翻译硕士英语学位MTI考试四川大学2013年真题.doc

翻译硕士英语学位MTI考试四川大学2013年真题

(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)

一、Part Ⅰ Vocabulary(总题数：20，分数：30.00)

1.Presumably , excessive consumption of fried foods has serious consequences as has been proved.（分数：

2.00）

A.Theoretically

B.Practically

C.Incredibly

D.Probably

2.Silk, although it is considered a delicate fabric, is in fact very strong, but it is adversely affected by sunlight.（分数：2.00）

A.soft

B.sheer

C.fragile

D.refined

3.It is anticipated that this contract will substantially increase sales over the next three years.（分数：2.00）

A.apparently

B.slightly

C.considerably

D.steadily

4.Wives tend to believe that their husbands are infinitely resourceful and versatile.（分数：

2.00）

A.diligent

B.capable

C.clever

D.perfect

5.What is at fault in our present system is not the outcome but the fallible procedure.（分数：

2.00）

A.sublime

B.erroneous

C.plausible

D.impeccable

6.What he expressed as a mere supposition was taken by others as a positive statement.（分数：

2.00）

A.suspect

B.surmise

C.suspicion

D.surrender

7.Her office in the First National Bank building is provisional .（分数：2.00）

A.permanent

B.temporary

C.corrupt

D.craven

8.Any troop of wild animals should be approached warily .（分数：2.00）

A.fearlessly

B.confidently

C.silently

D.prudently

9.Mr. Johnson was a passionate person filled with an incredible dynamism .（分数：2.00）

A.energy

B.endurance

C.effort

D.endeavor

10.Among the lowest of the judicial ranks, justices of the peace nevertheless frequently exercise jurisdiction over a variety of misdemeanors.（分数：2.00）

A.guidance

B.sovereignty

C.authority

D.suzerainty

11.The general opinion is that he is ______ to complain.（分数：1.00）

A.so much a milquetoast

B.too a milquetoast

C.too much of a milquetoast

D.so much of a milquetoast

12.The ozone layer plays as great a role in the stability of spaceship Earth as ______ the waters of its lakes, ponds, oceans, rivers, and streams.（分数：1.00）

A.do

B.does

C.play

D.are

13.Perhaps I should not have done so, but I changed my mind about the new job even though I was ______ last week.（分数：1.00）

A.to be started

B.to have started

C.to have been starting

D.start

14.Despite an overlay of quasi-literary French vocabulary stemming from the Norman Invasion of 1066, the daily vocabulary of English remained Germanic, ______ its grammatical structure.（分数：1.00）

A.the same are

B.and so are

C.as did

D.and so were

15.Although money is always useful, it isn"t all ______.（分数：1.00）

A.what there is to life

B.to which there is in life

C.there is to life

D.that is in life

16.______ ever so humble, there"s no place like home.（分数：1.00）

A.It be

B.Be it

C.It was

D.Was it

17.Although women duster to him like moths around a flame, he is none ______ happier for it.（分数：1.00）

A.but

B.the

C.much

D.any

18.Professor Jeffrey"s lecture on the recycling of waste paper and other garbage will show ______ can still be improved.（分数：1.00）

A.that the municipal authorities have done

B.how those the municipal authorities have done

C.how what the municipal authorities have done

D.that how the municipal authorities have done

19.Most insulation devices of this kind, ______ manufactured for such purposes, are extremely expensive to install.（分数：1.00）

A.that are

B.which is

C.those are

D.as are

20.The detective watched and saw the suspect ______ a hotel at the corner of the street.（分数：1.00）

A.getting off the taxi and walking into

B.got off the taxi and walked into

C.get off the taxi and walk into

D.got off the taxi to walk into

二、Part Ⅱ Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)

三、Section 1 Multiple c(总题数：2，分数：20.00)

An important point in the development of a governmental agency is the codification of its controlling practices. The study of law or jurisprudence is usually concerned with the codes, and practices of specific governments, past or present. It is also concerned with certain questions upon which a functional analysis of behavior has some beating. What is a law? What role does a law play in governmental control? In particular, what effect does it have upon the behavior of the controller and of the members of the governmental agency itself?

