英译汉赏析
On His Seventieth Birthday
G. B. Shaw *
Of late years the public have been trying to tackle me in every way they possibly can, and failing to make anything of it they have turned to treating me as a great man. This is a dreadful fate to overtake anybody. There has been a distinct attempt to do it again now, and for that reason I absolutely decline to say anything about the celebration of my seventieth birthday. But when the Labor Party, my old friends the labor Parry, invited me here I knew that I should be all right. We have discovered the secret that there are no great men, and we have discovered the secret that there are no great nations or great state.
…
According to the capitalists, there will be a guarantee to the world that every man in the country would get a job. They didn't contend it would be a well-paid job, because if it was well paid a man would save up enough one week to stop working the next week, and they were determined to keep a man working the whole time on a bare subsistence wage -and, on the other hand, divide an accumulation of capital.
They said capitalism not only secured this for the working man, but, by insuring fabulous wealth in the hands d a small class of people, they would save money whether they liked it or not, and would have to invest it. That is capitalism, and this Government is always interfering with capitalism. Instead of giving a man a job or letting him starve they are giving him doles - after making sure he has paid for them first. They are giving capitalists subsidies and making all sorts of regulations that are breaking up their own system. All the time they are doing it, and we are telling them it is breaking up, they don't understand.
We say in criticism of capitalism: Y our system has never kept its promises for one single day since it was promulgated. Our production is ridiculous. We are producing eighty horsepower motor cars single day since it was promulgated. Our production is ridiculous. We are producing eighty horsepower motor cars when many more houses should be built. We are producing most extravagant luxuries while children starve. Y ou have stood production on its head. Instead of beginning with the things the nation needs most, you are beginning at just the opposite end....
We are opposed to that theory. Socialism, which is perfectly clear and unmistakable, says the thing you have got to take are of is your distribution. We have to begin with that, and private property, if it stands in the way of good distribution, has got to go.
A man who holds public property must hold it on the public condition on which, for instance, I carry my walking stick, I am not allowed to do what I like with it. I must not knock you on the head with it. We say that if distribution goes wrong, everything else goes wrong - religion, morals, government. And we say, therefore (this is the whole meaning of our socialism), we must begin with distribution and take all the necessary steps.
I think we are keeping it in our minds because our business is to take care of the distribution of wealth in the world: and I tell you, as 1 have told you before, that I don’t think there are two men, or perhaps one man, in our 47,000,000 who approves of the existing distribution of wealth. I will go even further and say that you will not find a single person in the whole of the civilized world who agrees with the existing system of the distribution of wealth. It has been reduced to a blank absurdity....
I think the day will come when we will be able to make the distinction between us and the capitalists. We must get certain leading idea before the people. We should announce that we are
not going in for who was the old-fashioned idea of redistribution, but the redistribution of income. Let it always be a question of income.
I have been very happy hero tonight. I entirely understand the distinction made by our chairman tonight when he said you hold me in social esteem and a certain amount of personal affection. 1 am not a sentimental man, but I am not insensible to all that. I know the value of all that, and it gives me, now that I have come to the age of seventy (it will not occur again and I am saying it for the last time.), great feeling of pleasure that I can say what a good many people can't say.
I know now that when 1 was a young man and took the turning that led me into the labor Party, I took the right turning in every sense.
在七十寿辰宴会上的讲话
[英国]肖伯纳
石幼姗译
近年来，公众舆论一直千方百计想要把我整垮。此计不成，又反过来把我捧成一个伟人。谁碰上了这种事都是极为倒霉的。现在，显然又有人企图在干同样的事了。因为这个缘故，对于庆祝我70岁生日的活动，我完全拒绝发表任何意见。但是，当我的老朋友工党请我到这里来时.我知道不会出问题。因为我们发现了一个秘密，那就是，世界上没有什么伟人。找们还发现另一个秘密，那就是，世界上没有什么伟大的民族，也没有什么伟大的国家。
资本主义者说，他们将向全世界保证，在这个国家里，每人都能得到一份职业。他们并不主张那是一份收人很好的职业，因为假如收入很好，一个人只要做一星期的工，就能节余足够的钱，下星期就不用工作了。因此，他们要使每个人全时工作才挣得仅能维持生计的工薪，另外，他们还要分得一份作为资本的积累。
他们说，资本主义不仅为工人提供了上述保证，而且由于确保巨大的财富集中在一个人数很少的阶层的人手里，所以，不论这些人自己愿意与否，他们都会将钱储蓄起来，用于投资。这就是资本主义，而我们政府的政策却常常和资本主义相抵触。政府既不为人提供工作，又不让他们饿死，而是给他们一点救济－当然，首先得肯定受施者已经为这点救济付足了钱。政府给资本主义者津贴，又订出了各种各样正在破坏自己体制的规章。政府一直在做这样的事。我们告诉他们这是破坏，他们却不懂。
我们批评资本主义时说道:你们的制度自公布以来，就从未有哪一天实践过你们的诺言。我们的生产是荒唐的，我们本需要盖许多房屋，却去生产８０匹马力的汽车。孩子们在挨饿，我们却生产各种极为索华的奢侈品。你们把生产本末倒置了，不首先生产国民最需要的东西，却恰恰从相反的一端开始……
我们反对这种理论。社会主义理论是明自无误的，它指出，需要注惫的是分配制度。我们必须从这个问题入手。如果私有财产妨碍分配制度的实行，那么就必须废除私有财产。
掌握公共财产的人必须按公众的条件来掌握公共财产，就像找拿手杖一样，我不能愿意用它干什么就干什么，我不能用它来敲你的脑袋。我们说，如果分配制度出了差错，那么，宗救、道德、政府等一切都会跟着出问题。因此，我们说，必须从分配着手，并采取一切必要的步骤，这就是我们的社会主义理论的全部意义。
我以为，我们应当记住上述一点，因为我们的任务是要处理好世界财富的分配问题。我告诉过你们，现在还要告诉你们，我认为在我们4７00万人口中，没有两个人，也许连一个人也没有，会赞同现存的财富分配制度。我甚至要说，你们在整个文明世界中也找不出一个赞同现存财富分配制度的人来。这种分配制度已成为毫无疑义、荒谬绝伦的东西了··…
我认为我们能够将自己和资本主义者区别开的一天终会到来。我们必须将一些指导思想公之于众。我们应该宜称，找们迫求的不是旧概念中的再分配，而是收人的再分配。我们指的始终是收人问题。
今天晚上我很高兴。我们的主席说，你们对我的社会地位有很高的评价，也对我有一定的的个人感情，我感到非常光荣。我不是一个好动感情的人，但也不能对此无动于衷。我知道这一切的价值。由于这一切，我十分高兴能够在这里说出了一些许多人不能说的话。我已经70岁了，一个人一生只能有一次70岁，我说这话也就是这一次了。
现在我确信，在我年轻时，思想转变，加人工党，这个转交从一切方面都可以说:我的路走对了。
A Conversation with a Cat
H. Bdloc
The other day I went into the bar of a railway station and, taking a glass of beer, I sat down at a little table by myself to meditate upon the necessary but tragic isolation of the human soul. I began my meditation by consoling myself with the truth that something in common runs through all nature, but I went on to consider that this cut no ice , and that the heart needed something more.
I might by long research have discovered some third term a little less hackneyed than these two, when fate, or some fostering star, sent me a tawny silky, long haired cat.
If it be true that nations have the cats they deserve, then the English people deserve well in cats, for there are none so prosperous or so friendly in the world. But even for an English cat this cat was exceptionally friendly and fine-especially friendly. It leapt at one graceful bound into my lap, nestled there, put out an engaging right front paw to touch my arm with a pretty timidity by way of introduction, rolled up at me an eye of bright but innocent affection, and then smiled a secret smile of approval.
No man could be so timid after such an approach as not to make some manner of response. So did I. I even took the liberty of stroking Amathea (for by that name did I receive this vision), and though I began this gesture in a respectful fashion, after the best models of polite deportment with strangers, I was soon lending it some warmth, for l was touched to find that I had a friend; yes, even here, at the ends of the tubes in S. W.99. I proceeded (as is right) from caress to speech, and said, "Amathea, most beautiful of cats, why have you deigned to single me out for so much favor? Did you recognize in me a friend to all that breathes, or were you yourself suffering from loneliness (though I take it you are near your own dear home) , or is there pity in the hearts of animals as there is in the hearts of some humans? What, then, was your motive? Or am I, indeed, foolish to ask, and not rather to take whatever good comes to me in whatever way from the gods? To these questions Amathea answered with a loud purring noise, expressing with closed eyes of ecstasy her delight in the encounter.
"I am more than flattered, Amathea," said I, by way of answer; "I am consoled. I did not know that there was in the world anything breathing and moving, let alone' so tawny-perfect, who would gibe companionship for its own sake and seek out, through deep feeling, some one companion out of all living kind. If you do not address me in words I know the reason and I commend it; for in words lie the seeds of all dissension, and love at its most profound is silent. At least, I read that in a book. Amathea; yes, only the other day. But I confess that the book told me nothing of those gestures which are better than words, or of that caress which I continue to bestow upon you with all the gratitude of my poor heart. "
To this Amathea made a slight gesture of acknowledgement - not disdainful -wagging her bead a little, and then settling it down in deep content.
