专业英语翻译1

Basic Chemistry

1. Atomic Structure

Matter has mass and takes up space. Atoms are basic building blocks of matter, and cannot be chemically subdivided by ordinary means.

Both the protons and neutrons reside in the nucleus. Protons have a positive (+) charge, neutrons have no charge --they are neutral. Electrons reside in orbitals around the nucleus. They have a negative charge (-).

It is the number of protons that determines the atomic number. The number of protons in an element is constant but neutron number may vary, so mass number (protons + neutrons) may vary. 1。原子结构

物质有质量，占空间。原子是物质的基本组成物，不能用普通的方法进行化学细分。

质子和中子都驻留在原子核中。质子有一个正电荷，中子是不带电的，它们是中性的。电子在原子核周围的轨道上。他们有一个负电荷（-）。

它是确定原子序数的质子数。在一个元素中的质子的数量是恒定的，但中子数可能会有所不同，所以质量数（质子+中子）可能会有所不同。

The same element may contain varying numbers of neutrons; these forms of an element are called isotopes. The chemical properties of isotopes are the same, although the physical properties of some isotopes may be different. Some isotopes are radioactive-meaning they "radiate" energy as they decay to a more stable form, perhaps another element half-life: time required for half of the atoms of an element to decay into stable form. Another example is oxygen, with atomic number of 8 can have 8, 9, or 10 neutrons.

相同的元素可能含有不同数量的中子，这些元素的这些形式被称为同位素。同位素的化学性质是相同的，虽然一些同位素的物理性质可能是不同的。一些同位素是放射性的，这意味着它们“辐射”能量，因为它们衰变到一个更稳定的形式，也许另一个元素半衰期：所需的元素的原子的一半，衰变成稳定的形式。另一个例子是氧气，原子数为8，可以有8，9，或10个中子。

Here is a list of the basic characteristics of atoms:

●An atom is a basic chemical building block of matter. Atoms cannot be divided using

chemicals. They do consist of parts, which include protons, neutrons, and electrons,

but an atom is a basic chemical building block of matter.

●Each electron has a negative electrical charge.

●Each proton has a positive electrical charge. The charge of a proton and an electron

are equal in magnitude, yet opposite in sign. Electrons and protons are electrically

attracted to each other.

这里是一个原子的基本特征列表：

●原子是一个基本的化学构建块的事。原子不可分为使用化学物质。他们做的包括部分，其中包括质子，中子和电子，但原子是一个基本的化学物质块的物质。

●每个电子带负电荷。

●每个质子带正电荷。一个质子和一个电子的电荷在数量上是相等的，而在符号相反。电子和质子相互电吸引。

●Each neutron is electrically neutral. In other words, neutrons do not have a charge

and are not electrically attracted to either electrons or protons.

●Protons and neutrons are about the same size as each other and are much larger than

electrons. The mass of a proton is essentially the same as that of a neutron. The

mass of a proton is 1840 times greater than the mass of an electron.

●The nucleus of an atom contains protons and neutrons. The nucleus carries a positive

electrical charge.

●每个中子是电中性的。换言之，中子不带电，也没有电吸引到电子或质子。

●质子与中子的大小相同、互比电子大得多。质子的质量与中子的质量基本上是相同的。质子的质量比电子的质量大1840倍。

●原子包含质子和中子的核。细胞核携带正电荷。

●Electrons move around outside the nucleus.

●Almost all of the mass of an atom is in its nucleus; almost all of the volume of

an atom is occupied by electrons.

●The number of protons (also known as its atomic number) determines the element.

Varying the number of neutrons results in isotopes. Varying the number of electrons

results in ions. Isotopes and ions of an atom with a constant number of protons are

all variations of a single element.

●电子绕核外。

●几乎所有原子的质量是其核心；几乎所有原子的原子量是通过电子占领。

●质子数（也被称为原子数）决定元素。改变同位素的中子数。改变离子的数量。具有恒定数量的质子的原子的同位素和离子都是一个单一元素的变化。

●The particles within an atom are bound together by powerful forces. In general,

electrons are easier to add or remove from an atom than a proton or neutron. Chemical

reactions largely involve atoms or groups of atoms and the interactions between their

electrons.

●原子部的粒子是由强大的力量结合在一起。在一般情况下，电子是更容易添加或删除从一个原子比一个质子或中子。化学反应在很大程度上涉及原子或原子团，以及它们的电子之间的相互作用。

2. Chemical Bonding

Atoms are the basic building blocks of all types of matter. Atoms link to other atoms through chemicals bonds resulting from the strong attractive forces that exist between the atoms.

So what exactly is a chemical bond? It is a region that forms when electrons from different atoms interact with each other. The electrons that participate in chemical bonds are the valence electrons, which are the electrons found in an atom's outermost shell. When two atoms approach each other these outer electrons interact. Electrons repel each other, yet they are attracted to the protons within atoms. The interplay of forces results in some atoms forming bonds with each other and sticking together.

2。化学键

原子是所有类型物质的基本组成块。原子通过化学键连接到其他原子，产生的原子之间存在着很强的引力作用。

那么到底什么是化学键？当电子从不同的原子相互作用时，它是一个形成的区域。参与化学键的电子是价电子，这是在原子的最外层中发现的电子。当两个原子相互接近时，这些外电子相互作用。电子相互排斥，但它们被原子的质子所吸引。在某些原子的相互作用，形成相互联系，并粘在一起的原子。

⑴ Ionic bonds

Ionic bonds arise from elements with low electronegativity (almost empty outer shells) reacting with elements with high electronegativity (mostly full outer shells). In this case there is a complete transfer of electrons.

A well known example is table salt, sodium chloride. Sodium gives up its one outer shell electron completely to chlorine which needs only one electron to fill its shell. Thus, the attraction between these atoms is much like static electricity since opposite charges attract.