A law usually has two important features. In the first place, it specifies behavior. The behavior is usually not described topographically but rather in terms of its effect upon others—the effect that is the object of governmental control. When we are told, for example, that an individual has "committed perjury", we are not told what he has actually said. "Robbery" and "assault" do not refer to specific forms of response. Only properties of behavior which are aversive to others are mentioned—in perjury the lack of a customary correspondence between a verbal response and certain factual circumstances, in robbery the removal of positive reinforces, and in assault the aversive character of physical injury. In the second place, a law specifies or implies a consequence, usually punishment. A law is thus a statement of a contingency of reinforcement maintained by a governmental agency. The contingency may have prevailed as a controlling practice prior to its codification as a law, or it may represent a new practice which goes into effect with the passage of the law. Laws are thus both descriptions of past practices and assurances of similar practices in the future. A law is a rule of conduct in the sense that it specifies the consequences of certain actions which in turn "rule" behavior.

The effect of a law upon the controlling agency. The government of a large group requires an elaborate organization, the practices of which may be made more consistent and effective by codification. How codes of law affect governmental agents is the principal subject of jurisprudence. The behavioral processes are complex, although presumably not novel. In order to maintain or "enforce" contingencies of governmental control, an agency must establish the fact

that an individual has behaved illegally and must interpret a code to determine the punishment. It must then carry out the punishment. These labors are usually divided among special subdivisions of the agency. The advantages gained when the individual is "not under man but under law" have usually been obvious, and the great codifiers of law occupy places of honor in the history of civilization. Codification does not, however, change the essential nature of governmental action nor remedy all its defects.（分数：10.00）

(1).In the development of a government agency, ______.（分数：2.00）

A.the standard on which the judgment may be made is more important than the actual application of this judgment

B.the function of law is important

C.the study of ordinance is the most important

D.practice is more important than criterion

(2).One of the prominent characteristics of a law is ______.（分数：2.00）

A.the result on the individual"s behavior on which a restraining influence is being exercised

B.the result of a behavior on the members of the governmental agency

C.the result of a behavior on ordinary citizens

D.Both A and B

(3).What does the example "committed perjury" illustrate?（分数：2.00）

A.The law will examine closely what the individual said in court

B.It illustrates that the law only has something to say when behavior has negative effects on others

C.Behavior which tends to avoid punishing stimulus will not be explicitly specified by law

D.Both B and C

(4).The other distinguishing trait of the law is ______.（分数：2.00）

A.punishment is carried out by the courts at all levels

B.rules and court practices initiated by a governmental agency are specifically designed to increase government control

C.a system of rules governing a conduct, activity or event incidental by nature

D.any governmental reinforcement

(5).How does codification of the laws affect governmental agents?（分数：2.00）

A.The law will be interpreted objectively rather than subjectively

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/5012170586.html,ernment agencies have to compromise with factual conditions

C.Occasionally, governmental agencies have to redress, correct or adapt a law for their benefit

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/5012170586.html,ws can not be altered or modified but they can be incremented with new court decisions and also through jurisprudence

"Sloganeering" did not originate in the 1960s. The term has a rich history. It originated from the Gaelic word slaughgharim, which signified a "host-shout," "war cry," or "gathering word or phrase of one of the old Highland clans; hence the shout or battle cry of soldiers in the field." English-speaking people began using the term by 1704. The term at the time meant "the distinctive note, phrase, or cry of any person or body of persons." Slogans were common throughout the European continent during the middle ages, and they were utilized primarily as "passwords to insure proper recognition of individuals at night or in the confusion of battle." The American revolutionary rhetoric would not have been the same without "the Boston Massacre," "the Boston Tea Party," "the shot heard around the world," and shouts of "no taxation without representation".

