软件测量程序中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

A Systematic Review on Software measurement Programs

Touseef Tahir, Ali Jafar

Department of computer science, Comsats institute of information technology, Lahore, Pakistan Blekinge institute of technology, SE 371 79, Karlskrona, Sweden

Abstract

Most of the measurement programs fail to achieve targeted goals. This paper presents outcomes of systematic review on software measurement programs. The aim of the study was to analyse Applications, success factors, existing measurement models/frameworks and tools. 1579 research studies were reviewed in the beginning and on basis of predefined criteria 28 studies were chosen for analysis. The selection of research studies was done on the basis of structured procedure of systematic review. Outcome of this study consists of observations and suggestions on the basis of analysis of selected studies.

Keywords:Measurement Program；Software；Measurement Models；Measurement Framework

1.INTRODUCTION

Software measurement programs (MP) help in both management and

implementation of software processes at each level of the organization. In order to get accurate results, it manages flow of data within the processes. The software products are becoming larger and more complex. By managing such software projects require accurate and precise estimations that can be helpful to provide a quality product to the customer. There should be a technological support and well defined structured approach to gather and process the data continuously throughout the software development. This process is called the measurement process. This is used in the MPs which is basically a set of procedures and guidelines to gather, calculate and evaluate the measures.

According to, software MPs usually fail after implementation in a software development process. In, 50-80% of the MPs fail after a year due to different reasons. The most important reason of the failure of the MPs includes the lack of appropriate knowledge available to gain the required measures and/or too abstract goals. The failure of the software MP depends on different factors relevant to product,process and resources. According to, software MPs usually fail as they require expert judgment for selecting appropriate number of measures in relation to the organizational goals.

There is a need to improve the measurement process; when there is difference between the expected outcome of the process and the actual performance of the process. In recent years, there are different models and frameworks developed that are used to measure different attributes of the software process. In assessment of the MP can be done according to different views i.e. process, product, resource, value based,context and social.

In recent years, MPs assist a quantitative approach to development processes. These MPs also used in order to increase the software process improvement. Software MPs give a competitive advantage over those who prefer traditional approaches. These programs have been an important part of software development life cycle (SDLC) like other processes i.e. design, testing, and implementation.Measurement activities are carried out during the software life cycle of project.

Implementing a MP is a well defined structured approach in order to gather and

process the data continuously throughout the software development lifecycle. The main purpose of software measures is to extract good from the raw data, and MPs are used to apply these software measures in management and technical aspects. Software measures are used to classify the best practices i.e. Software Process Improvement, estimating and planning projects effectively,manage budget effectively, and it also helps comparison of current practices and tools. Software MPs provide a source for industry comparison and facilitate effective communication between developer and customer. MPs start with definition of goals and their respective questions which leads to formation of metrics. At start, an organization needs to set proper objectives for what they are going to do and then start measuring.

This paper presents a systematic review (SR) on MPs, their applications, measurement models/frameworks and tools.Section II presents SR process definition and research questions. Section III presents SR planning process. Section IV presents selected primary study. Section V presents reporting process of SR. Section VI presents analysis and discussion. Section VII presents implementation of SR analysis. Section VIII presents conclusions.

2.SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

According to, the purpose of systematic review is to provide more structured way to make an assessment, identification and interpretation of research which is relevant to the specific research question.

It has three phases namely “planning the review”, “conducting the review” and “reporting the review”. In the planning phase, it is defined that how literature review have been conducted in a systematic manner and a review protocol is developed which acts as a search guide during systematic literature review. In the second step, systematic literature review is conducted which involves primary studies, quality assessment, data extraction and data synthesis. In the last step, literature review is reported.

Systematic review is an iterative process instead of sequential, because it involves a number of iteration. Example would be inclusion and exclusion criteria,

when actual review is conducted several primary studies are included and excluded.

A. Research Questions

Following research questions will be answered during the systematic review:

（1）RQ_1a: How do Organizations use software measurement programs?

（2）RQ_1b: What are the success factors in software measurement programs?

（3）RQ_2: What are the models/frameworks, and tools developed for measurement programs?

3.PLANNING THE REVIEW

Review is planned according to the guidelines given in.

B. Review Protocol

Review protocol consists of inclusion/ exclusion criteria, search keywords, databases to be searched, quality assessment checklist, data synthesis, data extraction form and research questions. Review Protocol developed to identify the current state of the art in MPs and goal definition from 01 Jan, 1997 to 01 June, 2011.

C. Search strategy

Appropriate Search keywords are very important for effecting search process. This process is done by following the guidelines in. This has been done by following steps

（1）Identification of search keywords by analysing the context, objectives, relevant area of research questions.

（2）Searched resources were analysed for further identification of keywords, including the keywords section of research resources.

（3）Identification of synonyms, alternatives and hypernyms for each key word.

