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跨文化交际期末复习资料整理

跨文化交际期末复习资料整理
跨文化交际期末复习资料整理

跨文化交际期末考试资料整理

一名词解释

1.高语境:指的是人们在交流过程中,运用的一些非语言要素本身的交际手段所形成的一

个语境,比如眼神,语气等等。说话人的语义送达不直接,比较含蓄,不明朗。主要指亚洲人和拉丁美洲人的交流语境。例如对高语境的交际者而言, 合同可以被看成是双方关系发展的框架,中国人认为如果关系好, 人们可以合作调整以适应出现的新情形, 毕竟合同只是字词, 真正重要的是关系。

2.低语境:指的是说话双方依赖于语言本身进行交际,语言清晰明朗,说话方式比较直接。

主要是指美国、瑞士、欧洲等等。例如对低语境的交际者而言, 合同是双方按约定方式履行的不能更改的承诺, 双方按约定的方式获利,美国人总是想在合同中包含所有能应对将来可能出现的问题的语言。

3.副语言:也叫身态语言,是指除语言以外的面部表情、手势动作、身体姿态等表达手段,

这些表达手段也叫副语言表情手段。副语言表情手段运用得当可以对语言表达起到补充、辅助、强化的作用。可分为听觉的(伴随声音、音乐语言、其他声响符号)、视觉的(表情、体态等;图表、公式等;绘画语言;舞蹈语言;蒙太奇语言;符号、标识语言;其他视觉符号)、触觉的(盲文等)三类。

4.形合语言:所谓形就是形式,形合即形式的合拍;形合借助语言形式手段(包括词汇手

段和形态手段)来实现词语或句子的衔接。如中国的古诗词。

5.意合语言:意即意义,意合即追求意义的整合;意合不借助语言形式手段而借助词语或

句子所含意义的逻辑联系来实现词或句子的连接。如英文。

6.耻感文化:本尼迪克特认为所谓的耻感文化指的是“公认的道德标准借助于外部强制力

来发展人的良心的社会”。具体来说有以下三个方面:○1强调外在的约束力(社会群体的压力)。○2耻感文化中的个人, 其所作所为首先考虑的是他人、社会的评价○3强烈的心理反应。耻感文化具有“他律”的特征。中国文化某种程度上就是耻感文化。

7.罪感文化:本尼迪克特认为罪感文化就是“提倡建立道德的绝对标准,并且依靠其发展

人的良心的社会。”在罪感文化中,人一旦觉察到自己违背了“绝对的道德标准”,便会产生一种深重的罪恶感,“在这种情况下,即使恶行不被人发现,自己也会受到罪恶折磨,尽管这种罪恶可以通过忏悔来得到解脱。”这就说明,在“罪感文化”中,引导人们向善的是一种来自人的心灵深处的自发和自主的力量。罪感文化具有普遍性、自律性和私密性。西方文化。

8.跨文化想象:○1我们面对陌生的,非实体性接触的对象往往是一个不能够完全实体性了

解的对象:他国的民族特性或者文化特征。○2我们受到的对相异文化主体想象的刺激是偶然的,但这种力量往往具有持续性。○3我们对他国的想象很可能形成某种认知上的偏见。

二简答

1.性别因素在跨文化交际中所起到的作用

○1性别是在社会话语的条件下逐渐形成的,是社会文化的一种融合因素。一般来说跨文化交际中的性别要素主要包含在语言交际和非语言交际中。

○2语言交际中的性别差异:(1)感叹词。感叹词一般不构成句子的一个语法成分,却富于表现力,是专门用来表达喜怒哀乐等情感与情绪的,女性更倾向于使用这类词语。而男性话语中常出现的是不满的语气词,有时还穿插诅咒和骂人的话,如: “老子的”“哼““呸”等。(2)程度副词。在汉语中,女性比男性更多使用诸如“好xxx”等语气副词来强化语气,已经有相关的语料调查数据证明,女性比男性更善于用一些包含强烈感情

