1993考研英语一阅读理解逐句翻译

1993 Text 1

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1、Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged?语言是否像食物一样，是人类的基本需要呢?没有语言，在生命的关键时刻孩子是否会挨饿呢?孩子的身体是否受损呢?

1.1 basic英/'be?s?k/ 美/'be?s?k/n. 基础；要素adj. 基本的；基础的

1.2 starved英/stɑ?vd/ 美/stɑ:vd/adj. （等于starving）饥饿的饥饿

1.3 starve英/stɑ?v/ 美/stɑrv/vi. 饿死；挨饿；渴望vt. 使饿死；使挨饿

2、Judging from the drastic experiment of FrederickⅠin the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.从13世纪弗里德里克一世所做的大量实验中得出判断，情况也许就是如此。为了发现婴儿在听不到母语的情况下会讲什么语言，他要求保育员保持沉默。

2.1 drastic英/'dr?st?k; 'drɑ?-/ 美/'dr?st?k/n. 烈性泻药adj. 激烈的；猛烈的(大量的)

2.2 tongue英/t??/ 美/t??/n. 舌头；语言vt. 舔；斥责；用舌吹vi. 说话；吹管乐器

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1、All the infant s died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. 所有婴儿在一年之内都死了。不过很显然，这里缺乏的不仅仅是语言，还缺乏的是伟大的母爱。

1.1 infant英/'?nf(?)nt/ 美/'?nf?nt/n. 婴儿；未成年人adj. 婴儿的；幼稚的；初期的；未成年的

1.2 more than英/m??e?n/ 美/m?r e?n/多于；超出；比……多;不仅仅

2、Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.没有好的母爱，生存能力，特别是在生命的第一年，会受到严重的影响。

2.1 capacity英/k?'p?s?t?/ 美/k?'p?s?ti/n. 能力；容量；资格，地位；生产力

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1、Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. 今天，当初弗里德里克所要求的那种严重缺乏的情况已不复存在。然而，一些孩子的语言表现仍然迟钝。

1.1 lack英/l?k/ 美/l?k/n. 缺乏；不足vt. 缺乏；不足；没有；需要vi. 缺乏；不足；没有

1.1.1 The school suspended for lack of finances. 那所学校因经费不足而暂时停办。

1.1.2 Lack of food and supplies caused disaffection among the soldiers. 食物和补给的不足造成士兵的不满。Her eyes were puffed from lack of sleep. 她因睡眠不足而双眼浮肿。

1.2 nevertheless英/nev?e?'les/ 美/,n?v?e?'l?s/conj. 然而，不过adv. 然而，不过；虽然如此

1.3 backward英/'b?kw?d/ 美/'b?kw?d/adj. 向后的；反向的；发展迟缓的adv. 向后地；相反地

2、Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly.其原因往往是母亲对婴儿大脑已作好快速学习语言准备所发出的信号不敏感。

2.1 rapidly英/'r?p?dl?/ 美/'r?p?dli/adv. 迅速地；很快地；立即

3、If these sensitive periods are neglect ed, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. 如果这些敏感时期被忽略，或获取技能的理想阶段被错过，那么，这些婴儿就可能再也不会如此简单地学习了。

3.1 neglect英/n?'glekt/ 美/n?'gl?kt/n. 疏忽，忽视；怠慢vt. 疏忽，忽视；忽略

3.2 ideal英/a?'d??l; a?'di??l/ 美/a?'di?l/n. 理想；典范adj. 理想的；完美的；想象的；不切实际的

4、A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.鸟在适当的时机很快学会唱歌与飞翔，然而，一旦错过关键时期，这一学习过程就会既缓慢又艰难。

4.1 critical英/'kr?t?k(?)l/ 美/'kr?t?kl/adj. 鉴定的；[核] 临界的；批评的，爱挑剔的；危险的；决定性的；评论的

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1、Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. 专家们认为，不同语言阶段的发展是按固定的顺序和年龄实现的，但是，在某些情况下，开始说话较晚的婴儿长大后却有较高的智商。

1.1 fixed英/f?kst/ 美/f?kst/adj. 确定的；固执的；<美口>处境...的；准备好的in a fixed sequence 在一个固定的序列at a constant age在恒定的时候

2、At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple command s; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. 12周时，婴儿会笑并会发出似元音的声音；12个月时，能讲出简单的词语，听懂简单的命令；18个月时，大约有词汇量3--50个。