Slogans operate in society as "social symbols" and, as such, their intended or perceived meaning may be difficult to grasp and their impact or stimulation may differ between and among individuals and groups.

Because slogans may operate as "significant symbols" or as key words that have a standard meaning in a group, they serve both expressive and persuasive functions. Harold Lasswell recognized that

the influencing of collective attitudes is possible by the manipulation of significant symbols such as slogans. He believed that a verbal symbol might evoke a desired reaction or organize collective attitudes around a symbol. Murray Edelman writes that "to the political scientist patterning or consistency in the context in which specific groups of individuals use symbols is crucial, for only through such patterning do common political meaning and claims arise." Thus, the slogans a group uses to evoke specific responses may provide us with an index for the group"s norm, values, and conceptual rationale for its claims.

Slogans are so pervasive in today"s society that it is easy to underestimate their persuasive power. They have grown in significance because of the medium of television and the advertising industry. Television, in addition to being the major advertising medium, has altered the nature of human interaction. Political images are less personal and shorter. They function as summaries and conclusions rather than bases for public interaction and debate. The style of presentation in television is more emotional, but the content is less complex or ideological. In short, slogans work well on television.

The advertising industry has made a science of sloganeering. Today, communication itself is a problem because we live in an "overcommunicated" society. Advertisers have discovered that it is easier to link product attributes to existing beliefs, ideas, goals, and desires of the consumer rather than to change them. Thus, to say that a cookie tastes "homemade" or is as good as "Morn used to make" does not tell us if the cookie is good or bad, hard or soft, but simply evokes the fond memories of Mother"s baking. Advertisers, then, are more successful if they present a product in a way that capitalizes on established beliefs or expectations of the consumer. Slogans do this well by crystallizing in a few words the key idea or theme one wants to associate with an issue, group, product, or event. "Sloganeering" has become institutionalized as a virtual art form, and an advertising agency may spend months testing and creating the right slogan for a product or a person.

Slogans have a number of attributes that enhance their persuasive potential for social movements. They are unique and readily identifiable with a specific social movement or social movement organization. "Gray Power," for instance, readily identifies the movement for elderly Americans, and "Huelga" (strike in Spanish) identifies the movement to aid Mexican American field workers in the west and southwest.（分数：10.00）

(1)."Sloganeering" stems from a word that was used ______.（分数：2.00）

A.in the United States

B.in the Ireland

C.on the European continent

D.frequently in revolutionary rhetoric

(2).What is the writer"s main purpose?（分数：2.00）

A.To explain the history of slogans

B.To explain the persuasiveness of slogans

C.To explain how slogans have changed

D.To explain how slogans are used on television

(3).Because slogans are "social symbols" they ______.（分数：2.00）

A.can have different meanings in different cultural and economic settings

B.are widely used as status symbols

C.can be used to demonstrate high social standing

D.are perceived as difficult to grasp

(4).Lasswell"s and Edelman"s studies are important in that they ______.（分数：2.00）

A.believe that a verbal symbol might evoke a desired reaction

B.demonstrate that patterning and consistency is crucial to the use of symbols

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/5012170586.html,anize collective attitudes around a symbol

D.demonstrate a culture"s principles are indicated by the slogans which arc used

(5).Television ______.（分数：2.00）

A.has distorted the purpose of slogans

B.has kept consistent the nature of human interaction

C.has made political images personal and shorter

D.utilizes slogans well

四、Section 2 Answering (总题数：2，分数：20.00)