色彩的副词作修饰词。如:这个人好帅!蛮帅的!超帅!(3)话题。女性话题往往涉及个体而非整体、人和人之间的关系以及此时此刻正在发生的事件,而男性关注整体而非个人,较少直接表露情感、热衷于谈论历史和经验。(4)话语方式。男性的讲话风格更加的开门见山、有攻击性,而女性的话语风格却相对含蓄委婉、更注重回应和配合对方的谈话内容。女性更善于倾听,并边听边会对听到的内容积极地做出反应,会更多地表达同意的倾向,即使心存异见,也力求委婉,经常用“大概、也许、或是、但是”等转折词来缓和矛盾,避免针锋相对的冲突在交流中出现。

○3非语言交际中的性别差异:(1)空间意识上的差别:一般来说, 男性需要的“势力范围”要比女性大一些, 特别是同性间更是如此。相比之下, 女性更习惯同性间身体的接触。在大街上, 她们更喜欢拉手、搭肩、搂腰而行, 而男性之间, 即使是很亲密的朋友, 也很少见到拉手、搭肩、腰的动作。一般情况下, 女士允许同性接近的距离要比男士允许同性接近的距离近。两个女士交谈时,要比两个男士交谈时靠得近。若干男子同居于一间小房子里, 就会感到焦虑不安, 易于冲动, 而同等数目的女子, 在同样的房间里居住, 却感觉关系更加亲密融洽。(2)时间上观念上的差别:一般来说,女性往往比男性不守时。这往往会在交际中形成一个比较明显的特征,这种特征还是由于生理和话语两个层面的因素所造成的。在生理特征上,女性会潜意识觉得过早暴露容易不安全,所以不会提前出来,而在社会话语层面,女子通常会被认为需要矜持,所以不会特意表达出非常急切,另外,女子也会认为被男人等也是一种身份的体现。

2.语言交际与非语言交际之间的差别

3.媒介对跨文化想象的影响

○1输出固有的文化形象。我们经常可以看到,不同的媒体都在不停地输出有关其他民族的固有形象,比如法国的浪漫,比如意大利的狂野,比如美国人的世故,比如英国人的傲慢等等。同时,媒体还不断地将某个特定的人物和某国特定的文化靠拢,形成某种综合的架构。比如:玫瑰骑士、蝴蝶夫人、吉普赛女郎等等。

○2输出想让人看到的内容。例如迪士尼的《白雪公主》:迪士尼的白雪公主形象在造型其实渗透进了许多美国式的元素。如,白雪妈妈和蓝领的小矮人、骑马的王子和骑着鹿的矮人、承诺的兑现与对大萧条时期的作用等。

○3输出别人想要看到的形象。媒体往往会先行判断别人心中的自我形象是怎样的,然后为了迎合这种需要,往往会人为地去输出他们想要看到的一切。这种做法不断在加深别国对本国的印象,从跨文化交际的角度来看,这种做法其实表面上看似乎在兼顾一些接受者的感受,实则是在僵化某种固有认识。

4.什么是跨文化交际中的陌生感

○1我们在进行跨文化交际的过程中,首先遇到的一个问题就是“陌生”,亦即对异样文化、异样文化中的人群的陌生感。

○2我们在进行跨文化交际的过程时,通过对事物的不断了解来化解陌生事物有可能带来的威胁。因此,我们在不同文化制度下,形成的一系列的好客举动,其实都是短暂地企图有保留的展现给别人看自身无敌意姿态的一种消除潜在威胁的举动。本质上是一种驯服。

○3因此,陌生的体验来源于两个群体:内部群体和外部群体之间的相互博弈。这两个群体之间的界限导致了陌生感的产生。这中间的界限就是我们所说的文化距离。

三分析

四论述

1.如何理解我国文化中的天人合一

我国古代的“天人合一”思想,在我国传统文化中占有很重要的地位。从历史上来看,我国古代的“天人合一”思想大致经历了三个发展阶段:先秦、西汉初年和宋明时期,而又集中体现在儒道两家的哲学中。

“天”和“人”是“天人合一”思想中的两个基本范畴。在中国传统文化中,这两个范畴是有着多重涵义的。“天”的涵义可以归结为两种:一是自然之天,二是神灵之天。在商周时期,由于当时社会水平低下,当时的”天“都是神灵之天。

自然之天有三种涵义:一是与“地”对应的天,即“天地”中的天,包括日月星辰等天象以及气候、气象等,地面以上的一切现象都包括在内;二是与“人为”对应的天,指一切不是人为的自然现象,包括与地对应的全部,还包括地面上自然发生的一切现象;三是与“人”对应的天,是天地的简称,指整个自然界。“天人合一”思想所说的“天”虽有多层涵义,但最重要最基本的是指宇宙自然界。“人”的涵义包括人力、人道、人为、人欲,也泛指人类。