（4）Boolean OR was used for synonyms, alternatives, and hypernyms.

（5）Boolean AND was used to make a search string and make searching precise The resulted search string given below:

(metric OR measure OR measurement) AND (program OR plan OR process) AND (success OR important Or successful OR success story or good practices or practices) AND (factor OR feature OR variable) AND (Software OR software application OR software development life cycle OR software development process OR

software system OR software industry) AND (models OR guidelines or practices) AND(framework or structure infrastructure) AND (tool OR instrument OR mechanism or device).

D.Primary search process

The search process is divided into two steps: primary and secondary research. The primary search process consisted of searching online research databases, search engines, e-journals,conference proceeding and grey literature using set of keywords in the resulted search string.

In the first step 1579 articles were scanned and 69 articles were selected on the basis of title and abstract. In the second step selected articles were reviewed completed and final set of articles after the second step consists of 28 articles 。

E.Study Selection Criteria

The following inclusion criteria were used in order to include in systematic review.

F.Exclusion Criteria

The following exclusion criteria were used in order to exclude in systematic review.

G.Quality Assessment Checklist

It is essential to evaluate the quality of primary studies during inclusion/ exclusion criteria. The purpose of the quality assessment in this research is to weight the importance of individual studies during data synthesis.

H.Data Extraction Strategy

Data extraction strategy is given 。

I.Synthesis of the Extracted Data

The purpose of data synthesis is to propose a conclusion on the basis of collected data analysis. It involves extracting and summarizing the results of the selected primary studies .The data which is extracted from primary studies should be able to answer the research questions. Data synthesis can be expressive synthesis, quantitative or qualitative synthesis.The qualitative synthesis involves the studies that results after the

analysis of theoretical grounds, language results and conclusions. The studies in systematic review are heterogeneous because of different methodology and outcomes. Qualitative synthesis is performed because of heterogeneous nature of data. According to, there are three approaches available for qualitative data synthesis i.e.Reciprocal translation, Refutational synthesis, Line of argument synthesis.

In this study we followed line of argument synthesis because firstly, we analyzed the studies individually and then in the later step we analyze the studies as a whole. 4.PRIMARY STUDY SELECTION PROCESS

There are two steps in the selection process of primary studies given 。In the first step title, abstract and conclusion of the research papers are analyzed for selection/rejection. The papers selected in the first step were farther filtered against the inclusion/exclusion criteria defined in the review protocol.

5.CONDUCTING THE REVIEW

In order to answer RQ1, we first categorized the research articles 。

A.RQ_1a

Implementing a MP is a well defined structured approach in order to gather and process the data continuously throughout the software development lifecycle. The main purpose of software measures is to extract goods from the raw data ,and MPs are used to apply these software measures in management and technical aspects. Software measures are used to classify the best practices i.e. Software Process Improvement, estimating and planning projects effectively,manage budget effectively, and it also helps comparison of current practices and tools. Software MPs provide a source for industry comparison and facilitate effective communication between developer and customer. MPs start with definition of goals and their respective questions which leads to formation of metrics. At the start, an organization needs to set proper objectives for what they are going to do and then start measuring.

An organization sets goals before starting implementation and these goals intend to satisfy the organizational business objectives. The mapping of these goals with appropriate measures requires experienced resources in the field of software

measurements. These goals should be prioritized so that relevant and important measures are selected to be collected and analyzed accordingly. There are some reasons which highlight the importance of MPs in industry.

B.RQ_1b

Shows the findings related to success factors in software MP. The contribution of primary studies is shown by using scale of full, partial and none.

MPs play significant role in the success of a project. In order to start an efficient MP it is important to understand precisely the rationale of using measurement and our objective regarding measurement i.e. what do we want to accomplish?MPs are implemented in a structured way which is more efficient and effective. In order to start MP in an organization , have quoted steps.

Success of MPs depends on two stage approach . In the first stage, organization uses output from the MP for decision making. In the second stage, consistent use of these output for decision making increase the performance of the organization. These Success factors are shown .

C.RQ_2

There are various models/frameworks and tools that can be used in a MP. Shows the selected models with industrial application.

6.ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

The purpose of systematic review is to provide more structured way to make an assessment, identification and interpretation of research which is relevant to the specific research questions in section A.

The first part of the RQ1 is related to ways the MPs are being used. The mentioned areas are related to organizational management perspective, SDLC, software process improvement, and it can be used to realize the relationship between the measures/entities of software process, product and resources. The main aim of every MP is first to control the process and as the maturity of the MP improves it can be used for the improvement of the overall quality of the measurement. So any organization that needs to improve the process areas can use the MP. Similarly if an

organization is not getting the required output in the areas of software products, processes and resources, they can use the MPs to collect the data and analyze the results. The first step of MPs is to assess the situation, then control and then using it to implement the improvement processes.

