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本科毕业设计外文翻译

本科毕业设计外文翻译
本科毕业设计外文翻译

Section 3 Design philosophy, design method and

earth pressures

3.1 Design philosophy

3.1.1 General

The design of earth retaining structures requires consideration of the interaction between the ground and the structure. It requires the performance of two sets of calculations:

1)a set of equilibrium calculations to determine the overall proportions and the geometry of the structure necessary to achieve equilibrium under the relevant earth pressures and forces;

2)structural design calculations to determine the size and properties of thestructural sections necessary to resist the bending moments and shear forces determined from the equilibrium calculations.

Both sets of calculations are carried out for specific design situations (see 3.2.2) in accordance with the principles of limit state design. The selected design situations should be sufficiently

Severe and varied so as to encompass all reasonable conditions which can be foreseen during the period of construction and the life of the retaining wall.

3.1.2 Limit state design

This code of practice adopts the philosophy of limit state design. This philosophy does not impose upon the designer any special requirements as to the manner in which the safety and stability of the retaining wall may be achieved, whether by overall factors of safety, or partial factors of safety, or by other measures. Limit states (see 1.3.13) are classified into:

a) ultimate limit states (see 3.1.3);

b) serviceability limit states (see 3.1.4).

Typical ultimate limit states are depicted in figure 3. Rupture states which are reached before collapse occurs are, for simplicity, also classified and

treated as ultimate limit states. Ultimate limit states include:

a) instability of the structure or any hart of it, including supports and foundations, considered as a rigid body;

b) failure by rupture of the structure or any part of it, including supports and foundations.

3.1.3 Ultimate limit states

3.1.3.1 General

The following ultimate limit states should be considered. Failure of a retaining wall as a result of:

a) instability of the earth mass, e.g. a slip failure, overturning or a rotational failure where the disturbing moments on the structure exceed the restoring moments, a translational failure where the disturbing forces (see 1.3.8) exceed the restoring forces and a bearing failure. Instability of the earth mass aim-involving a slip failure ,may occur where:

1)the wall is built on sloping ground which itself is close to limiting equilibrium; or

2) the structure is underlain by a significant depth of clay whose undrained strength increases only gradually with depth; or

3) the structure is founded on a relatively strong stratum underlain by weaker strata; or

4) the structure is underlain by strata within which high pore water pressures may develop from natural or artificial sources.

b) failure of structural members including the wall itself in bending or shear;

c) excessive deformation of the wall or ground such that adjacent structures or services reach their ultimate limit state.

3.1.3.2 analysis method

Where the mode of failure involves a slip failure the methods of analysis, for stability of slopes, are described in BS 6031 and in BS 8081. Where the mode of failure involves a bearing capacity failure, the calculations should establish an effective width of foundation. The bearing pressures as determined from 4.2.2 should not exceed the ultimate bearing capacity in accordance with BS 8004.

Where the mode of failure is by translational movement, with passive resistance excluded, stable equilibrium should be achieved using the design shear strength of the soil in contact with the base of the earth retaining structure.

Where the mode of failure involves a rotational or translational movement, the stable equilibrium of the earth retaining structure depends on the mobilization of shear stresses within the soil. The full mobilization of the soil shear strength gives rise to limiting active and passive thrusts. These

limiting thrusts act in concert on the structure only at the point of collapse, i.e. ultimate limit state.

3.1.4 Serviceability limit states

The following serviceability limit states should be considered:

a) substantial deformation of the structure;

b) substantial movement of the ground.

The soil deformations, which accompany the full mobilization of shear strength in the surrounding soil, are large in comparison with the normally acceptable strains in service. Accordingly, for most earth retaining structures the serviceability limit state of displacement will be the governing criterion for a satisfactory equilibrium and not the ultimate limit state of overall stability. However, although it is generally impossible or impractical to calculate displacements directly, serviceability can be sufficiently assured by limiting the proportion of available strength actually mobilized in service; by the method given in 3.2.4 and 3.2.5.

The design earth pressures used for serviceability limit state calculations will differ from those used for ultimate limit state calculations only where structures are to be subjected to differing design values of external loads (generally surcharge and live loads) for the ultimate limit state and for the serviceability limit state.

3.1.5 Limit states and compatibility of deformations

The deformation of an earth retaining structure is important because it has a direct effect upon the forces on the structure, the forces from the retained soil and the forces which result when the structure moves against the soil. The structural forces and bending moments due to earth pressures reduce as deformation of the structure increases.

The maximum earth pressures on a retaining structure occur during working

conditions and the necessary equilibrium calculations (see 3.2.1) are based on the assumption that earth pressures greater than fully active pressure (see 1.3.11) and less than fully passive will act on the retaining structure during service. As ultimate limit state with respect to soil pressures is approached, with sufficient deformation of the structure, the active earth pressure (see 1.3.1) in the retained soil reduces to the fully active pressure and the passive resistance (see 1.3.15) tends to increase to the full available passive resistance (see 1.3.12).

The compatibility of deformation of the structure and the corresponding earth pressures is important where the form of structure, for example a propped cantilever wall, prevents the occurrence of fully active pressure at the prop. It is also

particularly important where the structure behaves as a brittle material and loses strength as deformation increases, such as an unreinforced mass gravity structure or where the soil is liable to strain softening as deformation increases.

3.1.6 Design values of parameters

These are applicable at the specified limit states in the specified design situations. All elements of safety and uncertainty should be incorporated into the design values.

The selection of design values for soil parameters

should take account of:

a) the possibility of unfavorable variations in the values of the parameters;

b) the independence or interdependence of the various parameters involved in the calculation;

c) the quality of workmanship and level of control specified for the construction.

3.1.7 Applied loads

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桥梁外文翻译

毕业设计/论文 外文文献翻译 院系城市建设学院 专业班级 姓名 原文出处 评分 指导教师 华中科技大学武昌分校 20 12 年3月1日

Study on nonlinear analysis of a redundant cable-stayed bridge 1.Abstract A comparison on nonlinear analysis of a highly redundant cable-stayed bridge is performed in the study. The initial shapes including geometry and prestress distribution of the bridge are determined by using a two-loop iteration method, it is an equilibrium iteration loop and a shape iteration loop. For the initial shape analysis a linear and a nonlinear computation procedure are set up. In the former all nonlinearities of cable-stayed bridges are disregarded, and the shape iteration is carried out without considering equilibrium. In the latter all nonlinearities of the bridges are taken into consideration and both the equilibrium and the shape iteration are carried out. Based on the convergent initial shapes determined by the different procedures, the natural frequencies and vibration modes are then examined in details. Numerical results show that a convergent initial shape can be found rapidly by the two-loop iteration method, a reasonable initial shape can be determined by using the linear computation procedure, and a lot of computation efforts can thus be saved. There are only small differences in geometry and prestress distribution between the results determined by linear and nonlinear computation procedures. However, for the analysis of natural frequency and vibration modes, significant differences in the fundamental frequencies and vibration modes will occur, and the nonlinearities of the cable-stayed bridge response appear only in the modes determined on basis of the initial shape found by the nonlinear computation. 2. Introduction Rapid progress in the analysis and construction of cable-stayed bridges has been made over the last three decades. The progress is mainly due to developments in the fields of computer technology, high strength steel cables, orthotropic steel decks and construction technology. Since the first modern cable-stayed bridge was built in Sweden in 1955, their popularity has rapidly been increasing all over the world. Because of its aesthetic appeal, economic grounds and ease of erection, the

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