高级英语视听说文字稿(全1、2册)

Book One

Unit One Focus on: Chronology

Chapter 1 Napoleon: Form Schoolboy to Emperor

Napoleon was a French soldier who became emperor of France. He was born in 1769 on the island of Corsica. When he was only ten years his father sent him to military school in France. Napoleon was very good student in most of his classes, but he excelled in mathematics and in military science. When he was sixteen years old, he joined French army. In that year he began the military career that brought him fame, power, riches, and, finally, defeat. Napoleon became a general in the French army at the young age of 24. Several years later he beccame emperor of the French Empire.

Napoleon was many things. He was, first of all, a brilliant military leader. His soldiers were ready to die for him. As a result, Napoleon won many, many military victories. At one time he controlled most of Europe, but many countries, including England, Russia, and Austria fought fiercely against Napoleon. His defeat--his end--came when he decided to attack Russia. In this military campaign against Russia, he lost most of his army.

The great French conqueror died alone--deserted by his family and friends--in 1821. Napoleon was only 51 years old when he died.

Listening Factoid 1

The cause of Napoleon's death at the age of 51 on the island of St. Helena is still a mystery. There is no doubt that he was a very sick man at the time of his death. One theory about the cause of his death is that he had stomach cancer. Another theory is that he was deliberately poisoned by a servant. A third theory also suggests that he was poisoned, but not by his servant. This third theory suggests that he was poisoned accidentally by fumes from the wallpaper in the house he lived in. A few years ago, samples of the wallpaper were analyzed and traces of arsenic were found in it. Arsenic is a powerful poison that was used in some of the dyes in wallpaper during the time that Napoleon lived. More than 170 years after his death, people are still speculating about the cause of his death.

Listening Factoid 2

1. Ten people who speak make more noise than 10,000 who are silent.

2. In politics, stupidity is not a handicap.

3. A man will fight harder for his interests than for his rights.

4. Men of genius are meteors intended to burn to light their century.

5. I know, when it is necessary, how to leave the skin of the lion to take the skin of the fox.

6. History is the version of past events that people have decided to agree upon.

7. It is success which makes great men.

Chapter 2 Pompeii: Destroyed, Forgotten, and Found

Today many people who live in large metropolitan areas such as Paris and New York leave the city in the summer. They go to the mountains or to the seashore to escape the city noise and heat. Over 2,000 years ago, many rich Romans did the same thing. They left the city of Rome in

the summer. Many of these wealthy Romans spent their summers in the city of Pompeii. Pompeii was a beautiful city; it was located on the ocean, on the Bay of Naples

In the year 79 C. E., a young Roman boy who later became a very famous Roman historian was visiting his uncle in Pompeii. The boy's name was Pliny the Younger. One day Pliny was looking up at the sky. He saw a frightening sight. It was a very large dark cloud. This black cloud rose high into the sky. Rock and ash flew through the air. What Pliny saw was the eruption--the explosion--of the volcano, Vesuvius. The city of Pompeii was at the foot of Mt. Vesuvius.

When the volcano first erupted, ~ny.people were able to flee the city and to escape death. In fact, 18,000 people escaped the terrible disaster. Unfortunately, there was not enough time for everyone to escape. More than 2,000 people died. These unlucky people were buried alive under the volcanic ash. The eruption lasted for about three days. When the eruption was over, Pompeii was buried under 20 feet of volcanic rock and ash. The city of Pompeii was buried and forgotten for 1,700 years.

In the year 1748 an Italian farmer was digging on his farm. As he was digging, he uncovered a part of a wall of the ancient city of Pompeii. Soon archaeologists began to excavate--to dig--in the area. As time went by, much of the ancient city of Pompeii was uncovered. Today tourists from all over the world come to see the ruins of the famous city of Pompeii.

Lance Armstrong was born on September 18, 1971 in a suburb of Dallas, Texas, called Plano. Lance began running and swimming competitively when he was only 10 years old. By the time he was 13, he was competing in triathlons and won the Iron Kids Triathlon. Lance's mother, who raised Lance mostly by herself, recognized and encouraged his competitive spirit.

During his senior year in high school, Lance was invited to train with the U.S. Olympic cycling developmental team in Colorado. From that time on, Lance focused completely on cycling. By 1991, Lance was the U.S. National Amateur Champion. He also won two major national races the same year--even beating some professional cyclists.

Although he was generally doing very well, Lance had his ups and downs. In 1992 he was expected to do very well at the Barcelona Olympics, but he finished in 14th place. This was a big disappointment. Lance got over the disappointment and decided to turn professional. In his first professional race, the 1992 Classico San Sebastian, he ended up finishing dead last, 27 minutes behind the winner. Lance's mother continued to encourage Lance through his difficult times.

Things went much better for Lance in the following years. In 1993 he was the youngest person to win the World Race Championships. In the same year, he entered the Tour de France for the first time. He won one stage of the race, but dropped out of the race before finishing. In 1995, he even won the Classico San Sebastian, the race that he had finished last in, in 1992. Lance also won the most important U.S. tournament, the Tour Du Pont, two times, in both 1995 and 1996. By 1996, Lance was ranked seventh among cyclists in the world, and hesigned a two-year contract with a French racing team. At that time, hewas still a few months away from his 25th birthday; everything was looking very good for Lance Armstrong.

However, everything changed dramatically and drastically in October of 1996, shortly after his 25th birthday. At this time, Lance was diagnosed with advanced cancer that had already spread to his brain and lungs. He almost immediately underwent two cancer surgeries. After these two surgeries, he was given a less than 50-50 chance of survival as he began an aggressive

three-month course of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy left Lance very weak, but the treatment worked well. Quite soon after, Lance was declared free of cancer. Lance returned to cycling and training only five months after he was initially diagnosed with cancer. He vowed he would return to competitive cycling better

However, his French cycling team dropped Lance from the team.They didn't believe that Lance would ever be able return to his former level of strength and endurance. Fortunately the U.S. Postal Service Team became his new sponsor. With the support of the U.S. Postal Service Team, Lance returned to racing in 1998. After one particularly bad day during one of his races, Lance pulled over and decided he was done with racing. However, after spending time with his really good cycling friends, Lance returned to racing, and again he was off again in pursuit of cycling victories!

Lance's big comeback was marked by his victory at the 1999 Tour de France. Lance repeated this feat in the years 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2004, for a total of six consecutive victories in the Tour de France, the most prestigious and the most grueling of all cycling contests. Lance's Tour de France record may never be beaten or even matched. Interestingly, Lance was the youngest person to win the World Cycling Championships in 1993 and the oldest person ever to win the Tour de France in 2004!