The second part of RQ1 is related to the success factors of MP. There are research studies in which different factors from different organizational perspectives are discussed. The MPs help managers in identifying the success factors for an organization and areas of improvement on the basis of collected data analysis. In the systematic review those success factors for the MPs are identified that can help to utilize the MP for best of its purpose. Following are the important success factors:

(1)Well defined goals, questions and metrics.

(2)The well-defined tasks, activities for data collection.

(3)Traceability of measurement goals with respect to business goals

(4)Measures repository

(5)The presence of well defined structure, flow and connection between the measurement activities.

(6)Traceability of measurement goals within the MP.

(7)Well-Defined way of data collection

(8)Well-Defined way of data analysis

(9)Tool support in data collection, storage and analysis Understanding of measurement process objectives

（10）Re-usability of measurement objects

（11）Communication and feedback

The RQ2 is about role of measurement models, frameworks nd of MP in the organization to improve the overall quality of the organization. The rationale behind analyzing different models is that every MP uses a measurement model or measurement tool. So the more efficient is the model or tool the more efficient will be the MP.

In a MP, there is need of top down approach to cope the problems and limitations

in the bottom up approach. The GQM approach is a goal driven approach that operates in top down fashion. There are many models e.g. GQIM, GAM, QIP,MIS-PyME, AMI that are designed to overcome the deficiency in GQM model, following the basic idea of Goal,Questions and Metrics. The GQM model is also used as a basis for the development of tools and techniques e.g. MPSP,M2P, Primer, for the MP.

Every MP uses a model, framework, and tools, define the structure of its tasks, activities and processes. So the effectiveness of the MP depends on the effectiveness and precision of the measurement method used. An effective MP not only provides the true value of the object (product, project,resource) under study but it also provides the areas where the improvements can be made. The data provided by the MP can be analysed and interpreted to check not only the maturity of the processes of an organization but also MPs. This can improve the overall quality of the organization.

7.IMPLEMENTATION OF SR ANALYSIS

The analysis of SR was used to design Structured Prioritized Goal question Metrics (SPGQM) Model . This model is also validated in industry.

8.CONCLUSIONS

This paper presents a systematic review by following.The SR and analysis on applications, success factors and available models, frameworks and tools for MP is done.

MPs are essential ingredient for quality improvement as they not only help us monitor and control the progress of SDLC but also help to make predictions, estimations and learning from experience of every project. The successes of MPs depend on well defined phases, procedures, guidelines.The chances of failure of measurement program can be minimized by following the findings and analysis. There are few suggestions for future work: there is a need of well defined measurement models, frameworks and tools to define,collect, analyze, store and reuse software metrics/measures.There is need of sharing more success and failures of MPs.Most of the models, frameworks and tools are an extension of GQM but there are no ways defined for sharing of collected measures, comparison of findings and guidelines for

reusability of collected data within or outside same MPs using same/different models, frameworks or tools.

REFERENCES

[1] M.Berry and M.F. Vandenbroek, “A Targeted Assessment of the Software Measurement Process,” in Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Software Metrics (ISSM …01),Washin gton, DC, IEEE Computer Society, pp. 222-235, 2001.

[2] D. B. Simmons, “A win-win metric based software management approach,” IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, vol. 39, Texas: IEEE, pp. 32-41, 1992. [3] C. Kaner and W. P. Bond, “Software Enginee ring Metrics: What do they measure and how do we know?,” In proceedings of the 10th international metrics symposium, IEEE Computer Society, pp.2-5, 2004.

[4] J. Schalken and H. V. Vliet, “Measuring where it matters: Determining starting points for metrics collection,” In Springer system and software Modeling, vol. 81. (NY, USA): Elsevier Science Inc, pp. 603-615, 2008.

[5] L. Lavazza and G. Barresi, “Automated support for process-aware definition and execution of measurement plans,” In Proceedings of the 27th international Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE '05), May 15 - 21, St. Louis, MO, USA, ACM: New York, NY, 234-243. 2005.

[6]A. Fontana, and J. H. Frey, “T he Interview, From Structured Questions to Negotiated Text,” Thousand Oaks: Sage Publicatio ns, 2nd edition, 2000.

[7] F. Niessink an H. V. Vliet, “Towards Mature Measurement Programs,” In Proceedings of the 2nd Euromicro Conference on Software Maintenance and Reengineering (CSMR?98), March 08–11, IEEE Computer Society Washington, DC, USA, pp.82. 1998.

[8]A. Gopal, M. S. Krishnan, T. Mukhopadhyay and D. R. Goldenson, “Measurement Programs in Software Development: Determinants of Success,” IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol. 28: IEEE Press, pp. 863-875. 2002.

[9] D. R. Goldenson, A. Gop al, and T. Mukhopadhyay, “Determinants of success in

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