外文翻译---工业工程概述

附录A译文

工业工程概述

作为一种古老和新颖的专业之一，工业工程的出现将用来解决当今高度技术发展的世界所遇到的复杂的系统问题。发展工业工程的技术和管理基础有:信息技术、制造与生产系统、管理系统工程和服务。为了创造各类组织的全潜力,从中长期看,现代工业工程应该重点研究与开发以下课题:

1)未来制造的发展

从20世纪70年代以来,制造的概念被极大地扩展了。1998年美国国家研究委员会NRC证实,制造仍然是创造社会财富最基本的手段,是国家经济发动机运行的强大支柱,并把制造定义为:创造、开发、支持和提供产品与服务所要求的流程过程和组织实体。1999年麻省理工学院MIT认为制造包括:产品的规划、设计与开发、销售与服务和实现这些职能所运用的技术与流程,以及使技术与人结合的途径。

作为一个产业,当代制造已经扩展为包括:硬件、软件或硬软件的集成,生物技术和某些农业综合企业生产的产品。中国的工业工程必须积极参与和帮助制造应对以下六大挑战:

①利用信息技术提升企业组织对市场的快速响应能力。为此,制造必须充分利用电子商务和并行工程等技术手段与工具。

②快速捕捉、搜集竞争信息,并迅速把它们转换成竞争情报和知识。工业工程必须充分运用竞争情报(competitive intelligence)、横向对比(benchmarking)与关系学(relationship)等先进方法及其工具。

③快速配置和系统地集成人、技术和资源。发展网络制造和基于互联网与内部网的沟通。

④消除或控制污染,提高企业对环境的适应性。执行:不可再生资源利用最小化,能源利用最小化,对空气和水的污染最小化,使工作与生活环境绿色化四个判据准则。

⑤发展可重组企业(Reconfigurable Enterprise)。

所谓可重组企业是在良好的基础结构(如法律、法规与行政,和有序而高效的金融与市场运作、资源配送及通信网络等社会条件)支持下,根据任务或项目的合作要求可以快速“聚合”(即组成动态联盟合作或虚拟公司),一旦任务完成,就可以快速“解散”的新一代可变组织与管理的企业。

⑥创新和改进了的流(过)程。它是基于基本粒子物理、生物技术、纳米技术和微小型化的材料零部件生成与制造和已经创新改进了的工艺技术方法与流程的。

同时,工业工程应该积极参与应对上述挑战的十大关键技术的研究与开发,它们是:

①可重组制造系统RMSs(Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems)。制造的实践证明,在企业的三个核心竞争要素中,制造系统经常成为满足顾客需求的新产品开发上市和快速响应市场的商务活动的瓶颈。RMSs是对传统制造系统的规划、设计、建造与运行理论和方法的创新,它利用系统组元/模块组态(布局)的可变性与可更新性实现制造系统的可变性。它将对产品、制造系统及装置硬软件的设计与制造产生深远的影响。

②无损耗的处理(Waste2free Processing)。未来的制造过程是能耗与资源消耗最小化的。

③新的物料过程(New Materials Process)。它是建立在革新了的原材料与零部件制造方法与流程基础上的。

④制造用生物技术(Biotechnology for Manufacturing)。它是利用生物技术实现自动化装配和加工的新一代制造技术。

⑤企业建模与仿真(Enterprise Modeling and Simulation)。这一技术主要解决企业系统变换、商务流程和所有制造作业的建模、仿真和系统集成等有效综合的问题。

⑥信息技术(Information Technology)。它是为正确、高效的各级决策提供全方位关键信息和快速把信息转换成情报与知识的技术。

⑦产品与过程的设计方法(Product and Process Design Methods)。它要求创新系统、产品与流程/过程的设计理论、方法和工具,是新一代的计算机辅助设计原理、方法和工具。

⑧增强了的机器-人的接口(Enhanced Machine Human Interfaces)。它是解决机器与人接口问题的新一代人机工程技术,重点解决物理接口设计和增强员工学习能力的问题。

⑨员工的教育与培训(Workforce Education and Training)。它要求建造一种能快速联想知识的教育培训和开发不同语言直接沟通的翻译机,实现不同文化、语言员工的合作。

⑩智能合作系统软件(Software for Intelligent Collaboration Systems)。其目的是把不同语言与文化背景的专家通过智能合作软件融合为一体。它包括成组通信协议、制造专用网络协议、分布式企业流程控制方法与标准和共享知识等软件的开发,是利用人的交互动力学模型和全部智能合作软件与接口软件形成的虚拟合作空间。

2)开发和利用信息技术、信息系统和知识管理系统

信息被理解为是经过处理后可获取人可以接受与理解、有确定涵义的情报的那些原材料。信息技术是以计算机技术、微电子-检测传感技术和通信技术为支柱的技术群。信息系统是提供经过处理的信息流和精确数据与信息的网络,其核心功能是信息的处理和存储保存。工业工程师们应该积极进行信息系统及其软件工具的研究开发,特别是SCM、CRM,XRP(扩展的资源规划),以及电子贸易(e2C)、电子商务(e2B)和知识管理的工程系统的研究、开发与利用。发挥工业工程方法学的优势,在我国利用信息技术改造和提升传统产业、发展学习型组织、发挥组织全潜力和适应快速多变的市场竞争中施展工业工程师的才华。

3)开发和建立管理系统工程

1990年W.Skinner明确指出:“传统管理失效了”。现代企业迫切需要新的管理理论、方法与工具,近7～8年来企业界掀起学习应用约束理论(TOC ,Theory of Constraints)的热潮。所谓约束管理,是由E1M1Goldratt开发的一种管理哲理,它由三个分离而相关的业绩测定、逻辑思考过程和后勤保护工程组成(APICS,2002)。它不是最优生产技术OPT,可以从以下几方面根本改进企业的管理理论、方法和工具。