THE WISDOM OF SOCRATES

I will try to explain to you what has given rise to these slanders and given me a bad name. Listen then. Some of you will think that I am joking, but I assure you that I will tell you the whole truth. I have gained this bad reputation, Athenians, simply by reason of a certain kind of wisdom. What kind of wisdom? It is by that sort of wisdom which is possible to men. It may be that in having that I am really wise. But the men of whom I was speaking just now must be wise in a wisdom which is greater than human wisdom, or in some way which I cannot describe since I know nothing of it myself; and if any man says that I do know anything of superhuman wisdom, he lies and wants to slander me. (Interruptions.) Do not interrupt me, Athenians, even if you think that I am speaking arrogantly I am. going to say something which is not my own. I will tell you who says it and he deserves to be believed by you. I will bring the god of Delphi to be the witness of the fact of my wisdom and of its nature. You remember Chaerephon. From youth upwards he was my comrade. You remember his character. He was impetuous. Once he went to Delphi and ventured to put this question to the Oracle—(interruptions)—I entreat you again, my friends, not to cry out-he asked if there was any man who was wiser than I, and the priestess answered that them was no man. Chaerephon himself is dead, but his brother here will confirm what I say.

Why do I tell you this? I am going to explain to you the origin of my unpopularity. When I heard what the Oracle had said I began to reflect. What could God mean by this dark saying? I knew very well that I was not wise, even in the smallest degree. Then what could he mean by saying that I was the wisest of men? It cannot be that he was speaking falsely for he is a god and cannot lie. For a long time I was at a loss to understand his meaning. After turning it over in my mind for a long time I thought of away of testing the matter. I went to a man who was said to be wise, thinking that there if anywhere I should prove the Oracle wrong, and meaning to point out to the Oracle its mistake. I should be able to say, "You said that I was the wisest of men, but this man is wiser than I am." So I examined the man—I need not tell you his name; he was a politician —but this was the result, Athenians. When I talked with him I found that, though a great many persons, and most of all he himself; thought that he was wise, yet he was not wise. Then I tried to prove to him that he was not wise though he fancied he was, and by so doing I made him, and many of the bystanders, Elders, my enemies. So when I went away I thought to myself, I am wiser than this man. Probably neither of us knows anything that is really good, but he thinks that he has knowledge, when he has not, while I having no knowledge, do not think that I have. I do not think that I know what I do not know, and on this point, at any rate I seem to be a little wiser than he is.

Next I went to another man who was said to be even wiser than the last, with exactly the same result. Here again I made him, and many other men, my enemies.

I went on to one man after another, making enemies every day. This caused me much unhappiness and anxiety, but I thought that I must set God"s command above everything? So I had to go to every man who seemed to possess any knowledge, and search for the meaning of the Oracle. This was the result of the search which I made at God"s bidding: the men whose reputation for wisdom stood highest were among those most lacking in it, while others, who were looked down on as common people, were much better fitted to learn.

Now I must describe to you the wanderings which I undertook to make full proof of the Oracle.

After the politicians I went to the poets, thinking that I should and myself clearly more ignorant than they. So I took up the poems on which I thought they had spent most pains, and ask them what they meant, hoping to learn something from them. I am ashamed to tell you the truth, my friends, but I must say it. Almost any of the bystanders could have talked about the works of these poets better than the poets themselves. So I soon found out that it is not by wisdom that the poets create their works, but by a certain natural power and by inspiration, like soothsayers and prophets who say fine things but who understand nothing of what they say. At the same time I saw that, because of their poetry, they thought that they were the wisest of men in other matters too, which they were not. So I went away again, thinking that I had the same advantage over the poets as I had .over the politicians.

Finally I went to the skilled workmen, for I knew very well that I possessed no knowledge at all worth speaking of, and I was sure that I should find that they knew many fine things, and in that I was not mistaken. But, Athenians, they made the same mistake as the poets. Each of them believed himself to be extremely wise in matters of the greatest importance because he was skilled in his own art. I asked myself, on behalf of the Oracle, whether I would choose to remain as I was, without either their wisdom or their ignorance, or to possess both, as they did. I made answer to myself and to the Oracle that it was better for me to remain as I was.