In addition to his amazing athletic performance, Lance Armstrong has established the Lance Armstrong Foundation, which is devoted to providing information about cancer and support to cancer victims. He has also written a book about his life and winning the Tour de France, called Every Second Counts, and for Lance, every second has counted.

Lance Armstrong gives a lot of credit for his success to his mother, whose independent spirit and support for Lance inspired him to overcome all of life's obstacles, both on and off the racetrack. Lance, in turn, has provided inspiration to many, for his courage--both athletic and personal.

Listening Expansion

Task 1 History of the Bicycle

The precursor to the bicycle appeared in France in the 1790s. It was a little wooden horse with a fixed front wheel. Because the wheel was fixed, it could not be turned right or left. This little horse did not have any pedals, and the only way it could be maneuvered was by the rider pushing against the ground with his or her feet.

In 1817, the German baron Karl von Drais replaced the fixed front wheel with one that could be steered. Now the wooden horse could be directed right or left. The rider still needed to push it with his or her feet on the ground.

The next development occurred in 1839. when a Scottish blacksmith, Kirkpatrick MacMillan, designed the first bicycle-like machine with pedals and cranks. MacMillan called his machine a "velocipede" and rode it the 40 miles from his home to Glasgow, Scotland in only_5 hours.

In 1866, Pierre Lallement applied for and received a U.S. patent for a machine that he called the "bisicle." Some people called it a "boneshaker" as it had steel-rimmed wooden wheels. The bicycle got more comfortable in 1869 when rubber tires were introduced. Around the same time, the front wheels began to grow larger while the back wheels got smaller, and the first "highwheeler" was introduced in 1872. During the 1880s, bicycles enjoyed a boom--that is, a

sudden growth in popularity. The highwheelers were very popular, especially among young men, as they could go very fast. However, they weren't very safe. Sitting high up towards the front of the bicycle and traveling very fast, the rider could be easily thrown over the front wheel if the bicycle hit a small bump in the road or if a dog ran in front of the bicycle. This type of accident gave rise to the expression "to do a header" as the rider often fell onto his head.

Fortunately, the "safety bicycle" was invented in 1884. The safety bicycle had equal-sized wheels, a chain, and a sprocket-driven rear wheel. The rider was now sitting further back on the bicycle and in much less danger of "doing a header." More improvements quickly followed. Pneumatic tires--that is, tires with air in them—were invented in 1888. Two-and three-speed hub gears came in the 1890s. The last major innovation, the derailteur gear, arrived in 1899. No further significant changes were made until the 1970s. In the 1970s bicycles became more aerodynamic. That is, changes in design and use of lightweight but strong materials allowed bicycles to reduce the amount of air resistance they encountered and thus go faster. No doubt there will be further improvements in design and materials in the future.

Task 2

1. I was born into a royal family and educated by a famous philosopher. I became leader of my country at age 19, when my father was assassinated. I was a great military leader, and at one time I controlled most of the known Western world. I died on June 13, 323 B.C.E. at the age of 3

2. Who am I? (e)

2. I was born in Skopje, Yugoslavia at the time when it was still part of the Ottoman Empire. I left home early to join a religious community. I spent most of my adult life working to help the poor in India. In 1979, I won the Nobel Prize for Peace. I died in 1997. Who am I? (b)

3. I grew up near the British royal family's estate. I married into the royal family when I was 18

years old and had two sons. I later spent a lot of my time working for charities that tried to help victims of AIDS, domestic abuse, and drug addiction. Millions of people mourned my death in 1997. Who am I? (a)

4. I traveled the Silk Road all the way to China in 1271, where I stayed for 17 years. I was a

favorite of the ruler Kublai Khan and I traveled in China and Southeast Asia, including India, as his envoy. Later I returned home to Venice and ended up in prison for two years, where I dictated a book about my life and travels. Who am I? (c)

5. I was born in Morocco at the beginning of the 14th century. I spent 30 years traveling. I visited every Muslim country in the world. When I finished my travels, I wrote a history of my journeys in Arabic, the title of which translates into Travels in English. I died around the year 1368. (h)

6. I was born around the year 116

7. I succeeded my father as ruler of a Mongol tribe. I was

ruthless and many, many people died in battles with my armies. However, I was a great ruler and brilliant military leader. I ruled one of the greatest land empires the world has even known.

Who am I? (d)

7. I was born into a royal family. When my father died, I led a revolt against my brother and

became leader of my country. I was involved romantically and politically with two famous Romans. After being defeated in battle, I committed suicide so that I could not be captured by my enemy Octavian. Who am I? (g}

8. I was born in 1940. My real name is Edson Arantes do Nascimento, but everyone knows me by

my famous nickname. I led my football team to many championships. I also led the Brazilian national team to the world championships in 1958, 1962, and 1970. Some people say that I was the greatest football player of all time. Who am I? (f)

Listening Factoid 1

Amazingly enough, the bicycle is a more efficient means of transportation than any other method of traveling. It takes much less energy to bicycle one mile than it does to walk one mile. In fact, it can take up to five times as much energy to walk a mile than to bicycle a mile. If we compare the amount of energy a human being uses to bicycle three miles, or about 5 kilometers, we find this amount of energy would power a car for only about 278 feet, or 85 meters.

Listening Factoid 2

According to Professor Steve Jones, the three most important inventions in the history of mankind were (1) fire, (2) speech, and (3) the bicycle. He says that the invention of fire freed human beings from the power of climate, dangerous animals, and monotonous diets. The invention of speech meant that human beings could begin to build civilization. And the invention of the bicycle--by which he really means modern transportation in general--meant that groups of human beings were no longer isolated, but could travel great distances. Being able to travel much more freely meant that there could never again be more than one species of human beings as there had been in ancient times.

Unit Two Focus on Process

Chapter 4 The Internet

The Internet consists of millions of computers, all linked together into a gigantic network. Now every computer that is connected to the Internet is part of this network and can communicate with any other connected computer.

In order to communicate with each other, these computers are equipped with special communication software. To connect to the Internet, the user instructs the computer's communication software to contact the Internet Service Provider, or ISP. Now an Internet Service Provider, or ISP, is a company that provides Internet service to individuals, organizations, or companies, usually for a monthly charge. Local ISPs connect to larger ISPs, which in turn connect to even larger ISPs. A hierarchy of networks is formed. And this hierarchy is something like a pyramid, with lots of small networks at the bottom, and fewer but larger networks moving up the pyramid. But, amazingly, there is no one single controlling network at the top. Instead, there are dozens of high-level networks, which agree to connect with each other. It is through this process that everyone on the Internet is able to connect with everyone else on the Internet, no matter where he or she is in the world.