①企业的目的不再只是“为老板赚钱”,而是“使受益者完全满意(TSS,total stakeholder satisfaction)”。为了达到TSS,企业的目标是“将来同现在一

样赚钱”,以净利润、投资回报率和现金流三个指标度量企业业绩,用产销量、库存和运行费用测度企业的运作,以“产销量最大化、库存与运行费用最小化”作为优化企业运作的目标判据。

②约束是阻止(企业)系统按其目标达到更高业绩水平的因素(APICS,2002)。基于约束的五步法、99/1规则和DBR(鼓/缓冲器/发信缆)法是寻找和解决系统约束的方法,利用它们可以有效地找到瓶颈、提升企业的业绩水平。

③基于约束的管理是按照TOC原理管理组织和资源的实践(APICS,2002)。它利用DBR法、V2A2T结构分析、关键链等理论管理后勤保障工程;测定每天的业绩改进企业的业绩系统;利用现在现实树、未来现实树、因果审计和云雾图等工具思考与分析问题。80年代以来的企业实践证明,只有把使顾客完全满足TCS 作为业务工作目标才能实现企业业绩改进。其核心是建立“超过顾客期望”的企业文化,每天用3.4×10-6(6σ)或0. 287×10-6 (6. 5σ)测定所有员工和岗位业绩差错,用每五年压缩运行时间10倍测定效率的提升。同时,工业工程还应该继续利用TOC 理论、DBD(基于决策的设计)等理论在组织的系统管理、发挥人因作用,特别是为建立管理系统工程学做出应有的贡献。

4)积极参与服务领域企业的创新与改进

过去十几年工业工程象其它学科一样不太重视在服务业领域的研究开发。服务具有不可触摸性、不可分性、不均匀性和不可存储性等特征同产品的生产活动有显著的区别。对于这一最大的国民经济行业,未来的工业工程不能置之不理,应该积极参与其改进与创新。

5) 企业员工教育与培训的革新。

现在,事实上它已经成为工业工程发挥作用的重要领域。未来要求工业工程在员工教育培训和智能合作系统软件开发方面将发挥更大的作用。

6) 流程(过程)技术的研究与开发。

流程设计与再造是改进工业工程方法、工作/作业测定和企业“全组织业绩”的重要方法与工具。它包括:流程设计与再造(PDR)、提问技术与调查表设计、动作经济原则与方法改进,时间研究/ 作业测定,组织系统业绩测量,以及工程决策等方法和对传统工业工程工作研究的创新与改进。

工作研究在国内外的发展与应用状况

工作研究是工业工程的经典内容，十九世纪末起源于美国，并在西方国家广泛应用和迅速发展。在国外，信息技术已经全面介入到工作研究各个应用领域，计算机辅助工作研究已经成为工作研究发展和应用的趋势。在我国，工作研究的应用处于起步阶段，还存在很多亟待解决的问题。文章论述了工作研究在国内外的发展与应用状况，并提出了解决我国企业应用工作研究问题的途径。

工作研究(Work Study)是工业工程的经典内容，十九世纪末起源于美国，并在欧洲、日本等西方国家广泛应用和迅速发展。20世纪它对各工业化国家的高速发展做出了重大贡献，被公认是建立企业基础标准、提高生产力的重要手段，在工业发展体系中起着举足轻重的作用。

工作研究在国外的发展与应用上已有上百年历史，60年代以前就已经进入了成熟期。在那以后，工作研究技术不断创新，引入了计算机辅助方法。国外各工作研究相关的软件企业和机构也纷纷崛起，研制开发了一批方法研究和作业测定的应用软件。而国内在工作研究的发展与应用方面还处于起步阶段，在工作研究软件的研发方面更是乏善可陈。

1)国外工作研究发展状况：

工作研究自十九世纪末被创立以来，在西方工业化国家就有着快速的发展和广泛的应用。1976年美国工业工程杂志与博通公司联合对1500家企业工业工程应用情况的调查表明，89%的企业应用工作研究；英国应用工作研究的情况大体与美国相似，据1979年哈里斯对英国401家企业的调查，其中有84%的企业应用工作研究，占应用工业工程各项技术的首位；1981年，路特(Reuter)对企业工业工程应用情况的调查表明，美国90%以上的企业应用工作研究，其中94.1%的企业应用方法研究，96.3%的企业应用作业测定，企业的生产率提高51%；日本、前联邦德国、法国、澳大利亚等发达国家以及我国的台湾和香港地区也将工作研究作为工业工程首选技术，其为企业提高生产率达50%以上。

60年代以后，西方发达国家开始将计算机技术应用到工作研究领域，出现了一些进行流程分析、动作研究和时间标准制定与管理的计算机软件系统。软件技术、网络技术和多媒体技术的进一步发展，使得工作研究技术已从最初的现场手工记录工作过程发展到可以借助数码相机或摄像机等设备辅助纪录，一些研究

机构还利用3D人体模型或机器人来进行动作轨迹的研究。工作研究软件更是层出不穷，而且功能越来越强大，操作界面也日益人性化。大多数现代工作研究软件都支持Windows平台，系统界面友好，操作简单，研究人员无需额外的培训，这是新一代工作研究软件的特点；网络化和分布式工作研究系统也成为了重要趋势；有的系统还配有便携手持终端采样系统，为亲临现场的研究人员提供了很大的方便，同时也提高了采样数据的准确性和高效性。

国外的工作研究软件公司和机构非常多，其产品的功能和应用范围也各有特色。如：Interval Systems公司的AccuStudy是一个运行在手持平板电脑，用来替代手写板和马表的动作时间研究软件系统，曾一度被称为“The biggest advancement in time study since the stopw atch”；Applied Computer Services Inc.公司的Business Pro是基于Windows平台的一系列工作研究模块的集合，包含流程记录和控制，作业测定，标准开发、评价和引用，MRP/ERP支持等，覆盖了作业数据开发和维护的各个方面；MTM协会开发的MTM-LINK系统是应用MTM 方法，辅助工业工程师完成工作研究的系统。它主要用于作业标准时间的开发和作业标准数据库的维护。