By reason of this examination, Athenians, I have made enemies of a very bitter and fierce kind, who have spread abroad a great number of slanders about me. People say that I am a "wise man", thinking that I am wise myself in any matter in which I show another man to be ignorant. But, my friends, I believe that only God is really wise, and that by this Oracle he meant that men"s wisdom is worth little or nothing. I do not think he meant that Socrates was wise. He only took me as an example as though he would say to men, "He among you is the wisest who, like Socrates, knows that his wisdom is worth little at all."（分数：12.00）

(1).When Socrates says that he is not wise, what does he mean by "being wise" ? When he says that he possesses a certain kind of wisdom, what kind of "wisdom" has he in mind?

When he says that only God is really wise, is he thinking of the first sense of "wisdom" or second?（分数：4.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).In the second sentence of the second paragraph, Socrates promises to explain to the audience the origin of his unpopularity. What exactly is the explanation which he offers on this point?（分数：4.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).Can you tell from this passage whether Socrates had a sympathetic audience or a hostile one?（分数：4.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________ "I"ve been expecting you!" Marek repeated, when he had seated his guest in a comfortable leather chair. Nothing on earth would have induced Bondy to own up to his vision of the fallen inventor. "Just fancy!" he said, with a rather forced gaiety. "What a coincidence! It struck me only this very morning that we hadn"t seen each other for twenty years. Twenty years, Rudy, think of it!" "Hm," said Marek. "And so you want to buy my invention."

"Buy it?" said G. H. Bondy hesitatingly. "I really don"t know... I haven"t even given it a thought.

I wanted to see you and—"

"Oh, come, you needn"t pretend," Marek interrupted him. "I knew that you were coming. You"d be sure to, for a thing like this. This kind of invention is just in your line. There"s a lot to be done with it. " He made an eloquent motion with his hand, coughed, and began again more deliberately. "The invention I am going to show you means a bigger revolution in technical methods than Wart"s invention of the steam-engine. To give you its nature briefly, it provides, putting it theoretically, for the complete utilization of atomic energy."

Bondy concealed a yawn. "But tell me, what have you been doing all these twenty years?" Marek glanced at him with some surprise.

"Modem science teaches that all matter—that is to say, its atoms—is composed of a vast number of units of energy. An atom is in reality a collection of electrons, i. e. of the tiniest particles of electricity."

"That"s tremendously interesting," Bondy broke in. "I was always weak in physics, you know. But you"re not looking well, Marek. By the way, how did you happen to come by this playth. , this, er... factory?"

"I? Oh, quite by accident. I invented a new kind of filament for electric bulbs... But that"s nothing; I only came upon it incidentally. You see, for twenty years I"ve been working on the combustion of matter. Tell me yourself, Bondy, what is the greatest problem of modern industry?" "Doing business," said Bond. "And are you married yet?"

"I"m a widower," answered Marek, leaping up excitedly. "No, business has nothing to do with it, I tell you. It"s combustion. The complete utilization of the heat-energy contained in matter! Just consider that we use hardly one hundred-thousandth of the heat that there is in coal, and that could be extracted from it! Do you realize that?"

"Yes, coal is terribly dear!" said Mr. Bondy sapiently.

Marek sat down and cried disgustedly, "Look here, if you haven"t come here about my Karburator, Bondy, you can go. "

"Go ahead, then," Bondy returned, anxious to conciliate him.

Marek rested his head in his hands, and after a struggle came out with, "For twenty years I"ve been working on it, and now—now, I"ll sell it to the first man who comes along! My magnificent dream! The greatest invention of all the ages! Seriously, Bondy, I tell you, it"s something really amazing."

"No doubt, in the present wretched state of affairs," assented Bondy.

"No, without any qualification at all, amazing. Do you realize that it means the utilization of atomic energy without any residue whatever?"

"Aha," said Bondy. "So we"re going to do our heating with atoms. Well, why not? ... You"ve got a nice place here, Rudy. Small and pleasant. How many hands do you employ?" Marek took no notice. "You know," he said thoughtfully, "it"s all the same thing, whatever you call it—the utilization of atomic energy, or the complete combustion of matter, or the disintegration of matter. You can call it what you please."