How does information that leaves one computer travel through all of these networks, and arrive at its destination, another computer, in a fraction of a second?

The process depends on routers. Now routers are specialized computers whose job is to direct the information through the networks. The data, or information, in an e-mail message, a Web page, or a file is first broken down into tiny packets. Each of these packets has the address of the sender and of the receiver, and information on how to put the packets back together. Each of these packets is then sent off through the Internet. And when a packet reaches a router, the router reads

its destination address. And the router then decides the best route to send the packet on its way to its destination. All the packets might take the same route or they might go different routes. Finally, when all the packets reach their destination, they are put back into the correct order.

To help you understand this process, I'm going to ask you to think of these packets of information as electronic postcards. Now imagine that you want to send a friend a book, but you can send it only as postcards. First, you would have to cut up each of the pages of the book to the size of the postcards. Next, you would need to write your address and the address of your friend on each of these postcards. You would also need to number the postcards so that your friend could put them in the correct order after he receives the postcards. After completing these steps, you would put all the postcards in the mail. You would have no way to know how each postcard traveled to reach your friend. Some might go by truck, some by train, some by plane, some by boat. Some might go by all four ways. Now along the way, many postal agents may look at the addresses on the postcards in order to decide the best route to send them off on to reach their destination. The postcards would probably arrive at different times. But finally, after all of the postcards had arrived, your friend would be able to put them back in the correct order and read the book.

Now this is the same way that information is sent over the Internet using the network of routers, but of course it happens much, much faster!

Listerning Expamsion

Task 1 Connecting the Process

Once you decide that you need good antivirus software, the first thing to do is to see whether your computer already has an antivirus program pre-installed. You can do this by going to Programs on your Start menu and looking for an antivirus software program. If you find there is an antivirus program already installed, first check to see if it is activated. Then determine whether it is up to date. Finally, consider whether it's the best software for your needs. If, after completing this process, you decide you need to purchase antivirus software, here are some steps you can follow.

First, ask friends and colleagues for their recommendations. After that, go to the Internet to read several reviews of antivirus software programs. You will see that there are some free antivirus software programs available to be downloaded. If one of them suits your needs, then your search may be over. If not, after reading many reviews, select a few software programs to consider purchasing. The next step is to test them, if possible. Many programs' Web sites allow you to download them for a trial period. In the meantime, compare prices of these programs. After completing all these steps, you should be ready to purchase your software. If your computer already has an antivirus software program, be sure to uninstall it before installing your new software. Finally, install your new antivirus softw are, following the manufacturer’s direction, carefully. Keep in mind that antivirus software must be continuously updated to be effective.

Task 2

A Dictation: How to Be a Courteous E-mail Correspondent

a. Check your e-mail regularly.

b. Keep your e-mail messages brief.

c. Be careful how you express yourself.

d. Don't forward somebody else's e-mail without permission.

e. Put a clear subject title in the subject box.

Listening Factoid 1

Jeff Hancock, a scientist at Cornell University, asked 30 students to keep a communication diary for a week. The students wrote down the numbers of conversations they had either face-to-face or on the telephone and the number of e-mail exchanges they had, both regular e-mail and instant messages, that lasted more than 10 minutes. They also wrote down the number of lies they had told in each conversation or e-mail exchange. When Jeff Hancock analyzed the students' communication records, he found that lies made up 14 percent of e-mails, 21 percent of instant messages, 27 percent of face-to-face conversations, and 37 percent of phone calls.

His findings surprised some psychologists, who thought it would be easier to lie in e-mails than in real-time conversations. One explanation is that people are less likely to lie wher$ there will be a record of their lies, such as in an e-mail.

Listening Factoid 2

If you have an e-mail account, you have no doubt been spammed. That is, you have received unsolicited e-mail from someone you don't know, someone who is usually trying to sell you something!

Most people say that they hate spam. For many people, spam mail is just a nuisance, but for businesses it's very expensive, as their employees waste considerable working time going through and deleting spam. According to Message Labs, a company that provides e-mail security, 76% of the world's e-mail is spam and it costs businesses approximately $12 billion dollars a year. According to a survey by Commtouch Software, another anti-spam company, in the last few months the number of spam attacks increased by 43%. Their report predicts that within two years, 98% of all e-mail will be spam!

Chapter 5

What I'd like to talk to you about today is the topic of child language development. I know that you all are trying to develop a second language, but for a moment, let's think about a related topic, and that is: How children develop their first language. What do we know about how babies develop their language and communication ability? Well, we know babies are able to communicate as soon as they are born--even before they learn to speak their first language. At first, they communicate by crying. This crying lets their parents know when they are hungry, or unhappy, or uncomfortable. However, they soon begin the process of acquiring their language. The first stage of language acquisition begins just a few weeks after birth. At this stage, babies start to make cooing noises when they are happy. Then, around four months of age they begin to babble. Babies all over the world begin to babble around the same age, and they all begin to make the same kinds of babbling noises. Now, by the time they are ten months old, however, the babbling of babies from different language backgrounds sounds different. For example, the babbling of a baby in a Chinese-speaking home sounds different from the babbling of a baby in an English-speaking home. Babies begin a new stage of language development when they begin to speak their first words. At first, they invent their own words for things. For example, a baby in an English-speaking home may say "baba" for the word "bottle'' or "kiki" for "cat." In the next few

months, babies will acquire a lot of words. These words are usually the names of things that are in the baby's environment, words for food or toys, for example. They will begin to use these words to communicate with others. For example, if a baby holds up an empty juice bottle and then says "juice," to his father, the baby seems to be saying, "I want more juice, Daddy" or "May I have more juice, Daddy?" This word "juice" is really a one-word sentence.

Now, the next stage of language acquisition begins around the age of 18 months, when the babies begin to say two-word sentences. They begin to use a kind of grammar to put these words together. The speech they produce is called "telegraphic" speech because the babies omit all but the most essential words. An English-speaking child might say something like "Daddy, up" which actually could mean "Daddy, pick me up, please." Then, between two and three years of age, young children begin to learn more and more grammar. For example, they begin to use the past tense of verbs. In other words, they begin to learn the rule for making the past tense of many verbs. The children begin to say things such as "I walked home" and "I kissed Mommy." They also begin to overgeneralize this new grammar rule and make a lot of grammar mistakes. For example, children often say such things as "I goed to bed" instead of "I went to bed," or "I eated ice cream" instead of "I ate ice cream." In other words, the children have learned the past tense rule for regular verbs such as "walk" and "kiss," but they haven't learned that they cannot use this rule for all verbs. Some verbs like "ear" are irregular, and the past tense forms for irregular verbs must be learned individually. Anyway, these mistakes are normal, and the children will soon learn to use the past tense for regular and irregular verbs correctly. The children then continue to learn other grammatical structures in the same way.