"Oh, beautiful-haired Amathea, many have praised you before you found me to praise you, and many will praise you, some in your own tongue, when I am no longer held in the bonds of your
presence. But none will praise you more sincerely. For there is not a man living who knows better than I that the four charms of a cat lie in its closed eyes, its long and lovely hair, its silence, and even its affected love. "
But at the word affected Amathea raised her head, looked up at me tenderly, once more put forth her paw to touch my arm, and then settled down again to purring beatitude.
"Y ou are secure," said I sadly; "mortality is not before you. There is in your complacency no foreknowledge of death nor even of separation. And for that reason, Cat, I welcome you the more. For if there has been given to your kind this repose in common living, why, then we men also may find it by following your example and not considering too much what may be to come and not remembering too much what has been and will never return. Also, I thank you, for this. Amathea, my sweet Euplokamos" (for I was becoming a little familiar through an acquaintance of a full five minutes and from the absence of all recalcitrance), "that you have reminded me of my youth, and in a sort of shadowy way, a momentary way, have restored it to me. For there is an age, a blessed youthful age (O my Cat) even with the miserable race of men, when all things are consonant with the life of the body, when sleep is regular and long and deep, when enmities are either unknown or a subject for rejoicing and when the whole of being is lapped in hope as you are now lapped on my lap, Amathea. Y es, we also, we of the doomed race, know peace. But whereas you possess it from blind kittenhood to that last dark day so mercifully short with you, we grasp it only for a very little while. But I would not sadden you by the mortal plaint. That would be treason indeed, and a vile return for your goodness. What! When you have chosen me out of seven London millions upon whom to confer the tender solace of the heart, when you have proclaimed yourself so suddenly to be my dear, shall I introduce you to the sufferings of those of whom you know nothing save that they feed you, house you and pass you by? At least you do not take us for gods, as do the dogs, and the more am I humbly beholden to you for this little service of recognition - and something more. "
Amathea slowly raised herself upon her four feet, arched her back, yawned, looked up at me with a smile sweeter than ever and then went round and round, preparing for herself a new couch upon my coat, whereon she settled and began once more to purr in settled ecstasy.
Already had I made sure that a rooted and anchored affection had come to me from out the emptiness and nothingness of the world and was to feed my soul henceforward; already had I changed the mood of long years and felt a conversion towards the life of things, an appreciation, a cousinship with the created lights and all that through one new link of loving kindness - when whatever it is that dashes the cup of bliss from the lips of mortal man (Tupper) up and dashed it good and hard. It was the Ancient Enemy who put the fatal sentence into my heart, for we are the playthings of the greater powers, and surely some of them are evil.
"Y ou will never leave me, Amathea," I said; "I will respect your sleep and we will sit here together through all uncounted time, I holding you in my arms and you dreaming of the fields of Paradise. Nor shall anything part us, Amethea; you are my cat and I am you human. Now and onwards into the fullness of peace."
Then it was that Amathea lifted herself once more, and with delicate, discreet, unweighted movement of perfect limbs leapt lightly to the floor as lovely as a wave. She walked slowly away from me without so much as looking back over her shoulder; she had another purpose in her mind; and as she so gracefully and so majestically reared the door which she was seeking, a short, unpleasant man standing at the bar said, "Puss, Puss, Puss!" and stooped to scratch her gently
behind the ear. With what a wealth of singular affection, pure and profound, did she not gaze up at him, and then rub herself against his leg in token and external expression of a sacramental friendship that should never die.
对猫一席话
张禹九译
前些日子，我走进某火车站酒吧，买了一杯啤酒便独自在一张小桌旁坐下，默想人类灵魂虽属必需却又悲哀的疏离，开始想时还以为万物总有某种相通之处，尚可聊以自慰。不过继而一想，这不解决问题，人心还需要更多的东西。我本来可以通过长期研究发现不像灵魂、人心那么陈腐的另一个词，忽然，命运或某颗福星给我送来了一只毛光如丝的茶色长毛猫。
各国的人都有值得他们称道的猫，如果此话不假，那么英国人则应当好好称道他们的猫，因为世上没有如此顺遂、如此友善的猫。但即便就英国猫而言，我这只猫也格外友善聪明—尤其是友善。它优雅地一跳，跳到我的怀里，舒舒服服地安顿下来，伸出可爱的右前爪，怯生生地碰碰我的胳搏，算是作了介绍，那眼光里充满乖巧然而天真的友爱，打量我，然后暗暗一笑，表示认可了。
经过这般亲近之后，谁也不会胆小到不作某种回答。我作了回答。我甚至冒昧地抚摩阿玛特亚(我正因这名字才有这番幻想);虽然我以尊重的方式开始作此表示，完全以最佳的对待陌生者的有礼态度为典范，但很快就增加了几分亲热，因为我发现我有了一个朋友而感动不已;是的.即便在这里，西南９９路的地铁终点站。我继而(做法是得当的)由抚摩转人说话:“阿玛特亚，美丽至极的猫，你为了得到宠爱为何偏偏挑中了我呢?是你看出我是一切有生命之物的朋友，还是你自己也因孤浊而痛苦（尽管我相信你离你自己心爱的家很近），还是因为动物之心如同某些人的心一样有怜悯之情?那么，你的动机是什么?我这样问实在是蠢，天神以任何方式赐给我的任何幸福难道我反而不愿接受了?”
对这些问题，阿玛特亚都以很响的咕喻声作了回答，以欣喜得紧闭的眼睛表示它对这次邂逅相逢感到高兴。
“我无比荣幸，阿玛特亚，”我说，算是回答;“我得到了安慰。我原先井不知道世上有生命、能活动的东西，当然更不用说有如此完美的茶色猫了，会为了自身起见愿意献出友谊，而且以奥妙的感情从各种有生之物当中寻求某一个同伴。如果你不用言词跟我交谈，我知道是何原因并且表示称赞，因为一切分歧的根源就在于言词，而最意味深长的友爱总是无言的。至少，这是我从一本书里读到的，阿玛特亚;是啊.就在前些日子。但是我承认，我这胜过言词的表示不是这本书告诉我的，我以我脆弱心灵的感激之情继续向你表示的爱抚也不是这本书告诉我的。”
阿玛特亚对此略表谢意—并无轻蔑之意—微徽地摇播头，然后称心如意地安顿下来。
“啊，美丽的阿玛特亚，你发现我赞美你之前已有许多人赞美过你了，当我不再隶属于你时，将要赞美你的还会多得很，有的会用你的语言赞美你。但是不会有人比我更真诚地赞美你。因为，世上没有一个活着的人比我更了解猫的四大魅力就在于它那紧闭的眼睛、漂亮的长毛、默默无言，甚至还在于它那种假情假意的友爱。”
阿玛特亚听到“假”这个字时，抬起头，敏感地仰望着我，又伸出右前爪碰碰我的格膊，然后又安顿下来，咕噜咕噜，好不幸福。
“你是安全的啊，’我哀伤地说，“你面前不存在人终有一死的问题。你自得其乐，对生离死别都无先见之明。惟其如此，猫啊，我才越发欢迎你。因为.如果你们猫类乐于在尘世悠然自得，那么，我们人类也许能通过效法你们，不过多考虑将来，也不过多回忆以往那早已逝去而且永不再回来的一切，从而悠然自得。还有，我要感谢你，阿玛特亚，我可爱的尤普洛卡谟”(相识已有整整五分钟，也未见有何不顺从的表示，所以我变得亲热些了)。“你使我想起了我的青年时代，你梦幻般地、瞬息间地把我的青年时代归还给了我。因为，(哦，
我的猫啊！）就连不幸的人类也有过一个时代，一个幸福的青年时代。那时候，万物皆与肉体生活协调一致，睡眠有规律而且睡得久，睡得熟;仇恨或是无从知晓或是成了寻乐的话题;整个生命躺在希望的怀抱中，就像你现在安睡在我膝上一样，阿玛特亚。是的，我们，我们这受诅咒的人类也懂得安宁平和。不过，你们从懵懵懂懂的幼年到幸好极其短暂的那个倒霉的末日，都保持着安宁而不变，而我们把握住安宁的时间却极其短暂。但我不愿以生命必有终结的哀叹使你悲伤。那样做实在是不忠，是以恶行回报你的善意。什么?既然你从伦教700万大众中挑中我是为了给我以好心的安慰，既然你如此突然地表示要和我亲近，那么我能不能把一些人—你只知道他们给你吃让你住而从不过问你，此外你对他们一无所知—的苦难对你讲一讲，行不行?至少你不像狗一样把我们看作偶像，因而我越发谦卑地承你的情，感激你的这般赏识—以及其他种种。”
阿玛特亚慢慢地站起来，弓弓背，打个呵欠，带着比刚才更美妙的微笑望着我，然后走来走去，已想好把我的上衣当作它的新床榻，然后安倾下来，又开始咕噜咕噜，好不惬惫。
我已经确信，从那空虚无聊的人世中，已有一种根深蒂固的爱来到我身边，并将从此安慰我的灵魂;我已改变了常年的心绪，对万物的生命的看法有了转变，开始有了一种鉴赏，有一种和创世之初的光很亲密的关系—这一切都通过新的慈爱之杯而来—忽然，不知什么东西这时撞翻了凡人嘴边的福乐之杯，并把它撞得粉碎。那是恶魔撇旦把致命的判决放进了我心里，因为我们是更大力量的手中玩物，而有些更大力童是邪恶的。
“你水不离开我，阿玛特亚，”我说，“我要让你安睡，我们要永无尽期地坐在这里，我抱着你，你梦到乐园的田野。不会有什么把我们分开，阿玛特亚;你是我的猫，我是你的人。从今以后一直在完全的和平中。”
就在此时，阿玛特亚又站了起来，轻轻一跳，跳到地上，完美的四胶动作优雅，谨慎，轻盈，美如波浪。它慢慢离我而去，甚至不回头看看我;它心里另有打算;当它优美而庄重地走到它要找的门口时，站在酒吧柜台旁的一个令人讨厌的矮个子说，“小猫味.小猫咪，小猫咪!.接着弯下腰轻轻地搔它的后颈。它抬头注视着他，充满爱意，既纯朴又奥妙，然后它在那人的腿边蹭着，象征了也表明了一种永远不会消亡的神圣的友谊。
How to Grow Old
In spite of the title, this article will really be on how not to grow old, which, at my time of life, is a much more important subject. My first advice would be to choose your ancestors carefully. Although both my parents died young, I have done well in this respect as regards my other ancestors. My maternal grandfather, it is true, was cut off in the flower of his youth at the age of sixty-seven, but my other three grandparents all lived to be over eighty. Of remoter ancestors I can only discover one who did not live to a great age, and he died of a disease which is now rare, namely, having his head cut off. A great-grandmother of mine, who was a friend of Gibbon, lived to the age of ninety-two, and to her last day remained a terror to all her descendants. My maternal grandmother, after having nine children who survived, one who died in infancy, and many miscarriages, as soon as she became a widow devoted herself to women's higher education. She was one of the founders of Girton College, and worked hard at opening the medical profession to women. She used to relate how she met in Italy an elderly gentleman who was looking very sad. She inquired the cause of his melancholy and he said that he had just parted from his two grandchildren. "Good gracious," she exclaimed, "I have seventy-two grandchildren, and if I were sad each time I parted from one of them, I should have a dismal existence!" "Madre snaturale," he replied. But speaking as one of the seventy-two, I prefer her recipe. After the age of eighty she found she had some difficulty in getting to sleep, so she habitually spent the hours from midnight to 3 a. m. in reading popular science. I do not believe that she ever had time to notice
that she was growing old. This, I think, is the proper recipe for remaining young. If you have wide and keen interests and activities in which you can still be effective, you will have no reason to think about the merely statistical fact of the number of years you have already lived, still less of the probable brevity of your future.