“天人合一”思想的内涵主要有以下几个方面:

1、人与自然是不可分割的一个整体,二者彼此相通。老子说“天大,地大,道大,人亦大。域中有四大,而人居其一焉”,肯定了人是自然界的一部分。庄子说“天地与我并生,万物与我为一“,庄子认为天地万物与”我”是统一和谐的有机整体。儒家从‘性天同一”思想出发,竭力主张天人一体,反对人与自然的分割和对立。孟子强调了人经过后天的努力和修炼,可以达到人天相参的人生境界。荀子在《天论》中指出“万物各得其和以生,各得其养以成”,主张天地万物和谐统一。张载明确提出人与万物都得之于宇宙,与宇宙浑然一体的思想。

2、重视生命价值,兼爱宇宙万物。“天人合一”观念认为宇宙是一种大化流行的生命境界。孔子讲“仁”,其内涵便是“爱人”,讲“智者乐水,仁者乐山”,又把自然界纳入爱的范围。孟子“亲亲而仁民,仁民而爱物。“明确主张把爱心从家庭扩展到社会。张载也强调人不仅爱人类,而且还要爱鸟兽、草木,凡有生命之物,都要尽力加以爱护,勿使其遭破坏。庄子认为,天地万物在其本质上都是一样的、平等的。物各具其性,各得其所,我们不能扼杀万物的本质,破坏万物的真性。

3、人与自然和谐发展。中国传统“天人合一”思想所追求的终极性目标是实现人与自然的和谐交融。“天人合一”思想,一方而强调尊重自然规律,“顺天休命”另一方而又强调充分发挥人的能动作用,在此基础上,自觉与天地参赞化育,和谐共生。

总的来说,我国古代”天人合一“思想认为最高的天在万物之中,万物皆有神性。若万物顺应了自然的规律,并将自身属性发挥到极致就是神。

2.如何看待中西跨文化交际中的障碍

伴随全球化进程的不断加快,中西文化交流活动日益频繁。不同文化背景造就的思维方式、价值观、社会习俗等方面的不同也造就了跨文化交际中的障碍。具体来讲可能有以下几个方面:

1.对于隐私问题的争议。中国人对于隐私权的概念是相对薄弱的,相反,中国人有很强的集体主义观,这与西方人对个人隐私的注重完全背道而驰。对于隐私权问题的争议,中西方的观点多有不同。日常生活中,这种现象数见不鲜。例如,中国人喜欢在第一次见面就询问对方的年龄,婚姻状况,子女,职业,收入等。对西方人而言,这些问题侵犯了隐私。然而在中国人眼里,这是一种关心,是拉近距离的“外交手段”和“外交词令”。

2.时间观上的冲突。西方人较强的时间观念促使他们对日常活动的时间安排都有详细的计划。在西方,按时赴约成了处事交友的基本原则之一。而在中国,大家对时间具有较大的随意性,一般不会像西方人那样严格的按照计划进行。

3.日常交际的礼貌问题。化差异造成的。中国人注重谦虚,我们总是以一种礼貌回绝的方式拒绝别人的赞美。譬如当西方人夸赞,“你今天很迷人”,而中国人却会以“没有”,或者“哪里”之类的词作答,反之西方人会以“谢谢”之类表示感激的词来表达他们的喜悦之情。

4.餐饮文化上的差异也是引起冲突的一个重要因素。在中国,任何宴席都习惯以团团围坐的形式进行,并且多用圆桌。在中国人看来,这样既方便了用餐期间感情交流,也利于彰显了敬酒等礼仪文化。而西方人更看重的是个人卫生,他们更倾向于用自助餐的形式。大家可以自由选择喜好的事物,也可以走动交流感情,这体现了西方人对个性和自我的尊重。这两种方式无为好坏之分,归根结底还是感性与理性的文化差异。

