?费尔德?马隆在戴顿镇的小小法庭上掀起的那些辩论风暴犹如一股清风吹遍了美国的学校和立法机关，随之而来的是日渐增长的思想自由和学术自由的新气象。

I．1)In the 1920s，when he was a teacher at a secondary school in Dayton，a little town in the mountains of Tenessee，he was charged with teaching evolution and had to be present in the court．The trial。however，rocked the world．After the trial，he studied at the University of Chicago and became a geologist for an oil company later．

2)The struggles were in fact struggles between ignorance and wisdom．religion and science．That showed the spread of science and truth was no easy task．3)Because the result would effect the whole country，even the world．

4)Darrow and Malone thought that the Bible could co—exist with the Evolution Theory and it was acceptable for a Christion to be an evolutionist．Besides，the Bible should not be interpreted and accepted literally．Bryan just thought the opposite way.

5) The trial began with prayer by a local minister. This showed the connection of the religion (Christianity) with the law. Among 12 jurors three had never read any book except the Bible. One couldn't read. That showed that the religion and ignorance play an important role in the law. Judging by the fact above, the law and legal proce- dures in the U. S. at that time were not sensible.

6)John Scopes lost the case in the court, but he won in a real sense.

7)We cannot take the Bible literally. Actually there is something inconsistent in it. It can be accepted as a religious book whose interpretation should not be defined by some people only.

8)This article is intended to draw the world's attention to the Evolution Theory and persuade people not to be stubbornly hostile to science.

II. 1)We have some clever and unexpected tactics and we will surprise them in the trial.

2)The case had come down upon me unexpectedly and violently.

3)The fundamentalists believe in a word-for-word acceptance of what is said in the Bible.

4)that all life had developed gradually from a common original organism

5)Let's accuse Scopes of teaching evolution and let the court decide whether he is breaking the law or not.

6) People from the nearby mountains, mostly fundamentalists, came to support Bryan against those professors, scientists, and lawyers who came from the northern big cities and were not fundamentalists.

7)As my father complained angrily, "That' s no jury at all. "

8)He is here because unenlightenment and prejudice are widespread and unchecked.

9)People had to pay in order to have a look at the ape and to consider carefully whether apes and humans could have a common ancestry.

10)and the crowd, who were mainly fundamentalists, took his words showing no fear as if they were prayers, interrupting frequently with "Amen"

Ⅲ. See the translation of the text.

Ⅳ. 1)legal terms: court, defence, criminal lawyer, leading councel for the prosecution, state legislature, trial, testify, a jury trial, case, indict, the U. S. Supreme Court, defend, presiding judge, attorney-general, open the session, juror, legality, witness, evidence, accuse, adjourn, verdict, jurymen, guilty, conviction

2)religious terms: fundamentalists , modernists, the Old Testament, fundamentalism, the Bible, agnostic,

Catholic, Jew, infidel, God, Amen, Genesis"

Ⅴ. 1)Today the teachers are put on trial because they teach science, soon the magazines, books and newspapers will not be allowed to express new ideas.

2)"It is doubtful whether man (rather the fundamentalist) has reasoning power," Darrow said in a contemptuous way.

3)The Christian believes that God in heaven made human being but the evolutionist thinks human beings come from lowly animals. The implication is there is nothing lofty, noble about human beings in the eyes of the evolutionist.

4)This is a pun, i. e. playing on words. This sentence may have two different interpretations, depending on how you read it. If you pause before the dash, it means Darwin, the naturalist is correct. If you read out the whole sentence, it means Darwin the shop owner is directly inside.

5)Even the ape shuddered when it realized that it might share the same ancestry with human beings (especially the fundamentalists).

6) Malone considered the defeat a blessing in disguise, although Scopes was found guilty, they had succeeded in drawing the attention of the people all over the United States to this issue.

7)The statement conveys false modesty about being with the people and indicates regional narrow-mindedness and bigotry.

8)This shows that the jurors were ignorant, prejudiced and narrow minded. There couldn't be a fair and impartial trial.