⑴离子键

离子键出现低电负性元素（几乎是空的外壳）具有高电负性元素的反应（主要是完整的外壳）。在这种情况下，有一个完整的电子转移。

一个众所周知的例子是表盐，氯化钠。钠完全将它的一个外壳电子完全化为氯，只需要一个电子来填充它的外壳。因此，这些原子之间的吸引力是很像静电，因为相反的电荷吸引。

⑵ Covalent bond

Covalent bonds involve a complete sharing of electrons and occurs most commonly between atoms that have partially filled outer shells or energy levels. Thus if the atoms are similar in negativity then the electrons will be shared. Carbon forms covalent bonds. The electrons are in hybrid orbitals formed by the atoms involved as in this example: ethane. Diamond is strong because it involves a vast network of covalent bonds between the carbon atoms in the diamond.

⑵共价键

共价键涉及一个完整的共享电子，发生最常见的原子之间的部分填充的外壳或能量水平。因此，如果原子类似于负性，那么电子将被共享。碳形成共价键。电子在混合轨道形成的原子所涉及的在这个例子：乙烷。钻石是强大的，因为它涉及到一个巨大的网络中的碳原子之间的共价键的钻石。

⑶ Polar Covalent Bond.

These bonds are in between covalent and ionic bonds in that the atoms share electrons but the electrons spend more of their time around on atom versus the others in the compound. This type of bond occurs when the atoms involved differ greatly in electronegativity. The most familiar example is water. Oxygen is much more electronegative than hydrogen, and so the electrons involved in bonding the water molecule spend more time there. The fact that water is a polar covalently bonded molecule has a number of implications for molecules that are dissolved in water. In particular, molecules with polar covalent bonds can break apart when they encounter water molecules. They are broken apart because of the electrical attraction between the dissimilar charges of the molecules. Also, since ionically bonded molecules involve ions with opposite charges, water with its polar covalent bonds can separate ions from each other and then surround the ions which prevents them from recombining. The properties of water all relate to this polar covalent bonding.

⑶极性共价键。

这些债券是在共价键和离子键之间，原子共享电子，但电子花费更多的时间在原子与其他化

合物在化合物中的原子之间的相互关系。这类债券时所涉及的原子电负性大不同。最熟悉的例子是水。氧的电负性高于氢多，所以参与键合的水分子会花更多的时间在电子。

水是一个极性共价键的分子的事实，有一些对溶解在水中的分子的影响。特别是，极性共价键的分子可以打破分开时，他们遇到水分子。他们被打破了，因为分子的不同电荷之间的电引力。同时，由于离子键分子与带有相反电荷的离子，其极性共价键离子水可以分开彼此，然后围绕离子阻止重组。水的性质都与这种极性共价键合。

⑷ Hydrogen Bond.

The fact that the oxygen end of a water molecule is negatively charged and the hydrogen end positively charged means that the hydrogens of one water molecule attract the oxygen of its neighbor and vice versa. This is because unlike charges attract. This largely electrostatic attraction is called a hydrogen bond and is important in determining many important properties of water that make it such an important liquid for living things. Water can also form this type of bond with other polar molecules or ions such as hydrogen or sodium ions. Further, hydrogen bonds can occur within and between other molecules. For instance, the two strands of a DNA molecule are held together by hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonding between water molecules and the amino acids of proteins are involved in maintaining the protein's proper shape.

This picture represents a small group of water molecules. Hydrogen bonds between unlike charges are shown as lines without arrows on the ends. The double arrowed lines represent the fact that like charges repel each other. Both hydrogen bonds and the repelling forces balance each other and are both are important in determining the properties of water.

⑷氢键。

事实上，一个水分子的氧端带负电荷和正电荷的氢的结束意味着一个水分子的氢原子吸引氧邻国和反之亦然。这是因为不同的收费吸引。这在很大程度上是静电引力被称为氢键，是重要的，在确定许多重要的水的性质，使它成为一个重要的生活的东西的液体。水也可以形成这种类型的键与其他的极性分子或离子，如氢或钠离子。此外，氢键可以发生在和其他分子之间的。例如，一个DNA分子的两条链通过氢键结合在一起。水分子与蛋白质的氨基酸之间的氢键参与维持蛋白质的适当的形状。

这照片代表了一小组水分子。不同电荷之间的氢键被显示为两端没有箭头的线。双箭头线代表的是同种电荷互相排斥。氢键和排斥力相互平衡，都是在确定水的性质很重要。

3. Types of chemical reactions

A chemical reaction is a process that always results in the conversion of reactants into product or products. The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants. A type of a chemical reaction is usually characterized by the type of chemical change, and it yields one or more products which are, in general, different from the reactants. Generally speaking, chemical reactions encompass changes that strictly involve the motion of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds.

三.化学反应的类型

化学反应是一个过程，总是会导致反应物转化为产品或产品。最初参与化学反应的物质或物质称为反应物。一种化学反应的类型通常是由化学变化的类型，它产生一个或多个产品，在一般情况下，不同的反应物。

一般来说，化学反应包括改变，严格涉及电子在化学键的形成和断裂的运动。

Chemical equations are often used to describe the chemical transformations of elementary particles that occur during the reaction. Chemical changes are a result of chemical reactions. All chemical reactions involve a change in substances and a change in energy.

However, neither matter nor energy is created or destroyed in a chemical reaction. There are so many chemical reactions that it is helpful to classify them into different types including the widely used terms for describing common reactions.

化学方程经常被用来描述在反应过程中发生的基本粒子的化学变换。化学变化是化学反应的结果。所有的化学反应都涉及物质的变化和能量的变化。

然而，无论是物质还是能量都在化学反应中被创造或毁灭。有这么多的化学反应，它有助于将它们分类成不同的类型，包括广泛使用的术语来描述常见的反应。

Combination reaction or synthesis reaction: it is a reaction in which 2 or more chemical elements or compounds unite to form a more complex product.

