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机械工程专业英语文本施平10

机械工程专业英语文本施平10
机械工程专业英语文本施平10

第10 次课的教学整体安排

2.教学内容与讨论、思考题、作业部分可合二为一。

14 Lathes

车床

Lathes are widely used in industry to produce all kind of machined parts. Some are general-purpose(通用的) machines, and others are used to perform highly specialized operations.

Engine Lathes普通车床

Engine lathes, of course are general-purpose machines used in production and maintenance shops all over the world. Sizes range from small bench models to huge heavy-duty(重型的) piece of equipment. Many of the larger lathes come equipped with attachments not commonly found in the ordinary shop, such as automatic stops for the carriage.

Tracer or Duplicating Lathes仿形/靠模车床

The tracer or duplicating lathe is designed to produce irregularly shaped parts automatically. The basic operation of this lathe is as follows: A template(模板、模型) of either a flat or three-dimensional shape is placed in a holder. A guider or pointer(仿形指) then moves along this shape and its movement controls that of the cutting tool. The duplication may include a square or tapered(锥形的) shoulder(台肩), grooves, tapers(锥体), and contours. Works such as motor shafts, spindles, pistons, rods, car axles, turbine shafts, and a variety of other objects can be turned using this type of lathe.

Turret Lathes 转塔车床

A Turret lathe is basically similar to an engine lathe except that the conventional tool post is replaced with a hexagonal turret, which can be rotated around a vertical axis as required. Appropriate tools are mounted on

the six sides of the turret. The length of each tool is so adjusted that by simply indexing(转动) the turret, any tool can be brought in exactly the desired operating condition. Those cutting tools can, therefore be employed successively(依次地) without the need for dismounting the tool and mounting a new one each time, as the case with conventional engine lathe. This result in an appreciate saving in the time required for setting up the tools. Also, on a turret lathe a skilled machinist is required only initially to set up the tools. (对刀) A laborer with limited training can operate the turret lathe thereafter and produce parts identical to those that can be manufactured when a highly skilled machinist operates the lathe.

Automatic Screw Machine自动切丝机

Screw machine are similar in construction to turret lathe, except that their heads are designed to hold and feed long bars of stock. Otherwise, there is little difference between them. Both are designed for multiple tooling, and both have adaptations for identical work. Originally, the turret lathe was designed as a chucking lathe for machining small castings, forgings, and irregularly shaped work piece. The first screw machines were designed to feed bar stock and wire used in making small screw parts. Today, however, the turret lathe is frequently used with a collet attachment, and the automatic screw machine can be equipped with a chuck to hold castings.

The single-spindle automatic screw machine, as its name implies, machines work on only one bar of stock at a time. A bar 16 to 20mfeet long is fed through the headstock spindle and is held firmly by a collet. The machining operations are done by cutting tools mounted on the turret and on the cross slide. When the machine is in operation, the spindle and the stock are rotated

at selected speeds for different operations. If required, rapid reversal of the spindle is also possible.

In the single-spindle automatic screw machine, a specific length of stock is automatically fed through the spindle to a machining area. At this point, the turret and the cross slide move into position and automatically perform whatever operation are required. After the machined piece is cut off, stock is again fed into the machining area and the entire cycle is repeated.

Multiple-spindle automatic screw machines have four to eight spindles located around a spindle carrier. Long bar of stock, supported on the rear of the machine, pass through these hollow spindles and are gripped by collets. With the single-spindle machine, the turret indexes around the spindle. When one tool on the turret is working, the others are not. With a multiple-spindle machine, however, the spindle itself indexes. Thus the bars of stock are carried to the various end-working and side-working tools. Each tool operates in only position, but all tools operate simultaneously. Therefore, four to eight work pieces can be machined at the same time.

