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英文文献及中文翻译

毕业设计说明书

英文文献及中文翻译

学院：专

2011年6月

电子与计算机科学技术软件工程

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, Overview

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, is a unified Web development model that includes the services necessary for you to build enterprise-class Web applications with a minimum of https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, is part of https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, Framework,and when coding https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, applications you have access to classes in https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, Framework.You can code your applications in any language compatible with the common language runtime(CLR), including Microsoft Visual Basic and C#.These languages enable you to develop https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, applications that benefit from the common language runtime,type safety, inheritance,and so on.

If you want to try https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,,you can install Visual Web Developer Express using the Microsoft Web Platform Installer,which is a free tool that makes it simple to download,install,and service components of the Microsoft Web Platform.These components include Visual Web Developer Express,Internet Information Services (IIS),SQL Server Express,and https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, Framework.All of these are tools that you use to create https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, Web applications.You can also use the Microsoft Web Platform Installer to install open-source https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, and PHP Web applications.

Visual Web Developer

Visual Web Developer is a full-featured development environment for creating https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, Web applications.Visual Web Developer provides an ideal environment in which to build Web sites and then publish them to a hosting https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,ing the development tools in Visual Web Developer,you can develop https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, Web pages on your own computer.Visual Web Developer includes a local Web server that provides all the features you need to test and debug https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, Web pages,without requiring Internet Information Services(IIS)to be installed.

Visual Web Developer provides an ideal environment in which to build Web sites and then publish them to a hosting https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,ing the development tools in Visual Web Developer,you can develop https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, Web pages on your own computer.

Visual Web Developer includes a local Web server that provides all the features you need to test and debug https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, Web pages,without requiring Internet Information Services(IIS)to be installed.

When your site is ready,you can publish it to the host computer using the built-in Copy Web tool,which transfers your files when you are ready to share them with others.Alternatively,you can precompile and deploy a Web site by using the Build Web Site command.The Build Web Site command runs the compiler over the entire Web site(not just the code files)and produces a Web site layout that you can deploy to a production server.

Finally,you can take advantage of the built-in support for File Transfer Protocol (FTP).Using the FTP capabilities of Visual Web Developer,you can connect directly to the host computer and then create and edit files on the server.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, Web Sites and https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, Web Application Projects

Using Visual Studio tools,you can create different types of https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, projects, which includes Web sites,Web applications,Web services,and AJAX server controls.

There is a difference between Web site projects and Web application projects. Some features work only with Web application projects,such as MVC and certain tools for automating Web deployment.Other features,such as Dynamic Data,work with both Web sites and Web application projects.

Page and Controls Framework

The https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, page and controls framework is a programming framework that runs on a Web server to dynamically produce and render https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, Web pages. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, Web pages can be requested from any browser or client device,and https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, renders markup(such as HTML)to the requesting browser.As a rule,you

can use the same page for multiple browsers,because https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, renders the appropriate markup for the browser making the request.However,you can design your https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, Web page to target a specific browser and take advantage of the features of that browser.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, Web pages are completely object-oriented.Within https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, Web pages you can work with HTML elements using properties,methods,and events.The https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, page framework removes the implementation details of the separation of client and server inherent in Web-based applications by presenting a unified model for responding to client events in code that runs at the server.The framework also automatically maintains the state of a page and the controls on that page during the page processing life cycle.

The https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, page and controls framework also enables you to encapsulate common UI functionality in easy-to-use,reusable controls.Controls are written once, can be used in many pages,and are integrated into the https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, Web page that they are placed in during rendering.

The https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, page and controls framework also provides features to control the overall look and feel of your Web site via themes and skins.You can define themes and skins and then apply them at a page level or at a control level.

In addition to themes,you can define master pages that you use to create a consistent layout for the pages in your application.A single master page defines the layout and standard behavior that you want for all the pages(or a group of pages)in your application.You can then create individual content pages that contain the page-specific content you want to display.When users request the content pages,they merge with the master page to produce output that combines the layout of the master page with the content from the content page.The https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, page framework also enables you to define the pattern for URLs that will be used in your site.This helps with search engine optimization(SEO)and makes URLs more user-friendly.

The https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, page and control framework is designed to generate HTML that conforms to accessibility guidelines.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, Compiler

All https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, code is compiled,which enables strong typing,performance optimizations,and early binding,among other benefits.Once the code has been compiled,the common language runtime further compiles https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, code to native code,providing improved performance.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, includes a compiler that will compile all your application components including pages and controls into an assembly that the https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, hosting environment can then use to service user requests.

Security Infrastructure

In addition to the security features https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,,https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, provides an advanced security infrastructure for authenticating and authorizing user access as well as performing other security-related tasks.You can authenticate users using Windows authentication supplied by IIS,or you can manage authentication using your own user database using https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, forms authentication and https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, membership. Additionally,you can manage the authorization to the capabilities and information of your Web application using Windows groups or your own custom role database using https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, roles.You can easily remove,add to,or replace these schemes depending upon the needs of your application.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, always runs with a particular Windows identity so you can secure your application using Windows capabilities such as NTFS Access Control Lists(ACLs), database permissions,and so on.

