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跨文化交际复习

跨文化交际复习
跨文化交际复习

1.monochronic time (M Time) :It schedules one event at a time. In these cultures time is

perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future.

2.polychronic time (P Time) :schedules several activities at the same time. In these

culture people emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them.

3.intercultural communication :is a face-to-face communication between people

from different cultural backgrounds

4.host culture is the mainstream culture of anyone particular country.

5.minority culture is the cultural groups that are smaller in numerical terms in relation

to the host culture.

6.subculture is a smaller, possibly nonconformist, subgroup within the host culture.

7.multiculturalism is the official recognition of a country’s cultural and ethnic diversity.

8.cross-cultural communication is a face-to-face communication between reprentatives

of business,government and professional groups from different cultures.

9.high-context culture :a culture in which meaning is not necessarily contained in

words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. 10.low-context culture :a culture in which the majority of the information is vested in

the explicit code.

11.perception: in its simplest sense,perception is ,as Marshall singer tells us,”the process

by which an individual selects, evaluates,and organizes stimuli from the external world”In other words, perception is an internal process whereby we convert the physical energies of the world into meaningful internal experiences.

Non-verbal communication

It refers to communication through a whole variety of different types f signal come into play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each other.

. Individualism

Individualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence,individual expression, and even privacy.

13. Paralanguage

The set of nonphonemic properties of speech, such as speaking tempo, vocal pitch, and intonational contours, that can be used to communicate attitudes or other shades of meaning.

12.人际交际interpersonal communication: a small number of individuals who are interacting

exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretaions from them.指少数人之间的交往他们既能根据对方调整自己的信息,又能立即从对方那里获得解释。

13.内文化交际intracultural communication is defined as communication between and among

members of the same culture .指同一文化内某成员之间的交际,总的来说,同一种族,政治倾向宗教,或者具有同样兴趣的人们之间的交际。

跨民族交际interthnic communication:refers to communication between people of the same

race ,but different ethnic backgrounds . 指同一种族,不同民族背景的人们之间的交际。

14.跨种族交际interracial communication:occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging

messages are from different races that pertain to different physical characteristics.指信息源和信息来自不同的种族,种族具有不同的身体特征。

跨地区交际interregional communication:refers to the exchange of messages between members of the dominant culture within a country.指一个国家内主流文化成员之间的信息交换过程

Context场景

The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication. All communication has seven components: the source, encoding, the message, the channel, the receiver, decoding, feedback.

The Inferential Model of communication four presumptions:linguistic presumption, communicative presumption, presumption of literalness, conversational presumptions.

Conversational presumptions five aspects:

1relevance:the speaker’s remarks are relevant to the conversation

2sincerity: the speaker is being sincere

3truthfulness: the speaker is attempting to say sth true

4quantity: the speaker contributes the appropriate amount of information

5quality:the speaker has adequate evidence for what she or he says.

The Message Model cannot account for:

1disambiguation 2 underdetermination of reference3 underdetermination of communicative intent

4nonliterality 5indirection 6 non communicative acts.

Six characteristics of culture directly affect communication:

1learned

2 transmitted from generation to g

3 based on symbols

4 subject to change

5 integrated 6Ethnocentric

The primary characteristics of communication include:

1 no direct mind-to-mind contact

2 we can only infer

3 communication is symbolic

4 time-binding links us together

5 we seek to define the world

6 communication has consequence

7 communication is dynamic

8 communication is contextual

9 communication is self reflective

Functions of nonverbal communication

Nonverbal communication has its own unique functions in interpersonal communication. We will sum up some of the important ways of nonverbal communication in regulating human interaction.

\ Repeating Complementing \ Substituting Regulating\

Six important communication functions:

1 indicate degrees of attentiveness, interest, and arousal

2 influence attitude change and persuasion

3 regulate interaction

4 communication emotions

5 define power and status relationships

6 and assume a central role in impression management

culture :what the behavior and customs mean to the people who are following them

An shared artifact(the material and spiritual products people produce)

shared Behavior(what they do)

shared Concepts(beliefs, values, world views……what they think

Culture means:

(a) The arts, customs, and habits that characterize a particular society or nation.