2.1 vowel英/'va??l/ 美/'va??l/n. 元音；母音adj. 元音的

3、At three he knows about l, 000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar. 三岁时，大约认识1000个词，并能用这些词造句。四岁时，其语言与父母的不同只表现在风格上而不是语法方面。

3.1

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1、Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. 最新资料表明，婴儿生来就具有说话的能力。 1.1 infant英/'?nf(?)nt/ 美/'?nf?nt/n. 婴儿；幼儿；未成年人adj. 婴儿的；幼稚的；初期的；未成年的

2、What is special about man`s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear”. 与猴脑相比，人脑的特殊之处在于其复杂的系统。这一复杂系统使婴儿把所见所感联系起来，比如，把玩具熊及其发音联系起来。

2.1 complex英/'k?mpleks/ 美/?kɑmpl?ks;k?m?pl?ks/n. 复合体；综合设施adj. 复杂的；合成的

2.2 pattern英/'p?t(?)n/ 美/?p?t?rn/n. 模式；图案；样品vt. 模仿；以图案装饰vi. 形成图案

3、And even more incredible is the young brain`s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways. 更令人难以相信的是婴儿从其周围杂乱的声音中识别语言顺序的能力，以及分析和按新的方式组合与重新组合语言要素的能力。

3.1 mixture英/'m?kst??/ 美/'m?kst??/n. 混合；混合物；混合剂

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1、But speech has to be induce d, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child , where the mother recognizes the signals in the child` s babbling ( 咿呀学语) , grasp ing and smiling, and responds to them. 但是，言语必须加以引导，这取决于母子之间的相互作用。在母子的相互作用中，母亲识别出婴儿咿呀学语、抓挠及微笑中的信号，并对信号做出反应。

1.1 induce英/?n'dju?s/ 美/?n'dus/vt. 诱导；引起；引诱；感应

1.2 interaction英/?nt?r'?k?(?)n/ 美/,?nt?'r?k??n/n. 相互作用；[数] 交互作用n. 互动

1.3 grasp英/grɑ?sp/ 美/ɡr?sp/n. 抓住；理解；控制vi. 抓vt. 抓住；领会

2、Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dull s the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. 母亲对信号的麻木削弱了母子间的相互作用。因为孩子得不到鼓励便只发出明显的信号。

2.1 dull英/d?l/ 美/d?l/adj. 钝的；迟钝的；无趣的；呆滞的；阴暗的vt. 使迟钝；使阴暗；缓和vi. 减少；变迟钝

3、Sensitivity to the child`s non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language. 母对婴儿非言语信号的反应敏感对婴儿语言的形成和发展是至关重要的。

3.1 verbal 英/'v??b(?)l/ 美/'v?bl/ n. 动词的非谓语形式adj. 口头的；言语的；动词的；照字面的

1993 Text 2

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1、In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic (官僚主义的) management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. 总的来说，我们的社会正在变成一个由官僚资本主义经营指导的巨大企业，其中，人们已经变成机器里微不足道的、上好油的齿轮。

1.1 cog英/k?g/ 美/kɑɡ/n. 钝齿；雄榫

1.2 machinery英/m?'?i?n(?)r?/ 美/m?'?in?ri/n. 机械；机器；机构；机械装臵

2、The oiling is done with higher wage s, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; Yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. 心理学家和人类关系专家认为，高工资、通风良好的工厂、不断播放的音乐等是使人正常运转的“润滑油”。然而这些“润滑油”并没有改变人们变得无能为力的事实，人们不能全身心地投入到他们的工作当中，并且开始厌烦工作。

2.1 oiling英/'?ili?/ 美/'?ili?/n. 润滑油；加油法

2.2 wage英/we?d?/ 美/wed?/n. 工资；代价；报偿vt. 进行；开展vi. 进行；发动；从事

2.3 ventilated英/'vent?le?t?d/ 美/?v?nt?let?d/adj. 通风的v. 发表；使…通风（ventilate的过去分词）

2.4 piped music（大商场等处通过有线喇叭播放的）喇叭音乐

2.5 wholeheartedly英/h??l?hɑ?t?dli/ 美/?ho?l'hɑt?dl?/ adv. 全心全意地，全神贯注地

3、In fact, the blue- and the white-collar workers have become economic puppet s who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.事实上，蓝领和白领们已经变成了经济的木偶，随着自动化机器和官僚主义管理的节拍而跳动。