Example: N2 + 3 H2 ? 2 NH3

组合反应或合成反应：它是一种反应，其中2个或更多的化学元素或化合物结合起来，形成一个更复杂的产品。

Isomerisation reaction: is a reaction in which a chemical compound undergoes a structural rearrangement without any change in its net atomic composition.

Example: trans-2-butene and cis-2-butene are isomers. Chemical decomposition reaction or analysis: is a reaction in which a compound is decomposed into smaller compounds or elements: Example: 2 H2O ? 2 H2 + O2

异构化反应是一个反应的化合物进行结构重排不净原子组成的任何变化。例如：反式-2-丁烯和反-2-丁烯是我萨默斯。化学分解反应或分析：是一种反应，其中一种化合物被分解成较小的化合物或元素：

Single displacement or substitution: this type of reaction is characterized by an element being displaced out of a compound by a more reactive element.

Example: 2 Na(s) + 2 HCl(aq) ? 2 NaCl(aq) + H2(g)

单置换或置换：这种类型的反应，其特征在于由一个元素被流离失所的化合物由一个更活泼的元素。

Metathesis or Double displacement reaction: represents a reaction in which two compounds exchange ions or bonds to form different compounds

置换或双取代反应：表示的反应物或债券交换离子形成不同的化合物

Acid-base reactions: broadly these reactions are characterized as reactions between an acid and a base, can have different definitions depending on the acid-base concept employed. Some of the most common are:

酸碱反应：广泛的反应，其特征是酸和碱之间的反应，可以有不同的定义，这取决于所采用的酸碱平衡。一些最常见的是：

Arrhenius definition: Acids dissociate in water releasing H3O+ ions; bases dissociate in water releasing OH- ions.

Br?nsted-Lowry definition: Acids are proton (H+) donors; bases are proton acceptors.

阿伦尼乌斯的定义：酸游离在水中释放H3O+离子；碱游离在水中释放OH-离子。

Br nsted?Lowry定义：酸是质子（H +）者；碱是质子的受体。

Lewis definition: Acids are electron-pair acceptors; bases are electron-pair donors. Example: HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) ? NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

易斯定义：酸是电子对受体；碱是电子对供体。

Redox reactions: are reactions in which changes in oxidation numbers of atoms in involved species occur. Those reactions can often be interpreted as transfer of electrons between different molecular sites or species.

Example: 2 S2O32?(aq) + I2(aq) ? S4O62?(aq) + 2 I?(aq)

氧化还原反应：在所涉及的物种中的原子的氧化数的变化的反应发生。这些反应通常可以被解释为不同的分子位点或物种之间的电子转移。

In this case, I2 is reduced to I- and S2O32- (thiosulfate anion) is oxidized to S4O62-. Combustion reaction: it is a kind of redox reaction in which any combustible substance combines with an oxidizing element, usually oxygen, to generate heat and form oxidized products. Example: C3H8 + 5 O2 ? 3 CO2 + 4 H2O

在这种情况下，I2减少到我和S2O32-（硫代硫酸根阴离子）氧化s4o62—。

燃烧反应：它是一种氧化还原反应，任何可燃物质都结合了氧化元素，通常是氧气，产生热，形成氧化产物。

Other types of chemical reactions include organic reactions which are found in organic chemistry.其他化学反应的类型包括有机化学反应中发现的有机化学反应。

Organic reactions compose a wide variety of reactions involving compounds which have carbon as the main element in their molecular structure. In opposition to inorganic reactions, organic chemistry reactions are classified in large part by the types of the functional groups that exist within each compound. In this case the reactions are described by showing the mechanisms through which the changes take place.

有机反应合成了各种各样的反应，其中以碳为主要元素的化合物在分子结构中。在对无机反应的反对，有机化学反应是在很大程度上是由在每个化合物中存在的官能团的类型的分类。在这种情况下，反应被描述通过示出的机制，通过该变化发生。

Organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds. The basic organic chemistry reaction types are listed bellow:

- Addition reactions

- Elimination reactions

- Substitution reactions

- Redox reactions

- Rearrangement reactions

- Pericyclic reactions

有机反应是涉及有机化合物的化学反应。基本有机化学反应类型如下：

-加成反应

-消除反应

-取代反应

氧化还原反应

重排反应

Pericyclic反应

4. What factors influence the rate of a chemical reaction?

●Temperature

●Concentrations of reactants

●Catalysts

●Surface area of a solid reactant

●Pressure of gaseous reactants or products

4。什么因素影响一个化学反应的速率？

●温度

●反应物浓度

●催化剂

●固体反应物的表面积

●气态反应物或产物压力

If you are planning an investigation, I suggest that you investigate the effects of temperature or the effects of the concentration of the reactants because these will allow you to choose a suitable range of values for the controlled or independent variable. The dependent variable will be the rate of the reaction. Keep all the other variables fixed.

To make a prediction for your investigation you will have to ask yourself the question: What will happen to the rate of the reaction when I increase the temperature? or What will happen to the rate of the reaction if I increase the concentration of one of the reactants? The answer to that question is your prediction. The next thing to do is to explain your prediction. You will have to answer the question: Why will the reaction go faster if I increase the temperature? or Why will the reaction go faster if I increase the concentration of one of the reactions? The answer to this question is your explanation, and to get the highest possible marks, you will have to provide a full scientific explanation.

如果你正在计划一项调查，我建议你调查温度的影响或反应物的浓度的影响，因为这些将允许你选择一个合适的围的值的控制或独立的变量。因变量将是反应的速率。保持所有其他变量固定。

要为你的调查做一个预测，你必须问自己：当我增加温度时，反应的速率会发生什么？如果我增加一个反应物的浓度，反应的速率会发生什么？这个问题的答案是你的预测。下一步要做的是解释你的预测。你将不得不回答这个问题：为什么反应会走得更快，如果我增加温度？或者，如果我增加一个反应的浓度，反应速度会更快？这个问题的答案是你的解释，并获得最高的可能的标志，你将不得不提供一个完整的科学解释。

Once you have written your hypothesis (prediction with explanation) you will decide how to do the experiments, i.e. write the proposed method.