(b).The beliefs, values, behavior and material objects that constitute a people's way of life.

5. What are the tour characteristics of culture? Dynamic/ shared/ learned/ ethnocentric

Culture is shared. All communications take place by means of symbols.

Culture is learned. Culture is learned, not inherited. It derives from one’s social environment, not from one’s genes. Enculturation(文化习得): All the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation .

Culture is dynamic. (P6)Culture is subject to change. It’s dynamic rather than static, constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.

Culture is ethnographic(文化中心主义). Ethnographic is the belief that your own cultural background is superior. Ethnocentrism: the belief that your own culture background is superior.

6. What are the six characteristics of communication?

Dynamic/ irreversible/ symbolic/ systematic/ transactional/ contextual

Communication is dynamic.

Communication is ongoing, ever-changing activity. A word or action does not stay frozen when you communicate; it is immediately replaced with yet another word or action.

Communication is irreversible.

Once we have said something and someone else has received and decoded the message, the original sender cannot take it back.

Communication is symbolic.

Symbols are central to the communication process because they represent the shared meanings that are communicated. Symbols are vehicle by which the thoughts and ideas of one person can be communicated to another person.

Communication is systematic

Communication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a large system. It takes place in a physical and a social context; both establish the rules that govern the interaction. Communication is transactional. (P8)

A transactional view holds that communicators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversation.

Communication is contextual. (P8)

All communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context. By context, we mean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, and the nature of the relationship. Thus the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings.

Studying Intercultural Communication Three main obstacles:

?Culture lacks a distinct crystalline structure; it is often riddled with contradictions and paradoxes.

?Culture cannot be manipulated or held in check; therefore, it is difficult to conduct certain kinds of research on this topic.

we study other cultures from the perspective of our own culture, so our observations and our conclusions are tainted by our orientation

Barriers to Intercultural Communication

Anxiety

Assuming similarity instead of difference Ethnocentrism

Stereotypes & prejudice

Nonverbal bahaviours

Language

The Whorf hypothesis

Language shapes thought patterns

Linguistic determinism:

Languages determine nonlinguistic cognitive

processes. That is, learning a language changes the

way a person thinks.

Linguistic relativity:

The resulting cognitive processes vary from

language to language. Thus, speakers of different

languages are said to think in different ways

跨文化交际论文题目

1.英文原声电影赏析与跨文化交际能力的培养 2."跨文化非语言交际语用失误研究 3."公示语翻译中的语用失误探析 4.国内广告语言语用失误研究现状与分析 5."全球化语境下跨文化交际失误语用归因 6."跨文化交际中的语用失误类型及对策研究 7."基于礼貌原则的跨文化语用失误分析 8."跨文化言语交际中的语用负迁移 9."浅析化妆品广告中的语用预设 10."中西方饮食文化的比较研究 11."中美时间观之对比 1 2."浅析汉英问候语中的文化差异 13."英汉词汇的文化内涵差异探析 14."英语身体语的交际功能研究 1 5."浅谈英汉身势语的表意功能之差异 16."目标语文化的理解与跨文化交际 1 7."中西文化差异对中国学生英语学生的影响 18."跨文化交际中的文化误读

9."浅析文化差异对商务谈判的影响 20."英语禁忌语的文化内涵异同研究 21."英语学习中的文化习得 2 2."英汉思维模式的差异对跨文化交际的影响 23."外语学习者的思辨能力与跨文化交际之成效 24."培养英语学习者跨文化交际能力之策略 25."英汉道歉语差异及原因 26."中西跨文化礼貌语差异探析 27."英汉语言中礼貌表达法之比较 28."英汉习惯用语的文化内涵探源 29."英语称赞语及其回应的异同研究 3 0."中美(西)家庭教育理念的差异及其对孩子的影响 31."中国英语学习者跨文化交际中的主要障碍研究 32."试析跨文化交际中角色互动的作用 3 3."本土文化与异国文化的冲突对跨文化交际的影响 34."跨文化交际中的时间观差异 35."论跨文化交际中的中西餐桌礼仪

