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初中英语语法大全精华版

初中英语语法大全精华版
初中英语语法大全精华版

初中英语语法大全

语法网络图

一.名词

I.

名词的种类:

专有名词普通名词

国名地名人名,团体

机构名称

可数名词不可数名词

个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词

II.

1. 规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:

规则例词

1一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days

2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes

3以-f或

-fe结尾

的词

变-f和-fe为v再加-es

leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives,

wife-wives, half-halves

加-s chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs

4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为

i加-es

party-parties, family-families, story-stories,

city-cities

5以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有

名词以y结尾的,加-s

toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays,

Henry-Henrys

6以辅音

字母加

-o结尾

的名词

一般加-es

Negro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes,

tomato-tomatoes

不少外来词加-s

piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos,

kilo-kilos, solo-solos

两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos

7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos

8以-th结尾的名词加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,

2. 不规则名词复数:英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下:

规则例词

1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice

2单复数相同sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, 4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police

5部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)

也可以作复数(成员)

class, family, crowd, couple, group, government,

population, team, public, party

6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜)

7表示

“某国

人”

加-s

Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks,

Swedes, Europeans

单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese

以-man或-woman结尾的改

为-men,-women

Englishmen, Frenchwomen

8合成名

将主体名词变为复数

sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers,

boy friends

无主体名词时将最后一部分

变为复数

grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 将两部分变为复数women singers, men servants

III. 名词的所有格:

名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加’s构成,二是由介词of 加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。

1. ’s所有格的构成:

单数名词在末尾加’s the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo,

复数名词

一般在末尾加’the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother,

不规则复数名词后加’s the children’s toys, women’s rights,

以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house

表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes

表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词

末加’s

Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father 表示"某人家""店铺",所有格

后名词省略

the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s

2. ’s所有格的用法:

1表示时间today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday

2表示自然现象the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches

3表示国家城市等地方的

名词

the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry

4表示工作群体the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory 5表示度量衡及价值 a mile’s journey, five dollars’ w orth of apples

6与人类活动有特殊关系

的名词

the life’s time, the play’s plot

7某些固定词组a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)

3. of所有格的用法:

用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book

用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed

二.冠词

冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。

I.

1指一类人或事,相当于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly.

2第一次提及某人某物,非特指 A boy is waiting for you.

3表示“每一”相当于every,one We study eight hours a day.

4表示“相同”相当于the same We are nearly of an age.

5用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与

某名人有类似性质的人或事

A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out

That boy is rather a Lei Feng.

6用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time

7用于quite, rather, many, half, what,

such之后

This room is rather a big one.

8用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. II. 定冠词的用法:

1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.

2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean

3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过

的人或事

Would you mind opening the door?

4用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar

5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded 6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs

7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高

级前

He is the taller of the two children.

8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群

岛的名词前

the United States, the Communist Party of

China, the French

10在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个

年代

in the 1990’s

11用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.

12用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表示

时间的词组前

He patted me on the shoulder.

III.

1专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名

地名等名词前

Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air

2名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each,

every等限制

I want this book, not that one. /

Whose purse is this?

3季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐

March, Sunday, National Day, spring

4表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.

5学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess.

6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land

7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night

8 表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals.

三.代词:

I.

代词可以分为以下七大类:

1人称

代词

主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they

宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them

2物主

代词

形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their

名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs

3反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 4指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some

5疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever

6关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as

7不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little,

other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either

II. 不定代词用法注意点:

1) one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为ones。some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.

Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.

I have some questions to ask.

Would you like some bananas?

Could you give me some money?

3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时,some表示某个,any表示任何一个。

I have read this article in some magazine.

Please correct the mistakes, if any.

4) some和数词连用表示“大约”,any可与比较级连用表示程度。

There are some 3,000 students in this school.

Do you feel any better today?

2. each和every:

each强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而every强调整体,所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.

Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.