面对这样的这些中西跨文化交际中的障碍,我们首先应该了解对方文化,树立差异意识。跨文化交际是不同地域、不同种族之间的文化交流。我们应该培养双方交流中对对方国家、民族的风俗习惯、价值观念等的了解,提升自我的跨文化交际能力。并通过有效的文化分析、交流,明确彼此之间的差异,避免交际中障碍问题的产生。其次,我们可以积极的与国外友人进行深层次的交流、沟通,在现实的交际中客观的了解西方民族文化与华夏民族文化的差异,进而规避“雷区”,提升自我跨文化交际的能力。

总之,中西跨文化交际中出现障碍是正常的,我们只要本着求同存异的态度寻找彼此的渊源,包容对方的文化精髓与不足,就能能够进一步提高沟通的效率,消除交际的障碍,实现中西跨文化交际的和谐相处与发展。

(完整word版)跨文化交际教学大纲

《跨文化交际》 课程教学大纲 课程名称:英语教学论 课程类别:专业必修课 考核类别:考试 适用对象:本科 适用专业:英语 总学时、学分:36学时2学分 一、课程教学目的 该课程旨在扩大学生的知识面,对西方文化的不同层面有所了解,以提高学生的交际能力。在传统的外语教学中, 人们往往忽视文化的重要作用, 只注重语言能力的培养而未能顾及交际能力的提高。近年来国内学者认识到外语教学必须引进文化知识的对比,训练学生灵活运用语言知识, 更好地与外国人沟通, 减少和避免误解。 1

二、课程教学要求 该课程教学要求学生提高对文化差异的敏感性, 更有效地与外国人进行交际,为英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高奠定基础。 三、先修课程 跨文化交际是英语专业的必修课, 是在完成了精读、泛读、综合英语、写作等基本技能训练后开设的,旨在增强文化差异的敏感性,增强跨文化交际意识,有助于英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高。因此,学生先期完成英语听说读写等技能训练基本课程,如《基础英语》、《英国文学选读》等课程。 四、课程教学重、难点 该课程教学重点在于培养学生对英语国家文化的 2

了解及跨文化交际意识, 提高驾驭英语语言的能力, 从而使其能得体地运用语言与操英语的外国人士进行交流。教师的讲授重点是帮助学生认识中西文化的异同,分析文化差异的根源, 帮助学生深化对西方文化的理解。中西文化的差异在表层上很容易识别,但对造成差异的原因却需追根溯源。东西方在历史,思维方式以及哲学等方面的差异则是造成中国学生对西方文化不解的主要原因,也是该课程的难点。 五、课程教学方法(或手段) 教学方法:以课堂讲授为主,适当组织课堂讨论,鼓励学生充分利用课外资源进行探索性、研究性学习。 六、课程教学内容 Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures(4学时) 3

新编跨文化交际期末复习资料

1.Iceberg:{Edward. 7. Hall.--标志着“跨文化交流”学科的开始} Culture can be viewed as an iceberg. Nine-tenths of an iceberg is out of sight (below the water line). Likewise, nine-tenths of culture is outside of conscious awareness. The part of the cultural iceberg that above the water is easy to be noticed. The out-of-awareness part is sometimes called “deep culture”. This part of the cultural iceberg is hidden below the water and is thus below the level of consciousness. People learn this part of culture through imitating models. / Above the water: what to eat, how to dress, how to keep healthy;Below the water: belief, values, worldview and lifeview, moral emotion, attitude personalty 2.Stereotype:定型主义 a stereotype is a fixed notion about persons in a certain category, with no distinctions made among individuals. In other words, it is an overgeneralized and oversimplified belief we use to categorize a group of people. 3.Ethnocentrism: 民族中心主义Ethnocentrism is the technical name for the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it. It refers to our tendency to identify with our in-group and to evaluate out-groups and their members according to its standard. 4.Culture:Culture can be defined as the coherent, learned, shared view of group of people about life’s concerns that ranks what is important, furnishes attitudes about what things are appropriate, and dictates behavior. 5.Cultural values: Values inform a member of a culture about what is good and bad, right and wrong, true and false, positive and negative, and the like. Cultural values defines what is worth dying for, what is worth protecting, what frightens people, what are proper subjects for study and for ridicule, and what types of events lead individuals to group solidarity. 6.Worldview: A worldview is a culture’s orientation toward such things as God, nature, life, death, the universe, and other philosophical issues that are concerned with the meaning of life and with “being”. 7.Social Organizations: The manner in which a culture organizes itself is directly related to the institution within that culture. The families who raise you and the goverments with which you associate and hold allegiance to all help determine hoe you perceive the world and how you behave within that world. 8.Globalization: refers to the establishment of a world economy, in which national borders are becoming less and less important as transnational corporations, existing everywhere and nowhere, do business in a global market. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/8c2421929.html,munication: Communication is any behavior that is perceived by others. So it can be verbal and nonverbal, informative or persuasive, frightening or amusing, clear or unclear, purposeful or accidental, communication is our link to the rest of the humanity. It pervades everything we do. 10.Elements of communication process:交流过程的基本原理 (1).context: The interrelated conditions of communication make up what is known as context.