6."关于提升英语专业学生跨文化交际能力的培养 37."涉外婚姻中的中西文化冲突 38."论跨文化广告传播中食品商标的翻译439."多媒体教学与跨文化交际能力的培养40."中西方儿童文学的差异 4 1."中西体育文化的差异及其受全球化发展的影响 42."中西传统休闲文化及其价值观的对比分析 43."简爱与林黛玉不同命运的文化透析 44."国际商务活动中礼貌原则的应用 4 5."论文化背景知识在外语阅读教学中的作用 46."国际商务交际活动中的非语言交际 47."浅析英汉汽车商标的特点及其翻译 48."英汉隐喻差异的文化阐释 49."文化语境下的英汉植物词 50."文化语境下的英汉动物词 51."从体态语探析中西文化差异 52."浅析英汉颜色词的文化内涵 53."文化视野下英语谚语的比较

跨文化交际教学大纲

《跨文化交际》 课程教学大纲 课程名称:英语教学论 课程类别: 考核类别: 适用专业: 总学时、学分:36学时2学分 一、课程教学目的 该课程旨在扩大学生的知识面,对西方文化 的不同层面有所了解,以提高学生的交际能力。在 传统的外语教学中,人们往往忽视文化的重要作 用,只注重语言能力的培养而未能顾及交际能力 的提高。近年来国内学者认识到外语教学必须引 进文化知识的对比,训练学生灵活运用语言知识, 更好地与外国人沟通,减少和避免误解。 二、课程教学要求 该课程教学要求学生提高对文化差异的敏感 性,更有效地与外国人进行交际,为英语专业课 程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高奠定基础。 专业必修课 考试 适用对象: 本科

三、先修课程 跨文化交际是英语专业的必修课,是在完成了精读、泛读、综合英语、写作等基本技能训练后开设的,旨在增强文化差异的敏感性,增强跨文化交际意识,有助于英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高。因此,学生先期完成英语听说读写等技能训练基本课程,如《基础英语》、《英国文学选读》等课程。 四、课程教学重、难点 该课程教学重点在于培养学生对英语国家文化的

了解及跨文化交际意识,提高驾驭英语语言的能力,从而使其能得体地运用语言与操英语的外国人士进行交流。教师的讲授重点是帮助学生认识 中西文化的异同,分析文化差异的根源,帮助学 生深化对西方文化的理解。中西文化的差异在表 层上很容易识别,但对造成差异的原因却需追根溯源。东西方在历史,思维方式以及哲学等方面的差异则是造成中国学生对西方文化不解的主要原因,也是该课程的难点。 五、课程教学方法(或手段) 教学方法:以课堂讲授为主,适当组织课堂讨论,鼓励学生充分利用课外资源进行探索性、研究性学习。 六、课程教学内容 Unit 1 Communi cati on Across Cultures ( 4 学时)

跨文化交际基础知识

跨文化交际基础知识

跨文化交际基础知识 【复习指南】 这部分内容主要涉及跨文化交际的基本理论及较为常见的日常交际礼仪,在选择题、填空题、判断题中所占比例较少,但与案例分析部分紧密结合;建议考生复习此块内容时,注意相关理论概念在实际案例中的运用。考生可重点看胡文仲《跨文化交际学》或吴为善的《跨文化概论》,这两本书对于跨文化交际的基本概念、基础理论等都有全面介绍。 【知识点归纳】 1.重点概念: (1)文化:culture,涉及内容十分广泛,不同研究者有不同定义。 广义文化:指人类社会实践过程中所获得的物质、精神的生产能力和创造的物质、精神财富的总和。 狭义文化:精神生产能力和精神产品,包括一切社会意识形式;自然科学、技术科学、社会意识形式。英国人类学家泰勒1871年在《原始文化》中提到的定义影响很大。 总的来说,文化是人类社会创造的财富,包括食物、器具,也包括信念、价值观、习俗、知识。可分为物质文化、制度文化和观念文化。 其特性是:人类独有;来自后天习得;大部分存在于人的潜意识;是行动的指南;动态,与一定历史时期相联系。 (2)交际:就是人与人之间的往来交际活动,文化在交际中得到发展与传播。跨文化交际中的交际主要指人际间通过语言等交际工具进行的直接或间接的信息交流和沟通活动。 (3)编码与解码 交际是一个编码和解码的过程;编码是把思想、感情、意识等编成语码的过程,解码是对外界接受的符号或信息赋予意义或进行解释的过程。