As regards health, I have nothing useful to say since I have little experience of illness. I eat and drink whatever I like, and sleep when I can not keep awake. I never do anything whatever on the ground that it is good for health, though in actual fact the things I like doing are mostly wholesome.
Psychologically there are two dangers to be guarded against in old age. One of these is undue absorption in the past. It does not do to live in memories, in regrets for the good old days, or in sadness about friends who are dead. One's thoughts must be directed to the future, and to things about which there is something to be done. This is not always easy; one’s own past is a gradually increasing weight. It is easy to think to oneself that one's emotions used to be more vivid than they are, and one's mind more keen. If this is true it should be forgotten, and if it is forgotten it will probably not be true.
The other thing to be avoided is clinging to youths in the hope of sucking vigor from its vitality. When your children are grown up they want to live their own lives, and if you continue to be as interested in them as you were when they were young, you are likely to become a burden to them, unless they are unusually odious. I do not mean that one should be without interest in then, but one's interest should be contemplative and, if possible, philanthropic, but not unduly emotional. Animals become indifferent to their young as soon as their young can look after themselves, but human beings, owing to the length of infancy, find this difficult.
I think that a successful old age is easiest for those who have strong impersonal interests' involving appropriate activities. It is in this sphere that long experience is really fruitful, and it is in this sphere that the wisdom barn of experience can be exercised without being oppressive. It is no use telling grown-up children not to make mistakes, both because they will not believe you, and because mistakes are an essential part of education. But if you are one of those who are incapable of impersonal interests, you nay find that your life will be empty unless you concern yourself with your children and grandchildren. In that case you must realize that while you can still render them material services, such as making them an allowance or knitting them jumpers, you must not expect that they will enjoy your company.
Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death. In the young there is a justification for this feeling. Y oung men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feet bitter in the thought that they have been cheated op the best things that life has to offer. But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble. The best way to overcome it-so at least it seems to me-is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life. An individual human existence should be like a river-small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past rocks and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the eaters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer firm the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue. And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will not be
unwelcome. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.
论老之将至
尽管有这样一个标题，这篇文章真正要谈的却是怎样才能不变老。在我这个年纪，这实在是一个至关重要的间题。我的第一个忠告是，要仔细选择你的祖先。尽管我的双亲皆属早逝，但是考虑到我的其他祖先，我的选择还是很不错的。是的，我的外祖父67岁时去世，正值盛年，可是另外三位祖父辈的亲人都活到80岁以上。至于稍远些的亲戚，我只发现一位没能长寿的，他死于一种现已罕见的病症:掉脑袋。我的一位曾祖母是吉本的朋友，她活到92岁高龄，她一直到死都始终是让子孙们全都感到敬畏的人。我的外祖母，一辈子生了十个孩子，活了九个，一个夭折，此外还有过多次流产。可是守寡之后，她马上就致力于妇女的高等教育事业。她是格顿学院的创办人之一，她力图使妇女进人医疗行业。她总好讲起她在意大利遇到过的一位面容悲哀的老年绅士。她询问他忧郁的缘故，他说他刚刚同两个孙儿女分手。“天哪!”她叫道，“我有72个孙儿孙女，如果我每次分手就要悲伤不止，那我就没法活了!’“不寻常的母亲。”他同答说。但是，作为她的72个孙儿孙女的一员，我却要说我更喜欢她的见地。上了80岁，她开始感到有些难于人睡，她便经常在午夜时分至凌展三时这段时间里阅读科普方面的书籍。我想她根本就没有工夫去留意她在衰老。我认为，这就是保持年轻的最佳方法。如果你的兴趣和活动既广泛又热烈，而且你又能从中感到自己仍然精力旺盛，那么你就不必去考虑你已经活了多少年这种纯粹的统计学情况，更不必去考虑你那也许不很长久的未来。
至于健康，由于我这一生几乎从未患过病，也就没有什么有益的忠告。我吃喝皆随心所欲，醒不了的时候就睡觉。我做事情从不以它是否有益健康为很据，尽管实际上我喜欢做的事情通常是有益健康的。
从心理角度讲，老年需防备两种危险。一是过分沉湎于往事。人不能生活在回忆当中，不能生活在对美好往昔的怀念或对过世的友人的哀念之中。一个人应当把心思故在未来，放到需要自己去做点什么的事情上。要做到这一点并非轻而易举，往事的影响总是在不断地增加。人们总好认为自己过去的情感要比现在强烈得多，头脑也比现在敏锐。假如真的如此，就该忘掉它;而如果可以忘掉它，那你所认为的悄况就可能并不是真的。
另一件应当避免的事是依恋年轻人，期望从他们的勃勃生气中获取力量。子女们长大成人之后，都想按照自己的意愿生活。如果你还像他们年幼时那样关心他们，你就会成为他们的包袱，除丰他们是异常迟钝的人。我不是说不应该关心子女，而是说这种关心应该是含蓄的，假如可能的话，还应是宽厚的，而不应该过分地感悄用事。动物的幼崽一且自立，成年的动物就不再关心它们了。人类则因其幼年时期较长而难于做到这一点。
我认为，对于那些具有强烈的不受个人好恶所影响的喜好、其活动又都恰当适宜的人们，成功地度过老年绝非难事。只有在这个范围里，长年的经历才真正有益;只有在这个范围里，源于经验的智慧才能得到运用而不使别人感到压抑。告诫己经成人的孩子别犯错误是没有用处的，因为一来他们不会相信你，二来错误原本就是教育所必不可少的一部分。但是，如果你是那种受个人情感支配的人，你就会发现，不把心思都放在子女和孙儿女身上，你就会觉得生活空虚。假如事实确是如此，那么你必须明白，虽然你还能为他们提供物质上的帮助，比如给他们一笔零花钱或者为他们编织毛线外套的时候，绝不要期望他们会喜欢你的陪伴。
有些老人因害怕死亡而苦恼。年轻人害怕死亡是可以理解的。那些担心会在战斗中丧生的年轻人一想到会失去生活能够给予的种种美好事物，就感到痛苦。这种担心并不是无缘无故的，也是情有可原的。但是，对于一位经历了人世的悲欢、屐行了个人职责的老人，害怕死亡就有些可怜且可耻了。克服这种恐惧的最好办法是—至少我是这样看的—逐渐扩大
你的兴趣范围并使其不受个人情感的影响，直至包围自我的围墙一点一点地离开你，而你的生活则越来越融合于大家的生活之中。每一个个人的存在都应该像一条河一样—开始是细小的，被限制在狭窄的两岸之间，充满激情地冲过巨石，滑下瀑布。渐渐地，河道变宽了，河岸扩展了，河水流得更平稳了。最后，没有明显的间断，河水流入了海洋，毫无痛苦地摆脱了自身的存在。一个在年老时能够这样理解自己的一生的人，将不会因害怕死亡而痛苦，因为他所珍爱的一切都将继续存在下去。而且，如果随着精力的衰退，疲倦之感日渐增加，长眠并非是不受欢迎的念头。我渴望死于尚能劳作之时，同时知道他人将继续我所未竟的事业，我大可因为已经尽了自己之所能而感到安慰。
The Hundred Worst Books and They That Wrote Them
As it has been found possible to tabulate, to the satisfaction of some people at least, the world's Hundred Best Books, so, twenty years ago, it might have been possible to enumerate and set down the hundred least worthy that had then appeared under the imprint of reputable publishers. The enormous output since that time, however, has made such a task impossible in a literal senses. Even the most patient and plodding student, tabulating for his doctorate degree, would sink appalled before the herculean task of selecting the hundred worst from the thousands sufficiently poor.