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跨文化交际整理

Unit 1 1 economic globalization(经济全球化):the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. 2 barter system(物物交换):exchange without money –Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money. –Human society has always traded goods across great distances. 3 global village(地球村):the world form one community –All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet. 4 melting pot(大熔炉):a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. 5 culture(文化):can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. 6 cultural diversity(文化融合):refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong. 7. Communication(交际): mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge. 8 intercultural communication(跨文化交际):communication between people whose cultural backgrounds and distinct(不同)enough to alter(改变)their communicaion。 9 components of communication(交际的十大要素) ①source(来源):the person who desires to ②encoding(编码):the process of putting on idea into a symbol ③message(信息):identifies the encoding thought ④channel(渠道):the means of transmission(传播途径) ⑤noise(干扰):anything distorts the messages ⑥receiver(接受者):the person who attends to the message ⑦decoding(解码):assigning meaning to the symbols received ⑧receiver response(接受者反应):anything the receiver does ⑨feedback(反馈):the portion which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning ⑩context(场景):help define(使明确)the communication

跨文化交际练习

跨文化交际练习 班别:学号姓名 Directions: For each problem in this part, you are presented with one situation with four utterances underneath. Read the description on each situation with the utterances and decide which is/are the appropriate utterance(s) in that situation where communication is done in English. 1. On the way home, a student addresses his cousin Li Ming in English: a. “Hello, cousin!” b. “Hello, Li Ming!” 2. In the office of the English Department An English student studying in China is telephoning the secretary of the department. Jack: “Hello, I’d like to speak to Li Ming, please.” Song: a. “I’m Li Ming.” b. “This is me.” c. “Li Ming is speaking.” 3. In the students’ dormitory Andrew: “ Would you like to watch a football match?” Xiao Zhang: a. “I’d love to, but I’m busy at the moment.” b. “I haven’t finished my homework yet.” c. “ Excuse me, but I’m not free.” 4. At a friend’s home in England. A Chinese student gives a birthday present to her English friend. Mary: “Thank you. It’s beautiful.” Xiao Zhao: a. “Really? Do you like it?” b. “Don’t mention it. It’s only a small thing.” c. “I’m glad you like it.” 5. At a bus stop Man: Excuse me, do you know which bus goes to London Road, please? Woman: Sorry, I’ve no ideas. Man: a. It doesn’t matter. b. Oh. c. Thank you anyway. 6. Joyce is talking to her friend, Brenda. Joyce: “Do you mind posting this letter for me on your way home, Brenda?” Brenda:a. You’re welcome. b. I don’t care. c. I don’t min d. d.No, not at all. 7. In a factory, Li, the guide, is interpreting for a group of foreign guests. When they have finished visiting one workshop, he would like the group to follow him to the next workshop. He says: a. This way, please. b. Come here! c. Follow me! d. Move on! 8. Li had something to tell the manager, Mr Smith. He went to his place, entered the room and said: a. You’re not busy, I hope. b. Got a minute? c. Can I have a word with, Mr Smith. d. I’m terribly sorry to trouble you, Mr.Smith. 9. You’re v isiting a new British friend. His house is very beautiful. Do you _______ a. tell him how beautiful it is ? b. ask how much it costs? c. ask if he’ll take you round every room? 10. You’ve arranged to meet a friend at 2pm. But you missed the train and you know you’ll be at least two hours late. Do you ________ a. decide not to meet your friend, and phone him the next day? b. phone him, apologize and tell him you’ll be late? c. decide not to phone, and just arrive late? 11. A British friend is having dinner at your house. His plate is empty. You offer him more food and he says no. Do you ___ a. keep offering until he says yes? b. just put the food on his plate without asking again?