State-Management Facilities

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, provides intrinsic state management functionality that enables you to store information between page requests,such as customer information or the contents

of a shopping cart.You can save and manage application-specific,session-specific, page-specific,user-specific,and developer-defined information.This information can be independent of any controls on the page.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, offers distributed state facilities,which enable you to manage state information across multiple instances of the same application on one computer or on several computers.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, Configuration

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, applications use a configuration system that enables you to define configuration settings for your Web server,for a Web site,or for individual https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, configuration settings are stored in XML-based files.Because these XML files are text files,it is simple to make configuration changes to your Web applications.

Health Monitoring and Performance Features

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, includes features that enable you to monitor health and performance of your https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, health monitoring enables reporting of key events that provide information about the health of an application and about error conditions.These events show a combination of diagnostics and monitoring characteristics and offer a high degree of flexibility in terms of what is logged and how it is logged.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, supports two groups of performance counters available to your applications:The https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, system performance counter group、The https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, application performance counter group.

Debugging Support

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, takes advantage of the run-time debugging infrastructure to provide cross-language and cross-computer debugging support.You can debug both managed

and unmanaged objects,in addition to all languages supported by the common language runtime and script languages.

In addition,the https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, page framework provides a trace mode that enables you to insert instrumentation messages into your https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, Web pages.

Web Services Framework

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, supports XML Web services.An XML Web service is a component that contains business functionality that enables applications to exchange information across firewalls by using standards like HTTP and XML messaging.XML Web services are not tied to a particular component technology or object-calling convention.As a result,programs written in any language,using any component model,and running on any operating system can access XML Web services.

Extensible Hosting Environment and Application Life-Cycle Management

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, includes an extensible hosting environment that controls the life cycle of an application from when a user first accesses a resource(such as a page)in the application to the point at which the application is shut down.While https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, relies on a Web server(IIS)as an application host,https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, provides much of the hosting functionality itself.The architecture of https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, enables you to respond to application events and create custom HTTP handlers and HTTP modules.

Extensible Designer Environment

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, includes enhanced support for creating designers for Web server controls for use with a visual design tool such as Visual Studio.Designers enable you to build a design-time user interface for a control,so that developers can configure your control's properties and content in the visual design tool.

Web Applications Based on the MVC Pattern

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, MVC helps Web developers build standards-based Web applications that are easy to maintain because it decreases the dependency among application layers by using the Model-View-Controller(MVC)pattern.It also provides complete control over the page https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, MVC improves testability by supporting Test Driven Development(TDD).

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, Dynamic Data

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, Dynamic Data is a framework that lets you create data-driven https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, Web applications easily.It does this by automatically discovering

data-model metadata at run time and deriving UI behavior from it.A scaffolding framework provides a functional Web site for viewing and editing data.You can easily customize the scaffolding framework by changing elements or creating new ones to override the default behavior.Existing applications can easily integrate scaffolding elements together with https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, pages.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,概述

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,是一个统一的Web开发模型，它包括您使用尽可能少的代码生成企业级Web应用程序所必需的各种服务。https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,作为.NET Framework的一部分提供。当您编写https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,应用程序的代码时，可以访问.NET Framework中的类。可使用与公共语言运行时(CLR)兼容的任何语言（包括Microsoft Visual Basic和C#）编写应用程序的代码。使用这些语言，可以开发利用公共语言运行时、类型安全、继承等方面的优点的https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,应用程序。

若要尝试https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,，可以使用Microsoft Web平台安装程序安装Visual Web Developer速成版，Microsoft Web平台安装程序是一款免费的工具，使用它可以方便地下载、安装和维护Microsoft Web平台的组件。这些组件包括Visual Web Developer学习版、Internet Information Services(IIS)、SQL Server Express和.NET Framework。所有这些组件都是用于创建https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, Web 应用程序的工具。此外，还可以使用Microsoft Web平台安装程序安装开放源代码的https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,和PHP Web应用程序。

Visual Web Developer

Visual Web Developer是一个功能齐备的开发环境，可用于创建https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, Web应用程序。Visual Web Developer提供了一种生成网站并将其发布到承载站点的理想环境。使用Visual Web Developer中的开发工具，可以在自己的计算机上开发https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,网页。Visual Web Developer包括一个本地Web服务器，无需安装Internet信息服务(IIS)，该服务器即可提供测试和调试https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, 网页所需的全部功能。

Visual Web Developer提供了一种生成网站并将其发布到承载站点的理想环境。使用Visual Web Developer中的开发工具，可以在自己的计算机上开发https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,网页。Visual Web Developer包括一个本地Web服务器，无需安装Internet信息服务(IIS)，该服务器即可提供测试和调试https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,网页所需的全部功能。