9)Bryan's role is self-appointed. There is no need for Bryan to act as the spokesman. If a thing is true it does not need anyone, least of all Bryan, to defend it.

10) Bryan was dead against knowledge, Science and new ideas, so it was ironical to name a university after him because the function of a university was to spread knowl-edge, science and new ideas.

Ⅵ. 1)snowball: metaphor; grow or develop rapidly

2)circus atmosphere: metaphor; riotous holiday spirit

3)sprout: metaphor; grow or spring up quickly

4)spar: metaphor; fight with words, engage in argument

5)thunder: metaphor; say loudly and angrily

6)like a prairie fire: simile; spreading quickly, rapidly and overcoming all obstacles

7)scorch : metaphor wither, thoroughly defeat hot breath of his oratory: metaphor; the fiery speech, the caustic condemnation

8)a duel: metaphor; a life and death struggle

9)a storm of applause：metaphor；loud applause by many people

10)the oratorical duel：metaphor；the speech contest

11)spring the trump card：metaphor；take the most decisive course of action which one believes cannot fail

12)oratorical storm，blew up：metaphors；the great debate that took place like a fresh wind：simile；brought new and healthy changes．The great debate initiated by Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone in the little court in Dayton brought new and healthy changes throughout the schools and legislative offices of the United States

Ⅶ．1)hyperbole 2)transferred epithet 3)synecdoche 4) ridicule 5)sarcasm

6)irony 7)sarcasm 8)antithesis 9)hyperbole 10)ridicule，simile 11)ridicule

12)oxy-moran

Ⅷ．1)初级法院的裁决有利于父母，后来又作了相反的裁决。

2)立法部门制订法律，行政部门执行法律，司法部门解释法律。

3)三个证人出庭作证，证明他无罪。

4)他们呼吁速由一个公正的陪审团进行公审。

5)在美国法院，证人宣誓照实直说时，要把一只手放在《圣经》上。

6)自助者，上帝助之。

7)不管什么种族、民族和宗教信仰，在法律面前，法官应一视同仁。

8)Barristers是在法庭上进行控告或辩护的律师。

9)作为原告辩护律师，他就要尽力证明被告有罪。作为被告辩护律师，他就要为被告辩护。

Ⅸ. 1)At that time metaphysics was rampant．

2)I did not anticipate that 1 would get involved in this dispute

3)You must involve yourself in the work if you want to learn something.

4)The jury brought in a verdict of guilty and the judge sentenced him to three years' imprisonment.

5)Racial discrimination still exists in various forms in the United States though racial segregation is against the law.

6)I think we can reconcile the two views.

7)He seemed reconciled to the idea.

8)The spectators' hearts went out to the defendant.

9)The London papers expressed the view that the collapse of Nazi Germany was at hand.

10)He estimated the number of scouts on hand as ranging from three to five.

11)The project got under way soon after the signing of the contract.

X.criminal, guilt, defendant, legal, defence, afford, at, prison, prepared || trial, cross-examine, prosecution, witnesses, attend, compelled, court, counsel, right || jury, evidence, accused, verdict, innocence, unammous, majority|| appeal, tried, offence

XI. Omitted.

XII.Because of the wording of the anti-evolution law, the prosecution had to believe that the Bible must be interpreted word for word. And Darrow sprang his trump card by calling Bryan as a witness for the defence. Bryan agreed. Darrow read from Genesis : "And the evening and the morning were the first day. " Then he asked Bryan if he believed that the sun was created on the fourth day. Bryan answered yes. Darrow asked, "How could there have been a morning and evening without any sun?" At this, Bryan did not know what to say. Darrow then asked if he believed literally in the story of Eve. Bryan answered yes. Darrow asked, "And you be- lieve that God punished the serpent by condemning snakes for ever after to crawl upon their bellies?" "I believe that." "Well, have you any idea how the snake went before that time?" This made Bryan angry. "Your honour," he said. "I will answer all Mr. Darrow's questions at once. I want the world to know that this man who does not believe in God is using a Tennessee court to cast slurs on Him .-. ""I object to that statement," Darrow shouted. "I am examining you on your fool ideas that no intelligent Christian on earth believes. "The spectators burst into a brawl. The judge used his gavel to calm them down and adjourned court until next day.