If we stop to think about it, actually it's quite amazing how quickly babies and children all over the world learn their language and how similar the process is for babies all over the world. Do you remember anything about how you learned your first language during the early years of your life? Think about the process for a minute. What was your first word? Was it "mama" or maybe "papa"? Now think also about the process of learning English as a second language. Can you remember the first word you learned in English? I doubt that it was "mama." Now, think about some of the similarities and differences involved in the processes of child and adult language learning. We'll talk about some similarities and differences in the first and second language learning processes tomorrow. See you then.

Listening Factoid 1

Have you ever wondered about what the world's original language was? Or whether children would begin to speak if they never heard language? Well, more than 2,500 years ago, an Egyptian pharaoh asked himself the same questions. He had the idea that children who didn't hear adults speaking any language would begin to speak the world's "original language." So he had two newborn babies of poor parents taken away from them. He gave the babies to a shepherd to take care of. No one was allowed to speak to them. About two years later, the shepherd reported to the pharaoh that the children were making a sound like "bekos." This sound "bekos" sounded like the word for bread in the Phrygian language, so the pharaoh concluded that Phrygian was the original language in the world. There was only one problem with the pharaoh's conclusion. He overlooked the fact that "bekos" sounded very much like the noise that sheep make!

Listening Factoid 2

Do you know that grownups use baby talk? Why? To help babies learn to speak! David Sacks, a linguist, says that, "babies in their first year of life learn to speak--first in baby talk, then with the rudiments of genuine vocabulary--by imitating the speech sounds they hear around them. (Often these sounds are addressed to the baby in an exaggerated, singsong form; for example, "How did you sleeeep?" which apparently helps the child to learn./But some scholars have theorized that language in the nursery is partly a two-way street and that certain family-related words in English and other tongues were formed originally--perhaps prehistorically--in imitation of baby talk. Such words are easy for babies to pronounce. The parent will say to the baby, "Say dada" and so the word "dada" retains a secure place in the language. What are these words that are easy to say? While the words vary from language to language, in English they are some of the "ba," "da," "ma," and "pa" words.

The earliest speech sounds out of an infant's mouth, sometimes as early as the second month of life, might typically be pure vowels. The sounds "ah," "ee," and "oo" are said to predominate among babies all over the world, with "ah" as the earliest and most frequent sound. The infant's next step, usually begun before four months of age, is to float a consonant sound in front of the vowel: "ma-ma-ma," the sound of pure baby talk.

Unit Three/Focus on: Classification/Definition

Chapter 7 A Tidal Wave: What Is It? What Causes It? How Can We Predict It?

A tidal wave is a very large and very destructive wall of water that rushes in from the ocean toward the shore. Many scientists call these waves tsunami. In Japanese tsunami means "storm wave." But do you know that tidal waves are not caused by storms and that they are not true tides at all? A true tide is the regular rise and fall of ocean waters, at definite times each day, but a tidal wave comes rushing in suddenly and unexpectedly. A tidal wave is caused by an underwater earthquake. Scientists call the underwater earthquake a seaquake. The word "seaquake" is made up of two words, the word "sea" which means "ocean" and the word "quake." "To quake" means "to shake" or "to tremble." When a seaquake takes place at the bottom of the ocean, the ocean floor shakes and trembles, and sometimes the ocean floor shifts. It is this shifting that produces the tidal wave. The tidal wave begins to move across the sea at great speed.

Tidal waves have taken many human lives in the past. Today scientists can predict when a tidal wave will hit land. They use a seismograph to do this. A seismograph is an instrument that records the strength, the direction, and the length of time of an earthquake or seaquake. It is not possible to hold back a tidal wave, but it is possible to warn people that a tidal wave is coming. This warning can save many lives.

UnitThree/Focus on: Classification/Definition

Chapter 8 Levels of Language Usage: Formal and Informal

Today I want to talk about levels of language usage. You probably have noticed that people express similar ideas in different ways, depending on the situation they are in. This is very natural. All languages have two broad, general categories, or levels of usage: a formal level and an informal level. English is no exception. I'm not talking about correct and incorrect English. What I'm talking about are two levels of correct English. The difference in these two levels is the situation in which you use a particular level. Formal language is the kind of language you find in textbooks, reference books such as encyclopedias, and in business letters. For example, a letter to

a university would be in a formal style. You would also use formal English in compositions and essays that you write in school. People usually use formal English when they give classroom lectures or speeches and at ceremonies such as graduations. We also tend to use formal language in conversations with persons we don't know well or with people we have a formal relationship with, such as professors, bosses, doctors, friends of our parents', strangers, etc. Informal language is used in conversation with colleagues, family, and friends, and when we write personal notes or letters to close friends, as well as in diaries, etc.

Formal language is different from informal language in several ways. However, today I'm going to talk only about a couple of ways. First of all, formal language tends to be more polite. Interestingly, it usually takes more words to be polite. For example, I might say to a friend or family member, "Close the door, please," but to a stranger or someone in authority I probably would say "Would you mind closing the door?" or "Excuse me, could you please close the door?" Using words like "could" and "would" makes my request sound more polite, but also more formal.

I want to be polite but not too formal with my friends and family.

Another difference between formal and informal language is some of the vocabulary. There are some words and phrases that belong in formal language and others that are informal. Let me give you a couple of examples of what I mean. Let's say that I really like soccer. If I'm talking to my friend or colleague I might say "I'm just crazy about soccer!" But if I were talking to my supervisor or a friend of my parents', I would probably say "I really enjoy soccer" or "I like soccer very much." Let's say I'm telling someone some news I heard about the police arresting a criminal. To my friend I might say, "The cops bagged the crook." To my parents' friend I might say "The police arrested the thief."

Although the line between formal and informal language is not always clear and although people are probably less formal today than in the past, it is useful to be aware that these two levels, or categories, do exist. The best way for a nonnative speaker of English to learn the difference is to observe the different ways English speakers speak or write in different situations. Television newscasters, your college professors in your class, your doctors in their offices, etc., will usually speak rather formally. However, your classmates, teammates, family members, and friends will generally speak in an informal fashion. The difference can be learned over time by observing and interacting with native speakers.

Listening Factoid 1

The Oxford English Dictionary, often referred to as the OED, contained 414,825 words when it was finally completed in 1928. The OED had been started 71 years earlier. Yes, it took 71 years to complete this dictionary. However, this was not the longest time it ever took to complete a dictionary. One dictionary of the German language took 106 years. Another dictionary of the Italian language was begun in 1863 and still isn't finished.