站点准备就绪后，可以使用内置的Copy Web工具将其发布到主机上。准备好与他人共享文件后，就可以使用该工具传输这些文件。或者，您可以使用“生成网站”命令对网站进行预编译和部署。“生成网站”命令对整个网站运行编译器（而不仅仅对代码文件），并生成可部署到生产服务器的网站布局。

最后，可以利用对文件传输协议(FTP)的内置支持。使用Visual Web Developer的FTP功能，可以直接连接到主机，然后在该服务器上创建和编辑文件。

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,网站和https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, Web应用程序项目

通过使用Visual Studio工具，您可以创建不同类型的https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,项目，包括网站、Web应用程序、Web服务和AJAX服务器控件。

网站项目和Web应用程序项目之间存在着差异。一些功能仅适用于Web 应用程序项目，例如MVC和用于自动进行Web部署的某些工具。其他功能（如动态数据）同时适用于网站项目和Web应用程序项目。

页和控件框架

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,页和控件框架是一种编程框架，它在Web服务器上运行，可以动态地生成和呈现https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,网页。可以从任何浏览器或客户端设备请求https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, 网页，https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,会向请求浏览器呈现标记（例如HTML）。通常，您可以对多个浏览器使用相同的页，因为https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,会为发出请求的浏览器呈现适当的标记。但是，您可以针对特定浏览器设计您的https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,网页，并利用该浏览器的功能。

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,网页是完全面向对象的。在https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,网页中，可以使用属性、方法和事件来处理HTML元素。https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,页框架为响应在服务器上运行的代码中的客户端事件提供统一的模型，从而使您不必考虑基于Web的应用程序中固有的客户端和服务器隔离的实现细节。该框架还会在页处理生命周期中自动维护页及该页上控件的状态。

使用https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,页和控件框架还可以将常用的UI功能封装成易于使用且可重用的控件。控件只需编写一次，即可用于许多页并集成到https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,网页中。这些控件在呈现期间放入https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,网页中。

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,页和控件框架还提供各种功能，以便可以通过主题和外观来控制网站的整体外观和感觉。可以先定义主题和外观，然后在页面级或控件级应用这些主题和外观。

除了主题外，还可以定义母版页，以使应用程序中的页具有一致的布局。一个母版页可以定义你希望应用程序中的所有页（或一组页）所具有的布局和标准行为。然后可以创建包含要显示的页特定内容的各个内容页。当用户请求内容页时，这些内容页将与母版页合并，产生将母版页的布局与内容页中的内容组合在一起的输出。

利用https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,页框架，还可以为将在站点中使用的URL定义模式。这有助于进行搜索引擎优化(SEO)，并提高URL的用户友好程度。

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,编译器

所有https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,代码都经过了编译，可提供强类型、性能优化和早期绑定以及其他优点。代码一经编译，公共语言运行时会进一步将https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,编译为本机代码，从而提供增强的性能。

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,包括一个编译器，该编译器将包括页和控件在内的所有应用程序组件编译成一个程序集，之后https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,承载环境可以使用该程序集来处理用户请求。

安全基础结构

除了.NET的安全功能外，https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,还提供了高级的安全基础结构，以便对用户进行身份验证和授权，并执行其他与安全相关的功能。您可以使用由IIS提供的Windows身份验证对用户进行身份验证，也可以通过您自己的用户数据库使用https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, Forms身份验证和https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,成员资格来管理身份验证。此外，可

以使用Windows组或您自己的自定义角色数据库（使用https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,角色）来

管理Web应用程序的功能和信息方面的授权。您可以根据应用程序的需要方便地移除、添加或替换这些方案。

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,始终使用特定的Windows标识运行，因此，您可以通过使用Windows功能（例如NTFS访问控制列表(ACL)、数据库权限等等）来保护应用程序的安全。

状态管理功能

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,提供了内部状态管理功能，它使您能够存储页请求期间的信息，例如客户信息或购物车的内容。您可以保存和管理应用程序特定、会话特定、页特定、用户特定和开发人员定义的信息。此信息可以独立于页上的任何控件。

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,提供了分布式状态功能，使您能够管理一台计算机或数台计算机上同一应用程序的多个实例的状态信息。

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,配置

通过https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,应用程序使用的配置系统，可以定义Web服务器、网站或单个应用程序的配置设置。https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,配置设置存储在基于XML的文件中。由于这些XML文件是文本文件，因此对Web应用程序进行配置更改比较简单。

运行状况监视和性能功能

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,包括可监视https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,应用程序的运行状况和性能的功能。使用https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,运行状况监视可以报告关键事件，这些关键事件提供有关应用程序的运行状况和错误情况的信息。这些事件显示诊断和监视特征的组合，并在记录哪些事件以及如何记录事件等方面提供了高度的灵活性。