3. none和no:

no等于not any,作定语。none作主语或宾语,代替不可数名词,谓语用单数,代替可数名词,谓语单复数皆可以。

There is no water in the bottle.

How much water is there in the bottle? None.

None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.

4. other和another:

1) other泛指“另外的,别的”常与其他词连用,如:the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way,

the other特指两者中的另外一个,复数为the others。如:

He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.

Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.

2) another指“又一个,另一个”无所指,复数形式是others,泛指“别的人或事”如:

I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).

The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.

Some like football, while others like basketball.

5. all和both, neither和either

all表示不可数名词时,其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定,全部否定用neither和none. All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.

Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.

四.形容词和副词

I.

形容词:

1. 形容词的位置:1)

1修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成

的复合不定代词时

nobody absent, everything possible

2以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only

修饰的名词之后

the best book available, the only

solution possible

3alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置the only person awake

4和空间、时间、单位连用时 a bridge 50 meters long

5成对的形容词可以后置 a huge room simple and beautiful 6形容词短语一般后置 a man difficult to get on with 2)

代词数词性状形容词

冠词前的形容词

冠词

指示代词

不定代词

代词所有

序数

基数

性质

状态

大小

长短

形状

新旧

温度

颜色

国籍

产地

材料

质地

all both such

the

a

this

another

your

second

next

one

four

beautiful

good

poor

large

short

square

new

cool

black

yellow

Chinese

London

silk

stone

3) 复合形容词的构成:

1形容词+名词+ed kind-hearted6名词+形容词world-famous

2形容词+形容词dark-blue7名词+现在分词peace-loving

3形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking8名词+过去分词snow-covered

4副词+现在分词hard-working9数词+名词+ed three-egged

5副词+过去分词newly-built10数词+名词twenty-year II. 副词

副词的分类:

1时间副

soon, now, early, finally, once,

recently

5频度副词

always, often, frequently, seldom,

never

2地点副

here, nearby, outside,

upwards, above

6疑问副词how, where, when, why

3方式副

hard, well, fast, slowly,

excitedly, really

7连接副词

how, when, where, why, whether,

however, meanwhile

4程度副

almost, nearly, very, fairly,

quite, rather

8关系副词when, where, why

III. 形容词和副词比较等级:

形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级,比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er 和-est,多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。

1. 同级比较时常常用as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如:I am not so good a player as you are.

2. 可以修饰比较级的词有:much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。

3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型。如:The harder you work, the more progress you will make.

4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如:I have never spent a more worrying day.

5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:

Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.

6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如:favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。

五.介词

I.

介词分类:

1简单介词about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on

2合成介词inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without 3短语介词according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to 4双重介词from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between

5分词转化成的介

considering(就而论), including

6形容词转化成的

介词

like, unlike, near, next, opposite

II. 常用介词区别:

1表示时间的in, on, at at表示片刻的时间,in表示一段的时间,on总是与日子有关

2表示时间的since, from since 指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用,from指从时间的某一点开始

3表示时间的in, after in指在一段时间之后,after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中

4表示地理位置的in, on,

to

in表示在某范围内,on指与什么毗邻,to指在某环境范围之外

5表示“在…上”的on, in on只表示在某物的表面上,in表示占去某物一部分

6表示“穿过”的

through, across

through表示从内部通过,与in有关,across表示在表面上通过,

与on有关

7表示“关于”的about,

on

about指涉及到,on指专门论述

8between与among的区between表示在两者之间,among用于三者或三者以上的中间

9besides与except的区别besides指“除了…还有再加上”,except指“除了,减去什么”,不放在句首

10表示“用”的in, with with表示具体的工具,in表示材料,方式,方法,度量,单位,语言,声音

11as与like的区别as意为“作为,以…地位或身份”,like为“象…一样”,指情形相似

12in与into区别in通常表示位置(静态),into表示动向,不表示目的地或位置

六.动词

I.

动词的时态:

1.