The causes for this unprecedented eruption of inferior literature have been several, and the invention of the American typewriting machine is surely not the least of them. When one of the first of these machines was shown to George Eliot by an Oxford professor, she exclaimed with prophetic fervor: "Ah, I can see that it will be responsible for many a bad book, and we have poor ones enough as it is." There can be no doubt, that the mere facilitating of the mechanical labor of authorship has induced many young people who were otherwise unemployed to try their hands at literature, and only too often they have produced what other idle youngsters like themselves found readable enough. A class of ephemeral fiction has resulted which might well be called that of the stenographers' school, consisting of novels made by the almost unassisted efforts of the machines.
The great increase of publishing firms, many of which are frankly and solely interested in satisfying the lowest element of the reading public, has had, no doubt, much to do with this plague of books which, rated at nothing, would be overestimated. But it seems probable that the public library, despite many a good turn it has done for culture, is even more guilty in this general debauching of public taste. People will read a great many more novels borrowed from a public library than they would ever buy, and the great majority of people, reading many, will happen upon more poor ones than good. In the old days, when there was no getting at a new book except by the outlay of S1 or S1.50, reading people thought awhile before they chose and were not likely to select a novel by a man never heard of before, even if the title was as alluring as the publisher could make it. The young man with the nimble typewriting machine found the road to fortune slower then. The public library has, with one class of readers, largely taken the place of the old Seaside library of fiction; it supplies them with books that they lead, but would never care to keep. The sale of works of fiction to the public libraries alone is now almost large enough to justify the publisher in issuing them.
The hundred poorest authors would perhaps be easier to classify than the hundred poorest books, though they are, for the most part. a most respectable company, who stand well in the eyes of their readers and publishers. The day has quite passed for making sport of such unpretentious frauds as the "Duchess," Bertha M. Clay and LAura Jean Libbey". These innocent purveyors of sentiment to loverless maids and husbandless spinsters have been superseded by a much cleverer
generation of charlatans. The alarming peculiarity of the mountebank in fiction today is that he has learned something about his trade; that he is usually wily enough to keep clear of the flatly ridiculous and can trick out his sham with some garnish of wit or bravery. The very complexity of life today makes it possible that almost any shrewd fellow can make a novel that will interest someone, merely for the subject's sake, if for nothing else.
We have innumerable industrial novels, dealing with all sorts of trades, with every complexion of politics, and with geographical and sociological conditions. We have novels purporting to picture the conditions of almost every city and state in the union; novels of Washington, Chicago, San Francisco; of Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Missouri, Pennsylvania, etc, which doubtless command a considerable local sake, quite irrespective of their literary merits. We have copper, steel, lumber, tar, wheat and corn stories, the great majority of which treat very superficially of temporary conditions and present characters which are but the exponents of more or less abortive theories. The general run of these inventions, however, do not offend more seriously than by their dreary commonplaceness.
The most extreme and outrageous books, however bad they may be, we never the worst. The Mary MacLanes of fiction are self-limited, like certain disease-bearing germs, and they exterminate each other, even in the regard of the most depraved public. The books which sell by such thousands as make one ashamed of his country are of another order. Probably the most glaring and inexplicable instance of successful fraud that we have to admire today is that of Ashtoreth of the pen, Marie Corelli. Miss Corelli is rather more picturesque than our own Ella Wheeler Wilcox and Amelie Rives a because, preposterous as that may seem, she takes herself even more seriously. Her residence at Stratford, her championship of "the bard" who sometime inhabited there, her fanciful portrayals of herself in several of her novels, all indicate that here we have a female genius of the good old school -- rapt, ethereal, art-dedicated. Among all the estimable women who turn out their two novels a year and eat the bread of toil, there is no second to this inspired and raving sibyl, who could have been fitly described and adjectived only by Ouida in her vanished prime. It is this very high seriousness of Miss Corelli's that seems occasionally to hypnotize sensible people until they accept her ludicrous philosophy, distorted ethics and sophomoric pyrotechnics of style at very nearly her own estimate. In all the dull grind of contemporary literature we have nothing else so rare as this Stratford Sappho., unless it be the Hall Canoe, trumpeting superlatives from his Manx caste., and if we lacked other evidence that the same brush had tarred and immortalized them, their recent exchange of hostilities would suggest it.
But Miss Corelli and her tribe, all their tempestuous passions and madness of adjectives, have never done so much to deprave the novel and the taste of its constant readers as has the ill-starred renaissance of the historical romance. The doublet and the dagger are calling us to account again, and the word "colonial" has as much to answer for in fiction as it has in architecture. Tricked out in knee breeches and identified with an historical period, anything will go. The mere costuming of such a romance seems to render it attractive, and the introduction of any colonial hero, however basely he may he used, gives it a certain authority with the average patriotic reader. However frequent the anachronism, however grossly facts may be willfully distorted, the tradition that historical novels are "instructive" remains unassailable.
If there are not more than a hundred of them in themselves I should surely put into the category of poor books most of these insincere historical romances, from sweet Janice and When
Knighthood Was in Flower down to the least successful and least convincing of the lot. Their gross distortion of facts, their barrenness of any true imaginative power, their false standards of beauty, together with their overwhelming sentimentality and their atrocious unreality make them formidable adversaries. Not the most repulsive product of realism can possibly tend to the general vitiating of public taste as does the mawkish idealism, the absurd sentimentality and the misinterpretation of lifer, in which many of these stories abound.
There can be but a narrow enough future for a mind brought up upon the priggish distortions of the "Elsie books'," weaned upon translations from Mrs. Marlitt, and finally graduated into the pseudohistorical novels with which our presses are groaning and of which our public libraries keep thirty copies in circulation at a time. The question critics are continually asking, why people, and especially young people, no longer read Dickens" and Scott'` and Thackeray and George Eliot, why they never open the books in which their fathers delighted? This question lance and her ilk must answer.
百本最劣书及其作者
至少让某些人满意，一一列举世界“百本最佳图书”已证明是一种可能;同样的，20年以前，人们还有可能清点并记录下有名望的出版商推出的最没有价值的书籍。然而自那时起这类作品数且庞大，想要数清楚已经不可能了。在成千上万相当梢糕的书中选出最差的一百本实在是个无比艰巨的任务，就是为了拿博士学位而编制表格名单的最耐心的孜孜不倦的学生，也会对之望而生畏。
造成这种低档文学的空前喷发的原因有好几种，其中不可等闲视之的是美国发明了打字机。当年。一位牛津教授把最早一批产品中的一台展示给乔治·艾略特看，艾略特以富于预见性的激烈态度惊呼道:“我料到它会成为产生诸多劣书的罪魁祸首，而眼前我们的坏书已经够不少了。”写作的机械劳动得到辅助，这无疑引诱了一些无所事事的年轻人染指文学，而大多数情况下他们只出产和他们一样游手好闲的小青年们读得进的作品。由此一种可被称为速记派的短命小说应运而生，几乎完全倚仗打字机的大力。
出版社数目激增，其中许多公然地专心致力于满足最低层次的读者，这无疑也和时下的劣等书泛滥有关。这类书说它们一文不值还是高估了它们。不过，公共图书馆在败坏公众趣味方面的罪责可能更大，尽管它们过去曾经对文化多有贡献。人们从图书馆借阅的小说的数星远远超过自己买的书，而绝大多数人，读的书多了，碰到的劣书总比好书多。过去，不花I至1.50美元就别想得到一本新书，读书人在选择时总得思量一番，一般不大可能买某个闻所未闻的作者的小说，不管出版商用多么诱人的书名。那年月拥有灵巧的打字机的年轻人想发财还得多费点周折。对于某一类读者来说，公共图书馆很大程度上取代了早先经营小说的海滨图书馆，它们供应读者乐于阅读但无意保存的书籍。如今单是卖给公共图书馆的书籍的数最就大到足以诱使出版商发行某个作品了。