一旦你写了你的假设（预测与解释），你将决定如何做实验，即写所提出的方法。

⑴ How does temperature affect the rate of a chemical reaction?

When two chemicals react, their molecules have to collide with each other with sufficient energy for the reaction to take place. This is collision theory. The two molecules will only react if they have enough energy. By heating the mixture, you will raise the energy levels of the molecules involved in the reaction. Increasing temperature means the molecules move faster. This is kinetic theory. If your reaction is between atoms rather than molecules you just substitute "atom" for "molecule" in your explanation.

⑴温度会如何影响化学反应速率？

当两种化学物质发生反应时，它们的分子必须相互碰撞，以产生足够的能量来发生反应。这是碰撞理论。这两个分子只会反应，如果他们有足够的能量。通过加热混合物，你将提高在反应中所涉及的分子的能量水平。温度的升高意味着分子移动得更快。这是动力学理论。如果你的反应是原子之间的，而不是分子，你只是用“原子”的“分子”在你的解释。

⑵ How do catalysts affect the rate of a reaction?

Catalysts speed up chemical reactions. Only very minute quantities of the catalyst are required to produce a dramatic change in the rate of the reaction. This is really because the reaction proceeds by a different pathway when the catalyst is present. Adding extra catalyst will make absolutely no difference. There is a whole page on this site devoted to catalysts.

⑵如何影响反应速率的催化剂？

化学专业英语翻译1

01.THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01元素和元素周期 表。 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 原子核中的质子数的原子称为原子序数，或质子数，卓电子数的电中性的原子也等于原子序数Z，总质量的原子是非常接近的总数量的质子和中子在原子核。这被称为质量数，这个数的原子中的中子，中子数，给出了所有的数量 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. To the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of

完整word版五年级下册英语翻译1 3单元

五年级下册英语翻译（1-3单元） Unit1da P4Let'stal张鹏：你们何时结束在早上？佩德罗：我们结束在一点钟。然后我们吃午饭在家。张鹏：哇。你们何时返回学校在午饭后？佩德罗：在两点半。开始在三点钟。张鹏：你通常何时吃晚饭在西班牙？佩德罗：通常在九点半或者十点钟。张鹏：哇。那是太迟了。 PLet'slearn做早操，吃早饭，上，做运动，吃晚饭。你何时做早操？在七点钟。 P6Let'sspell打扫，钟，班级，聪明的，盘子，茄子，请，玩 P7Let'stal老板：今天你为什么购物？莎拉：我的妈妈昨晚工作，所以我今天购物。老板：好女孩。所以你在周末干什么？莎拉：我经常看电视并且打乒乓球和我的爸爸。老板：那听起来像很多乐趣。莎拉：是的，但是我也是努力工作的。我通常洗我的衣服。有时我烧饭。老板：你是如此忙的。你需要一个机器人去帮你。 P8Let'slearn打扫我的房间，去散步，去购物，上一节舞

蹈。我经常打扫我的房间在星期六。 罗宾的戏剧P9Readandrite 罗宾在一个戏剧里。他是罗宾森克鲁斯。这是来自他的一封信。我的名字叫罗宾森。我居住在一个岛上。我总是每天早起床。我洗我的脸，然后我吃早饭。有时我也打扫我的山洞。我经常在水中游泳。在下午。我和朋友一起运动。他的名字叫星期五。星期五擅长运动。他经常胜利。 Unit1单词表。吃早饭，上，进行体育运动，活动运动，做早操，吃晚饭，打扫我的房间，散步，去买东西购物，学习上（），跳舞，上舞蹈，需要，戏剧剧本，信，居住，岛，总是一直，山洞洞穴，去游泳，获胜，在（时间）后，开始，通常地惯常地，西班牙，晚迟，午前上午，午后下午，为什么，购物买东西，工作，上一个过去的，听起来像，还（也），忙的 Unit2 favriteseasn P14Let'stal琼斯先生：你喜欢音乐吗，孩子们？迈克：是的。它是美丽的。它是什么？琼斯先生：《四季歌》。今天我们将要画季节。你最喜欢哪个季节？迈克？迈克：冬季。我喜欢雪。琼斯先生：我也喜欢雪。你最喜欢哪个季节，吴一凡？吴一凡：春季，它是美丽的。琼斯先生：是的，它是。 P1Let'slearn春夏秋冬你最喜欢那个季节？夏天。我能每

专业英语翻译1

当一个命题函数的所有变量都赋上了值，所得到的语句就有了真假值。然而,还有另一个重要的方法,称为量词化,为了从一个命题函数中生成一个命题，两种形式的量词化将在本节中被讨论，即全称量词和存在量词。 许多数学家陈述断言，对于所有在特定的定义域内的变量，它的取值是真的，其中特定的定义域称为论域，像这样的量词化例子我们通常用全称量词化。全称量词化是一个命题函数对于在论域内的所有x的取值，P(x)都是真的，论域指的是对于x可能取的值。 定义1：P(x)的全称量词化是这样一个命题：对论域中的所有x,P(x)都是真的。把P(x)的全称量词化记作?xP(x)。这里?是被叫做全称量词。 命题xP(X)也可以表达成“对于所有的xP(x)”或者对于“每一个 xP(x)” 注意：最好不用any这个词，因为它可能意指“每一个”或“某一个”，经常导致意义含糊不清。而在某些情况下，例如用于否定句中，如在句子“there is not any reason not to study hard.”（没有任何不努力学习的理由）中，any的含义却是清楚的。 例题5. 用全称量词化表达一个句子“对于班上的每一个学生都学习了微积分。” 方法：设P(x)为语句“x 学习了微积分。” 然后语句“对于班上每一个学生都学习了微积分”可以被写成?xP(x)的形式，然而学生都包含在班上这个论域里。