现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask / asks asked shall/will ask should/would ask

进行am/is/are asking was/were asking shall/will be asking should/would be asking

完成have/has asked had asked shall/will have asked should/would have asked

完成进行have/has been

asking

had been asking

shall/will have been

asking

should/would have been

asking

2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:

1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况,但和现在有联系,强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果,它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之,利用过去,说明现在。如:

I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过,且了解这本书的内容)

2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态,和现在无关,它可和表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“过”,“了”等词。简言之,仅谈过去,不关现在。如:

I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了,不涉及现在是否记住)

I lived in Beijing for ten years.(只说明在北京住过十年,与现在无关)

3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别:

两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”,在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时,多用现在完成时,如着重表示动作一直在进行,即动作的延续性时,则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。

I have read that book.我读过那本书了。

I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。

4. 一般将来时的表达方式:

将来时用法例句

1will/shall+动词原

表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态My sister will be ten next year.

2

be going to+动词原含有“打算,计划,即将”做某事,It’s going to clear up.

tonight.

3be + doing 进行时

表示将来

go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等

词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的

动作

He is moving to the south.

Are they leaving for Europe?

4be about to + 动词

原形

表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的

动作,后面一般不跟时间状语

I was about to leave when the

bell rang.

The meeting is about to close.

5be to + 动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见We’re to meet at the school gate at noon.

6一般现在时表示将

时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事

情,可用一般现在时表示将来

The meeting starts at five

o’clock.

The plane leaves at ten this

evening.

II.

常用被动语

态构成

常用被动语

构成

1一般现在时am/is/are asked6过去进行时was/were being asked

2一般过去时was/were asked7现在完成时have/has been asked

3一般将来时shall/will be asked8过去完成时had been asked

4过去将来时should/would be asked9将来完成时will/would have been asked

5现在进行时am/is/are being asked10含有情态动

词的

can/must/may be asked

注意事项被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not,短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be

going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时,只需将其后的动词变为被动态。如:Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.

汉语有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如:

It is believed that…

It is generally considered th at…

It is said that…

It is well known that…

It must be pointed out that…

It is supposed that…

It is reported that…

It must be admitted that…

It is hoped that…

下面主动形式常表示被动意义:如:

The window wants/needs/requires repairing.

The book is worth reading twice.

Th e door won’t shut. / The play won’t act.

The clothes washes well. / The book sells well.

The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.

下面词或短语没有被动态:

leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear,

happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist

of, have on, lose heart等等

七.情态动词

I.

情态动词用法否定式疑问式与简答

can 能力(体力,智力,技能)

允许或许可(口语中常用)

可能性(表猜测,用于否定句

或疑问句中)

can not / cannot /can’t

do

Can…do…?

Yes,…can.

No,…can’t.

could couldn’t do

may可以(问句中表示请求)

可能,或许(表推测)

祝愿(用于倒装句中)may not do

May…do…? Yes,…may.

No,…mustn’t/can’t.

might might not do Might…do…? Yes,…might No,…might not.

must 必须,应该(表主观要求)

肯定,想必(肯定句中表推测)

must not/mustn’t do

Must…do…? Yes,…must.

N o,…needn’t/don’t have to.

have to 只好,不得不(客观的必须,

有时态人称变化)

don’t have to do

Do…have to do…?

Yes,…do.

No,…don’t.

ought to 应当(表示义务责任,口语中

多用should

ought not to/oughtn’t

to do

Ought…to do…?

Yes,…ought.

No,…oughtn’t.

shall 将要,会

用于一三人称征求对方意见

用于二三人称表示许诺、命

令、警告、威胁等

shall not/shan’t do

Shall…do…?

Yes,…shall.

No,…shan’t.

should 应当,应该(表义务责任)

本该(含有责备意味)

should not/shouldn’t

do

Should…do…?

will意愿,决心

请求,建议,用在问句中would

比较委婉will not/won’t do Will…do…?

Yes,…will.

No,…won’t.

would would not/wouldn’t do

dare 敢(常用于否定句和疑问句

中)

dare not/daren’t do

Dare…do…?