"I"m in favor of "combustion"!" said Mr. Bondy. "It sounds more familiar."

"But "disintegration" is more exact—to break up the atoms into electrons, and harness the electrons and make them work. Do you understand that?"

"Perfectly," Bondy assured him. "The point is to harness them!"

"Well, imagine, say, that there are two horses at the ends of a rope, pulling with all their might in opposite directions. Do you know what you have then?"

"Some kind of sport, I suppose," suggested Mr. Bondy.

"No, a state of repose. The horses pull, but they stay where they are. And if you were to cut the rope—"

"—The horses would fall over," cried G. H. Bondy, with a flash of inspiration.

"No, but they would start running; they would become energy released. Now, pay attention. Matter is a team in that very position. Cut the bonds that hold its electrons together, and they will..." "Run loose!"

"Yes, but we can catch and harness them, don"t you see? Or put it to yourself this way: we burn a piece of coal, say, to produce heat. We do get a little heat from it, but we also get ashes, coal-gas, and soot. So we don"t lose the matter altogether, do we?"

"No. —Won"t you have a cigar?"

"No, I won"t. —But the matter which is left still contains a vast quantity of unused atomic energy. If we used up the whole of the atomic energy, we should use up the whole of the atoms. In short, the matter would vanish altogether. "

"Aha! Now I understand."

"It"s just as though we were to grind corn badly—as if we ground up the thin outer husk and threw the rest away, just as we throw away ashes. When the grinding is perfect, there"s nothing or next to nothing left of the grain, is there? In the same way, when there is perfect combustion, there"s nothing or next to nothing left of the matter we burn. It"s ground up completely. It is used up. It returns to its original nothingness. You know, it takes a tremendous amount of energy to make matter exist at all. Take away its existence, compel it not to be, and you thereby release an enormous supply of power. That"s how it is, Bondy. "

"Aha. That"s not bad."

"Pflüger, for instance, calculates that one kilogramme of coal contains twenty-three billions of calories. I think that Pflüger exaggerates."

"Decidedly."

"l have arrived at seven billions myself, theoretically. But even that signifies that one kilogramme of coal, if it underwent complete combustion, would run a good-sized factory for several hundred hours!"

"The devil it does!" cried Mr. Bondy, springing from his chair.

"I can"t give you the exact number of hours. I"ve been burning half a kilogramme of coal for six weeks at a pressure of thirty kilogrammetres and, man alive," said the engineer in a whisper, turning pale, "it"s still going on... and on... and on."

Bondy was embarrassed; he stroked his smooth round chin. "Listen, Marek," he began, hesitatingly. "You"re surely.., er... a bit.., er... overworked."

Marek"s hand thrust the suggestion aside. "Not a bit of it. If you"d only get up physics a bit,

I could give you an explanation of my Karburator in which the combustion takes place. It involves

a whole chapter of advanced physics, you know. But you"ll see it downstairs in the cellar. I shovelled half a kilogramme of coal into the machine, then I shut it up and had it officially sealed in the presence of witnesses, so that no one could put any more coal in. Go and have a look at it for yourself—go on—go now! You won"t understand it, anyway, but—go down to the cellar! Go on down, man, I tell you!"

"Won"t you come with me?" asked Bondy in astonishment.

"No, you go alone. And... I say, Bondy... don"t stay down there long."

"Why not?" asked Bondy, growing a trifle suspicious.

"Oh, nothing much. Only I have a notion that perhaps it"s not quite healthy down there. Turn on the light, the switch is just by the door. That noise down in the cellar doesn"t come from my machine. It works noiselessly, steadily, and without any smell... The roaring is only a ventilator. Well, now, you go on. I"ll wait here. Then you can tell me..."