这个语句也能被表达成 ?x(s(x)→P(x)), 然而S(x)语句是“x在班上”。 P(x)同前者一样，论域是所有学生的集合。 例题5说明，对于一个定理，可采用不止一种的好办法来证明。 许多数学家陈述断言，对于一个有特定取值的元素，像这样的语句通常用存在量词化，对于存在量词化，我们形成一个命题是正确的，当且仅当P(x)是真的至少对于一个在论域内的x。 定义2.P(x)的存在量词化是这样一个命题：在论域中存在一个元素x 使得P(x)都是真的，把P(x)的存在量词化记作?xP(x)。这里?是存在量词。 存在量词化?xP(x)也可以表达为“对于P(x)存在一个x”,“对于P(x)至少有一个x”,或者对于一些xP(x)”。 例题6.设P(x)为语句“x>3”.对于存在量词化?xP(x)在那些情况下是真的，然而论域是真值的集合。 方法：因为“x>3”是真的，例如，当x=4则对于存在量词化P(x)，即?xP(x)是真的。

英语翻译(1)

After winning the important game they hoisted their captain to their shoulders in shouting triumph. 赢得那场重要的比赛之后，他们把队长抬到肩膀上欢呼着胜利。 Anyone who picks up this novel and reads the first paragraph will be hard pressed to put it down. 任何人只要拿起这本小说读了第一段，就会发现很难把它放下。 A true hero possesses has courage, a noble purpose and a willingness to make sacrifices. 一个真正的英雄有勇气，有高尚的目标，而且乐于奉献。 For now, it remains to me to thank you once more for joining us and wish you good luck in your work. 且让我再次感谢大家的参与，祝你们工作顺利。 He took a gamble on starting a factory with all the money his parents had left him. 他孤注一郑，用父母留给他的所有钱来开一家工厂。 He decided to channel his energies into something useful, instead of being glued to sitting in front of the TV set all day long. 他决定把自己的精力用到有益的事上，而不是整天守在电视机前。 He teaches in a middle school, but he does some translation work on the side to bring in extra cash money. 他在中学教书，但也兼职做些翻译来赚取外快。 He travelled from one village to another, dropping in on families and listening to their complaints and problems. 他从一个村子来到另一个村子，走家串户，听他们诉苦。 His words were drowned out by loud cheers from the crowd. 他的话被群众的大声欢呼所淹没。 He may promise to change, but it’s the same old story of saying one thing and doing another.他也许会答应改变，但无非又是说一套做一套罢了。 I racked my brains about how to break the terrible news to him. 我苦苦思索该怎样把这可怕的消息告诉他。 It will be impossible for me to repay my parents for everything they have done for me. 我将永远无法报答父母为我所做的一切。 I said right from the beginning that he would cause us trouble. 我一开始就说过，他会给我们惹麻烦的 In a sense, life is like swimming; if you keep holding on to the sides of the pool, you (will) never learn. 从某种意义上说，生活就像游泳。如果你总是扶住池边，就永远也学不会。 I just can’t figure her out, she’s a mystery to me. 我简直摸不透他，他对我是个迷 I looked at the printed page but the words made no sense. 我看着那印满字的书页，但不知上面写些什么 In the rush to go for globalization, we should watch out for collision of cultures. 在全球化热潮中，我们要堤防不同文化的冲突 In the circumstances it was not surprising that there was trouble. 在这种情况下，出现麻烦是不足为奇的 It’s good to be confident (about yourself), but there’s a difference betwe en (self-)confidence and conceit. 自信是件好事，但自信与自负是有区别的。 Jim always sides with John in an arg ument. 在答辩中吉姆总是站在约翰那一边。 Only those who have lived through a similar experience can fully appreciate this. 只有那些有过类似经历的人，才能够完全理解这一点。 Only those who stick it out can achieve success. Those who give up halfway will never realize their dreams. 只有坚持到底的人才会成功。半途而废的人永远也无法实现梦想。

专业英语翻译1

专业英语翻译1

Basic Chemistry 1. Atomic Structure Matter has mass and takes up space. Atoms are basic building blocks of matter, and cannot be chemically subdivided by ordinary means. Both the protons and neutrons reside in the nucleus. Protons have a positive (+) charge, neutrons have no charge --they are neutral. Electrons reside in orbitals around the nucleus. They have a negative charge (-). It is the number of protons that determines the atomic number. The number of protons in an element is constant but neutron number may vary, so mass number (protons + neutrons) may vary. 1。原子结构 物质有质量，占空间。原子是物质的基本组成物，不能用普通的方法进行化学细分。 质子和中子都驻留在原子核中。质子有一个正电荷，中子是不带电的，它们是中性的。电子在原子核周围的轨道上。他们有一个负电荷（-）。 它是确定原子序数的质子数。在一个元素中的质子的数量是恒定的，但中子数可能会有所不同，所以质量数（质子+中子）可能会有所不同。 The same element may contain varying numbers of neutrons; these forms of an element are called isotopes. The chemical properties of isotopes are the same, although the physical properties of some isotopes may be different. Some isotopes are radioactive-meaning they "radiate" energy as they decay to a more stable form, perhaps another element half-life: time required for half of the atoms of an element to decay into stable form. Another example is oxygen, with atomic number of 8 can have 8, 9, or 10 neutrons. 相同的元素可能含有不同数量的中子，这些元素