Yes,…dare. No,…daren’t.

need 需要

必须(常用于否定句和疑问句

中)

need not/needn’t do

Need…do…?

Yes,…must. No,…needn’t.

used to过去常常(现在已不再)used

not/usedn’t/usen’t to

do

didn’t use to do

Used…to do…?

Yes,…used.

No,…use(d)n’t.

Did…use to do…?

Yes,…did.

No,…didn’t.

II. 情态动词must, may, might, could, can表示推测:

以must为例。must + do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行;must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情;must +have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。

1. must“肯定,一定”语气强,只用于肯定句中。

He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.

2. may和might“也许”,后者语气弱,更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。

He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.

3. can和could“可能”,could表示可疑的可能性,不及can’t语气强,用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。

The weather in that city could be cold now.

We could have walked there; it was so near.(推测某事本来可能发生,但实际上没有发生)

Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(语气很强,常用于疑问句和

III. 情态动词注意点:

1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表达“某事终于成功”,而can无法表达此意。Be able to有更多的时态。另外,两者不能重叠使用。

used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯,而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好,不涉及现在。

3. need作情态动词和实义动词的区别:

两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为:needn’t/daren’t do;Need/dare…do…?

做实义动词时可用于肯定句,否定句和疑问句。其形式为:need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do,

need/dare to do

I.

非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成:

非谓语形

构成

特征和作用时态和语态否定式复合结构

不定式to do

to be doing

to have

done

to be done

to have been

done

在非谓

语前加

not

for sb. to

do sth.

具有名词,副词和形容词的作

在句中做主、宾、定、表和状

分词现在分

doing

having done

being done

having been

具有副词和形容词的作用

在句中做定、表、宾补和状语

done

过去

分词

done

动名词doing

having done

being done

having been

done

sb’s doing

具有名词的作用

在句中做主、宾、定和表语

II.

情况常用动词

只接不定式做宾语的动词hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen

只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider

can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get do wn to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to

两者都可以意义基本相

begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接不定式多指具体的动作,接

动名词多指一般或习惯行为)

need, want, require(接动名词主动形式表示被动意义,若接不定式则应用

被动形式)

意义相反

stop to do 停止手中事,去做另一件事

stop doing 停止正在做的事

意义不同

remember/forget/regret to do(指动作尚未

发生)

remember/forget/regret doing(指动作已经

发生)

go on to do(接着做另外一件

事)

go on doing(接着做同一件事)try to do(设法,努力去做,尽力)

try doing(试试去做,看有何结果)

mean to do(打算做,企图做)

mean doing (意识是,意味着)can’t help to do(不能帮忙做)can’t help doing(忍不住要做)

III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别:

常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系及时间

概念

例句

不定式ask, beg, expect, get, order,

tell, want, wish, encourage主谓关系。强调动作将发生

或已经完成

I heard him call me several

times.

have, notice, see, watch,

hear, feel, let, make

现在分词

notice, see, watch, hear,

find, keep, have, feel 主谓关系。强调动作正在进

行,尚未完成

I found her listening to the

radio.

多强调状态greatly changed. IV.

区别举例

不定式与被修饰词往往有动宾关系,一般式表示将

来,进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生,完成式

表示在谓语动词之前发生

I have a lot of papers to type.

I have a lot of papers to be typed.

动名词通常指被修饰词的用途,无逻辑上的任何关系Shall we go to the swimming pool?

现在分词与被修饰词之间是主谓关系,表示动作与谓语

动作同时发生

the boiling water / the boiled water

the developing country/the

developed country

the falling leaves / the fallen leaves

过去分词与被修饰词之间是被动关系,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前,现已经完成

V.

区别举例

不定式多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作,做主语时可以

借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主

语交换位置,而且意义不变,并且还能用what来提

问主语或表语。

My dream is to become a

teacher.

To obey the law is important.