从以上来看，在国外，信息技术已经全面介入到工作研究各个应用领域。计算机辅助工作研究已经成为工作研究发展和应用的趋势。

2)国内工作研究发展状况：

工作研究在我国的应用可以追溯到八十年代中期。从1985年开始，机电行业部分企业推行了工作研究。根据10个企业，12条生产线试点统计，企业一次投入76万元，每年净增收入2815万元，劳动生产率提高16%-18%，投入效益比为1∶33。例如，北京机床电器公司运用工作研究，改造三条生产线，产量翻番，年新增产值1165万元，新增利税349万元；成都红光电子管厂推行MOD 法，改进20个工序，仅投入9930元就使年增产值840万元，净增利税和节约材料费达363.56万元，投入效益比为1∶366；大连无线电十三厂应用工作研究，改进收录机装配线，效率从42.7%提高到83.78%，日产量翻一番，由102台提高到204台；上海金陵无线电厂应用工作研究，改造生产线，投入0.36万元，获经济效益81万元；广东科龙电器股份有限公司，推行工作研究，一台容声电冰箱的生产节拍从48秒减少到36秒，全员劳动生产率达到43万元。

冶金行业推行工作研究，也取得了类似效果。如鞍山钢铁公司在炼钢厂、机械厂、选矿厂等20个单位进行试点，通过推行方法研究，改进生产工艺，已取得5392.1万元的经济效益。

目前，工作研究在机械、电子、冶金、航天航空、轻工、化工、建筑等部门的应用已经起步，有的正在深入与普及。

然而，工作研究在我国的应用尚不能和西方工业化国家同日而语。目前我国大部分工作研究的实施，基本上还处于手工的和凭经验估计的状态，由人工进行测绘、记录、分析、评价和改进。这样形成的基础数据，其准确性、及时性、规范性和可靠性一般都比较差，很难为各种管理决策提供可靠的支持。在我国，工作研究的发展和应用主要存在以下几方面的问题：

3)标准化意识薄弱，工作研究不成体系：

我国一直沿用前苏联的工业体系，人们对效率、标准化的意识比较薄弱。相当数量的企业存在：作业方法缺乏科学性、系统性、标准化，主要凭经验和个人意愿行事；作业方法的改进一般来源于工人自发进行的个人行为；仍然采用粗略的经验估算方法制定时间定额，时间定额标准很不统一等。这些状况导致企业基础数据的实用性和准确性差，无法起到为企业上层提供可靠的决策支持作用。A．工作研究技术处于手工状态，限制了工作研究的普及：

随着科学技术的进步，生产的不断发展和计算机技术在工业工程领域内的应用，必然要求提高方法研究和定额工作的效率和质量，但由于工作研究技术长期以来依赖于人的技能程度，作业方法设计一直由工作研究人员凭借其工作研究知识和生产实践经验，设计各种作业流程并计算其相应工时定额。工作研究人员在设计作业方法和制定工时定额过程中，需要进行大量的信息处理、思维决策、数据计算和繁复的文字处理工作。随着时代的发展，这种枯燥繁琐的重复性工作方式逐渐暴露出人工设计的很多缺点：设计时间长，设计效率低；作业标准的一致性差；作业文件缺少定量分析，不能有效的指导生产过程。

B．缺乏工作研究软件系统：

目前，国内外众多软件商在中国投入的软件系统大多集中在CAD、CAPP、CAM、PDM、ERP等热门软件上，而工作研究软件的投入与开发却寥寥无几。究其原因，固然有软件商对这一领域的忽视，但其主要原因却暴露了国内企业对

基础数据的漠视态度，对工作研究软件缺乏系统的认识。工作研究的计算机化跟不上，导致了企业基础数据发展的滞后，而高层生产系统，如MRP、ERP等不能够得到准确及时的基础数据支持，致使整个生产系统效率低下。

结论：

随着现代企业的发展壮大，企业的规模日益扩大，其基础数据也越来越庞大，而且基础数据更新速度明显加快，传统手工的工作研究已经不能满足现代企业的需要。企业对基础数据准确性、及时性和标准化的要求与基础数据传统经验获取手段之间的矛盾已经日益突出。

为了解决这些问题和矛盾，国内一些企业开始探索计算机辅助工作研究系统，特别是计算机辅助劳动定额系统。这些系统为企业工作研究的实施带来了一定的方便，但都不成熟，大多处于实验阶段，往往只能适应个别企业工作研究中的部分领域，无法进行推广普及。因此，研制和开发一套完善通用的计算机辅助工作研究系统(Computer Aided Work Study System 简称CAWS系统)是当前我国工作研究领域创新的关键。CAWS系统能够为企业采取科学的作业流程、方法和制定可靠的时间标准、劳动定额提供辅助决策；不但实现工作研究各个应用领域的计算机化，而且能够与其他生产系统高度集成，从而为企业实施方法研究和工时制定提供可靠的技术支持，提高企业基础数据的准确性及其采集和管理的规范化，并提高工作研究的效率和质量。

总之，对于我国企业，实施工作研究并不断创新，探索工作研究理论与信息技术的结合途径，开发并应用计算机辅助工作研究系统(CAWS系统)，成为解决我国工作研究领域问题和矛盾的必经之路。

附录B外文文献

Industrial engineering studies

Industrial engineering is emerging as one of the classic and novel professions that will be counted for solving complex and systematic problems in the highly technological world of today，The development of industrial engineering technology and management base: information technology, manufacturing and production systems, systems engineering and management services. In order to create the full potential of all types of organizations, from the medium and long term, the modern industrial research and development projects should focus on the following topics: 1) Development of future manufacturing

Since the 1970s, creating the concept has been greatly expanded. 1998 U.S. National Research Council NRC confirmed that manufacturing is still create the most basic means of social wealth, the country's economic engine is running strong pillars and to create defined as: the creation, development, support and provide products and services required by the process of the process And organizational entities. 1999 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT that manufacturers include: product planning, design and development, sales and service and the achievement of these functions by the use of the technology and processes, and to enable the integration of technology and human way.