3.1 puppet英/'p?p?t/ 美/'p?p?t/n. 木偶；傀儡；受他人操纵的人

3.2 tune英/tju?n/ 美/tun/n. 曲调；和谐；心情vt. 调整；使一致；为…调音vi. [电子][通信] 调谐；协调

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1、The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. 工人和雇工都很焦虑，不仅因为他们感觉到自己可能会失业，而且因为他们不能得到真正的满足或者对生活的兴趣。

1.1 satisfaction英/s?t?s'f?k?(?)n/ 美/,s?t?s'f?k??n/n. 满意，满足；赔偿；乐事；赎罪

2、They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.他们平淡地活着、死去，没能像情感和智力上很独立并富有成果的人们那样体验到人类存在的基本现实。

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1、Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. 那些上层阶级也同样感到焦虑。他

们内心的空虚不少于他们的下属。（长难句①）在某些方面他们甚至更加不安全。

1.1 subordinates下级，属下

2、They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the tight mixture of submissiveness and independence. 他们处于竞争非常激烈的一类。升职或落后不单单事关工资，更事关个人尊严。（佳句②）当申请第一份工作时，他们就经历了智力，以及正确协调服从性和独立性的测试

2.1 competitive英/k?m'pet?t?v/ 美/k?m'p?t?t?v/adj. 竞争的；比赛的；求胜心切的

3、From that moment on they are tested again and again -- by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superior s, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one`s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.（长难句②）从那以后，他们就被以测试为重任的心理学家们以及评价他们的行为、社交能力、为人能力，等等的上司不断地测试。这种需要不断证明一个人和他们的竞争对手同样优秀或更加出色的局面造成持久的焦虑和紧张，而这正是不幸与疾病的根源。

3.1 constant英/'k?nst(?)nt/ 美/'kɑnst?nt/n. [数] 常数；恒量adj. 不变的；恒定的；经常的Paragraph 4

1、Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. 我是在建议回到我们工业化前的生产模式或十九世纪自由企业资本主义吗？当然不是。回到一个已经过时的阶段永远解决不了问题。

1.1 preindustrial英/,pri??n'd?str??l/ 美/,pri?n'd?stri?l/adj. 工业化前的；未工业化的

1.2 enterprise英/'ent?pra?z/ 美/'?nt?'pra?z/n. 企业；事业；进取心；事业心

1.3 capitalism英/'k?p?t(?)l?z(?)m/ 美/'k?p?t?l?z?m/n. 资本主义

2、I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities -- those of love and of reason -- are the aims of all social arrangements. 我的建议是把以最大化生产和消费为目的的官僚资本主义管理的工业制度转变成一个人本主义的工业制度，在这里人及其潜力——爱和理性——的充分开发是所有社会安排的目的。

2.1 bureaucratically英/,bju?r?'kr?tikli/ 美/,bju?r?'kr?tikli/adv. 官僚主义地

2.2 maximal英/'m?ks?m(?)l/ 美/'m?ksim?l/adj. 最高的，最大的；最全面的

3、Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man. 生产和消费只是达到这个目的的手段，不能成为奴役人类的工具。（佳句③）

3.1 rule英/ru?l/ 美/rul/n. 统治；规则vt. 统治；规定；管理；裁决；支配vi. 统治；管辖；裁定

1993 Text 3

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1、When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible course s of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea secret, or patent it. 当发明家创造了一件发明，他可能做三件事情：他可能将这件发明公诸于世，也可能保守秘密，或者也可能为这件发明申请专利权。

1.1 course英/k??s/ 美/k?rs/n. 科目；课程；过程；进程；道路；路线，航向；一道菜vt. 追赶；跑过vi. 指引航线；快跑

1.2 patent英/'p?t(?)nt; 'pe?t(?)nt/ 美/'p?tnt/n. 专利权；执照；专利品adj. 专利的；新奇的；显然的vt. 授予专利；取得…的专利权

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1、A grant ed patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state, by which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly (垄断) and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period terminate s. 批准了的专利是发明家和国家讨价还价的结果，发明家享受一段时间的垄断权，在这段时间之后，他必须公布其发明的所有细节。

1.1 grant英/grɑ?nt/ 美/ɡr?nt/n. 拨款；[法] 授予物vt. 授予；允许；承认vi. 同意

1.2 terminate英/'t??m?ne?t/ 美/'t?m?net/vt. 使终止；使结束；解雇adj. 结束的vi. 结束，终止；结果

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1、Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the lifespan of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events.只有在极特殊的情况下专利的期限才可能被延长以改变事件的正常过程。Paragraph 4