(dream, business, wish, idea,

plan, duty, task做主语时常用)

动名词与不定式的功能区别不大,然而它更接近于名词,表

示的动作比较抽象,或者泛指习惯性的动作,有时也

可以用it做形式主语,做表语时可以和主语互换位置。

It is no use saying that again and

again.

Teaching is my job.

分词无名词的性质,不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质,

可以做表语,多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等,可

被very, quite, rather等副词修饰。

现在分词多含有“令人…”之意,说明主语的性质特

征,多表示主动,主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被

动或主语所处的状态,含有“感到…”之意,主语多

是人。

The situation is encouraging.

The book is well written.

(常见分词有astonishing,

moving, tiring, disappointing,

puzzling, shocking, boring,

amusing及其-ed形式)

九.定语从句

I.

定语从句起了形容词的作用,在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词,他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用,二是在从句中担当一个成分,并与先行词保持数的一致。

关系词先行词从句成分例句备注

关系代词who人主语

Do you know the man who is talking

with your mother?

whom, which

和that在从句

中做宾语时,

常可以省略,whom人宾语

Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am

working

The boy (whom) she loved died in the war..但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略,也不可以用that

whose人,物定语I like those books whose topics are about history.

The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate.

that人,物主语,宾

A plane is a machine that can fly.

She is the pop star (that) I want to see

very much.

which物主语,宾

The book (which) I gave you was worth

$10.

The picture which was about the accident

was terrible.

as人,物主语,宾

He is such a person as is respected by all

of us.

This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.

as做宾语一般

不省略

关系副词when时间时间状语

I will never forget the day when we met

there.

可用on which where地点地点状语This is the house where I was born.可用in which why原因原因状语

I can’t imagine the reason why he turned

down my offer.

可用for which

II. that与which, who, whom的用法区别:

情况用法说明例句

只用that的情

况1.

先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing,

little, much,等不定代词时。

2.

先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little,

no, some, few等修饰时

3.

先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时

4.

先行词既指人又指物时

5.

先行词被the only, the very修饰时

6.

句中已经有who或which时,为了避免重

复时

1.He told me everything that he

knows.

2.All the books that you offered

has been given out.

3.This is the best film that I have

ever read.

4.We talked about the persons and

things that we remembered.

5.He is the only man that I want to

see.

6.Who is the man that is making a

speech?

只用which, who, whom的

情况1.

在非限制性定语从句中,只能用which指

代物,用who/whom指人

He has a son, who has gone

abroad for further study.

I like the person to whom the

2.

在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中,只能用which指物,whom指人。3.

先行词本身是that时,关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。teacher is talking.

Those who respect others are usually respected by others.

III. as

定语从

区别例句

限制性定语从句中名词前有such和the same修饰时,关系

代词用as,不能用which

He is not such a fool as he looks.

Don’t read such books as you can’t

understand.

非限制性定语从句中as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如

果有“正如,象”的含义,并可以放在主

句前,也可以放在后面,那么用as;而

which引导的从句只能放主句后,并无

“正如”的意思。

They won the game, as we had expected.

They won the game, which we hadn’t

expected.

As is well known, he is a famous film star

in the 1980s.

IV.

类别语法意义及特征例句

限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用,如果去掉,主句意

思就不完整明确,这种从句与主句的关系十分

密切,写时不用逗号分开。

The accident happened at the

time when I left.

非限制性定语从句对先行词作附加的说明,与主句的关系不十分

密切,较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开,

相当于一个插入语,不能用that引导,关系代

词做宾语时也不能省略。

His mother, whom he loved

deeply, died ten years ago.

十.名词性从句

种类作用常用关联词例句

主语从句在复合句中做主语,相当于名

词,一般置谓语之前,也可用

it作形式主语,主语从句放主

句之后

that, whether, if,

as if, as though,

who, whose,

which, how,

when, where,

why, what,

whatever,

whoever,

wherever

Whether he will come or not

doesn’t matter much.

Whoever comes here will be

welcome.

表语从句在复合句中做表语,相当于名

词,位于系动词之后

It looks as if it is going to snow.