“他定势” 定势概念应用到跨文化交际上后,称为文化定势(又译文化定型或刻板印象),是指人们在跨文化交际研究或跨文化实际交往中对不同文化背景的民族和国家成员的笼统的、先验的看法。 (4)文化冲突 指两种或者两种以上的文化相互接触所产生的竞争和对抗状态。最早由由哈佛大学国际关系教授萨缪尔·亨廷顿(Samuel Huntington )在《文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建》中提出。 (5)文化曲解 不同民族、社区和集团的的文化,有不同的价值目标和价值取向,并且常常各自以自己的文化为优越,视其他文化为危险物;当其他文化在传播、接触的时候,便会有不顾客观事实歪曲原意或作错误理解。文化曲解既是文化冲突的诱发因素,也是文化冲突的表现。 (6)主流文化与亚文化 主流文化是一个社会、一个时代受到倡导的、起着主要影响、具有群体认同的文化。 亚文化(subculture):又称小文化、集体文化或副文化,指某一文化群体所属次级群体的成员共有的独特信念、价值观和生活习惯,与主文化相对应的那些非主流的、局部的文化现象。 (7)文化距离 是指不同文化之间的差异程度,主要包括语言方面的差异、生活习惯的差异、社会文化方面的差异等。 (8)文化休克 “文化休克”,Cultural Shock,是1958年美国人类学家奥博格(Kalvero Oberg)提出来的概念。是指一个人进入到不熟悉的文化环境时,因失去自己熟悉的所有社会交流的符号与手段而产生的一种迷失、疑惑、排斥甚至恐惧的感觉。 文化休克常见于移民当中或者是在一个社会内,不同文化背景的民族因文化生活环境发生根本性改变的时候。

新编跨文化交际期末复习资料

1.Iceberg:{Edward. 7. Hall.--标志着“跨文化交流”学科的开始} Culture can be viewed as an iceberg. Nine-tenths of an iceberg is out of sight (below the water line). Likewise, nine-tenths of culture is outside of conscious awareness. The part of the cultural iceberg that above the water is easy to be noticed. The out-of-awareness part is sometimes called “deep culture”. This part of the cultural iceberg is hidden below the water and is thus below the level of consciousness. People learn this part of culture through imitating models. / Above the water: what to eat, how to dress, how to keep healthy;Below the water: belief, values, worldview and lifeview, moral emotion, attitude personalty 2.Stereotype:定型主义 a stereotype is a fixed notion about persons in a certain category, with no distinctions made among individuals. In other words, it is an overgeneralized and oversimplified belief we use to categorize a group of people. 3.Ethnocentrism: 民族中心主义Ethnocentrism is the technical name for the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it. It refers to our tendency to identify with our in-group and to evaluate out-groups and their members according to its standard. 4.Culture:Culture can be defined as the coherent, learned, shared view of group of people about life’s concerns that ranks what is important, furnishes attitudes about what things are appropriate, and dictates behavior. 5.Cultural values: Values inform a member of a culture about what is good and bad, right and wrong, true and false, positive and negative, and the like. Cultural values defines what is worth dying for, what is worth protecting, what frightens people, what are proper subjects for study and for ridicule, and what types of events lead individuals to group solidarity. 6.Worldview: A worldview is a culture’s orientation toward such things as God, nature, life, death, the universe, and other philosophical issues that are concerned with the meaning of life and with “being”. 7.Social Organizations: The manner in which a culture organizes itself is directly related to the institution within that culture. The families who raise you and the goverments with which you associate and hold allegiance to all help determine hoe you perceive the world and how you behave within that world. 8.Globalization: refers to the establishment of a world economy, in which national borders are becoming less and less important as transnational corporations, existing everywhere and nowhere, do business in a global market. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/503283912.html,munication: Communication is any behavior that is perceived by others. So it can be verbal and nonverbal, informative or persuasive, frightening or amusing, clear or unclear, purposeful or accidental, communication is our link to the rest of the humanity. It pervades everything we do. 10.Elements of communication process:交流过程的基本原理 (1).context: The interrelated conditions of communication make up what is known as context.