列举一百名最差的作家也许比挑选一百本最低劣的书要容易一些，虽说这些人在多数情况下是十分正派的，在他们的读者和出版商眼里都颇得尊重。嘲弄“公爵夫人”伯莎·M.克雷和劳拉·吉恩·利贝那样微不足道的编子的时代已经过去了。一代远远更为机灵的骗子取代了那些为受冷落的姑娘和未嫁人的老处女们提供感情食粮的承包商。如今小说行业中的江湖术士的令人担优的特点在于他确实学到了一点门道，他常常能滑头地避免过于荒诞不经的东西，并给自己的假货添上些机智或勇敢做装饰。由于当今生活的复杂性，几乎任何机灵的人都能弄出一本让某些人感兴趣的小说。如果不为别的，至少是为了题材也行。
我们有无数的工业小说，讲述各行各业、各党各派、地理情况及社会状况等等。我们有旨在描述联邦中几乎每一个州、每一个市的状况的小说，关于华盛顿、芝加哥、旧金山，关于堪萨斯、内布拉斯加、衣阿华、密苏里、宾夕法尼亚等等。这些书不管其文学水准如何，
在当地无疑都颇有销路。我们有关于铜、钢、木材、柏油、小麦和玉米的故事，其中大多数很肤浅地涉及并展示一些仅代表着某些或多或少地破产了的理论的暂时现象和现时人物。当然，总体而言，这类作品最糟的过失也不过是平庸得乏味透顶。
最极端的和最出格的书，不管怎样槽，都不是最坏的。书中的玛丽·麦克雷恩们像某些致病细菌一样自己限制着自己，而且，即使是在最堕落的读者那里，它们也相互歼杀。能成千上万地出售并让人为自己的国家而羞愧的书属于另外一类。也许使我们今日不能不为之赞叹的是成功的骗子中最厚颜、最不可理解的一例，即舞文弄墨的多产女神玛丽·科列丽。虽说这听来可能有点荒唐，科列丽小姐比我国的爱拉·韦勒·威尔科克斯或艾米丽·莱弗斯更怪异有趣，是因为她比她们都更重视自己。她在斯特拉福德的住所，她对曾经居住在那里的“诗人”的拥护，她在她的那本小说里对自己奇异的描绘，所有这些都表明我们遇上了一位老式才女—痴迷专注，神思飘逸，献身艺术。在所有每年出产两部长篇小说的吃辛苦饭的可敬女性中，没有哪一个可与这位灵感激发、满口胡言的女先知相比。恐怕只有维德当年盛极一时的伏况可以用来描述和形容她。正是由于科列丽高度认真，使不少有头脑的人们也一时迷惑，最后竟几乎照她的开价接受了她的可笑的哲学、歪曲的道德和浅薄的炫耀的风格。除了在他的满克斯城堡鼓噪宣扬其臻善臻美的哈尔·凯因，在当代文学里辛苦耕耘的沉闷劳工中再没有什么人像这位斯特拉福德的萨福那样不同凡响了。如果我们缺少其他的证据说明他们二位具有同样特点并同样长存不朽，他们最近的互相攻歼会提醒我们想到这点。
不过，科列丽小姐和她的同族，连同他们全都激扬的感情和疯狂的修饰，对小说及其忠实读者所造成的损害也比不上背时的历史传奇的复兴。紧身衣和匕首在责成我们检讨，“殖民地风格”在小说中像在建筑中一样影响重大。只要装点着老式及膝紧身裤并标出一个历史时期，不管什么货色都可以充数。仅仅是服装打扮似乎就足以使这类浪漫传奇吸引人了。只要再引入任何一位殖民时期的英雄人物，不论塑造得多么卑劣，都可使该故事在寻常的爱国读者眼里具有某种权威性。不论混淆时代的错误百出，不论怎样任意地歪曲重大史实，认为历史小说富于“教益’的传统观念仍然牢不可破。
如果不是它们的数量已经逾百本，我肯定会把这些不真诚的历史传奇中的大部分都归于坏书之列—从可爱的詹妮斯和《骑士精神的黄金时代》到最不成功、最难以让人信服的一类。它们对事实的严重歪曲，真正想像力的缺乏，虚假的美的标准，连同它们泛滥的情绪和低劣的不现实使得它们成为可怕的敌人。即使最不堪卒读的现实主义作品也不像充斥于这类浪漫故事中的滥情的理想主义、荒谬的感伤情调，以及对生活的错误理解那样可能导致大规模地败坏公众趣味。
对于一个被‘艾尔西丛书“中那些自以为是的歪曲概念教养长大，很早就受玛丽特夫人的译文燕陶，而最终归结到伪历史小说中去的人来说，前程不可能宽广。而我们的出版社不断呻吟着推出这类历史小说，我们的公共图书馆同时有不下30本在流通。批评家们在不断地问，为什么人们，特别是年轻人，不再读狄更斯、司各特、萨克雷和乔治·艾略特？为什么他们不再读他们的父辈喜爱的书籍了呢?这个问题须由詹妮斯和她的同类来回答。
The Winner Loses
We were spending the afternoon with our friends, Madame Pierlot and the d'Aiguys, in September 39' when France declared war on Germany-England had done it first. They all were upset but hopeful, but I was terribly frightened; I had been so sure there was not going to be war and here it was, it was war, and I made quite a scene. I said, "They shouldn't! They shouldn't! " and they were very sweet, and I apologized and said I was sorry but it was awful, and they comforted me-they, the French, who had so much at stake, and I had nothing at stake comparatively.
Well, that was a Sunday.
And then there was another Sunday and we were at Beon again that Sunday, and Russia came into the war and Poland was smashed, and I did not care about Poland, but it did frighten me about France-oh dear, that was another Sunday.
And then we settled down to a really wonderful winter.
We did not know that we were going to stay al: winter. There is no way of heating this stone house except by open fires, and we are in the mountains, there is a great deal of snow, and it is cold; but gradually we stayed. We had some coal, enough for the kitchen stove, and one grate fire that we more or less kept burning day and night, and there is always plenty of wood here as we are in wooded mountains, so gradually we stayed the winter. The only break was a forty eight-hour run to Paris to get our winter clothing and arrange our affairs and then we were back for the winter.
Those few hours in Paris made us realize that the country is a better place in war than a city. They grow the things to eat right where you are, so there is no privation, as taking it away is difficult, particularly in the mountains, so there was plenty of meat and potatoes and bread and honey and we had some sugar and we even had all the oranges and lemons we needed and dates; a little short of gasoline for the car, but we learned to do what we wanted with that littler so we settled down to a comfortable and pleasantly exciting winter.
I had not spent a winter in the country, in the real country, since my childhood in California and I did enjoy it: there was snow, and moonlight, and I had to saw wood. There was plenty of wood to be had, but no men to saw it; and every day Basket II , our new poodle, and I took long walks. We took them by day and we took them in the evening, and as I used to wander around the country in the dark-because of course we had the blackout and there was no light anywhere, and the soldiers at the front were indulging in a kind of red Indian warfare all that winter-I used to wonder how anybody could get near without being seen, because I did get to be able to see every bit of the mad and the fields beside them, no matter how dark it was.
There were a number of people all around spending the winter unexpectedly in the country, so we had plenty of society and we talked about the war, but not too much, and we had hired a radio wireless and we listened to it, but not too much, and the winter was all too soon over.
I had plenty of detective and adventure stories to read, Aix and Chambery had them left over, and I bought a quantity every week, and there was an English family living near Y enne and they had books too, and we supplied each other.
One of the books they had 1 called ibe Bible; it was an astrological book called The Lam Y ear of War, written by one Leonardo Blake. I burnt my copy the day of the signing of the armistice, but it certainly had been an enormous comfort to us all in between.
And so gradually spring came, a nice early spring, and all the men in the village had leave for agriculture0 and they all came home for a month, and nobody was very uneasy and nobody talked about the war, but nobody seemed to think that anything was going to happen. We all dug in our gardens and in the fields all day and every day, and March and April sere away.
There were slight political disturbances and a little wave of uneasiness, and Paul Reynaud, as the village said, began to say that there were not to be any more Sundays. The post office clerks were the first to have their Sundays taken away. The village said it as a joke, "Paul Reynaud says that there are not to be any more Sundays." As country people work Sundays anyway when there is work, they said it as a joke to the children and the young boys, "Paul Reynaud says that there are not to be any Sundays any more. " By that time all the men who had had an agricultural leave
were gone again, and April was nearly over.
The book of astrological predictions had predicted all these. things, so we were all very well satisfied.
Beside these astrological predictions them were others, and the ores they talked about most in the country were the predictions of the curt d'Ars. Am is in this department of the Ain, and the curt, who died about eighty years ago, became a saint; and he had predicted that this year there would be a war and the women would have to saw the grain alone, but that the war would be over in time for the men to get in the harvest; and so when Alice Toklasi sometimes worried about how hot it would be all summer with the shutters closed all the evening I said, "Do not worry, the war will be over before then; they cannot all be wrong."
So the month of March and April went on. We dug in the garden, we had a lot of soldiers in Belley, the 13th Chasseurs and the Foreign Legion being fitted out for Norway; and then Sammy Stewart sent us an American Mixmaster'o at Faster and that helped make the cakes which were being made then for the soldiers and everybody, and so the time went on. Then it was more troublesome, the government changed-the book of prophecy said it would, so that was all right-and the soldiers left for Norway; and then our servant and friend Madame Roux had her only son, who was a soldier, of course, dying of meningitis' at Annecy, and we forgot everything for two weeks in her trouble and then we woke up to there being a certain uneasiness.
The book of prophecy said that the month of May was the beginning of the end of the Nazis, and it gave the dates. They were all Tuesdays-well, anyway they were mostly Tuesdays--and they were going to be bad days for the Nazis, and I read the book every night in bed and everybody telephoned to ask what the book said and what the dates were, and the month began.
The dates the book gave were absolutely the dates the things happened. The first was the German attack on the new moon, the seventh, and that was a Tuesday.
Tuesdays had begun.
Everybody was quiet; one of the farmers' wives-the richest of the farmers and our town councilor-was the only one who said anything. She always said, "Rs amncenttoujours, ces arquinr-1d." "The rascals are always coming on." she said.