Listening Factoid 2

The slang words swell, groovy, and cool all have about the same meaning. Swell, groovy, and cool all mean something good--something desirable. The difference between these words is mostly generational. That is, people growing up in the 1930s, '40s, and '50s often used the word swell when they really liked something. The word groovy, which means about the same thing, became popular in the 1960s. In the 1970s, the slang word cool became popular. The word cool is still

used today, but swell and groovy are not used very much at all, especially not by anyone born in the 1970s or later.

Unit Three/Focus on: Classification/Definition

Chapter 9 Power:The Kinds People Use and Abuse

A. Initial Listening

John Mack, who is the author of a book about power, says that the need for a sense of personal power is one of the primary forces in human life. On the other hand, he also says that a feeling of powerlessness is one of the most disturbing of human emotions-----a feeling to be avoided at all costs. Just what is power.？

Psychologists define power as the ability to determine or to change the actions or behavior of other people. Psychologists are trying to identify different kinds of power so that they can better understand how people use these different kinds of power to gain control over other people. They are trying to understand how people manipulate other people for good and evil purposes. Psychologists have identified five basic types of power, and I'd like to talk about each of these briefly in the next few minutes.

The first type of power is called information power. Some psychologist beheve that information power is one of the most effective types of power and control. The person who has information that other people want and need, but do not have, is in a position of power. Why is this ? Well, most people like to receive and have information. Having information increases a person's own sense of power. People who provide information can manipulate those who do not have information. Often, when people receive information, they do not know that they are being manipulated by those who provided the information.The psychologist named Edwards says, for example, that newspapers provide a lot of information to their readers, and that these newspaper readers generally believe the information they read. Readers do not question the accuracy of the reports about world events they read in the newspapers.

A second type of power is called referent power. For example, a person may want to behave like the members of a particular group, such as a soccer team (or a group of classmates), or a person may identify with and want to be like a certain teacher, a friend, or, gay, a rock star. If you identify with another person, that person has power over you, and that person can influence your actions and behavior. Many people imitate and are controlled by the people they identify with. Let me give you a sad example of the use of this type of power for evil purposes. In the 1970s in Jonestown,.Guyana, more than 900 people committed suicide when their religious leader Jim Jones told them to kill themselves. They did what he told them to do because he had referent power over them. They identified with him; they believed him, and they did what he told them to do. More recently a man named David, and destinies of a small community of Koresh control the lives and destinies of a small community of men, women, and children in Waco, Texas. Most of the people in his community died in a fire, along with their leader, during a confrontation with U.S. government agents.

A third kind of power is classified as legitimate power. Government officials, according to Edwards, have a lot of legitimate power. When the government decides to raise taxes or make people go to war, most people will do what their government officials tell them to do. One psychologist reported on an experiment that showed an example of this type of power. In this experiment, a researcher asked people on the street to move away from a bus stop. When he was

dressed as a civilian, few people moved away from the bus stop. When the researcher was dressed as a guard, most people moved away from the bus stop. The guard's uniform seemed to give the researcher a look of legitimate power.

A fourth kind of power is called expert power. An expert is a person who is very skilled in some area, such as sports, or who knows a lot about something, such as computers. Most people are impressed by the skills or knowledge of an expert. Some of these "experts" use their skills at playing sports or knowing about computers to gain power and influence--and to gain money or admiration, according to Edwards. In other words, they use their expertise to gain power.

Finally, reward or coercive power is used by people who have the power to reward or punish another person's actions or behavior. Giving a reward will change people's behavior because it offers people a chance for gain. Giving a punishment may or may not cause the people to do what the powerful person wants them to do, but the changes may not last for a long time. The person who uses coercive power may also have to carefully watch that the less powerful person does, in fact, change his or her actions or behavior.

To sum up, then, power may be gained in many ways. It may come from having information that other people want or need; it may come from being a referent for other people to identify with or to imitate; it may come from having an official, or legitimate, position of authority; it may come from having skills or expertise; or it may come from having the power to reward or punish people. We all exercise one or more of these various kinds of power over other people, and other people will try to exercise one or more of these kinds of power over us throughout our lives.

Naming the Animal and Naming the Category

1. This animal can be black, brown, white, gray, or one of many other colors. It's an animal that eats hay. It has a long tail. It was often used for transportation. It's a four-legged animal. What is it? What is it classed as? The answer is horse. Write "horse" on the blank in number 1.

2. It's an animal that lives in the ocean. It is eaten in some parts of the world. It squirts black ink to protect itself from danger. It has eight legs. What is it? What is it categorized as? (octopus/ invertebrate)

3. This animal does not live in the ocean. It has wings, and it has antennae on the top of his head. It lives only a short time during the spring and summer. It is a very beautiful and colorful insect.

What is it? What is it designated as? (butterfly/invertebrate)

4. This animal lives in the ocean. The animal lives inside a shell. Sometimes a lucky person finds

a beautiful pearl inside the animal'sshell. It is often served in seafood restaurants. What is it? What is it typed? (oyster/invertebrate)

5. It is a tiny animal. It spins a web. In its web it catches flies and other small insects. Some of these tiny creatures are poisonous. It is an eight-legged creature. What is it? What is it categorized as? (spider/invertebrate)

6. It's a cold-blooded animal. In other words, it needs to warm its body in the sun in cold weather. Some are poisonous. Their bite can kill a person. It has no feet; so it slithers along the ground on its stomach. What is it? What is it classed? (snake/vertebrate)

7. It's an animal that is born in the water, but when it's grown, it can breathe air. It hops along the ground. It does not have a tail. Some people like to eat the legs of this small animal. What is it? What is it categorized as? (frog/vertebrate)

Listening Factoid 1

A powerful king named Mithradites lived in Asia Minor almost 2,000 years ago. He was so afraid that someone would try to poison him that, in order to build up an immunity to poison, he spent many years drinking small amounts of poison. King Mithradites was very successful in building up his immunity to poison. No one was able to poison him. However, his immunity to poison proved to be a problem when he decided to commit suicide in order to avoid being captured by the Roman army. To avoid being captured by the Romans, he tried to commit suicide by drinking poison. Unfortunately, the poison would not work. In the end, one of his slaves killed him with a sword so he could avoid capture. The man of great power was put to death by the man who had no power.