宾语从句在复合句中做宾语,相当于名

He asked me which team could

win the game.

同位语从句放在名词之后(news, problem,

idea, suggestion, advice,

thought, hope, fact等) 表明其

具体内容

You have no idea how worried we

are.

The fact that he lied again greatly

surprised us.

十一。状语从句

种类连接词注意点

时间状语when, whenever, while, as, before, after,

until, till, by the time, as soon as,

hardly…when, no sooner…than, the

moment, the minute, immediately, directly,

instantly

主句表示将来意义时,从句须用一般现

在时;while引导的从句中动词一般是

延续性的;until用在肯定句中主句动

词是延续性的,而否定句中主句动词为

短暂性的。

地点状

where, wherever

原因状语because, as, since, now that

because语气最强,since较弱,表示大

家都明了的原因,as又次之。

条件状语if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on

condition that

从句中动词时态不可用将来时,常用一

般时代替

目的状语so that, in order that, for fear that

so that和in order that后常接may,

should, could, would等情态动词

结果状

so…that, such…that

比较状语than, as…as, not so/as…as, the more…the more

方式状语as if, as though, as

as if 和as though引导的从句一般用虚

拟语气。

让步状语though, although, even if, even though, as,

no matter what, whatever, no matter who,

whoever, no matter which, whichever, no

matter how, however, no matter when,

whenever

as在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式;

although和though用正常语序,可和

yet连用,但不可和but连用

十二。倒装句

种类倒装条件例句

完全倒装here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away等副

词开头的句子表示强调

Out rushed the children.

表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首

Under the tree stood two tables and four

chairs.

强调表语,置于句首,或为保持句子平衡Present at the meeting were 1,000 students.

部分倒装never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not

until, not等表示否定意义的副词放于句首

Hardly did I know what had happened. only和修饰的状语放于句首

Only then did he realized the importance

of English.

not only…but also连接并列的句子,前倒后不倒Not only does he know French, but also he is expert at it.

neither…nor…连接并列的句子,前后都倒装Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it.

so…that, such…that中的so或such及修饰的成分放于句首时前倒后不倒So busy is he that he can not go on a holiday.

as引导的让步状语Child as he is, he has learned a lot.

so, neither或nor表示前句内容也适用于另

外的人或事。

He can play the piano. So can i.

用于表示祝愿的祈使句中May you be in good health!

省略if的虚拟条件Were I you, I would not do it in this way.十三。虚拟语气

类别用法例句

If引导的条件从句与现在事实

相反

从句动词:过去式(be用were)

主句动词:should/would/could/might+动词原

If he were here, he

would help us.

与过去事实

相反

从句动词:had+过去分词

主句动词:should/would/could/might+have+

过去分词

If I had been free, I

would have visited

you.

与将来事实

相反

从句动词:过去式/ should+动词原形/

were+不定式

主句动词:should/would/could/might+动词原

If it should rain

tomorrow, we would

not go camping.

其它状语从句as if引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式

They are talking as if

they had been friends

for years.

in order that / so that引导的状语从句中动词用can / could /

may / might / would等+动词原形

Turn on the light so

that we can see it

clearly.

宾语从句demand, suggest, order, insist后接的从句中动词为should+

动词原形

He suggested that we

not change our mind. wish后的从句中分别用过去式,过去完成式和

should/would+动词原形表示与现在,过去和将来情况相反

I wish I could be a pop

singer.

主语从句在It is necessary / important / strange that…, It is suggested /

dem anded / ordered / requested that… 等从句中,谓语动词

用should+动词原形

It is strange that such a

person should be our

friends.

其它句型中It is time that…句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原形

It’s high time that we

left.

would rather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式I would rather you

stayed at home now.

If only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式,表示强烈的愿望If only our dream had come true!

十四。重要句型

1.

It was not until midnight that he finished his task.

2.

Not until he came back from abroad was I able to see him again.

3.

The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.

4.