There was nothing else to say and nobody said it, and then the Germans took Sedan. That gave us all so had a turn r that nobody said anything; they just said how do you do, and talked about that weather, and that was all-there was nothing to say.
I had been in Paris as a child of five at school, and that was only ten years after the Franco-Pmssian Ward and the debacle which began with Sedan, and when we children swung on the chains around the Arc de Triomphe we were told that the chains were there so that no one could pass under it because the Germans had, and so the name Sedan was as terrible to me as it was to all the people amend us and nobody said anything. The French are very conversational and they are always polite, but when there is really nothing to say they do not say anything. And there was nothing to say.
The next thing was that General Weygandm was appointed the head of the array and he said if they could hold out a month it would be all right. Nobody said anything. Nobody mentioned Garnelin's narne.-nobody.
I once said to a farmer that Gamelin's nose was too short to make a good general, in France you have to have a real nose, and he laughed; there was no secrecy about anything, but there was nothing to say.
We had the habit of going to ChambEry to do our shopping once a week; we always went on Tuesdays because that suited beat in every way, and so it was Tuesday, and nobody was very cheerful. We had a drink in a cafe, V ichy for me and pineapple juice for Alice Toklas, and we heard the radio going. "What's the news?" we asked mechanically, "Amiens has fallen," said the girl.
"Let's not believe it," I said; "you know they never hear it straight." So we went to the news bulletin, and there it was not written up, and we said to the girl in charge, "Y ou know, they are putting out false news in the town; they told us Amiens was taken. " "No," she said, "but I will go and ask." She carne back; she said, "Y es, it is true."
We did not continue shopping, we just hurried home.
And then began the series of Tuesdays in which Faul Reynaud in a tragic voice told that he had something grave a announce.
That was that Tuesday.
And the next Tuesday was the treason of the Belgian kinge. And he always announced it the same way, and always in the same voice.
I have never listened to the radio since.
It was so awful that it became funny.
Well, not funny, but they did all want to know if next Tuesday Paul Reynaud would have something grave to announce.
And he did.
"Oh dear, what a month of May!" I can just hear Paul Reynaud's voice saying that. Madame Pierlot's little granddaughter said not to worry, it was the month of the V irgin, and nothing begun in the month of V irgin could end badly; and the book of prophecy had predicted every date, but exactly. I used to read it every night; there was no mistake, but he said each one of these days was a step on in the destruction of the Third Reich, and here we were; I still believed, but here we were, one Tuesday after another; the dates were right, but oh dear!
Of course, as they were steadily advancing. the question of parachutists and bombing became more active. We had all gotten careless about lights, and wandering about, but now we were strict about lights, and we stayed at home.
胜者败
1939年9月的一个下午，正当我们跟我们的朋友皮埃洛太太和艾居伊一家消磨时间，法国宣了战—英国宣战在先。他们都心烦意乱然而满怀希望，我可吓坏了。我原来满以为不会有战争的，这下可好，要打仗，我发了一通火。我说:“不该!不该啊!”他们倒欣然赞同，我就致歉意可，说对不起，但着实可怕，他们便安慰我—他们，这些法国人，风险大，而我相比之下并无风险。
那天是星期天。
又到了一个星期天。这个星期天我们又在贝翁，俄国参战;波兰被击溃;波兰我倒不关心，却叫我替法国担心—天哪，又是个星期天。
后来，我们安下心来过个真正美妙的冬天。
我们没想到我们会呆整个冬天的。这所石头房子只有烧明火才能使屋里暖和，山里雪多，天冷，但是我们渐渐地坚持了下去。我们有些煤，够烧厨房的炉灶。有一个壁炉里的火是不灭的，好歹能日夜不停地烧;这儿有的是木柴，因为我们就住在树林繁茂的山区，总算慢慢地熬过了冬天。惟一的间歇就是花上48小时去了一峭巴黎，添置冬装，办点事，再回来过冬。
在巴黎呆上几个钟头，使我们意识到战争期间乡下比城里好。吃的就出产在你住的地方，什么也不缺，要夺走很难，尤其是在山区，所以肉、土豆、面包、蜂蜜都很充足;我们也有白糖，甚至我们需要的香橙和柠檬也应有尽有，还有枣儿;就是车用的汽油有点不够，不过我们学会了用那么一点做我们想做的事.所以我们安下心过个舒适、安乐而令人兴奋的冬天。
自从我在加州度过童年以来，还不曾在乡下，真正的乡下，过过冬天，我确实过得愉快。有雪，有月光，我还得锯木柴。这儿的木柴多得很，可是没人锯;我新养了一只卷毛狗.叫“篮子二号“，天天跟我一起出外遛弯儿，要遛很久。我们白天遛弯儿，傍晚也遛弯儿。常在黑夜到村里漫步—自然是因为灯火管制，到处都没灯，前线士兵在整个冬天是一个劲地打毫无部署的红印第安人式的战争—我常弄不懂，怎么可能人都走到跟前了竟然没被发现，因为我后来不管天多黑，路和路边的田野我确实看得一清二楚。
没想到会在乡下过冬天的人还颇有一些，所以我们交往甚多，我们谈战争，不过谈得不很多，我们租了一架收音机听广播，但也听得不很多。冬天实在过得太快了。
我有不少侦探小说和历险故事可读，是艾克斯和钱伯利留下的，我每星期又买了许多，有一家英国人住在耶纳附近，也有书，找们便跟他们互通有无。
他们的书里有一本我称之为圣经的书，谈占星术，书名是《战争的最后一年》，是个叫列奥纳多·布雷克的人写的，在签停战协定的当天我就把它烧了，不过在没烧它之前它对我们大家都无疑是一大慰籍。
春天渐渐到来，是个明媚的早春，村里所有的男人都放农忙假，可以回家一个月，没人觉得有啥犯难也没人谈战争，可也没人去想会发生什么事。我们成天在我们的园子里和田里挖土翻地，天天挖，三月和四月渐渐过去。
稍散有点政治骚乱，也有点优虑不安的风潮，据村里人说，保罗·雷诺说不能再有星期天了。首先是邮局职员的星期天被取消。村里人说:“保罗·雷诺说不再有星期天。“这话是当笑话说的，因为乡下人只要有活儿，哪管它星期天不星期天。他们把这话当笑话对小孩子和小伙子们说，“保罗·雷诺说不再有早期天。”等所有放农假的男人又出门了，四月快过完了。
那本占星书早把这些事预言过，所以我们都深感满意。
除了这些占星预言之外还有别的，在乡下人们谈得最多的就是阿尔斯本堂神甫的预言。阿尔斯就在安省，神甫大约死于80年前，后来成了圣人;他曾顶言今年会有战乱，只剩下妇女去播种，不过战争会结束好让男人们去收庄稼。所以每当艾丽斯·托克拉斯担心到了夏天老得把百叶窗关得严严地过夜，那该多热的时候，我就说:“别担心，不到那时仗就打完了，那些预言绝对错不了。”
三月过去，接着是四月。我们在园子里翻地，贝莱有许多士兵，第13轻步兵团和外国军团已装备好，即将开赴娜威；复活节时，山密·斯梯华给我们寄来一部美国名牌和面机支援我们，好给士兵和大家制作糕点，这样日子一天一天过去。后来困难渐多，换了政府—书上早有此预言，所以无妨—士兵开赴娜威；后来是我们的女仆兼朋友鲁太太的惟一的儿子，当然也当了兵，患脑膜炎死于安纳西，她遇此不幸，我们整整两个星期把什么事都忘了，清醒过来才感到有些优虑不安。
那本书顶言，五月是纳粹末日的开始，说了具体的日期。都是星期二—大多是星期二—那全是纳粹倒霉的日子.我那天晚上躺在床上看此书，人人打电话来问书上怎么说，说的是哪些日子；于是五月开始了。
书上说的日子正是出事的日子，分毫不差。
第一个是德国人在新月时进攻，五月七日，正好是个星期二。
星期二一个接一个地来了。
人人沉默不语；只有一位农人—农人中最富的一位，是镇上的议员—的妻子不时说说，
总是这句话，"!ls二~to进m un，二eoquuu-la.’是说“这些坏蛋老是进攻。”
没别的什么可说，也没人说什么。后来德国人占领色当。
这给我们大家带来了坏变化。结果大家见面什么也不说了；只说声你好，然后就谈天气，就这些—没啥可说。
找五岁上学时是在巴黎，那时普法战争结束了不过10年，那场大灾难就是从色当开始的，当我们这些孩童在凯旋门四周的铁链上摇来荡去，别人便对我们说这里装了铁链，所以谁也别想过凯旋门，因为德国人已经过了。色当这名字使我害怕，也使我们周围所有的人害怕，所以没人说什么。法国人很健谈，总是很讲礼貌，不过实在无话可说时他们便什么也不说。是无话可说。
第二件事，是委任魏刚将军当陆军的首领；他说如果能坚持一个月就不会有事。没人说什么。没人提甘末林的名字—没人。
有一回我对一位农人说，甘末林的鼻子实在太短，成不了好将军，在法国得有一个真正的鼻子才行，他笑了，任何事都没有秘密，然而无话可说。
我们惯于每周去一越尚贝里，买些东西；我们总是在星期二去，因为从各方面讲这一天最合适，所以是星期二，而谁也不是兴高采烈的。我们在咖啡馆喝了点儿饮料。我喝的维希矿泉水，艾丽斯·托克拉斯喝的菠萝汁。我们听见收音机在广播。“什么新闻?”我们机械地问。“亚眠沦陷了。”女招待说。
“别信，”我说。“你知道，他们这些人听广播总是听不清楚。”我们去看新闻公告牌，上面没有，我们便对管此事的女职员说，“你知道，镇上公布的消息不可靠；他们告诉我们亚眠沦陷了。”“没有的事。”地说。“不过我还是去问问吧。”她回来说。“是沦陷了，没错。”
我们没继续买东西，赶紧回家。
又是连续好几个星期二，每个星期二保罗·雷诺都用悲痛的声音说他有要事通告。
就是那个星期二。
后来的一个星期二，比利时国王背叛。
他总是用同样的方式，用同样的声音发布通告。
从此以后我便不听收音机了。
太糟了，都变得有些可笑了。
其实也不可笑，大家的确都想知道下个星期二保罗·雷诺有无要事通告。
他果然有。
“天哪，怎样的一个五月啊!”我现在还能听见保罗·雷诺的声音这样说。
皮埃洛太太的小孙女说不要担心，五月是圣母马利亚的月份，在这个月份里开始的事到最后都不会有坏的结尾；那本预言书对各个日期早有交待而且千真万确。我每天晚上都读;书里准确无误，不过它说每过一天第三帝国就临近灭亡一步；而我们到了这地步；我仍然信，不过我们到了这地步，过了一个星期二又一个星期二，日期都对，可是，哎!