如何培养英语跨文化交际能力

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二、课程教学要求 该课程教学要求学生提高对文化差异的敏感性, 更有效地与外国人进行交际,为英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高奠定基础。 三、先修课程 跨文化交际是英语专业的必修课, 是在完成了精读、泛读、综合英语、写作等基本技能训练后开设的,旨在增强文化差异的敏感性,增强跨文化交际意识,有助于英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高。因此,学生先期完成英语听说读写等技能训练基本课程,如《基础英语》、《英国文学选读》等课程。 四、课程教学重、难点 该课程教学重点在于培养学生对英语国家文化的 2

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1 Translation 纵观历史,我们可以清楚地看到,人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异,而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下,跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是,人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折,既是个人的,又是全球性的;人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突,大大小小争端不绝。 很显然,文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了,这迫切要求我们共同努力,去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们,并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解,我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处;这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定,也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 2 Translation 文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序,我们“头脑的软件”。但是,我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比,把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”(Windows)等操作系统一样,使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗,透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的,但都有着一些重要的共同特征。 文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般,人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实,因而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中,文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的,就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产,而不单是个体的特征。社会按照文化设定的程序运作,这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。 如果文化是一种心智程序,那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始,文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么,文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样。文化为我们提供超越个体经验可能的理想典范,帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事。文化为我们建立起行为准则,并视遵守这些准则的行为为正当、合法。 3 Translation 43

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跨文化交际(胡超版)期末试题

Test Paper Ⅰ. Filling the blanks: 1.G enerally speaking, in terms of contextuality, the communication in the West is low-contextual while that in the East is high-contextual 2.G enerally speaking, in terms of world views, the We st adopts Dualistic view, while the East adopts holistic view 3.G enerally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the West follows Analytic and abstract thinking, while the East follows synthetic and concrete thinking 4.Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the West uses Deductive pattern, while the East uses inductive pattern 5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius, Lao Tze, Mo Tze, and the great thinker in India is Siddhartha Gautama, the great figure in Palestine are Hebrew prophets, and the great thinkers in the West are Plato, Homer and Archimedes Ⅱ. Choose the best answer: 1.Non-verbal messages are classified into two comprehensive categories: those that are primarily produced by the body, such as_________,________,_______; and those that the individual combines with the setting, such as _______, _______, _______.D A.physical contact, eye contact, paralanguage; space, time, man B.facial expression, touch, taste; space, time, silence C.appearance, movement, gesture; surrounding, occasion, man D.movement, smell, paralanguage; space, time, silence 2.In Chinese writing, there are usually more adjectives, proverbs and allusions than in English writing. Some Western scholars name this style “flowery”, stating that its aim is to give a more fanciful impression than information, and the information is usually of beauty, fragrance, happiness, and any other “goodness”aspects so as to attract people. We may term this style as_______-oriented. Western writing is more direct with objective inform ation. To them, much-repeated words may mean less after a while. We may term the Western writing as ________-oriented.C A. adjective, objective B. Chinese, Western C. impression, information C. indirect, direct 3. As to the human nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holds that _______, while the Asian people believe that_______.B A. basically good; basically bad B. evil but perfectible, basically good C. the mixture of good and evil; the mixture of good and evil; D. unknown 4. As to the Man-Nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holds that _______, while the Asian people believe that_______.D A. subjugation to nature; harmony with nature B. harmony with nature; mastery over nature

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