As an industry, modern manufacturing has expanded to include: hardware, software or integrated hardware and software, biotechnology and agricultural production of certain products. China's industrial projects must actively participate in and help manufacturers deal with the following six major challenges:

①The use of information technology enterprise organizations to enhance the market's rapid response capability. To this end, manufacturers must make full use of e-commerce and concurrent engineering and other technical means and tools.

②Rapid captures, collect competitive information, and quickly put them into competitive intelligence and knowledge. Industrial projects must make full use of

competitive intelligence (competitive intelligence), horizontal comparison (benchmarking) and the relations (relationship) and other advanced methods and tools.

③Rapid deployment and system integration, technology and resources. Manufacture and development of the network based on Internet and intranet communication.

④Eliminate or control pollution, enhance their adaptability to the environment. Executive: the smallest non-renewable resource use, minimize energy use, air and water pollution minimization, so that work and living environment of the four criteria for green guidelines.

⑤The development of recombinant enterprises (Reconfigurable Enterprise). The so-called reorganization of enterprises can be in a good infrastructure (such as laws, regulations and administrative, and the orderly and efficient financial and market operation, distribution of resources and communication networks, and other social conditions) support, according to task or project requests for cooperation can quickly "Polymerization" (that is composed of dynamic alliance or virtual), once the task is completed, we can fast-track "dissolution" of a new generation of variable organization and management of enterprises.

⑥Innovation and improvement in the flow of (the) way. It is based on elementary particle physics, biotechnology, nanotechnology and micro and small parts of the production and manufacture of materials and innovations in technology to improve the methods and processes.

At the same time,Industrial projects should actively participate in the response to the challenge of the 10 key technology research and development, they are:

① Reconfigurable Manufacturing System RMSs (Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems). Manufacturing Practice has proved that enterprises in the three core elements of competition in the manufacturing system often meet customer demand for the development of new products to market and rapid response to market the business activities of the bottleneck. RMSs of traditional manufacturing systems planning, design, construction and operation of the innovation theory and method, which uses

system component / module configuration (layout) of the variability can be updated with the realization of the manufacturing system variability. It will of the products, manufacturing systems and the installation of hardware and software design and manufacturing have a profound impact.

②No loss of processing (Waste2free Processing). The future of the manufacturing process is energy consumption and minimize the consumption of resources.

③New course materials (New Materials Process). It is built on the innovations of raw materials and spare parts manufacturing methods and processes on the basis of.

④Manufacturing biotechnology (Biotechnology for Manufacturing). It is the use of technology to automate the processing and assembling a new generation of manufacturing technology.

⑤Enterprise modeling and simulation (Enterprise Modeling and Simulation). Such technology to solve enterprise system transformation, business processes and manufacturing operations of all the modeling, simulation and systems integration and other issues effectively integrated.

⑥ IT (Information Technology). It is the correct and efficient decision-making at all levels to provide key information in all directions and the rapid conversion of intelligence information and knowledge technologies.

⑦Product and process design (Product and Process Design Methods). It requires innovative systems, products and processes/process design theory, methods and tools, is the next generation of computer-aided design principle,methods and tools.

⑧Enhanced machines - the interface (Enhanced Machine Human Interfaces). It is machines and people to solve the problem of a new generation of human-computer interface engineering technology, focused on solving the physical interface design and enhance the learning ability of the staff problems.

⑨Staff education and training (Workforce Education and Training). It requires the construction of a rapid Lenovo knowledge of education and training and development of direct communication between the different language translation machine, and different cultures, languages staff cooperation.

⑩Intelligence cooperation system software (Software for Intelligent Collaboration Systems). Its purpose is to a different language and cultural background of the expert intelligence cooperation through the integration of software as one. It includes group communication protocol; an agreement creating private networks, distributed business process control methods and standards and sharing of knowledge, such as software development is the use of the interactive and dynamic model of cooperation between all the smart software and interface software form of virtual cooperation Space.

2)Development and use of information technology, information systems and knowledge management systems

Information was understood to be processed after obtaining one can accept and understand the meaning of intelligence has identified those raw materials. Information technology is computer technology, microelectronics - detection sensor technology and communication technology as the backbone of the technology group. Information System is to provide a flow of information processing and accurate data and information network, the core functions of information processing and storage preservation. Industrial engineers should actively conduct information systems and software tools of research and development, particularly SCM, CRM, XRP (expansion of the resource planning) and electronic commerce (e2C), e-commerce (e2B) and Knowledge Management System for the project, Development and utilization. Industrial engineering methodology to play the advantage,In China the use of information technology to transform and upgrade traditional industries, development of learning organization, organization-wide potential to play and adapt to rapidly changing market competition in the display industry engineers talent.

3) Development and the establishment of management systems engineering

1990 W. Skinner explicitly pointed out: "Failure of the traditional management." Modern enterprises urgently need a new management theory, methods and tools,

nearly 7 to 8 years of study and set off to the business community theory of constraints (TOC, Theory of Constraints) craze. The so-called constraint management is E1M1Goldratt development of a management philosophy, which is made up of three separate but related to the performance of determination, logical thinking process and the logistics of the project to protect (APICS, 2002). It is not the optimal production technologies OPT, from the following areas fundamental to improve the management theories, methods and tools.

①The purpose of business is no longer just "for the boss to make money" but "completely satisfied with the beneficiaries (TSS, total stakeholder satisfaction)". To achieve TSS, corporate goal is to "make money, like now with the future" to net income, return on investment and cash flow three indicators measure corporate performance, with production and sales, inventory and operating costs of the operation of enterprises measure, "and sales Maximize the quantity, inventory and operating costs to minimize "as the goal of optimizing the operation of enterprises criterion.