然而，随着他们不断逼近，空降和轰炸变得更加频繁。我们以往用灯是漫不经心，我们东走西逛，而现在用灯是严加注意，我们闭门不出了。
全国翻译资格水平考试英译汉注意的问题
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浅谈商务英语的特点及英译汉翻译技巧-商务英语专业毕业论文
浅谈商务英语的特点及英译汉翻译技巧 目录 中文摘要 (1) 英文摘要 (2) 提纲 (3) 正文 (4) 参考文献 (8)
浅谈商务英语的特点及英译汉翻译技巧 摘要：随着世界经济一体化的不断深化和扩展，国际商务活动日益频繁，商务英语的作用也变得日益显著，本文以商务英语作为实用英语语言工具的角度，对其显著的特点以及对应的英译汉翻译技巧进行简要分析，这有助于人们更好地学习商务英语，更好地进行商务沟通，取得国际经济贸易的成功。 关键词:商务英语；特点；英译汉；翻译技巧
On the Study of the Characteristic of Business English and Its E-C Translation Skills Abstract:As the world continues to deepen economic integration and expansion of international business having become increasingly frequent, the role of Business English is becoming increasingly significant, the paper business English as a practical tool for English language point of view.Its significant features, as well as the English translation of the corresponding Chinese translation skills to carry out a brief analysis, which helps business people to learn better English, better for business communication, international economic and trade success. Key words: business English; features; English-Chinese translation; translation skills
英译汉段落翻译1
Paradox of Our Times We have bigger houses and smaller families; more conveniences, but less time; we have more degrees, but less common sense; more knowledge, but less judgment; more experts, but more problems; more medicine, but less wellness. We have multiplied our possessions, but reduced our values. We talk too much, love too little and lie too often. We’ve learned how to make a living, but not a life; we’ve added years to life, not life to years. We have taller buildings, but shorter tempers; wider freeways, but narrow viewpoints. We spend more, but have less; we buy more, but enjoy it less. We’ve been all the way to the moon and back, but have trouble crossing the street to meet the new neighbor. We’ve conquered outer space, but not inner space. We’ve split the atom, but not our prejudice; we write more, but learn less; plan more, but accomplish less. We’ve learned to rush, but not to wait; we have higher incomes, but lower morals. We build more computers to hold more information, to produce more copies, but have less communication. We are long on quantity, but short on quality. These are the times of fast foods and slow digestion; tall men and short character; steep profits and shallow relationship. More leisure and less fun; more kinds of food, but less nutrition; two incomes but more divorce; fancier houses, but broken homes.
《英译汉教程》(连淑能主编,高等教育出版社)-第10~12章【圣才出品】
第10章Division（拆译法） 10.1 复习笔记 In division, we have to determine where to divide, how to divide, what the subject or the predicate of the new clause or sentence should be, and how to rearrange various parts of the original sentence. These may involve such techniques as Conversion, Addition and Inversion. 拆分时要注意以下问题：在哪里拆分，怎样拆分，新的从句或句子的主语、谓语分别是什么，以及如何重新组织这些部分。这里涉及到的技巧有转换法、增补法和倒置法。 一、Picking Out of Words（拆译单词） It is advisable to pick out those words which are hard to reproduce in the original structure and expand them into Chinese word groups, clauses or sentences. There are usually three steps to deal with such words: 翻译过程中，如果一个单词的意义很难用汉语在原有句法框架下表达出来，就可以把该单词抽取出来，并将其扩展为汉语词组、从句或句子。具体操作步骤如下： 1. Determine which word(s) to pick out; 确定需要抽取出来的单词； 2. Apply Conversion or Addition, if necessary, to make the translated version smooth and well-connected; 必要时运用转换法或增补法，使译文流畅、通顺；
英译汉常见问题汇总
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小议科技英语翻译技巧
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专八英译汉段落翻译完整版 中英文对照
My First Job When I reached the age of twelve I left the school for ever and got my first fulltime job, as a grocer’s boy. I spent my days carrying heavy loads, but I enjoyed it. It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal, for I could never stomach speaking to my “betters” with the deference my employer thought I should assume. But the limit was reached one Tuesday — my half holiday. On my way home on that day I used to carry a large basket of provisions to the home of my emplo yer’s sister-in-law. As her house was on my way home I never objected to this. On this particular Tuesday, however, just as we were putting the shutters up, a load of smoked hams was delivered at the shop. “Wait a minute,” said the boss, and he opened the load and took out a ham, which he started to bone and string up. I waited in growing impatience to get on my way, not for one minute but for a quite a considerable time. It was nearly half-past two when the boss finished. He then came to me with the ham, put it in the basket beside me, and instructed me to deliver it to a customer who had it on order. This meant going a long way out of my road home, so I looked up and said to the boss: “Do you know I finish at two on Tuesday?” I have never seen a man look m ore astonished than he did then. “What do you mean?” he gasped. I told him I meant that I would deliver the groceries as usual, but not the ham. He looked at me as if I were some unusual kind f insect and burst into a storm of abuse. But I stood firm. He gave me up as hopeless and tried new tactics. “Go out and get another boy,” he yelled at a shop-assistant. “Are you going to deliver them or not?” the boss turned to me and asked in a threatening tone. I repeated what I had said before. “Then, out of here,” he shouted. So I got out. This was the first time I had serious trouble with an employer.