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,支持两组可供应用程序使用的性能计数器：https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,系统性能计数器组、https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,应用程序性能计数器组。

调试支持

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,利用运行时调试基础结构来提供跨语言和跨计算机调试支持。可以调试托管对象和非托管对象，以及公共语言运行时和脚本语言支持的所有语言。

此外，https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,页框架提供使您可以将检测消息插入https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,网页的跟踪模式。

Web服务框架

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,支持XML Web services。XML Web services是包含业务功能的组件，利用此业务功能，应用程序可以使用HTTP和XML消息等标准跨防火墙交换信息。XML Web services不用依靠特定的组件技术或对象调用约定。因此，用任何语言编写、使用任何组件模型并在任何操作系统上运行的程序，都可以访问XML Web services。

扩展的承载环境和应用程序生命周期管理

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,包括一个可扩展的承载环境，该环境控制应用程序的生命周期，即从用户首次访问此应用程序中的资源（例如页）到应用程序关闭这一期间。虽然https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,依赖作为应用程序宿主的Web服务器(IIS)，但https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,自身也提供了许多承载功能。通过https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,的基础结构，您可以响应应用程序事件并创建自定义HTTP处理程序和HTTP模块。

可扩展的设计器环境

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html,中提供了对创建Web服务器控件设计器（用于可视化设计工具，例如Visual Studio）的增强支持。使用设计器可以为控件生成设计时用户界面，这样开发人员可以在可视化设计工具中配置控件的属性和内容。

基于MVC模式的Web应用程序

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关于力的外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

五、外文资料翻译 Stress and Strain 1.Introduction to Mechanics of Materials Mechanics of materials is a branch of applied mechanics that deals with the behavior of solid bodies subjected to various types of loading. It is a field of study that i s known by a variety of names, including “strength of materials” and “mechanics of deformable bodies”. The solid bodies considered in this book include axially-loaded bars, shafts, beams, and columns, as well as structures that are assemblies of these components. Usually the objective of our analysis will be the determination of the stresses, strains, and deformations produced by the loads; if these quantities can be found for all values of load up to the failure load, then we will have obtained a complete picture of the mechanics behavior of the body. Theoretical analyses and experimental results have equally important roles in the study of mechanics of materials . On many occasion we will make logical derivations to obtain formulas and equations for predicting mechanics behavior, but at the same time we must recognize that these formulas cannot be used in a realistic way unless certain properties of the been made in the laboratory. Also , many problems of importance in engineering cannot be handled efficiently by theoretical means, and experimental measurements become a practical necessity. The historical development of mechanics of materials is a fascinating blend of both theory and experiment, with experiments pointing the way to useful results in some instances and with theory doing so in others①. Such famous men as Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519) and Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) made experiments to adequate to determine the strength of wires , bars , and beams , although they did not develop any adequate theo ries (by today’s standards ) to explain their test results . By contrast , the famous mathematician Leonhard Euler(1707-1783) developed the mathematical theory any of columns and calculated the critical load of a column in 1744 , long before any experimental evidence existed to show the significance of his results ②. Thus , Euler’s theoretical results remained unused for many years, although today they form the basis of column theory. The importance of combining theoretical derivations with experimentally determined properties of materials will be evident theoretical derivations with experimentally determined properties of materials will be evident as we proceed with

平面设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译平面设计任何时期平面设计可以参照一些艺术和专业学科侧重于视觉传达和介绍。采用多种方式相结合，创造和符号，图像和语句创建一个代表性的想法和信息。平面设计师可以使用印刷，视觉艺术和排版技术产生的最终结果。平面设计常常提到的进程，其中沟通是创造和产品设计。共同使用的平面设计包括杂志，广告，产品包装和网页设计。例如，可能包括产品包装的标志或其他艺术作品，举办文字和纯粹的设计元素，如形状和颜色统一件。组成的一个最重要的特点，尤其是平面设计在使用前现有材料或不同的元素。平面设计涵盖了人类历史上诸多领域，在此漫长的历史和在相对最近爆炸视觉传达中的第20和21世纪，人们有时是模糊的区别和重叠的广告艺术，平面设计和美术。毕竟，他们有着许多相同的内容，理论，原则，做法和语言，有时同样的客人或客户。广告艺术的最终目标是出售的商品和服务。在平面