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复旦高级英语第一课课文翻译

坤塔娜坤塔娜这一周要满11岁了。她迈入青少年期的过程我只能用神气自信来形容，看着她从襁褓里一路成长，就像看棒球手桑迪·考法克斯投球或是比尔·拉赛尔打篮球那样精彩。他们身上都有着一股不经意的傲气，觉得没有人能够做的比他们更好。然而，对于一个父亲来说，看着女儿一天天成长却不是件容易的事。每一次生日她都变得越来越像我们，一个大人，而我们却还沉浸于她孩提时的记忆。我记得第一次看见她是在圣约翰医院的育儿室。探望时间已经过了，我和妻子站在玻璃隔音墙外张望着，猜想摇篮里的孩子们哪一个是我们的。随后，一个带着口罩的护士从后面的房间出来，手里抱着一个正在张牙舞爪的头上绑着蝴蝶结的黑发婴儿。她才刚出生不到十七个小时，脸上的褶子还没打开、红扑扑的，手腕上的身份证明印的不是我们的名字，而是两个字母“NI”。“NI”代表着“信息不详”，是医院给准备被领养的婴儿的代码。昆塔娜是领养的。对于我们来说，说出这几个字/公开这一点并不困难，尽管会引来尽管用意善良却让人不爽的赞美之辞。“就算她是你们亲生的，你们也不可能更爱她了。”每当这种时候，我和妻子都沉默不语，勉强从齿缝里挤出一点微笑。然而，我们并不是没有意识到，在不远的将来，我们将会面临只有我们这些养父母才会面临的时刻——我们的女儿要决定是否去寻找她的亲生父母。我记得在我成长的那个年代，不少广播剧是围绕领养展开的。通常剧情都起因于一个孩子意外得知了自己是被领养的。这些消息只能是意外得知，因为在那些日子里，父母告诉子女他们不是自己的亲生骨肉都被认为是有悖伦常的。

如果这个秘密不得不被泄露，通常都会加上一些似是而非的附加情节，如当孩子还在襁褓时，他的亲生父母就已双亡。一场车祸也被认为是送走双亲最迅速有效的方式。我的一个同龄人，当时是一名年轻的女演员，直到二十二岁成为她生父小笔遗产继承人时才得知自己是被收养的。她的养母无法亲口告诉她遗产的来历，便把这个任务托付给了威廉姆·毛利事务所来完成。如今，我们对此比以前开明了，心理学也证明了这样一味地隐瞒真相只会带来伤害。当坤塔娜出生时，她是被接生她的妇产科医生私下交给我们的。在加州，这样的私下收养不仅合法，在六十年代中期甚至非常普遍。因为当时堕胎尚未合法化，性解放也未开始，人们还无法接受一个未婚母亲抚养自己的孩子。那天晚上，我们第一次去圣约翰医院看坤塔娜时，我们之间有一个默契：“信息不详”只是一个手链。对于同意如此开诚布公地对待坤塔娜的身世我们感到很自豪，但那纯粹是因为当时我们得知的唯一信息只是她妈妈的年龄，籍贯和健康证明。我们没有想到的是，办事过程中的一个疏忽我们会知道她妈妈的名字，因为同样的疏忽，她也会知道我们的和坤塔娜的。从我们把坤塔娜从医院抱回家的那天起，我们就努力不对她含糊其辞。她还很小的时候，我们经常雇讲西班牙语的保姆。她最初学的一些词中，有一个就是“领养”，尽管她还不懂这个词的意思。随着她慢慢长大，她开始不知疲惫地问我们为什么我们收养的是她。我们告诉她我们去医院时，医院允许我们选育儿室里的任何一个小孩。“不，不是这个，”我们说：“不是这个，也不是这个。”这些话都伴随着手势，直到：“就是这个！”她脸上会突然一亮，说：“坤塔娜。”每当她问一个关于领养她的问题，我们就回答一个，除非她问起，我们不会主动提起。我们明白随着她长大，她的问题会变得越来越尖锐，越来越复杂。我

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