名篇赏析与翻译
Unit Eight (学生用材料) Affirmative vs. Negative（正反翻译） 1.No deposit will be refunded unless ticket produced.（凭票退押金） 2.The plane cracked up through a bad landing.（飞机因着陆不慎而撞毁） 3.I have fallen behind with my correspondence.（我有一些信件没有及时答复） 4.All men between 18 and 45 without exception are expected to serve in the army during the war.（在战争期间所有在5岁的18到45岁的男子无一例外都要参加兵役） 5.If you forward the transcripts yourself, they can be considered official only if school envelope has remained sealed.（盖章）（如果证件由申请人本人递交，就会被认证为正式版的，除非学校没有盖章） 6.This book could not have been written or published without the help of dozens of people, and I am deeply grateful to all of them.（我十分的感激他们，没有他们这些人我就写不出来这本书也不会出版发行） Derogatory and Commendatory:（褒义贬义） 1.It is the height of my ambition to serve my country.（我最大的报复是为我的祖国服务） 2.I have no ambition for that distinction.（我对荣誉没有野心）（我不奢望那个荣誉） 3.He burns with an ambition to win a fame.（他急切成名） 4.His ambition is unbounded.（他的野心毫无止境） 5.She writes in an ambitious style.（她的文风矫揉造作） 6.The president has announced his ambitious program to modernize the country in ten years.（总 统雄心勃勃的宣布要在10年建设一个现代化国家） 7.The old couple made persistent effort to search for their daughter lost in the war.(这对老夫妇执着地寻找着他们在战争中丢失的女儿） 8.She was vexed （生气的))by the persistent ringing of the phone.(正在叮叮作响的电话使他生 气） 野心勃勃的；有雄心的；热望的；炫耀的ambitious 名篇赏析(注意黑体单词的翻译) She was small and slight in person; pale, sandy-haired, and with eyes habitually cast down:（下降）when they looked up they were very large, odd, and attractive; so attractive that the Reverend Mr. Crisp, fresh from Oxford, and curate（助理牧师）to the Vicar of Chiswick, the Reverend Mr. Flowerdew, fell in love with Miss Sharp;…… By the side of many tall and bouncing（活泼的）young ladies in the establishment, Rebecca Sharp looked like a child. But she had the dismal（忧郁的) precocity（早熟）of poverty. Many a dun（讨债者）had she talked to, and turned away from her father’s door; many a tradesman had she coaxed（哄骗）and wheedled（哄骗）into good-humour, and into the granting（同意）of one meal more. She sate commonly with her father, who was very proud of her wit, and heard the talk of many of his wild companions—often but ill-suited（不合适的）for a girl to hear……. She had never mingled（融合）in the society of women: her father, reprobate（恶棍）as he was, was a man of talent; his conversation was a thousand times more agreeable to her than the talk of such of her own sex as she now encountered. The pompous（浮夸的）vanity（虚荣心）of the old schoolmistress（女校长/老师）, the foolish good-humour of her sister, the silly chat and scandal of the elder girls, and the frigid（寒冷的）correctness of the governesses equally annoyed her; and she had no soft maternal heart, this unlucky girl, otherwise the prattle（闲聊）and talk of
浅谈英汉翻译中的选词技巧
浅谈英汉翻译中的选词技巧 摘要:选词正确与否直接决定着翻译作品的好坏。选词,即选取意义择取单词,既关系到原文理解中词义的辨识和确定,也包括翻译表达中的词语的选择。相对而言,原文词语的理解更为重要。 关键词:翻译技巧;选词; 翻译技巧,即翻译方法,能使具有概括性、指导性、基础性的翻译原理具体化、条理化、实施化,利用各种翻译转换法准确、完整传达话语信息。它着重解决的是具体翻译转换上技术、技艺、艺术上的问题。翻译理论专着或教材中对技巧的处理一般按两 条线索分别或结合进行归纳:一是按原语的词类、句型等语法范畴及惯用法系列等,梳理翻译表达的技巧、方法;另一是按对原文信息、形式进行翻译表达的方法,而在分合、增减、反正、顺逆、去留存变、直译形神等辨证关系上,对翻译手法进行分类。翻译是科学又是艺术,对于技巧,理论着作、教材不
能囊括翻译实践中的所有情况,具体问题还须具体分析,翻译者不但要灵活运用已有的技巧,而且要善于创造新的技巧,以使译文 传意达旨,形神兼备。 选词,即选义择词,贯穿于整个翻译的 实际操作过程之中。这里的“词”指表达某一实体或整体性概念的单词、词组和短语。“选义”是由人类语言的一词多义现象决 定的。任何一种发展完备的人类语言,其中的大部分词汇都是一词多义。例如单词charge: 动词含义有两个,在科技英语的环境下是“充电”,而在日常生活中是“索取(费用)”。名词通常是“电流”的含义。该如何措辞则要看具体语境了。此外,英语中有一些名词,同时有两个形容词,比如名词sun,它的形容词可以是sunny,也可以是solar,这里就有个辨义和确定词义的问题。另外,语言使用中还普遍存在着多词一义的现象,即同一意思对应不同的词语。在英语里,一词多义是非常常见的,这与英语的多 源生有关。现代英语中不仅有许多词汇是从古英语演变而来,还有约80%的词汇从外国
东溪原文-翻译及赏析
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相同。这说明：作者写水乡春色，抓住了最有特征的东西；更重要的是由此景象中细绎出有闲意来。凫眠是人所共见的，而闲意则由作者的想象与感觉来。作者看到野凫眠岸，想象它的自由自在，感觉它有闲意，其实正是作者自己爱闲、羡闲。当时人傅霖诗曰：忍把浮名卖却闲。热衷名利之徒是不会爱闲、羡闲的。这是要从当时社会环境来看的。当然，说闲也并非真的遗弃世事，更不是不劳而食。那些热中名利的车马客才真是不劳而食的人；而浮云富贵，不事奔竞的人，往往正是最关心世事的。 第四句写岸旁老树，春深着。此亦乡村常见之景。但老与丑往往相连，说它无丑枝，是作者的新意。这样写，不仅使这一平常村野增添几分春色，更重要的是反映了作者心情。欧阳修说梅尧臣文词愈清新，心意难老大，有如妖娆女，老自有余态（《水谷夜行》）。老树着花无丑枝正是老自有余态，正是作者心意难老大的自我写照。 这两句合起来看，那就是写出了一个清淡平远而又生意盎然的自然景象，又写出了一个活静自得而又老当益壮的人物心情。每句前四字写景，后三宇写意，边写边议，有景有意，而意又饱和在情中，使景、情、意融为一体。从而既写出深层的含义，而又保持鲜明、生动的形象，它成为名句，其妙处是可以说清的。 三、四句写水旁岸上；五、六句则写水中洲渚。梅尧臣《游隐静山》有溅溅涧水浅，苒苒菖蒲稠。菖蒲花已晚，菖蒲茸尚柔。《会胜院沃州亭》中又有前溪夹洲后溪阔。是东溪中有洲渚（即第二句
综合英语英译汉翻译讲解.doc
Lesson 5 P74 S2 The best salesmen,the best teachers,the best business managers have an intuitive ability to read body language and put it to profitable use,They adapt their presentation to the messages they pick up. 最好的销售员、最好的老师、最好的业务经理都具有一种能够理解肢体语言、并能使之带来利益的直觉上的能力。他们根据自己理解到的信息来调整他们的言语。 P74 S3 For example,the most sucessful trial lawyers are those who can look at a jury and a judge and pick up little cues that tip off what people are thinking.An observant lawyer may notice that the judge is compressing his lips into a thin line as the lawyer is speaking. 例如，成功的出庭律师能够通过对陪审团和法官的察言观色来攫取细微的暗示，从而了解到他们在想些什么。一个善于观察的律师也许会注意到当他在说话的时候法官把自己的嘴唇抿成了一条缝。 P75 S4 When people show rapport with each other ,they swivel their upper bodies toward each other and align their shoulders in parallel. 当人们展现与其他人的观点一致的时候，他们会将他们的上半身朝向彼此，他们的肩膀会处在一条平行线上。 P75 S5 Do people more often than not try to exhibit dominat behavior in the presence of others? 人们常常试图在他人面前展示出有控制欲的行为吗？ P75 S7 By contrast,people in submissive roles will thend to crouch slightly and display self-protective stances.They may fold their arms or hug themelves,cross their legs or reach up and touch their throats. People with a more dominat attitude will use more expansive gestures. spreading the arms and legs,creating an air of openness. 相反，人们表示谦恭的时候，会倾向于微微屈膝，表现出自我保护的姿态。他们会屈膊或双手交叉，双腿交叉或者伸手触摸他们的喉咙。具有更强控制欲的人会使用更加开放的姿势，他们会伸展开胳膊和双腿，给人一种开放的气势。 P77 S2
浅谈英译汉翻译需要掌握的基本技巧
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经典英文段落翻译__英译汉15篇
1.意大利著名旅行家马可。波罗曾这样叙述他印象中的杭州：“这是世界上最美妙迷人的城市，它使人觉得自己社在天堂。”在中国，也流传着这样的话：“上有天堂，下有苏杭。”杭州的名气主要在于风景如画的西湖。西湖一年四季都美不胜收，宋代著名诗人苏东坡用“淡妆浓抹总相宜”的诗句来赞誉西湖。在杭州，您可以饱览西湖的秀色，也不妨漫步街头闹市，品尝一下杭州的名菜名点，还可购上几样名特土产。 The famous Italian traveler Marco Pole was so impressed by the beauty of Hangzhou that he described it as “the mist fascinating city in the world where one feels that one is in paradise.” In China, there has been a century-old popular saying praising the city: In Heaven there is Paradise; on Earth there are Suzhou and Hangz hou.” Hangzhou’s fame lies mainly in its picturesque West Lake. As it is beautiful all the year round, the West Lake was compared by Su Dongpo, a celebrated poet of the Song Dynasty, to a beauty “who is always charming in either light or heavy makeup.” In Hangzhou, you will not only find the lake a perfect delight to the eye but also find it a joy to stroll along the busy streets, taste famous Hangzhou dishes and buy some special local products. 2.在设备制造期间，雇主的代表有权对根据合同提供的全部工程设备的材料和工艺进行检查、研究和检验，同时检查其制造进度。这一切应在工作时间内于承包商的工厂里进行。如果工程设备正在其它第三方工厂制造，承包商应为卖方代表获得他能在该工厂进行此类检查、研究和检验的许可。此类检查、研究或检验不应解除承包商在合同中的任何义务。 The Employer’s representative shall be entitled during manufacture to inspect, examine and test the materials and workmanship and check the progress of manufacture of all Plants to be supplied under the Contract. This shall take place on the Contractor’s promises during working hours. If the plant is being manufactured on other premises, the Contractor shall obtain permission for the Employer’s representative to carry out such inspection, examination and testing on those premises. 3. 雇主或项目经理提交给承包商的雇主的图纸，技术规格以及其它资料仍应为雇主的财产。除非是为了合同的需要，未经雇主同意，承包商不得使用、复制这些材料或将之传递给第三方。 承包商应对承包商的图纸中的任何错误或遗漏负责，除非他们可归因与雇主或项目经理提供的不正确的雇主图纸或其它书面资料。项目经理对承包商的图纸的批准不应解除本款规定的承包商的任何责任。 The Employe r’s drawings, specification and other information submitted by the Employer or the Project Manager to the Contractor shall remain the property of the Employer. They shall not, without the consent of the Employer, be used, copied or communicated to a third party by the Contractor unless necessary for the purposes of the Contract. The Contractor shall be responsible for any errors or omissions in the Contractor’s Drawings unless they are due to incorrect Employer’s Drawings or other written information supplied by the Employer or the Project Manager. Approval by the Project Manager of the Contractor’s drawings shall not relieve the Contractor from any responsibility under this Sub-Clause. 4.工程监护：在工程开始后，但在完工移交前，已完工的工程及留在工地的材料、