Listening fatoid 2

When girls study ancient civilizations, they often learn about societies where leadership roles and decision making were in the hands of the men of the society. Only on very few occasions are they able to identify with those in authority or those who have played an influential role in the society. The ancient kingdom of Kush was unusual in that powerful queens ruled the kingdom, which occupied the area located in the southern part of modern Egypt and the northern part of today's Sudan. The study of the Kingdom of Kush tells the story of a society where women took on roles of leadership--a society where women were highly respected and held positions of power alongside men. Furthermore, during part of its history, it was a queen of Kush that led the Kushite revolt against the injustice of Roman rule and Rome's imposition of taxes on the Kushite people.

Unit Four/Focus on: Comparison/Contrast

Chapter 10 Asian and African Elephants: Similarities and Differences

A. Initial Listening

The African and the Asian elephants are the largest land animals in the world. They are really enormous animals. The African and the Asian elephants are alike, or similar, in many ways, but there are differences between the two types of elephants, too.

What are some of the similarities between the African and the Asian elephant? Well, for one thing, both animals have long noses, called trunks. An elephant sometimes uses its trunk like a third hand. Both kinds of elephants use their trunks to pick up very small objects and very large, heavy objects. They can even pick up trees with their trunks. For another thing, both the African and the Asian elephants have very large ears, although the African elephant's ears are considerably larger.

In addition, both animals are intelligent. They can be trained to do heavy work. They can also be trained to do tricks to entertain people. In other words, they both work for people, and they entertain people also.

As I said before, the African and the Asian elephants are alike in many ways, but they are also quite different, too. Let me explain what I mean. The African elephant is larger and heavier than the Asian elephant. The African male elephant weighs between 12,000 and 14,000 pounds. In contrast, the average Asian male elephant weighs between 7,000 and 12,000 pounds.

Another major difference between the two kinds of elephants is the size of the ears. Asian elephants have smaller ears than the African elephants do. The teeth are different, too. The African

elephant has two very large teeth. These teeth are called tusks. The Asian elephant sometimes does not have any tusks at all. The elephants differ in color, too. The African elephant is dark gray in color while the Asian elephant is light gray. Occasionally an Asian elephant is even white in color! The last big difference between the two elephants is their temperament. The Asian elephant is tamer than the African elephant. In other words, the African elephant is much wilder than the Asian elephant. As a result, it's more difficult to train the African elephant to perform tricks to entertain people. That's why the elephants you see in the circus are probably Asian elephants.., not African elephants.

Yes, there certainly are differences between the African and the Asian elephants, but there is one big similarity between the two animals: they are both fascinating and enormous animals.

B. The Listening Expansion

Task 1. Completing a Sketch

Let me tell you some more differences between my sisters, Alice and Betty. First of all, Betty wears glasses, but Alice does not. Alice has better eyesight than Betty. For another thing, Betty likes to wear a lot of jewelry--you know, necklaces, earrings, and rings. Today she's wearing two necklaces and a pair of earrings. Alice, on the other hand, usually doesn't wear any jewelry except a wedding ring. She wears a wedding ring because she's married. Betty doesn't wear a wedding ring. She's not married. She's single. Alice, however, is a wife and a mother. She has a young baby named Johnnie. Johnnie is asleep in his crib. Can you draw Johnnie asleep in his crib? I'll pause for a minute to let you draw Johnnie sleeping in his crib. Betty doesn't have any children. She does have pets, however. She has a little yellow bird. It's a canary. Draw Betty's canary in its cage. Betty also has a big cat named Brutus. Brutus would probably eat the canary if he could get into the cage. Draw Brutus, but don't draw him near the cage. Alice, unlike Betty, does not like animals in the house. On the other hand, she does like to have plants in the house. She has one very large house plant she especially likes. See the empty flower pot in the picture. Put a large plant into the pot.

There are many other differences between Betty and Alice, but that's all I'll tell you about right now.

Listening factoid 1

In the early 1970s five baby elephants were released in Kruger National Park in South Africa near a herd of buffalo. Park rangers later reported that one of the young elephants had joined the herd of buffalo and was acting like a buffalo. A visitor to the park in 1980 saw the ten-year-old elephant with its adopted family of about 20 buffalo. The buffalo and the elephant were trying to chase some lions away from a water hole. A few years later a park ranger reported seeing the young elephant and the herd of buffalo drinking water from a water hole when a herd of elephants arrived to drink water. The herd of buffalo ran off when they saw the herd of elephants, and the young elephant ran off along with the herd of buffalo. It appears that the elephant was accepted as a member of the herd by the buffalo.

Listening factoid 2

An elephant grasps objects with its trunk much as a person does with a hand. The elephant's trunk can carry a log that weighs as much as 600 pounds (or 272 kilograms). The tip of the trunk

can pick up an object as small as a coin. An elephant also uses its trunk to communicate with other elephants. When two elephants greet each other, each places the tip of its trunk in the other's mouth. A mother will comfort her calf by stroking it with her trunk. Young males also play-fight by wrestling with their trunks.

Unit Four/Focus on: Comparison/Contrast

Chapter 11

John F. Kennedy and Abraham Lincoln lived in different times and had very different family and educational backgrounds. Kennedy lived in the 20th century; Lincoln lived in the 19th century. Kennedy was born in 1917, whereas Lincoln was born more than a hundred years earlier, in 1809. As for their family backgrounds, Kennedy came from a rich family, but Lincoln's family was not wealthy. Because Kennedy came from a wealthy family, he was able to attend expensive private schools. He graduated from Harvard University. Lincoln, on the other hand, had only one year of formal schooling. In spite of his lack of formal schooling, he became a well-known lawyer. He taught himself law by reading law books. Lincoln was, in other words, a self-educated man.

In spite of these differences in Kennedy and Lincoln's backgrounds, some interesting similarities between the two men are evident. In fact, books have been written about the strange coincidences in the lives of these two men. For example, take their political careers. Lincoln began his political career as a congressman. Similarly, Kennedy also began his political career as a congressman. Lincoln was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1847, and Kennedy was elected to the House in 1947. They went to Congress just 100 years apart. Another interesting coincidence is that each man was elected president of the United States in a year ending with the number 60. Lincoln was elected president in 1860, and Kennedy was elected in 1960; furthermore, both men were president during years of civil unrest in the country. Lincoln was president during the American Civil War. During Kennedy's term of office, civil unrest took the form of civil rights demonstrations.

Another striking similarity between the two men was that, as you probably know, neither president lived to complete his term in office. Lincoln and Kennedy were both assassinated while in office. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, after only 1,000 days in office. Lincoln was assassinated in 1865 a few days after the end of the American Civil War. It's rather curious to note that both presidents were shot while they were sitting next to their wives.

These are only a few examples of the uncanny, or unusual similarities in the destinies of these two Americans--men who had a tremendous impact on the social and political life in the United States and the imagination of the American people.