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Part 1 Comprehensive Check (15*2)每课的练习A Part 2 Multiple Choice (25*1)每课的练习E复习题的变体;另外请中看第五章 Part 3 E-C Translation(10*1)每课的练习C Part 4 Term-matching(10*1) Part 5 Multiple function(5*5)其中三道是简答题,两道是案例分析。 Terms/questions: 1. Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. 2. Barber system –Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money. –Human society has always traded goods across great distances. 3. Global village:real time events 、the time and space compression –All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet. 4. Melting-pot大熔炉: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. 5. Diversity: refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong. 6. Intercultural communication: refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. Perception 7. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people 8. Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation 9. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures. 10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主义):the belief that your own cultural background is superior. 11. Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge. 12. Components of Communication: Source交际邀请 The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate. Encoding编码 Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. Message编码信息 The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object. Channel交际渠道 The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.

(完整word版)跨文化交际试题

1.Three international developments have made intercultural contact more pervasive (无处不在), they are .(D ) A. new technology and information system B. changes in the world’s population C. a shift in the world’s economic arena D. A, B and C 2.___C___ has evolved that lets societies share cultural experiences with one another as films are produced and shown around the world. A. Show business B. I.T. C. international film industry D. Mass media 3.__A____ in the United States, because they have been profoundly affected by population and immigration increases, are a primary setting for domestic intercultural contact. A. Schools B. Community C. Workplace D. club 4. It is difficult to find a single definition of human communication because__D____. A. the complex nature of communication B. the issue of intentionality C. the issue of unintentionality D. A, B and C 5. To Reusch and Bateson, communication often takes place __A___. A. without awareness B. consciously C. intentionally D. deliberately 6. Which of the statements of communication is not true? D A. Communication is dynamic https://www.sodocs.net/doc/8c2421929.html,munication is symbolic https://www.sodocs.net/doc/8c2421929.html,munication is Interpretive D. Communication is static 7. Communication has a consequence means that ___D___. A. Communication is irreversible B.Our response to message does not have to be immediate C. The nature of our responses to messages is rooted in our culture D. A, B and C 8. Which of the item is not the basic component of culture? C A. Values B. Emotions C. Personality D. Attitudes 9. We learn our culture not through __D______. A. proverbs B. art C. mass media D. self-taught 10.Although many aspects of culture are subject to change, the _B______ of a culture resists major alterations. A. history B. the deep structure C. background D. tradition 11. ___C___ is at the core of intercultural communication. A. sender B. receiver C. culture D. language 12. Although cultures change through several mechanisms, which of the following item is not the three most common ones.C A. Diffusion B. Acculturation C. Invention D. Innovation 13. One of the most difficult tasks for foreigners in learning a new language is learning the _____A____ and ________ in which they are used. A. different styles, the contexts B. grammar, accent C. different styles, the speech acts D. vocabulary, the pronunciation 14. Language is accompanied by a continuous flow of nonverbal communication, which involves not only ____ but also ____ and _____.B A. the tone, gaze, posture B. the voice, the face, the body C. the pitch, gaze, gesture D. the pace, the distance, touch 15. ___B__ is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data in a way that enables us to make sense of our physical and social world. A. Interpretation B. Perception C. Analysis D. Understanding