设计，“其实质是使以信息，形成以思想，言论和感觉的经验”。在唐朝（ 618-906 ）之间的第4和第7世纪的木块被切断打印纺织品和后重现佛典。阿藏印在868是已知最早的印刷书籍。在19世纪后期欧洲，尤其是在英国，平面设计开始以独立的运动从美术中分离出来。蒙德里安称为父亲的图形设计。他是一个很好的艺术家，但是他在现代广告中利用现代电网系统在广告、印刷和网络布局网格。于1849年，在大不列颠亨利科尔成为的主要力量之一在设计教育界，该国政府通告设计在杂志设计和制造的重要性。他组织了大型的展览作为庆祝现代工业技术和维多利亚式的设计。从1892年至1896年威廉?莫里斯凯尔姆斯科特出版社出版的书籍的一些最重要的平面设计产品和工艺美术运动，并提出了一个非常赚钱的商机就是出版伟大文本论的图书并以高价出售给富人。莫里斯证明了市场的存在使平面设计在他们自己拥有的权利，并帮助开拓者从生产和美术分离设计。这历史相对论是，然而，重要的，因为它为第一次重大的反应对于十九世纪的陈旧的平面设计。莫里斯的工作，以及与其他私营新闻运动，直接影响新艺术风格和间接负责20世纪初非专业性平面设计的事态发展。谁创造了最初的“平面设计”似乎存在争议。这被归因于英国的设计师和大学教授Richard Guyatt，但另一消息来源于20世纪初美国图书设计师William Addison Dwiggins。伦敦地铁的标志设计是爱德华约翰斯顿于1916年设计的一个经典的现代而且使用了系统字体设计。在20世纪20年代，苏联的建构主义应用于“智能生产”在不同领域的生产。个性化的运动艺术在俄罗斯大革命是没有价值的，从而走向以创造物体的功利为目的。他们设计的建筑、剧院集、海报、面料、服装、家具、徽标、菜单等。 Jan Tschichold 在他的1928年书中编纂了新的现代印刷原则，他后来否认他在这本书的法西斯主义哲学主张，但它仍然是非常有影响力。 Tschichold ，包豪斯印刷专家如赫伯特拜耳和拉斯洛莫霍伊一纳吉，和El Lissitzky 是平面设计之父都被我们今天所知。他们首创的生产技术和文体设备，主要用于整个二十世纪。随后的几年看到平面设计在现代风格获得广泛的接受和应用。第二次世界大战结束后，美国经济的建立更需要平面设计，主要是广告和包装等。移居国外的德国包豪斯设计学院于1937年到芝加哥带来了“大规模生产”极简到美国;引发野火的“现代”建筑和设计。值得注意的名称世纪中叶现代设计包括阿德里安Frutiger ，设计师和Frutiger字体大学;保兰德，从20世纪30年代后期，直到他去世于1996年，采取的原则和适用包豪斯他们受欢迎的广告和标志设计，帮助创造一个独特的办法，美国的欧洲简约而成为一个主要的先驱。平面设计称为企业形象;约瑟夫米勒，罗克曼，设计的海报严重尚未获取1950年代和1960年代时代典型。从道路标志到技术图表，从备忘录到参考手册，增强了平面设计的知识转让。可读性增强了文字的视觉效果。设计还可以通过理念或有效的视觉传播帮助销售产品。将它应用到产品和公司识别系统的要素像标志、颜色和文字。连同这些被定义为品牌。品牌已日益成为重要的提供的服务范围，许多平面设计师，企业形象和条件往往是同时交替使用。

10kV小区供配电英文文献及中文翻译

在广州甚至广东的住宅小区电气设计中,一般都会涉及到小区的高低压供配电系统的设计.如10kV高压配电系统图,低压配电系统图等等图纸一大堆.然而在真正实施过程中,供电部门(尤其是供电公司指定的所谓电力设计小公司)根本将这些图纸作为一回事,按其电脑里原有的电子档图纸将数据稍作改动以及断路器按其所好换个厂家名称便美其名曰设计(可笑不?),拿出来的图纸根本无法满足电气设计的设计意图,致使严重存在以下问题:(也不知道是职业道德问题还是根本一窍不通) 1.跟原设计的电气系统货不对板,存在与低压开关柜后出线回路严重冲突,对实际施工造成严重阻碍,经常要求设计单位改动原有电气系统图才能满足它的要求(垄断的没话说). 2.对消防负荷和非消防负荷的供电(主要在高层建筑里)应严格分回路(从母线段)都不清楚,将消防负荷和非消防负荷按一个回路出线(尤其是将电梯和消防电梯,地下室的动力合在一起等等,有的甚至将楼顶消防风机和梯间照明合在一个回路,以一个表计量). 3.系统接地保护接地型式由原设计的TN-S系统竟曲解成"TN-S-C-S"系统(室内的还需要做TN-C,好玩吧?),严格的按照所谓的"三相四线制"再做重复接地来实施,导致后续施工中存在重复浪费资源以及安全隐患等等问题.. ............................(违反建筑电气设计规范等等问题实在不好意思一一例举,给那帮人留点混饭吃的面子算了) 总之吧,在通过图纸审查后的电气设计图纸在这帮人的眼里根本不知何物,经常是完工后的高低压供配电系统已是面目全非了,能有百分之五十的保留已经是谢天谢地了. 所以.我觉得:住宅建筑电气设计,让供电部门走!大不了留点位置,让他供几个必需回路的电,爱怎么折腾让他自个怎么折腾去.. Guangzhou, Guangdong, even in the electrical design of residential quarters, generally involving high-low cell power supply system design. 10kV power distribution systems, such as maps, drawings, etc. low-voltage distribution system map a lot. But in the real implementation of the process, the power sector (especially the so-called power supply design company appointed a small company) did these drawings for one thing, according to computer drawings of the original electronic file data to make a little change, and circuit breakers by their the name of another manufacturer will be sounding good design (ridiculously?), drawing out the design simply can not meet the electrical design intent, resulting in a serious following problems: (do not know or not know nothing about ethical issues) 1. With the original design of the electrical system not meeting board, the existence and low voltage switchgear circuit after qualifying serious conflicts seriously hinder the actual construction, often require changes to the original design unit plans to meet its electrical system requirements (monopoly impress ). 2. On the fire load and fire load of non-supply (mainly in high-rise building in) should be strictly sub-loop (from the bus segment) are not clear, the fire load and fire load of non-qualifying press of a circuit (especially the elevator and fire elevator, basement, etc.