Listening Factoid 1

Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation during the Civil War. The Proclamation freed the slaves, but only those in the Confederate States. It did not free the slaves living in Kentucky, Maryland, and the other slave-holding states that fought on the side of the North. Whythen is Lincoln called "The Great Emancipator"? He deserves to be called "The Great Emancipator', not because of this 1863 proclamation, but because he urged Congress to adopt the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery in the United States. The amendment was passed by the American Congress in 1865.

Listening Factoid 2

Most of you would probably not be very surprised to learn that there was someone else at the party with your exact birthday if there were 365 people at the party. But how about if there were only 30 people? Do you think it would be likely that there would be another person at the party with the same birthday as yours? Well, actually, you would have a 50% chance of meeting someone with your exact birthday if there were only 23 people at the party! This is surprising to most people, and when it happens, it seems like a remarkable coincidence, but, in fact, it is simply a statistical probability.

Unit Four/Focus on: Comparison/Contrast

Chapter 12The Titanic and the Andrea Doria: Tragidies at Sea

On the morning of April 10, 1912, the luxury liner the Titanic left England on a voyage to New York. Four days later, she lay at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean. On Wednesday, July 18, 1956, the ocean liner the Andrea Doria left Italy. The Andrea Doria was also traveling to New York. Eight days later this great ship also lay at the bottom of the Atlantic. The sinking of these two huge ships, these two very, very large ships, shocked the world. Reports of these two tragedies filled the newspapers for days. When the Andrea Doria went down, people compared her sinking with the sinking of the Titanic. There were similarities between the two events; however, there were also important differences.

What were some of these similarities? First of all, both ships were transatlantic ocean liners. In addition, they were also both luxury liners. They carried many of the world's rich and famous people. In fact, ten American millionaires lost their lives when the Titanic went down. Today millions of dollars worth of gold, silver, and cash may still remain locked inside these two sunken ships.

Another similarity was that, as each ship was sinking, there were acts of heroism and acts of 'villainy. Some people acted very bravely, even heroically. Some people even gave up their lives so that others could live. There were also some people who acted like cowards. For example, one man on the Titanic dressed up as a woman so that he could get into a lifeboat and save his own life. One last similarity was that both of these ships were considered "unsinkable." People believed that they would never sink.

I'd like to shift my attention now to the differences between these great ship disasters. To begin with, the Titanic was on her maiden voyage; that is, she was on her very first voyage across the Atlantic. The Andrea Doria, on the other hand, was on her

Another difference was that the ships sank for different reasons.

whereas the Andrea Doria collided with another ship. Another contrast was that the Andrea Doria had radar to warn of the approach of another ship, but the Titanic was not equipped with radar. The Titanic only had a lookout. The lookout was able to see the iceberg only moments before the ship struck it. But, of course, the greatest difference between these two terrible accidents was the number of lives lost. When the Titanic sank, more than 1,500 people died. They drowned or froze to death in the icy North Atlantic water. Over 700 people survived the sinking of the Titanic. In the Andrea Doria accident 60 people lost their lives, and about 1,650 lives were saved. One of the reasons that so many people died on the Titanic was that the ship was considered to be unsinkable, and so there were about half the number of lifeboats needed to rescue all the people aboard the

ship. The Andrea Doria had more than enough lifeboats to rescue every person on the ship; however; they were able to use only about half of the lifeboats they had because of a mechanical problem. The passengers and crew of the Andrea Doria were very lucky that another ship was able to rescue most of them. The passengers on the Titanic were not so fortunate. It is interesting that the wreck of the Titanic was only found in September of 1985.

Whenever there are large numbers of people traveling together on a boat, ship, or plane, the possibility of disaster is always present. Most people arrive safely at their destination, but accidents like shipwrecks and plane crashes do happen, and these accidents remind us that no matter how safe we feel, accidents can happen suddenly and unexpectedly.

Listening Factoid #1

In a recent survey reported in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, American men were asked if they would give up their seats to other people if they were on the Titanic today. Seventy-four percent of the men said they would give up their seat in a lifeboat for their child. Almost as many men, 67%, said they would surrender their seat to their wife. Fifty-four percent reported that they would give their seat to their mother, and 52% said they would for their father. Only 35% said they would give up their seat to any other woman who was not a wife or a child. However, 52% said they would give up their seat for the Catholic humanitarian Mother Teresa, but only 8 % said they would give up their seat to pop singer Madonna.

Listening Factoid #2

The story of the ill-fated Titanic continues to interest people today partly because of the 1998 Hollywood movie, Titanic. People are also still interested because of the discovery of where the Titanic lies at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean. In 1986, Robert Ballard and a group of scientists located the resting place of the Titanic beneath 12,000 feet, or 3,647 meters, of water in the north Atlantic.

Since Ballard's discovery of the resting place of the Titanic, a number of scientific and commercial expeditions have visited the site, and more than 8,000 artifacts have been taken {or stolen) from the sunken ship. These artifacts include jewelry, dishes and glasses, and many other things that went down with the ship.

Various companies have taken tourists in submarines to visit the Titanic. Some of the submarines have landed on the deck of the sunken ship, and left holes in 'the deck of the Titanic.

Scientists have determined that the wreck of the Titanic has deteriorated significantly since its 1986 discovery for two reasons: (1) natural forces; and (2) underwater tourists and treasure hunters.

It is estimated that by the year 2004, more than 200 tourists had visited the Titanic in submarines. Treasure hunters had also visited in submarines and taken thousands of artifacts or treasures from the ship. In fact, in 2003, a menu taken from the Titanic sold for 25,000 euros at

an auction, and one of the Titanic's deck chairs went for 30,000 euros.

Everyone seems to want a piece of the Titanic, and a piece of history.

Unit Five/Focus on: Causal Analysis

Chapter 13 Dinosaurs:WhyThey Disappeared

Several theories have been proposed about why the dinosaurs disappeared from the face of the earth. In recent years one popular theory proposes that climatic changes caused the dinosaurs to become extinct. This climatic change theory says that millions of years ago the climate of the world gradually became colder. As the earth slowly became colder, fewer plants were able to grow. The cold weather finally resulted in a severe shortage of food for the dinosaurs. As you probably know, most of the dinosaurs were vegetarians, and they depended on plants for their food supply. In summary, then, the disappearance of the dinosaurs was caused directly by a sh.ortage of plants to eat, and indirectly by a change in the climate. Many scientists still believe that the climatic change theory best explains why the dinosaurs disappeared. This theory argues that the dinosaurs disappeared gradually--slowly--as the earth became colder and as their food supply dwindled.