1、The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent`s normal life there was no colour TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention. 迄令为止批准的最长的延期授予了乔治?瓦伦西，他1939年的彩色电视接收机电路系统的专利被延长至1971年，因为在该专利的大部分有效期里根本没有彩色电视节目，因此该发明没有获利的希望。（长难句①）

1.1 receiver英/r?'si?v?/ 美/r?'siv?/n. 接收器；接受者；收信机；收款员，接待者

1.2 circuitry英/'s??k?tr?/ 美/'s?k?tri/n. 电路；电路系统；电路学；一环路

2、Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated, the shelves of the library attached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if older than half a century, sometimes even re-patent. 由于一项专利在其有效期终止后将永远公之于众，因此附属于专利机构的图书馆的书架上收藏有至少上百万种发明想法供任何人免费使用，如果它们已经存在半个多世纪，有时候甚至被人们用于重新申请专利。

2.1 attached英/?'t?t?t/ 美/?'t?t?t/v. 附上（attach的过去分词）adj. 附加的；依恋的，充满爱心的

2.2 literally英/'l?t(?)r?l?/ 美/'l?t?r?li/adv. 照字面地；逐字地；不夸张地；正确地；简直

3、Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor`s right is to plagiarize a dead patent. 事实上，专利专家经常向希望避开使用有效专利的高昂代价的人们建议，

避免侵犯任何其他发明者权利的一个万无一失的办法就是剽窃一个已经失效的专利。

3.1 plagiarize英/'ple?d??ra?z/ 美/'pled??'ra?z/vt. 剽窃；抄袭vi. 剽窃；抄袭

4、Likewise, because publication of an idea in any other form permanently invalidates further patents on that idea, it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modern technological advance is based on these presumption s of legal security. 同样，由于已经以任何其他形式发表的想法不能再用于申请专利，因此保守的做法是从其他公开的相关领域获得灵感。许多现代技术的突破就是基于这样的法律保障前提。

3.1 permanently英/'p??m(?)n?ntl?/ 美/'p?m?n?ntli/adv. 永久地，长期不变地

3.2 invalidate英/?n'v?l?de?t/ 美/?n'v?l?det/vt. 使无效；使无价值

3.3 print英/pr?nt/ 美/pr?nt/n. 印刷业；印花布；印刷字体；印章；印记vt. 印刷；打印；刊载；用印刷体写；在…印花样vi. 印刷；出版；用印刷体写

3.4 presumption英/pr?'z?m(p)?(?)n/ 美/pri'z?mp??n/n. 放肆，傲慢；推测

3.5 advance英/?d'vɑ?ns/ 美/?d'v?ns/n. 发展；前进；增长；预付款adj. 预先的；先行的vt. 提出；预付；使……前进；将……提前vi. 前进；进展；上涨

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1、Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most “new” ideas are, in fact, as old as the hills. 任何密切参与专利和发明工作的人都很快了解到大部分“新”思想实际上都很陈旧。（佳句①）as old as the hills 极古老；极旧

2、It is their reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or through the availability of new technology, that makes news and money. 正是出于需要或奉献，或由于得到新技术而使构想转换为商业行为，它们创造了新闻和经济效益。（长难句②）

3、The basic patent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886. Many of the original ideas behind television originate from the late 19th and early 20th century. Even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipate d by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear. 磁记录理论的基本专利要追溯到1886年。许多关于电视机的最初想法都来自于19世纪末20世纪初。甚至1904年一项马在后面的马车专利就预示了大众后臵发动机汽车的诞生。

3.1 magnetic英/m?g'net?k/ 美/m?g'n?t?k/adj. 地磁的；有磁性的；有吸引力的＝magnet magnet英/?m?ɡn?t/ 美/'m?gn?t/n. 磁铁；[电磁] 磁体；磁石

3.2 original英/?'r?d??n(?)l; ?-/ 美/?'r?d??nl/n. 原件；原作；原物；原型adj. 原始的；最初的；独创的；新颖的

3.3 originate英/?'r?d??ne?t; ?-/ 美/??r?d???net/vi. 发源；发生；起航vt. 引起；创作

3.4 Volkswagen英/'f?:lks,va:g?n/ 美/'f?:lks,va:g?n/n. 大众汽车（财富500强公司之一）

3.5 rear英/r??/ 美/r?r/n. 后面；屁股；后方部队adj. 后方的；后面的；背面的vt. 培养；树立；栽种adv. 向后；在后面vi. 暴跳；高耸rear engine car后臵发动机汽车后引擎汽车