唯美的中文翻译成英文

唯美的中文翻译成英文 Abandon 放弃 Disguise 伪装 Abiding 持久的，不变的~friendship Indifferent 无所谓 Forever 最爱 I know what you want 我知道你想要什么 See you forget the breathe 看见你忘了呼吸 Destiny takes a hand.命中注定 anyway 不管怎样 sunflower high-profile向日葵，高姿态。 look like love 看起来像爱 Holding my hand, eyes closed you would not get lost 牵着我的手，闭着眼睛走你也不会迷路 If one day the world betrayed you, at least I betray the world for you! 假如有一天世界背叛了你，至少还有我为你背叛这个世界! This was spoiled child, do not know the heart hurts, naive cruel. 这样被宠惯了的小孩子，不知道人心是会伤的，天真的残忍。

How I want to see you, have a look you changed recently, no longer said once, just greetings, said one to you, just say the word, long time no see. 我多么想和你见一面，看看你最近的改变，不再去说从前，只是寒暄，对你说一句，只说这一句，好久不见。 In fact, not wine, but when the thought of drinking the unbearable past. 其实酒不醉人，只是在喝的时候想起了那不堪的过去。 The wind does not know clouds drift, day not know rain down, eyes do not understand the tears of weakness, so you don't know me 风不懂云的漂泊，天不懂雨的落魄，眼不懂泪的懦弱，所以你不懂我 Some people a lifetime to deceive people, but some people a lifetime to cheat a person 有些人一辈子都在骗人，而有些人用一辈子去骗一个人 Alone and lonely, is always better than sad together 独自寂寞，总好过一起悲伤 You are my one city, one day, you go, my city, also fell 你是我的一座城，有一天，你离开了，我的城，也就倒了。

英文文献及中文翻译

毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译学院：专 2011年6月电子与计算机科学技术软件工程

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英文论文及中文翻译

International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 17, Number 4, August 2010, Page 500 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0348-y Corresponding author: Zhuan Li E-mail: li_zhuan@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/17683841.html, ? University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction Zhuan Li, Peng Xiao, and Xiang Xiong State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China (Received: 12 August 2009; revised: 28 August 2009; accepted: 2 September 2009) Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The density and open porosity are 2.0 g·cm–3 and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m–2. The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s?1. The brake is stable, and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10?6 cm3·J?1. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. Keywords: C/C-SiC; ceramic matrix composites; tribological properties; microstructure [This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA03Z560) and the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University (No.2008yb019).] 温压-原位反应法制备C / C-SiC刹车复合材料的工艺和性能李专，肖鹏，熊翔粉末冶金国家重点实验室，中南大学，湖南长沙410083，中国（收稿日期：2009年8月12日修订：2009年8月28日;接受日期：2009年9月2日）摘要：采用温压?原位反应法制备炭纤维增强炭和碳化硅双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材

英语翻译成汉语

[转] 英语中常见的123个中国成语写作就不用愁字数啦 1.爱屋及乌 Love me, love my dog. 2.百闻不如一见 Seeing is believing. 3.比上不足比下有余 worse off than some, better off than many; to fall short of the best, but be better than the worst. 4.笨鸟先飞 A slow sparrow should make an early start. 5.不眠之夜 white night 6.不以物喜不以己悲 not pleased by external gains, not saddened by personnal losses 7.不遗余力 spare no effort; go all out; do one's best 8.不打不成交 No discord, no concord. 9.拆东墙补西墙 rob Peter to pay Paul 10.辞旧迎新 bid farewell to the old and usher in the new; ring out the old year and ring in the new 11.大事化小小事化了 try first to make their mistake sound less serious and then to reduce it to nothing at all 12.大开眼界 open one's eyes; broaden one's horizon; be an eye-opener 13.国泰民安 The country flourishes and people live in peace 14.过犹不及 going too far is as bad as not going far enough; beyond is as wrong as falling short; too much is as bad as too little 15.功夫不负有心人 Everything comes to him who waits. 16.好了伤疤忘了疼 once on shore, one prays no more 17.好事不出门恶事传千里 Good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad

中英文翻译与文献

Monolithic integrated circuit history The monolithic integrated circuit was born in the late-1970s, has experienced SCM, MCU, the SOC three big stages. SCM namely monolithic microcomputer (Single Chip Microcomputer) the stage, mainly seeks the best monolithic shape embedded system's best architecture. “the innovation pattern” obtains successfully, has established SCM and the general-purpose calculator completely different development path. In founds on the embedded system independent development path, Intel Corporation has lasting achievements. MCU namely micro controller (Micro Controller Unit) the stage, the main technological development direction is: Expands unceasingly when satisfies the embedded application, the object system request's each kind of peripheral circuit and the interface circuit, underline its object intellectualization control. It involves the domain is related with the object system, therefore, develops the MCU heavy responsibility to fall inevitably on electrical, the electronic technology factory. Looking from this angle, Intel fades out the MCU development also to have its objective factor gradually. Is developing the MCU aspect, the most famous factory family belongings count Philips Corporation. Philips Corporation by it in embedded application aspect huge superiority, MCS-51 from monolithic microcomputer rapidly expand to micro controller. Therefore, when we review the embedded system development path, do not forget Intel and the Philips historical merit. Monolithic integrated circuit is the embedded system's road of independent development, to the MCU stage development's important attribute, seeks application system's on chip maximized solution;

英文翻译成中文

第四部分翻译 Part Ⅰ英译汉练习： Unit 1 1.年轻时，他对学业漫不经心，加之他一直不愿考虑运动员以外的职业，到这时候，这一切终于给他带来了不幸。 2.护士们对不得不日复一日地参与欺骗病人的做法也许深恶痛绝，但要抵制却感到无能为力。 3.我不会在初版的《失乐园》上乱写乱画，就像我不会把一幅伦勃朗的原作连同一套蜡笔交给我的婴儿任意涂抹一样。 4.只有假设地球表面呈曲线状，这一现象才能得到解释。 5.鹿减少生存所需的能耗以增加越冬生存的机会，从生物学的角度看是合情合理的。 6.不论好坏，不论是何结果，美国人不仅会一概接受，还要去铲除那些反对者，尽管对于成千上万的人来说，这决定与自己的意愿背道而驰。 7.你可曾为了接电话在洗澡时从浴室冲出来，或是嚼着饭从饭桌旁站起来，或是昏昏沉沉的从床上爬起来，而结果却是有人打错了。 8.实际上，大把花钱的满足感大于商品本身带给他们的乐趣。 9.但是蓝色也可以表示伤感（我很伤感），白色常代表纯洁，尽管在中国，人们在婚礼上穿白的，在葬礼上穿黑的。 10. 晚上十点到十二点，美国处在权力真空状态——除了纽约广播公司总部和两家大的新闻机构之外，全国范围内就再没有别的信息中心。 Unit 2 1) 1800年英国与法国之间将爆发一场持续15后的大战。 2) 我相信，到1816年，英国将在滑铁卢村附近赢得一场伟大战役的胜利。 3) 然而，到1870年，对于英国来说，德国将成为一个比法国更具危险性的国家。 4) 在20世纪初，俄国、美国和日本将成为大国，而英国将不再是世界上最强大的国家了。 5) 反过来，农民的业绩大小取决于农业的组织形式，经济环境，市场结构这些与之息息相关的因素。 6) 他被接回来时，不停地跟人讲，一些可怕的怪物瞪着眼睛盯着他，把他带到了一个宇宙飞船上。 7) 烫伤大多数发生在老人和孩子身上，往往是由于浴室里水温太高而造成的。 8) 尽量多地了解可能发生的事情，这样你可以提前做好准备。 9) 市场的变化迫使很多网站关闭，而其它网站也仅是勉强维持。 10）因为在农民生产率低下的国家，需要劳动人口中大多数人种粮食，因此就没有多少人从事投资货物的生产或进行经济增长所必须的其它活动。 Unit 3 1. 在牛顿之前，亚里士多德已经发现物体的自然状态是静止的，除非有力作用于物体。所以运动着的物体会停下来。 2．人们在家中或是类似家的地方感觉最为亲密——和一个或几个亲近的人呆在一起——也就是在私人交谈的时候。 3．当一个人长时间在干道或高速公路上驾车行驶，就会存在两个问题：一是如何保持稳定的车速；二是如何确保他不撞上前面的车。 4．这个系统尤其适用于汽车拥挤的情况，因为电脑不仅能够控制车速，与前面车子的距离，还能够控制方向。