专业英语课文翻译

United 1 材料科学与工程 材料在我们的文化中比我们认识到的还要根深蒂固。如交通、房子、衣物，通讯、娱乐和食物的生产，实际上，我们日常生活中的每一部分都或多或少地受到材料的影响。历史上社会的发展、先进与那些能满足社会需要的材料的生产及操作能力密切相关。实际上，早期的文明就以材料的发展程度来命名，如石器时代，铜器时代。早期人们能得到的只有一些很有限的天然材料，如石头、木材、粘土等。渐渐地，他们通过技术来生产优于自然材料的新材料，这些新材料包括陶器和金属。进一步地，人们发现材料的性质可以通过加热或加入其他物质来改变。在这点上，材料的应用完全是一个选择的过程。也就是说，在一系列非常有限的材料中，根据材料的优点选择一种最适合某种应用的材料。直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。这个大约是过去的 60 年中获得的认识使得材料的性质研究成为时髦。因此，成千上万的材料通过其特殊的性质得以发展来满足我们现代及复杂的社会需要。很多使我们生活舒适的技术的发展与适宜材料的获得密切相关。一种材料的先进程度通常是一种技术进步的先兆。比如，没有便宜的钢制品或其他替代品就没有汽车。在现代，复杂的电子器件取决于所谓的半导体零件. 材料科学与工程有时把材料科学与工程细分成材料科学和材料工程学科是有用的。严格地说，材料科学涉及材料到研究材料的结构和性质的关系。相反，材料工程是根据材料的结构和性质的关系来设计或操纵材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。从功能方面来说，材料科学家的作用是发展或合成新的材料，而材料工程师是利用已有的材料创造新的产品或体系，和/或发展材料加工新技术。多数材料专业的本科毕业生被同时训练成材料科学家和材料工程师。“structure”一词是个模糊的术语值得解释。简单地说，材料的结构通常与其内在成分的排列有关。原子内的结构包括介于单个原子间的电子和原子核的相互作用。在原子水平上，结构包括原子或分子与其他相关的原子或分子的组织。在更大的结构领域上，其包括大的原子团，这些原子团通常聚集在一起，称为“微观”结构，意思是可以使用某种显微镜直接观察得到的结构。最后，结构单元可以通过肉眼看到的称为宏观结构。 “Property”一词的概念值得详细阐述。在使用中，所有材料对外部的刺激都表现出某种反应。比如，材料受到力作用会引起形变，或者抛光金属表面会反射光。材料的特征取决于其对外部刺激的反应程度。通常，材料的性质与其形状及大小无关。实际上，所有固体材料的重要性质可以概括分为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学和腐蚀性。对于每一种性质，其都有一种对特定刺激引起反应的能 力。如机械性能与施加压力引起的形变有关，包括弹性和强度。对于电性能，如电导性和介电系数，特定的刺激物是电场。固体的热学行为则可用热容和热导率来表示。磁学性质

人教版八下英语翻译1-10单元

一单元 2d 莉萨，你好吗？我头痛，并且脖子不能动。我该怎么办？我应该量体温吗？不，听起来不像是你发烧。周末你做什么了？我整个周末都在玩电脑游戏。那很可能就是原因。你需要离开电脑休息几次。是的，我想我是一个姿势坐得太久没有移动。我认为你应该躺下休息。如果明天你的头和脖子还痛的话，就去看医生。好的。谢谢，曼迪。 3a 昨天上午九点，26路公交车正行驶在中华路上，这时司机看到一位老人躺在路边。在他旁边的一位妇女在喊救命。公交车司机，24岁的王平，没有多想就停下了公交车。他下了车并且问那个妇女发生了什么事。她说那个人有心脏病，应该去医院。王先生知道他必须快点行动。他告诉乘客他必须送老人去医院。他希望大部分或全部乘客下车去等下一辆班车。但出乎他的意料，他们都同意和他一起去。一些乘客帮助王先生把那个老人移到公交车上。 多亏了王先生和乘客们，医生及时挽救了老人的生命。“许多人因为不想有麻烦而不想帮助别人，这令人难受，”一位乘客说。“但是这位司机没有考虑自己。他只考虑挽救一条生命。” 2b 他失去了手臂但还在爬山 阿伦?罗尔斯顿是一个对爬山感兴趣的美国人。作为一名登山者，阿伦习惯于冒险。这是关于做危险运动的令人兴奋的事情之一。有许多次，阿伦因为（意外）事故几乎失去生命。在2003年4月26日，在犹他州登山时他发现自己在非常危险的处境。 在那天，当阿伦独自登山时，他的手臂被压在落在他身上的一块2000千克的岩石下。因为他的手臂不能自由活动，他在那儿待了五天，希望有人会发现他。但当时他的水喝完了，他知道他将不得不采取措施来挽救自己的生命了。他不愿那天就死去。因此他用刀子切除了他的一半右臂。然后，他用左臂给自己打上绷带以至于他不会失去太多的血。这之后，他爬下山寻求帮助。 在他失去手臂之后，他写了一本名为《生死抉择》（又译作《生死两难》）的书。他的意思是“处于一个你似乎无法摆脱的困境之中。”在这本书中，阿伦讲述了关于做出明智抉择和掌握自己生命的重要性。他对登山如此酷爱以至于即使这次经历之后他还继续爬山。 我们有和阿伦一样的勇气吗？在我们发现自己处于进退两难的处境之前以及在我们不得不做出生死抉择之前，让我们来想想它。 二单元 2d 嗨，汤姆。我正在制订今年夏天在养老院工作的一些计划。真的吗？我去年夏天在那儿工作了！哦，他们请你帮助做什么了？嗯……像给老人读报，或者只是与他们聊天这样的事。他们给我讲过去的生活经历和过去是什么样子的。那听起来很有趣。是呀，许多的老人都很孤独。我们应该听他们说话并且照顾他们。对呀。我的意思是有一天我们也都会老的。3a 志愿服务的学生 来自河畔中学的马里奥?格林和玛丽?布朗每周放弃几个小时去帮助别人。马里