He walked around the house, gun in hand.

5.

May you be in good health!

6.

Wish you a pleasant journey back home!

7.

The professor was a humorous man with big nose and deep-set eyes.

8.

What surprised me mos t was his imagination and patience.

9.

He lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky and his hands under his head.

10.

Sitting under the tree are Mr. Green and his first teacher.

11.

On the wall hang two pictures of famous scientists.

12.

Looking back upon those past years, he couldn’t help feeling very proud.

13.

No sooner(Hardly) had he arrived at the theatre than(when) the play started.

14.

Young as he is, he has learned advanced mathematics.

15.

How I regret the hours wasted in the woods and fields!

16.

There stands a beautiful vase in the corner of the room.

17.

Ten miles north of the town lies a paper factory.

18.

There goes the bell.

19.

Nowhere has the world ever seen such a bird as here.

It is no use crying for help.

21.

If only I had been your student in the middle school!

22.

It is believed that such a thing will not happen again.

23.

Only when he explained did I realize the reason for this.

24.

“He works particularly hard.”

“So he does, and so do you.”

25.

Not only Alice but also Jane and Mary are tired of having one examination after another.

26.

Such was Albert Einstein, a simple person of great achievements.

十五。动词搭配

1. add to增加,增进

add … to把…加进…

add up相加

add up to总计,所有这一切说明

1) I don't think these facts will ________ anything.

2) Fifty new books have been ________ the library.

3) The music _________ our enjoyment of the film.

4) You must have made a mistake when you _______ the bill ________.

( add up to, added to, add to, added…up )

2. break away from打破,脱离,挣脱,改掉

break down出毛病,身体(精神)衰弱,分解,拆开

break off暂停,中断

break in强行进入,插话

break into闯入

break into pieces成为碎片

break out爆发

break up捣碎,驱散,瓦解,学期结束,拆散

break through突破

1) The criminal managed to break _______

______ the police and ran into the woods.

2) When he heard the news, he broke _______ and cried.

3) Don't break ________ while others are speaking.

4) Why don't you break ________ for a few minutes and have some coffee?

5) When does school break ________?

6) After harvest we break _________ the soil with a tool pulled by two oxen.

( away from, down, in, off, up, up )

3. bring up抚养,呕吐,提出

bring about造成

bring out拿出,出版

bring in引入,引进,挣钱

bring back使回想起

bring down使下降,使倒下

1) The shopkeeper brought his price _________ to only five dollars.

2) The school has brought _________ new foreign teachers to teach oral English.

3) The song brought ___________ happy memories of our schooldays.

4) Do you know what brought ___________ this misunderstanding?

完整版初中英语语法大全知识点总结

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III. 名词的所有格: 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加’s构成,二是由介词of 加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。 1. ’s 2. ’s

3. of所有格的用法: 用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed 二.冠词 冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。 I. That boy is rather a Lei Feng. II.

III. 三.代词: I. 代词可以分为以下七大类: II. 不定代词用法注意点: 1. one, some与any: 1) one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为ones。some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask.

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她父亲是个医生,她母亲是个老师。I liked the story very much but Li Ming wasn't interested in it.我非常喜欢这个故事,可是李明却对它不感兴趣。 Hurry up,or you'll be late. 快点,否则你就会迟到的。 3复合句 句型:主句+连词+从句;或连词+从句+主句(包含一个主句、一个或一个以上的从句,或只包含一个从句,但有两个或两个以上的主句的句子叫复合句。) 句子的成分 组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子成分包括:主语、谓语、表语、宾语(直接宾语、间接宾语)、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子主体部分(在英文中一般的句子必须有主语和谓语)。表语、宾语和宾语补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成分如定语和状语是句子的次要部分。下面我们分别讲述一下句子的各个成分: 1主语 主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。 We study in No.1 Middle School.(讲述“谁”~) 我们在一中学习。 The classroom is very clean. (讲述“什么”很干净) 这间教室很干净。 Three were absent.(数词作主语)

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