②Constraints is bound to stop (the enterprise) system to achieve its goal of a higher level of performance factors (APICS, 2002). Constraint-based five-step method, 99 / 1 rules and DBR (drums / buffer / letters cable) Act, and is looking for ways to resolve system constraints, can effectively use them to find bottlenecks and enhance enterprise performance level.

③Constraint-based management in accordance with the principles of TOC management organization and resources of the practice (APICS, 2002). It uses DBR law, V2A2T structure, key chains and other logistical support project management theory; day of the performance system to improve the performance of enterprises; now use real trees, the future reality trees, clouds and causal audit plans, and other tools thought and analysis. Since the 1980s corporate practice has proved that only by the TCS customers to fully meet the objectives as a business enterprise performance improvement can be achieved. The core of which is to establish "more than customer expectations," the corporate culture, every day with 3.4 × 10-6 (6 σ), or 0. 287 × 10-6 (6. 5 σ) of all employees and job performance errors,

Every five years by 10 times running time compression efficiency of the upgrade. At the same time, industrial engineering should also continue to use the TOC theory, DBD (based on the design of decision-making) and other organizations in the system of management, were due to play a role, particularly for the establishment of project management to make due contributions to the school.

4) Actively participate in the service areas of innovation and enterprise to improve

Over the past 10 years of industrial engineering is not the same as other disciplines in the area of services to the research and development. Services have Bukechumo, indivisibility, uneven and can not be stored, and other characteristics of production activities with a significant difference. For the industry's largest national economy, the future industrial projects can not be ignored, should actively participate in its improvement and innovation.

5) Employees in the education and training innovation.

Now, it has become a matter of fact play a role in industrial engineering in important areas. The future demand of industrial projects in education and training of staff and intelligence co-operation system software development will play a greater role.

6)Process (the process) technology research and development.

Process design and recycling of industrial project is to improve the methods, work / business and operations of "organization-wide performance," the important methods and tools. It includes: process design and recycling (PDR), a technology and questionnaire design, action to improve economic principles and methods, the time to study / work determination, organization performance measurement systems, and engineering methods and decision-making and other traditional industries to work on innovative projects And improvement.

Research work in the development and application of domestic and international situation

Research work is a classic industrial engineering, end of the 19th century originated in the United States and in Western countries and the wider use of rapid development. In foreign countries, information technology has been fully involved in research work in various applications, computer-assisted research work has become a work of research and development and application of the trend. In China, work on the application at the initial stage, there are still many issues requiring urgent solution. This article discusses the research work in the development and application of domestic and international situation and proposed a solution of China's enterprise applications work on the problem.

Research (Work Study) is a classic industrial engineering, end of the 19th century originated in the United States and in Europe, Japan and other Western countries and the wider use of rapid development. The 20th century it all the rapid development of the industrialized countries made a significant contribution to be recognized as the basis of criteria established enterprises, an important means to increase productivity in the industrial development of the system play a decisive role.

Research work in foreign countries on the development and application has been on the 100-year-old, 60 years ago has entered a mature stage. In that time, work on technology innovation, introduced a computer-assisted methods. Study abroad all work related to software enterprises and institutions have also risen, developed a number of methods of operations research and the application software. And domestic work in the development and application of research is still in its infancy, research work in software research and development is less.

1) Foreign research and development work conditions:

Research since the end of the 19th century has been the creation of the Western industrialized countries on a rapid development and wide application. 1976 American Journal of Industrial Engineering and Broadcom Corporation joint enterprise of 1,500 industrial engineering application of the survey showed that 89 percent of enterprise applications work on the UK application of the research in general and the United States similar, according to the 1979 Harris British 401 The investigation, of which 84%

of the work on enterprise applications, industrial applications of the technology of the first works; 1981, the route (Reuter) for enterprise applications of industrial engineering survey shows that the United States more than 90 percent of enterprise applications work Research, of which 94.1 percent of the enterprise application of research,96.3 percent of the operations of enterprise applications, enterprises improve the productivity of 51 percent in Japan, the former Federal Republic of Germany, France, Australia and other developed countries and China's Taiwan and Hong Kong will also work on industrial projects as the preferred technology, for improving productivity of enterprises More than 50 percent.

After the 1960s, the Western developed countries have started to use computer technology to work on the field, there have been some conduct flow analysis, action research and standard-setting and time management computer software system. Software technology, network technology and the further development of multimedia technology, making technical work on the scene from the original manual recording process can help to the development of digital cameras, camcorders and other equipment supporting records, some research institutions also use 3 D model of the human body or robot to A path of action. Work on software is endless, but more and more powerful functions, the user interface has become more humane. Most modern software support work on the Windows platform, the system user-friendly, easy to operate,Researchers need additional training, this is a new generation of software work on the special characteristics of network and distributed systems research work has also become an important trend; system also has some portable handsets sampling system for the staff person at the scene of Provide a great convenience, but also improve the accuracy of the sampling data and high efficiency.

The work of foreign software companies and research institutions are many, the functions of their products and applications also have characteristics. Such as: Interval Systems AccuseStudy is a company operating in the handheld tablet PCs, to replace the tablet and Mabiao time to study the movements software system, once known as "The biggest advancement in time study since the stopwatch"; Applied Computer Services Inc.'s Business Pro is a Windows-based platform for a series of work on a

collection of modules, including record and process control of operations, standards development、Evaluation and use, MRP / ERP support, covering the development and maintenance of data operations in all its aspects; MTM Association for the development of MTM-LINK system is the method of application of MTM, support industrial engineers completed work on the system. It is mainly used for operations and the development of standard operating time of the standard database maintenance.

From the above, in foreign countries, information technology has been fully involved in research work in various applications. Computer-aided research work has become a work of research and development and application of the trend.