Vertical Turret Lathes立式转塔车床

A vertical turret lathe is basically a turret lathe that has been stood on its headstock end. It is designed to perform a variety of turning operations. It consists of a turret, a revolving table, and a slide head with a square turret for holding additional tools. Operations performed by any of the tools mounted on the turret or side head can be controlled through the use of stops. Machining Center(MC加工中心)

Many of today’s more sophisticated lathes are called machining centers since they are capable of performing, in addition to the normal turning operations,

certain milling and drilling operations. Basically, a machining center can be thought of as being a combination turret lathe and milling machine. Additional features are sometimes included by manufacturers to increase the versatility of their machines.

(FMS F lexible M anufacturing S ystem柔性制造系统)

(HSC H igh S peed C utting 高速切削)

力学专业英语部分翻译孟庆元

1、应力和应变 应力和应变的概念可以通过考虑一个棱柱形杆的拉伸这样一个简单的方式来说明。一个棱柱形的杆是一个遍及它的长度方向和直轴都是恒定的横截面。在这个实例中,假设在杆的两端施加有轴向力F,并且在杆上产生了均匀的伸长或者拉紧。 通过在杆上人工分割出一个垂直于其轴的截面mm,我们可以分离出杆的部分作为自由体【如图1(b)】。在左端施加有拉力P,在另一个端有一个代表杆上被移除部分作用在仍然保存的那部分的力。这些力是连续分布在横截面的,类似于静水压力在被淹没表面的连续分布。 力的集度,也就是单位面积上的力,叫做应力,通常是用希腊字母,来表示。假设应力在横截面上是均匀分布的【如图1(b)】,我们可以很容易的看出它的合力等于集度,乘以杆的横截面积A。而且,从图1所示的物体的平衡,我们可以看出它的合力与力P必须的大小相等,方向相反。因此,我们可以得出 等式(1)可以作为棱柱形杆上均匀应力的方程。这个等式表明应力的单位是,力除以面积。当杆被力P拉伸时,如图所示,产生的应力是拉应力,如果力在方向是相反,使杆被压缩,它们就叫做压应力。 使等式(1)成立的一个必要条件是,应力,必须是均匀分布在杆的横截面上。如果轴向力P作用在横截面的形心处,那么这个条件就实现了。当力P 没有通过形心时,杆会发生弯曲,这就需要更复杂的分析。目前,我们假设所有的轴向力都是作用在横截面的形心处,除非有相反情况特别说明。同样,除非另有说明,一般也假设物体的质量是忽略的,如我们讨论图1的杆一样。

轴向力使杆产生的全部伸长量,用希腊字母δ表示【如图1(a)】,单位长度的伸长量,或者应变,可以用等式来决定。 L是杆的总长。注意应变ε是一个无量纲的量。只要应变是在杆的长度方向均匀的,应变就可以从等式(2)中准确获得。如果杆处于拉伸状态,应变就是拉应变,代表材料的伸长或者 ,那么应变就是压应变,这也就意味着杆上临近的横截面是互相靠近的。 当材料的应力和应变显示的是线性关系时,也就是线弹性。这对多数固体材料来说是极其重要的性质,包括多数金属,塑料,木材,混凝土和陶瓷。处于拉伸状态下,杆的应力和应变间的线性关系可以用简单的等式来表示。E 是比例常数,叫做材料的弹性模量。 注意E和应力有同样的单位。在英国科学家托马斯·杨(1773 ~ 1829)研究杆的弹性行为之后,弹性模量有时也叫做杨氏模量。对大多数材料来说,压缩状态下的弹性模量与处于拉伸时的弹性模量的一样的。 2、拉伸应力应变行为 一个特殊材料中应力和应变的关系是通过拉伸测试来决定的。材料的试样通常是圆棒的形式,被安置在测试机上,承受拉力。当载荷增加时,测量棒上的力和棒的伸长量。力除以横截面积可以得出棒的应力,伸长量除以伸长发生方向的长度可以得出应变。通过这种方式,材料的完整应力应变图就可以得到。 图1所示的是结构钢的应力应变图的典型形状,轴向应变显示在水平轴,对应的应力以纵坐标表示为曲线OABCDE。从O点到A点,应力和应变之间是直接成比例的,图形也是线性的。过了A点,应力应变间的线性关系就不存

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