中文地址翻译成英文地址的方法和技巧

中文地址翻译成英文地址的方法和技巧中文地址的排列顺序是由大到小，如：Ｘ国Ｘ省Ｘ市Ｘ区Ｘ路Ｘ号，而英文地址则刚好相反，是由小到大。如上例写成英文就是：Ｘ号，Ｘ路，Ｘ区，Ｘ市，Ｘ省，Ｘ国。 1.各部分写法 ●Ｘ室：Room Ｘ ●Ｘ号：No. X ●Ｘ单元：Unit Ｘ ●X楼/层：X/F ●Ｘ号楼：Building No. Ｘ ●住宅区/小区：ResidentialQuater ●Ｘ街：ＸStreet ●Ｘ路：ＸRoad East/Central/West东路/ 中路/ 西路芙蓉西二路/ West 2nd Furong Road Central Dalian Rd. /大连中路芙蓉中路的“中”可以用Central，也有用Middle的，一般用Mid比较简洁。 ●Ｘ区：ＸDistrict ●Ｘ镇：ＸTown ●Ｘ县：ＸCounty ●Ｘ市：ＸCity ●Ｘ省：ＸProvince ●国家（State）中华人民共和国：The People’s Republic of China、P.R.China、P.R.C.、 China ●X信箱：M ailbox X 请注意：翻译人名、路名、街道名等，最好用拼音。各地址单元间要加逗号隔开。

2.英文通信地址常用翻译 201室/房Room 201 二单元Unit 2 马塘村MatangVallage 一号楼/栋Building 1 华为科技公司Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

xx公司xx Corp. / xx Co., Ltd. 宿舍Dormitory 厂Factory 楼/层Floor 酒楼/酒店Hotel 住宅区/小区Residential Quater 县County 甲/乙/丙/丁A/B/C/D 镇Town 巷/弄Lane 市City 路Road（也简写作Rd.，注意后面的点不能省略）一环路1st Ring Road 省Province(也简写作Prov.）花园Garden 院Yard 街Street/Avenue 大学College/University 信箱Mailbox 区District A座Suite A 广场Square 州State 大厦/写字楼Tower/Center/Plaza 胡同Alley（北京地名中的条即是胡同的意思）中国部分行政区划对照自治区Autonomous Region 直辖市Municipality 特别行政区Special Administration Region 简称SAR 自治州Autonomous Prefecture

英文文献及中文翻译撰写格式

关于毕业设计说明书（论文）英文文献及中文翻译撰写格式为提高我校毕业生毕业设计说明书（毕业论文）的撰写质量，做到毕业设计说明书（毕业论文）在内容和格式上的统一和规范，特规定如下: 一、装订顺序论文（设计说明书）英文文献及中文翻译内容一般应由3个部分组成，严格按以下顺序装订。 1、封面 2、中文翻译 3、英文文献（原文）二、书写格式要求 1、毕业设计（论文）英文文献及中文翻译分毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译和毕业论文英文文献及中文翻译两种，所有出现相关字样之处请根据具体情况选择“毕业设计说明书” 或“毕业论文”字样。 2、毕业设计说明书（毕业论文）英文文献及中文翻译中的中文翻译用Word 软件编辑，英文文献用原文，一律打印在A4幅面白纸上，单面打印。 3、毕业设计说明书（毕业论文）英文文献及中文翻译的上边距:30mm；下边距:25mm；左边距:3Omm；右边距:2Omm；行间距1.5倍行距。 4、中文翻译页眉的文字为“中北大学2019届毕业设计说明书” 或“中北大学××××届毕业论文”，用小四号黑体字，页眉线的上边距为25mm；页脚的下边距为18mm。 5、中文翻译正文用小四号宋体，每章的大标题用小三号黑体，加粗，留出上下间距为：段前0.5行，段后0.5行；二级标题用小四号黑体，加粗；其余小标题用小四号黑体，不加粗。 6、文中的图、表、附注、公式一律采用阿拉伯数字分章编号。如图1.2，表2.3，附注3.2或式4.3。 7、图表应认真设计和绘制,不得徒手勾画。表格与插图中的文字一律用5号宋体。

每一插图和表格应有明确简短的图表名，图名置于图之下，表名置于表之上，图表号与图表名之间空一格。插图和表格应安排在正文中第一次提及该图表的文字的下方。当插图或表格不能安排在该页时，应安排在该页的下一页。图表居中放置，表尽量采用三线表。每个表应尽量放在一页内，如有困难，要加“续表X.X”字样，并有标题栏。图、表中若有附注时，附注各项的序号一律用阿拉伯数字加圆括号顺序排，如:注①。附注写在图、表的下方。文中公式的编号用圆括号括起写在右边行末顶格，其间不加虚线。 8、文中所用的物理量和单位及符号一律采用国家标准，可参见国家标准《量和单位》(GB3100~3102-93)。 9、文中章节编号可参照《中华人民共和国国家标准文献著录总则》。

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