新职业英语-职业综合英语1-课后翻译题

Uint1 1这一切不是一朝一夕可以实现的（achieve实现） All this can’t be chieved overnight 2下午6点种左右体育馆通常很忙（tend to 通常、易于） The gum tend to be busy at around 6 o’clock in the ofrrrnoon 3这个地区现在不安全，还是远离它为好（take away from 远离） The area is not safe at the moment,so it’sbetter to stay away from it 4就销售而言，他们是4该地区五大超市之一（in terms of 在。。。方面、就。。。而言） In terms of sales, they are one of top five supermarket in the area 5这间房既要作卧室又要作客房（severs as 作为） The room serve as not only bedrome but also livingroom 6生产部负责监督这个项目的进展（monitor 监督） The product department is responsible for monitoring the progress 7上个月经理忙于一项对营销活动的研究工作（be involved in 参与卷入） The product was involved in a research on marking activities last month 8现在许多大公司都利用网站来推销他们的产品和服务（promote 推销） Uany big companies use websites to promote their products and seroices Uint2 1在这所新医院上面已经花费了大笔资金（a great deal of 大量） A great deal of mony has been spent on the new hospital 2成功与否取决于你的努力和能力（depend on 取决于） Success depends on your efforts ands ability 3很难时刻掌握科技方面的新发展(keep track of记录了解动态) It is difficult to keep track of new development in science and technology 4所有投诉都将由经理来处理（deal with 处理） All complains will be deal with by the managers 5不要试着自己去做，这需要专业知识（specialized 专业的） Don’t try doing it yourself, it requires specialized know ledge 6他作为最佳运动员获得了一个金牌（award 获得） He was awarded a goldcup for being the best athlete 7为什么不关掉电视区锻炼一下身体（turn off 关闭）

英语翻译1

1. 灯笼 灯笼产生于东汉，在中国古时候主要用于照明。制作灯笼要用到中国画、剪纸等很多工艺。纸和丝绸是制作灯笼的主要材料。灯笼在电出现之前用于照明，现在只是用于装饰，主要在元宵节使用。节日期间，不同形状和大小的灯笼会悬挂在街上，吸引无数的游人。灯笼最流行的颜色是红色。在中国文化里，红灯笼是生活红火、事业兴旺的标志，所以在元宵节、春节、国庆等重要节日都要挂红灯笼。现在，红灯笼在全世界范围内被视为中国文化的代表。 1.灯笼产生于东汉，在中国古时候主要用于照明。长句的译法Originating during the Eastern Han Dynasty, Lanterns were mainly used for lighting in ancient China. 2.制作灯笼要用到中国画、剪纸等很多工艺。直译 The manufacture/ production of lanterns/ making lanterns use a variety of crafts 3.纸和丝绸是制作灯笼的主要材料。定语的译法 Paper and silk were the major materials used in their manufacture. 4.灯笼在电出现之前用于照明，现在只是用于装饰，主要在元宵节使用。主干 Once used for lighting before the introduction of electricity, lanterns are now merely decorative （used in decoration）and mainly used during the Lantern Festival.

1~100的英语翻译

1~100英语翻译 1~20： ?1 - one 2 - two 3 - three 4 - four 5 - five ?6 - six 7 - seven 8 - eight 9 - nine ?10 - ten 11 - eleven 12 - twelve ?13 thirteen 14 - fourteen 15 - fifteen ?16 - sixteen 17 - seventeen ?18 - eighteen 19 - nineteen 20twenty 21~40： ?21 twenty-one 22 twenty-two ?23 twenty-three 24 twenty-four ?25 twenty-five 26 twenty-six ?27 twenty-seven sixty ?28 twenty-eight 29 twenty-nine ?30 thirty 31thirty-one ?32 thirty-two 33 thirty-three ?34 thirty-four 35 thirty-five ?36 thirty-six 37 thirty-seven ?38 thirty-eight 39 thirty-nine 40 forty 41~60： ?41 fourty-one 42 fourty-two

?43fourty-three 44fourty-four ?45 fourty-five 46 fourty-six ?47fourty-seven48fourty-eight ?49fourty-nine50fifty51fifty-one ?52 fifty-two 53 fifty-three 54 fifty-four ?55 fifty-five 56 fifity-six 57 fifity-seven ?58 fifty-eight 59 fifity-nine 60 sixty 61~80： ?61 sixty-one 62 sixty-two ?63 sixty-three 64 sixty-four ?65 sixty-five 66 sixty-six ?67 sixty-seven 68 sixty-eight ?69 sixty-nine 70 seventy ?71seventy-one72seventy-two ?73seventy-three74seventy-four ?75seventy-five76seventy-six ?77seventy-seven78seventy-eight ?79 seventy-nine 80 eighty 81~100：