2) National research and development status:

Research Application in China can be traced back to the mid-1980s. From 1985 onwards, electrical and mechanical trades of some enterprises on the implementation of the work. According to 10 enterprises and 12 production lines pilot statistics, a business input 760,000 Yuan; the annual net income of 28.15 million Yuan, labor productivity increased 16% to 18%, investment efficiency ratio of 1:33. For example, the Beijing Machine Tool Research use of electrical appliances company, the transformation of three production lines, production doubled, the additional output value of 11.65 million Yuan, profits and taxes add 3.49 million Yuan; tube plant in Chengdu Hongguang the MOD, 20 to improve processes,Only 9,930 Yuan investment on the increase in the output value of 8.4 million, a net increase of profits and taxes and saving the cost of materials amounted to 3.6356 million Yuan, investment efficiency ratio of 1:366; Dalian plant application of the 13 radio research, improve Shoulu Ji assembly line efficiency from 42.7% Increased to 83.78 percent, double the daily output from 102 to 204 Taiwan-Taiwan; Shanghai Jinling radio factory application of the study of production lines, put 03,600 Yuan, 810,000 Yuan of economic returns; Guangdong Kelon Electrical Co., Ltd. , The implementation of the study, a refrigerator production capacity acoustic rhythms reduced from 48 seconds to 36 seconds, all-personnel labor productivity was 430,000 Yuan.

Implementation of the metallurgical industry research has also made a similar

effect. Such as Anshan Iron and Steel Company in the steel plant, machinery plants, such as Concentrator 20 pilot units, through the methodology for research to improve production technology has made the economic benefits of 53.921 million Yuan.

At present, work on the machinery, electronics, metallurgy, aerospace, light industry, chemical industry, construction and other sectors of the application has been started, some of the ongoing in-depth and spread.

However, the research work in China still can not use the Western industrialized countries and the same day and language. At present, China's most of the work on the implementation of, basically still in the hand of the state is estimated to use their experience and, from manual mapping, records, analysis, evaluation and improvement. This formed the basis of data, its accuracy, timeliness, and reliability standards than those generally poor, it is very difficult for a variety of management decision-making to provide reliable support.

3) In China, work on the development and application of primarily the following areas:

China has adopted the former Soviet Union's industrial system, people on the efficiency and standardization of awareness is relatively weak. A considerable number of enterprises exist: the lack of scientific practices, systematic, standardized, mainly to use their experience and personal desire to act; operating methods of improving the general workers from the spontaneous acts of individuals; still use a rough estimation method developed experience in the fixed time, Standard time is not fixed reunification. These conditions led to corporate data based on the practicality and accuracy of poor, can not play for top companies to provide reliable support for decision-making role.

A. work on technology in hand, and restrictions on the work of the universal:

With the scientific and technological progress, development and production of computer technology in industrial engineering in the field of application, it is necessary to improve the method and scale of efficiency and quality of work, but work on technology has long been dependent on the skill level of operations Has been

designed by researchers working with its work on the production of knowledge and practical experience to design processes and calculated the corresponding fixed working hours. Researchers working in the design practices and the development of the process of fixed working hours required a substantial amount of information processing, thinking the decision-making, data and the complexity of calculating the word-processing work. With the development of the times, this boring repetitive work of the cumbersome way gradually exposed the many shortcomings of the design:Design a long time, the design of low efficiency; operating standards of the poor consistency; document the lack of quantitative analysis of operations, can not effectively guide the production process.

B. the lack of work on software system:

At present, many domestic and foreign software companies in China into the software systems are mostly concentrated in the CAD, CAPP, CAM, PDM, ERP and other popular software, and software investment in research work and development are very few. The reason, of course, there are software vendors in this area of neglect, but the main reason for domestic enterprises has exposed the basic data on the attitude of indifference, lack of work on software systems understanding. Research failed to keep pace with the computerization of work, led to the development of enterprises based on data lag, and high-level production systems,For example MRP, ERP, and so on can not be accurate and timely data to support the foundation, causing the whole production system inefficient.

Conclusion:

With the development and strengthening of modern enterprises, the size of the business growing based on data increasingly huge and updated data based on speed has accelerated, the traditional manual work study has been unable to meet the needs of modern enterprises. Business-to-basic data accuracy, timeliness and standardization of the requirements of basic data and experience of traditional means of access to the conflict between has become increasingly prominent.

To solve these problems and contradictions, some domestic enterprises began to

explore the work on computer-aided system, in particular the labor scale computer-aided system. These systems for enterprise work on the implementation of the convenience brought about certain, but not mature, mostly in the experimental stage, only to individual enterprises often work in some areas of research, not to promote universal. Therefore, a comprehensive research and development work on a common computer-aided system (Computer Aided Work Study System referred to CAWS system) is China's current work on the key areas of innovation. CAWS system for enterprises to adopt the scientific processes, methods and the development of reliable standards of the time, labor fixed the provision of supporting decision-making;Not only work on the computerization of various applications, but also with other highly integrated production systems to the business hours of work and study methods developed to provide reliable technical support, improving the accuracy of the data based enterprises and the standardization of the collection and management, and Work on improving the efficiency and quality.

In short, China's enterprises, implementation of research and innovation, exploration work on the theory and information technology integration means, the development and application of computer-aided research systems (CAWS system), a research work to solve our problems and contradictions of the inevitable Road.