跨文化交际

【知识点归纳】 1.重点概念: (1)文化:culture,涉及内容十分广泛,不同研究者有不同定义。 广义文化:指人类社会实践过程中所获得的物质、精神的生产能力和创造的物质、精神财富的总和。 狭义文化:精神生产能力和精神产品,包括一切社会意识形式;自然科学、技术科学、社会意识形式。英国人类学家泰勒1871年在《原始文化》中提到的定义影响很大。 总的来说,文化是人类社会创造的财富,包括食物、器具,也包括信念、价值观、习俗、知识。可分为物质文化、制度文化和观念文化。总的来说,文化是人类社会创造的财富,包括食物、器具,也包括信念、价值观、习俗、知识。可分为物质文化、制度文化和观念文化。 其特性是:人类独有;来自后天习得;大部分存在于人的潜意识;是行动的指南;动态,与一定历史时期相联系。 (2)交际:就是人与人之间的往来交际活动,文化在交际中得到发展与传播。跨文化交际中的交际主要指人际间通过语言等交际工具进行的直接或间接的信息交流和沟通活动。 (3)编码与解码 交际是一个编码和解码的过程;编码是把思想、感情、意识等编成语码的过程,解码是对外界接受的符号或信息赋予意义或进行解释的过程。 (4)言语交际与非言语交际言语交际是指使用语言作为交际媒介; 非言语交际是指使用除语言以外的交际工具作为交际媒介,例如:文字、盲文、手语、手势、旗语、号语等。 (5)跨文化交际 广义:具有不同文化背景的人们之间进行的交际往来或信息传播与沟通活动。 狭义:在特定的交际情景中,具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言进行的口语交际。 影响跨文化交际的主要因素:民族的历史与传统、宗教思想、价值观念、社会组织形式、风俗习惯、政治制度、社会发展阶段;阶层、职业、年龄、性别等方面。(6)文化模式分为特殊的文化模式和普遍的文化模式两类。 特殊的文化模式是指各民族或国家具有的独特的文化体系。 普遍的文化模式是指一切文化都是由各个不同的部分组成的,这种文化构造适用于任何一个民族的文化。美国人类学家C.威斯勒尔认为,普遍的文化模式包括:①语言;②物质特质;③美术;④神话与科学知识;⑤宗教习惯;⑥家庭与社会体制;⑦财产;⑧政府;⑨战争。 (7)文化深层结构 亦称为“文化潜意识”,相对于文化表层结构而言。指一个民族族体在历史的积淀中形成的固定心态,在一种文化中既不产生律动也不产生突变的心理层次。有些学者认为,西方文化的深层结构是“不断地追求变动,渴望不断地超越”;而中国文化,乃至东方文化则具有静态的目的性,寻求天下太平,维持整个结构的平稳和不变 (8)文化定势 “定势”的概念,最先是由美国政治评论家Lippmann 在1922 年出版的《公

跨文化交际复习资料

跨文化交际复习资料文稿归稿存档编号:[KKUY-KKIO69-OTM243-OLUI129-G00I-FDQS58-

1.monochronic time (M Time) :It schedules one event at a time. In these cultures time is perceived as a linear structure just like a r i b b o n s t r e t c h i n g f r o m t h e p a s t i n t o t h e f u t u r e. 2.polychronic time (P Time) :schedules several activities at the same time. In these culture people emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them. 3.intercultural communication :is a face-to-face communication between people from different cultural backgrounds 4.host culture is the mainstream culture of anyone particular country. 5.minority culture is the cultural groups that are smaller in numerical terms in relation to the host culture. 6.subculture is a smaller, possibly nonconformist, subgroup within the host culture. 7.multiculturalism is the official recognition of a country’s cultural and ethnic diversity. 8.cross-cultural communication is a face-to-face communication between reprentatives of business,government and professional groups from different cultures.

《跨文化交际》_名词解释

1.Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international business operations. 经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。 2.Macroculture:The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming one large society. 宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。 3.Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationlities. 熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。 4.Microcultures:cultures within cultures 微观文化:文化中的文化 5.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. 跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。 Chapter 1 6.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people. 文化是习得的一套关于信仰,价值观,规范的公认的解释,这些信仰,价值观,规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。 7.Culture identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. 文化身份:指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。 8.Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture. 亚文化:具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所形成的文化。 9.Subgroup are groups with the dominant culture does not agree and with which it has communication problems. 亚群体:与主流文化不一致,并与主流文化有交际障碍的交际群体。 10.Rules may refers to socially agreed-on behavior or to individual guidelines for behavior. 规则:社会认同的行为或行为的个体原则。 11.Norms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty. 规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原则,这种不正确的行为一旦发生,就意味着一种显性或隐性的处罚。 Chapter 2 12.Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society. 社会文化适应:人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程。 13.Acculturation refers to an individual’s learning and adopting the norms and values of the new host culture. 文化适应:人们学习适应新文化的社会规范和价值观的过程。 14.分隔和隔离separation and segregation refer to maintaining one’s original culture and not participating in the new culture. 在文化适应过程中保留了原有文化,完全没有接受和习得新文化。 15.融合Integration takes place when individuals become an integral part of the new culture

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