3.6 engine英/'end??n/ 美/'?nd??n/n. 引擎，发动机；机车，火车头；工具

3.7 anticipate英/?n't?s?pe?t/ 美/?n't?s?'pet/vt. 预期，期望；占先，抢先；提前使用

3.8 cart英/kɑ?t/ 美/kɑrt/n. 二轮运货马车vt. 用车装载vi. 驾运货马车；用运货车运送

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————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：

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Text 1 ①Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage. ①It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. ②Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. ③To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies. ① We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War 2,at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. ②In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. ③Theirs was a serious business. and even those reviews who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. ④These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. ⑤So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in ournalism,Newman wrote, "that I am tempted to define "journalism" as "a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are". ①Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. ②Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. ③During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England's foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. ④He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. ⑤Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists. ①Is there any chance that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revival? ②The prospect seems remote.③Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly uphostered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. ④Moreover,the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat. 全文翻译： 在过去的25 年英语报纸所发生的变化中，影响最深远的可能就是它们对艺术方面的报道在范围上毫无疑问的缩小了，而且这些报道的严肃程度也绝对降低了。 对于年龄低于40岁的普通读者来讲，让他们想象一下当年可以在许多大城市报纸上读到精品的文艺评论简直几乎是天方夜谭。然而，在20世纪出版的最重要的文艺评论集中，人们读到的大部分评论文章都是从报纸上收集而来。现在，如果读到这些集子，人们肯定会惊诧，当年这般渊博深奥的内容竟然被认为适合发表在大众日报中。

历年考研英语真题作文考研十年作文精选范文+翻译

考研英语十年真题大作文（2002-2011） 一、题目 2002 Directions: Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled “Cultures---National and International” In the essay you should 1.describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and 2.give your comments on the phenomenon. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET II. 2003 Directions: Study the following pictures carefully and write an essay about 200 words based on the following 1.describe the set of drawings and interpret its meaning 2.point out its implications in our life. 2004 Directions: Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should 1. describe the drawing. 2. interpret its meaning, and 3. support your view with examples. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

考研英语阅读翻译1

ase to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known, is “a very big deal,” says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of Law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.” 现在，该国最高专利法院似乎完全准备好要缩减商业方法专利，因为商业方法专利自从十年前第一次批准授予以来一直有争议。在一项使得知识产权律师们议论纷纷的提议中，美国联邦巡回上诉法院声称它将利用某个具体案件来对商业方法专利进行广泛的复审。密苏里大学法学院Dennis D. Crouch说，“正如人们所知道的那样，Bilski案例是一件非常大的事情”它可能将消除整个专利类别”。 Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging Internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents, despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice. 对于商业方法诉求的限制是个戏剧性的彻底变化，因为正是联邦巡回法院自己引进了这种专利。那是在1998年，对于所谓的美国道富银行的案件中，联邦巡回法院做出了判决，批准了筹集共同基金资产的方法具有专利权。这一裁决使得商业方法专利文件以几何数级增加，起初只是一些 注：to the punch的英文解释为to the first blow or to decisive action ― usually used with beat 所以这里翻译为“先下手为强”或“抢占先机”。 The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of th ree, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State Street Bank ruling. 前面提到的Bilski案例涉及到一份已申请的方法专利，即关于能源市场的风险规避方 The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal Circuit are “reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court,” says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School. 联邦巡回法院的这一裁决效仿了最高法院。最高法院最近做出了一系列的判决，缩小了专利持有者的受保范围。例如，去年四月，法官们认定太多的专利授予了一些显而易见的

2009年考研英语阅读理解全文翻译.doc

2009年考研英语阅读理解全文翻译.doc

Text1 Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth sai d in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation. So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. 习惯是件有趣的事情。我们无意识间养成了一些习惯，我们的大脑是自动运转的，轻松进入熟知套路所带来的不自觉舒适状态。“这并非选择，而是习惯控制了那些没有思想的人”，这是威廉?华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）19世纪时说的话。在现在这个日新月异的21世纪，甚至习惯这个词本身也带有负面涵义。因此，在创造和革新的背景下来谈论习惯，似乎显得有点矛盾。 But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deli berately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. 但大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新的习惯的时候，我们创建了平行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，可以让我们的思路跳转到新的创新轨道上来。但是，不必费心试图摈弃各种旧习惯；一旦这些程序惯例融进大脑，它们就会留在那里。相反，我们刻意培养的新习惯会创建平行路径能避开原来那些老路。 “The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’ ” She a dds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”