工业工程专业英语词汇及表达

Professional Words and Expressions 1. a code of ethics 道德规范 2.absolute accuracy 绝对精度 3.abstract n. 摘要 4.accountant n. 会计（员），会计师 5.action learning 行动学习 6.adherence n. 忠诚 7.afterwards adv. 之后，以后，后来 8.AGV(Automated Guided Vehicles) 自动导航小车 9.aligning results 校正结果 10.alternation ranking method 交替排序法 11.AM(Agile Manufacturing)敏捷制造 12.analyst n. 分析者；善于分析者；分解者 13.anatomical adj. 解剖的，解剖学 14.annual bonus 年终分红 15.anthropometric adj. 人体测量的 16.anthropometry n. 人体测量学 17.appeal n. 申诉，请求，呼吁，上诉，要求 18.application forms 工作申请表 19.appraisal interview 评价面试 20.appreciation n. 正确评价 21.aptitudes n. 资质

22.arbitration n. 仲裁 23.architecture n. 结构，构造 24.arena n. 舞台，竞技场 25.assembly line 装配线 26.assessment n. （为征税对财产所作的）估价，评估 27.assurance 确信，断言，保证 28.attract vt. 动手处理（某事）；攻击，抨击 29.attainment n. 到达 30.attendance incentive plan 参与式激励计划 31.audit n. 审计，稽核，查账 32.auditor n. 审计员，核数师 33.authority n. 职权 34.awkward adj. 难使用的，笨拙的 35.backdates vt. 回溯 36.batch production 批量生产 37.be prone to 倾向于…… 38.behavior modeling 行为模拟 39.behaviorally anchored rating scale（bars）行为锚定等级评价法 40.below contributor 贡献较小的人员 41.benchmark job 基准职位 42.benchmarking n. 【计】基准 43.benefits n. 福利

工业工程 外文期刊 翻译_

Adrian Payne & Pennie Frow A Strategic Framework for Customer Relationship Management Over the past decade, there has been an explosion of interest in customer relationship management (CRM) by both academics and executives. However, despite an increasing amount of published material,most of which is practitioner oriented, there remains a lack of agreement about what CRM is and how CRM strategy should be developed. The purpose of this article is to develop a process-oriented conceptual framework that positions CRM at a strategic level by identifying the key crossfunctional processes involved in the development of CRM strategy. More specifically, the aims of this article are ?To identify alternative perspectives of CRM, ?To emphasize the importance of a strategic approach to CRM within a holistic organizational context, ?To propose five key generic cross-functional processes that organizations can use to develop and deliver an effective CRM strategy, and ?To develop a process-based conceptual framework for CRM strategy development and to review the role and components of each process.

工业工程专业英语1-3单元翻译

Professional English for Industrial Engineering Chapter1 Unit3翻译 姓名： 专业：工业工程 班级： 学号： 完成日期：2015-10-31

Chapter 1 Unit 3 Academic Disciplines of Industrial Engineering 五大主要工程学科和它们的发展 在美国，有五个主要工程学科（土木、化学、电工、工业、机械），它们是早在第一次世界大战时就出现的工程分支学科。这些进步是世界范围内发生的工业革命的一部分，并且在技术革命的开始阶段仍在发生。 随着第二次世界大战的发展导致了其他工程学科的发展，比如核工程，电子工程，航空工程，甚至是电脑工程。太空时代导致了航空工程的发展。最近对环境的关注使得环境工程和生态工程也得到了发展。这些更新的工程学科经常被认为是专长学科包含“五大”学科，即土木，化学，电工，工业，和机械工程里的一种或多种。 和美国的情况不同，工业工程在中国属于第一层级管理科学和工程学科下面的第二级别的学科。 IE学科的开端 学科后来演变成工业工程学科是最初在机械工程系被作为特殊课程教的。首个工业工程的分部在1908年的宾夕法尼亚州大学和雪城大学被建立。（在宾夕法尼亚州的项目是短期存在的，但是它在1925年又重建了）一个在普渡大学的机械工程的IE选科在1911年被建立。一个更完整的工业工程学院项目的历史可能在资料中被找到。 在机械工程部有一个IE选科的实践是主要的模式直到第二次世界大战的结束，并且分离出来的IE部在整个上个世纪里的文理学院和综合大学里被建立。 早在第二次世界大战的时候，在工业工程方面，只有很少的毕业生水平的研究。一旦分开的学部建立之后，学士和博士级别的项目开始出现。 现代IE的教育—分支学科 今天，与过去相比，工业工程对于不同的人来说意味着不同的东西。实际上，一个发展一个突出的现代工业工程的方法是通过获得在它的分支学科和它怎么联系到其他领域的理解。如果在分支学科和工业工程相关联的领域之间有清楚的

工业工程概论期末试卷--A卷

南京工业大学浦江学院考试卷（A 卷） 课程名称 工业工程概论 考试学期 2014-2015-2 得分 适用专业 工业工程专业 考核方式 闭卷 考试时间长度 90分钟 命 题 人 黄豪杰 审核人 徐桂华 一、单项选择题（20分，每题1分） 1、历史上被称作“工业工程之父”的人是（ ） A ．甘特 B ．吉尔布雷斯 C ．泰勒 D ．亚当·史密斯 2、工业工程的首要任务是（ ） A ．供应系统的设计 B ．服务系统的设计 C ．生产系统的设计 D ．管理系统的设计 3、动素分析（Therblig ）的基本动作元素有（ ） A ．21个 B ．15个 C ．17个 D ．24个 4、I E 强调的优化是（ ）的优化 A ．生产要素 B ．系统整体 C ．局部 D ．分级 5、时间研究中，每个操作单元的观测时间乘以评比率的积是（ ） A.正常时间 B.标准时间 C.宽放时间 D.预定时间 6、PTS 指的是（ ） A. 动作经济分析法 B. 标准动作标准法 C ．基本动作时间分析法 D. 预定动作时间标准法 7、工艺流程分析的分析改进对象只包括加工和（ ） A ．装配 B ．检验 C ．包装 D ．储存 8、“不必要的动作要减少”是动作经济原则的（ ）之一点。 A. 着眼点 B. 基本思想 C. 基本方法 D. 基本动作 9、工人在工作班内为完成生产任务，直接和间接的全部工时消耗属于（ ） A ．作业时间 B ．宽放时间 C ．定额时间 D ．非定额时间 10、从观察记录开始就启动秒表，在每个作业要素结束时记下结束时刻，直至