英语专业基础英语1 1到10单元翻译

Unit 1 1.他为这次面试中可能面对的问题准备好了答案 He has prepared answers to the questions that he expects to confront during the interview. 2.他那悲惨的遭遇深深打动了我们，使我们几乎要哭出来。 His sad story touched us so deeply that we nearly cried. 3.他们俩沿着河边手挽着手散步，有说有笑，非常愉快。 The two of them are walking hand in hand, along the river bank, chatting, laughing, and looking happy. 4.他听到这令人激动的消息后，眼睛里涌出欢乐的泪水。 When he heard the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes. 5.上海人容易听懂苏州话，是因为上海话和苏州话有许多共同之处。 People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for shanghai dialect and suzhou dialect have much in common. 6.亨利和妻子正在研究能否在三年内买一幢新房子。 Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years. 7.对女儿再三请求到国外去深造，他最终同意让步了。 He finally gave in to his daughter’s repeated requests to further her education abroad. 8.我们把所有的贵重物品都锁好了，然后才出去度假。 We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday. 9.虽然咱们分手了，但我希望咱们依然是好朋友，像以前一样相互关心，互相帮助。Although we have parted from each other, I hope that we will retain good friends and that we will care for and help each other just as did in the past. 10.在紧急关头，军长召集全体军官开会，制定新的克敌战略战术。 At the critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics which make it possible to conquer the enemy. Unit 2 1.对不起，我迟到了，我刚才在开会脱不开身。 I’m sorry I am late; I was at a meeting and couldn’t get away. 2.在音乐会上，每当一位歌手唱完一首美妙动听的歌曲时，观众便高声喝彩表示赞赏。 At the concert whenever a singer finished singing a beautiful song, the audience would burst into loud cheers to show their appreciation. 3.她是个穿着时髦的人，总是穿时髦的衣服，但对饮食很少讲究。 As s stylish dresser, she is always wearing stylish clothes, but she seldom cares about what she eats or drinks 4.护士告诉我医生奇迹般的治好了你的心脏病。 The nurse tells me that the doctors have done wonders for your heart disease. 5.主席颁奖时赞美获奖者为人类做出了巨大贡献。 When awarding the prize, the chairman complimented the winner on his great contribution to mankind. 6.这个问题许多年使专家们迷惑不解。 This problem has bothered the experts for many years. 7.警察到达后，示威的人群逐渐散开了。

英语翻译1

512 2011 International Conference on Computer, Electrical, and Systems Sciences, and Engineering The Application of BP Neural Network Model in the Project Implementation Control Yang Xiaoping, Wu Shengcai Management College University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026, China wsc854@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4e6639986.html, Abstract: - The application of BP neural network in dynamic management of the implementation and control of the construction project is a scientific method corresponding to the practice and its importance has gradually been valued by parties in project activities. Based on the theory of project implementation phase dynamic management, this paper uses the BP neural network method to analyze the projects in implementation phase. It focuses on the analysis of the idea works that using the BP neural network theory and application theory to the project control research, and discusses the dynamic modeling, the learning and training algorithms of the hidden layer space structure, and forming the training sample set from the collected project costs information, finally achieving the application of the project costs dynamic management of the project implementation phase based on BP neural network model. Key-Words: - BP neural network, project implementation control, model, sample 1 Introduction In recent years, in the international developed countries, the requirements for project investment are to pre-control in advance and control in the progress. Chinese traditional methods will objectively cause the result of despising decision-making, valuing implementation, despising economic and valuing technology, building first and evaluating later. In this way, make the long-term management target difficult to achieve. For the above situation, from the perspective of construction enterprises, based on the analysis of the status of domestic and international project management, on the guide of the basic theory of the project dynamic management of project implementation phase, using BP neural network theory to built the construction costs dynamic management model in the implementation phase. Considering the various effect factors in the implementation phase of project, analyzing the influence range that each effect factor did to the construction costs and quantities, the author hopes to find a more effective and quick way and method to control the project price and save social resources. This has practical guidance meaning to the owners to strengthen the costs management in the construction phase, has good enlightenment to the enterprises to raise their own construction costs management level. Therefore, select this topic to research has great theoretical and practical significance; it is in line with the requirements of the age and is an urgent and beneficial subject. 2 BP neural network theory Neural network (or known as connection model) is the abstraction and simulation of human brain or some basic features of the natural neural network. It originated from the interdisciplinary research of physics, psychology and neurobiology. The basical unit of neural network is the nerve cells, nerve cells also known as biological neuron, in short, neuron. BP network is a one-way transmission a nd multilayer forward network, which has three layers or more than three-layer network structure, including input layer, middle layer (hidden layer) and output layer, there are whole connections between the upper and lower layers, but no connection between eachneuron. Specific structure shows as Fig. 1. Fig. 1 BP network model construction BP network transfer function is generally Sigmoid function, for the BP network, its transfer function must be differentiable, 978-0-615-42292-3/10/$25.00 ?2011 IERI CESSE2011

英语翻译(1)

一、对龙图腾他的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。在中国人的心目中，龙具有振奋腾飞、开拓变化的寓意和团结凝聚的精神。 Chinese Dragon Dragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years. The ancients in China considered the dragon (or loong) a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena. The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation. To the Chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion. 二、秧歌舞是中国汉族的一种民间传统舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装，他们的表演动作有力迅速。在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听到锣鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年来，中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保持健康，同事他们也乐在其中。 Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in China.It is usually performed in northern provinces. The dancers usually wear colorful and light costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid. During some festivals such as Spring Festival, Lantein Festival, if people hear the sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is , they will come to street and appreciate the Yangko. Recent years, the old people in city of east-northern of China organized the team of Yangko by themselves, the teamers keep their health by dancing Yangko the whole year. 三、长城是人类创造的世界奇迹之一。如果你到了中国却没去过长城，就想到了巴黎没有去看看菲尔铁塔，或者就像到了埃及没有去看金字塔一样。人们常说：“不到长城非好汉。”实际上，长城最初只是一些断断续续的城墙，直到秦朝统一中国后才将其连城长城。然而，今天我们看到的长城——东起山海关，西至嘉峪关——大部分都是在明代修建的。 The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings! If you come to China without climbing the Great Wall, it's just like going Paris without visiting the Eiffel Tower; or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyramids! Men often say, "He who doest not reach the Great Wall is not a true man."In fact, it began as independent walls for different states when it was first built, and did not become the "Great Wall" until the Qin Dynasty. However, the wall we see today, starting from Shanhaiguan Pass in the east to Jiayunguan Pass in the west, was mostly built during the Ming Dynasty. 四、Dumplings Dumplings are one of the Chinese people’s favorite traditional dishes. According to an ancient Chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint---Zhang Zhongjing. There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1) make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour; 2) prepare the dumpling stuffing; 3) make dumplings and boil them. With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hun dreds of times. There’s