Bondy went down the cellar steps, quite glad to be away from that madman for a while (quite mad, no doubt whatever about it) and rather worried as to the quickest means of getting out of the place altogether. Why, just look, the cellar had a huge thick reinforced door just like an armourplated safe in a bank. And now let"s have a light. The switch was just by the door. And there in the middle of the arched concrete cellar, clean as a monastery cell, lay a gigantic copper cylinder resting on cement supports. It was closed on all sides except at the top, where there was a grating bedecked with seals. Inside the machine all was darkness and silence. With a smooth and regular motion the cylinder thrust forth a piston which slowly rotated a heavy fly-wheel. That was all. Only the ventilator in the cellar window kept up a ceaseless rattle.

Perhaps it was the draught from the ventilator or something—but Mr. Bondy felt a peculiar breeze upon his brow, and an eerie sensation as though his hair were standing on end; and then it seemed

as if he were being borne through boundless space; and then as though he were floating in the air without any sensation of his own weight. G.H. Bondy fell on his knees, lost in a bewildering, shining ecstasy. He felt as if he must shout and sing, he seemed to hear about him the rustle of unceasing and innumerable wings. And suddenly someone seized him violently by the hand and dragged him from the cellar. It was Marek, wearing over his head a mask or a helmet like a diver"s, and he hauled Bondy up the stairs.

Up in the room he pulled off his metal head-covering and wiped away the sweat that soaked his brow.

"Only just in time," he gasped, showing tremendous agitation.（分数：8.00）

(1).Two things show that Marek had some idea of what might happen to Bondy in the cellar. What are they?（分数：4.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).Marek says, "I knew that you were coming." Was there a definite arrangement for them to meet at that time? Or was Marek only guessing that Bondy would come? How do you know?（分数：4.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________

五、Part Ⅲ Writing(总题数：1，分数：30.00)

21.

For some children life begins at 3

BEIJING, Sep. 6 (China Daily) —All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. But for some Chinese parents with young children, too much play and too little work may be even worse. At least it seems so judging by their reactions to the first official guidelines on education for preschoolers. While emphasizing the physical, social and emotional development of children aged 3—6, the draft instructions by the Ministry of Education have set forth minimal academic requirements that are causing panic among urban middle-class parents who fear the criteria, if implemented, will shortchange their children"s opportunity to learn and end the nation"s time-honored tradition of tough education from an early age.

One of the most criticized study objectives given by the guidelines, which were recently posted on the Internet for input from the public, is that children aged 5-6 who are about to enter Primary One, are only required to learn to add or subtract up to 10. Another is related to their language skill, which is prescribed as "an interest in words and symbols that come with certain meaning". Though their children may already be whiz-kids at math or language by these official standards, many parents are not satisfied. A recent study of more than 1,000 urban Chinese parents shows that prior to their kids entering primary school, 89 percent of them have prepped their children in math and Chinese; 28 percent in a foreign language, while another 20 percent have sent their children to study some Primary One courses in advance.

Let"s face it, in an education system that hinges on a series of competitive exams that lead the successful candidate into the best schools and the best jobs, a carefully planned early leg-up is necessary to ensure our children are not left behind.

When given the choice, the majority of Chinese parents say they would spend significantly more time on raising a smart kid than a healthy or nice kid. For most people, there is no better way for their children to get smarter than making them study harder and longer. It"s instilling a work ethic at a young age that will serve a child his whole lifetime. This may explain why a mother will ask her 5-year-old to spend hours on homework in the evening, copying Chinese characters learned in kindergarten class or solving arithmetic problems.

But this is not what the education authorities want to see. The guidelines are meant to make the lives of young children less stressful, and serve as a wake-up call to "overzealous" parents who are caught up in the national early-education craze.

It remains to be seen if parents will be convinced that their children should enjoy more time

on the playground without changes to the school system. So far the guidelines seem to have only won praise from parents who are disappointed in their children"s academic performance.

（分数：30.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________

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