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工厂英语

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毕业设计(论文)英文翻译 学生姓名：学号： 所在学院：经济与管理学院 专业：工业工程 设计(论文)题目：好孩子推车事业部总装线生产线优化设计指导教师：

The Methods for Solving the Problem of Balancing an Assembly Line Currently, along with the market changing, some forerunners production mode got an extensive application in the manufacturing industry. How raise a whole efficiency of assembling the production line, reduce a work preface in the ware, and pursue to synchronize production is valued by more and more people. The production of manufacturing industry is most likely after carrying on subdividing to turn of have another a work preface flowing water to turn a continuous homework production line, at this time because of division of homework, the time of each work preface operates can't completely the same in theoretically and physically, this phenomenon that certainly will lead to a work preface homework burden unbalance. In addition to losing, result in the meaningless man-hour also result in a great deal of work preface pile up, sometimes will result in the abeyance of production line. Assembly line balance is a kind of means and method for resolving an above-mentioned problem, it is to make all work carry on equally, carrying on a research to the homework, carrying on a measurement to time, making the Assembly line moving smoothly. The assemble is the last link of production, assembling process mainly with the gearing of parts, tightly solid in lord; secondly allied connect, press to pack and add to note various work to lie quality and quality examination of work preface, sometimes still want to choose to pack according to the customer intention. The whole assemble homework is complicated, belonging to a labor an intensive type engineering. Therefore, the balance of exaltation assembly line has important realistic meaning to exaltation's production efficiency of the car assembly line. The assembly line equilibrium problem is the long-lost type of a type of typical model the combination is excellent to turn a problem, particularly is for random, many the assembly line equilibrium problem of target, solve to the satisfaction seldom more on a certain degree. Mainly is divided into the following 3 aspects to the research of assembly line equilibrium problem currently: Give the rhythm of the assembly line certainly beg minimum work station number, usually in the assembly line of design and install the stage carry on; The minimum work station given to settle assembly line number, make the rhythm of assembly line minimum, to already exist of the production line carry on adjust excellent turn; Get in work station number and rhythm of assembly line excellent turn under certain condition, all sparse assemble the burden of on-line work station, give the staff member a kind of fair feeling. Because the balance of

哈工大工业工程专业英语翻译

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公司英语词汇大全(doc 14页)

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周跃进工业工程专业英语翻译-全十章---副本

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Total Quality Management全面质量管理Continuous Improvement持续改进Human Factors人因学、工效学 Man-Machine Systems人机系统 Shop-Floor Activities车间活动Simulation Model仿真模型 Code of Ethics道德标准、职业准则Performance Measure绩效测量Benchmark标杆 performance evaluation绩效评价 zero defects零缺陷 interdisciplinary跨学科manufacturing制造 interaction互动、交互 integration集成 curriculum课程体系 discipline学科 attrition中途退学 multi-disciplinary多学科 flexible simulation柔性仿真 Labor Specialization劳动力专业化standardized parts标准化的零部件moving assembly line装配线 Mass Production Era批量生产Queuing Theory排队理论 Process Analysis流程分析 Statistical Sampling统计采样 Industrial Engineering（IE）工业工程Industrial Engineer工业工程师Simulation仿真 Operations Research 运筹学 Quality Improvement Engineering质量改善工程 Management Services管理服务Engineering Services工程服务Performance Improvement Engineering 绩效改善工程 Material Handling物料搬运Logistics物流（学科） material flow物流Financial Management金融/财务管理 Project Management项目管理 Business Planning and Development商业规划与开发 Information Technology（IT）信息技术Business Process Redesign/Reengineering （BPR）业务流程再设计/再造 Human Resource Management人力资源管理Quality Movement质量运动 Total Order Management（TOM）全面订单管理 Material Requirement Planning（MRP）物料需求计划 companies are flattening corporate structures 企业结构扁平化 accuracy精度functional departments职能部门 mechanical engineering department机械工程

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Manufacturing Systems Unit1 Introduction To Manufacturing Systems In this chapter, we consider how automation and material handing technologies are synthesized create manufacturing systems. We define a manufacturing system to be a collection of integrated equipment and human resources, whose function is perform one or more processing and/or assembly operations on a starting raw material part, or set parts. The integrated equipment includes production machines and tools, material handling and work positioning devices, and computer systems. Human resources are required either full time or periodically to keep the system running. The manufacturing system is where the value-added work is accomplished on the part or product. The position of the manufacturing system in the larger production system is shown as Figure. 3.1 Examples of manufacturing systems include : ●One worker tending one machine, which operates on semi-automatic cycle ● A cluster of semi-automated assembly machine, attended by one worker ● A full automated assembly machine, periodically attended by a human worker ● A group of automated machines working on automatic cycles to produce a family of similar parts ● A team of workers performing assembly operations on a production line Components of a Manufacturing system A manufacturing system consists of several components. In a given system, these components usually include: 1)production machines plus tools, fixtures, and other related hardware; 2)material handling system ; 3)computer systems to coordinate and/or control the above components ; 4)human workers Production Machines In virtually all modern manufacturing systems, most of the actual processing or assembly work is accomplished by machines or with the aid of tools. The machines can be classified as 1) manually operate , 2) semi-automated ,or 3)fully automated , Manually operated machines are directed or supervised by a human worker. The machine provides the power for the operation and the worker provides the control. Conventional machine tools (e. g ,lathes , milling machines ,drill presses ) fit into this category . The worker must be at the machine continuously. In manufacturing systems, we use the term workstation to refer to a location in the factory where some well-defined task operation is accomplished by an automated machine , a worker-and-machine combination , or a worker use hang tools/or portable powered tools. In the last there no definable production machine at the location . Many assembly tasks are in the category . A given manufacturing system may consist of one or more workstations. A system with multiple stations is called a production line , or assembly line , or machine cell ,or other name ,depending on its configuration and function .