Today there is new evidence for the theory that the dinosaurs did not disappear gradually, but that they disappeared quickly and suddenly. This theory is known as the asteroid theory. It states that a huge asteroid, or perhaps a comet, hit the earth about 65 million years ago. When this comet or asteroid hit the earth, it caused a huge dust cloud. The huge dust cloud covered the whole earth and blocked out the sun for months. Since there was no sun for many, many months, most of the plants on earth died. The dinosaur's food supply was destroyed in a period of months.

While this asteroid theory is not new, what is new is the evidence for the theory. Until recently there was no evidence that an asteroid or a comet had hit the earth 65 million years ago. What happened recently was that scientists found large amounts of a rare earth element called iridium all over the world. This iridium was found in layers of the earth that are 65 million years old. The iridium was found in the same layers where the bones of the last dinosaurs were found.

The element iridium is very uncommon, in fact, rare, on the earth. It is an element, however, that is more often found in space. Scientists speculate that this iridium was brought to earth 65 million years ago when a comet or asteroid hit the earth. The comet or asteroid theory explains two things: (1) It explains the larger amounts of the rare element iridium found in the 65-million- year-old layers of earth, and (2) it explains why the dinosaurs disappeared from the earth.

Today scientists continue to debate the two theories: the climatic change theory and the asteroid theory. In the future evidence may befound that supports a totally new theory of why the terrible lizards died out.

Predicting the end of a story: Stating the possible results

1.it’s a cold and snowy night. A man and a woman are traveling in a car. They are driving along

a winding mountain road. It is difficult to see out the windshield because the snow is falling

so hard and because one of the windshield wipers is broken. Suddenly there is

a sharp curve in the road. The man steps on the brakes hard. What

happens?

2. 2. It's the last half of a championship soccer game. The team from France has scored three

goals. The team from Venezuela has scored three goals. The score is 3 to 3. Suddenly the forward on the French team gets the ball. He takes it toward the French goal. He's close to the goal. He kicks the ball. What happens?

3. A man is walking along the river. Suddenly he hears a young boy calling for help. The man

looks toward the river and sees a young boy. The boy is trying to stay on top of the water. The man is not a good swimmer. What happens?

4.You and your friend Bob are sitting in the movie theater waiting for the movie to begin. Bob

is telling you about his girlfriend Donna. He says that Donna told him that she had to visit a friend who is sick this evening. Then you and Bob see Donna and another man walking down the aisle. They are looking for seats. They don't see Bob and you. Bob suddenly stands up and says to you, "Excuse me for a minute." What happens?

5. You are waiting in line at the bank to cash a check. You hear a woman scream. You turn

around and see three men with guns in their hands and masks on their faces. One of the men yells for everyone to lie down on the floor. You lie down on the floor quickly. What happens?

Listening Factoid 1

Dinosaurs are generally believed to have been very large animals and it's true that some of them were incredibly large. One dinosaur, believed to have been the largest dinosaur ever, is called seismosaurus. Seismosaurus literally means "earth shaker." This animal was between 100 and 120 feet long and weighed about 89 tons. To give you some idea of how big seismosaurus was, let me tell you that an American football field is 300 feet long. Consider that the African elephant weighs between six and seven tons. This means that seismosaurus was about 13 to 14 times heavier than an African elephant. It's not surprising that his name means "earth shaker"!

Listenig Factoid 2

Dinosaur life spans probably varied in length from tens of years to hundreds of years. Many scientists who study dinosaurs think that their possible age can be estimated from the maximum life spans of modern reptiles, such as the 66-year lifespan of the common alligator and the amazing lifespan of a Black Seychelles Tortoise. The Black Seychelles Tortoise is now extinct, but one of these tortoises was captured in 1766, when it was an adult tortoise. The captured tortoise lived until 1918, a record 152 years in captivity. The sad thing is that the tortoise had an accidental death, so no one knows how long itight have lived, if it had not been for the accident. Now, these estimates of the life spans of the dinosaurs would be too long if it turned out that dinosaurs were more similar to modern birds or animals, rather than to reptiles, as some scientists believe. Scientists may gain more knowledge about the life spans of the dinosaurs in coming years.

Chapter 14 The American Civil War: Why It Happened?

The American Civil War was fought over 100 years ago. It began in 1861 and lasted until 1865. The battles of the American Civil War resulted in the death of 620,000 Americans. What caused this terrible civil war between the North and the South?

Well, historians believe that there were many causes of the war. One of the important causes

of the war was the friction between the North and the South over the issue of slavery. The southern way of life and the southern economy were based on the use of slave labor. For almost 250 years before the Civil War, the economy of the South depended on the use of black slaves. The slaves were used to plant and pick cotton and tobacco. Cotton and tobacco were the main crops grown in the South. Most Southerners did not think it was wrong to own, buy, or sell slaves like farm animals. Slavery was, in fact, the foundation of the entire economy and way of life in the South. This was not the situation in the North. The northern economy did not depend on the use of slave labor. Why not?

Well, in the South there were many large cotton plantations that used hundreds of slaves.

In the North, however, there were smaller farms. The northern farmers planted many different kinds of crops, not just cotton or tobacco. The Northerners did not need slaves, since their farms were smaller than most of the southern plantations. In fact, many Northerners were so opposed to slavery that they wanted to end slavery completely- The northern attitude against slavery made the Southerners angry. So, for many years before the war, there was constant friction between the North and the South over this issue. This friction eventually led to war.

There was other friction, too, as I said before, between the North and the South. There were, in other words, other causes of conflict between the North and the South. One involved the growth of industry in the North. while the South remained an agricultural area, the North became more and more industrialized. As industry increased in the North, it brought more people and greater wealth to the northern states. As a result, many Southerners began to fear northern political and economic domination. Because of this fear, many Southerners believed that the South should leave the Union and that they should form their own country.

In 1860, the Southerners decided it was time to leave the Union when Abraham Lincoln became president of the United States. Lincoln, as you may know, was against slavery. The people of the South were afraid that their way of life and their economic system were in danger with Lincoln in the presidency. Consequently, the southern states decided to secede from the Union. In other words, they wanted to break away from the North and form a separate country. In 1861, South Carolina seceded, and by June of 1861 eleven southern states had seceded and established a new country. They called the new country the Confederate States of America. The war between the North and the South began when the southern states seceded from the Union.

The main reason that the North went to war against the South was to bring the southern states back into the Union. In other words, the North went to war to keep the United States one country.

After four years of terrible fighting, the North won the war against the South, and the United States remained one country. The North won the war mainly because of its economic and industrial strength and power.

The Civil War had two important results for the United States: (1) the Civil War preserved the United States as one country; and (2) it ended slavery in the United States. Many Americans wonder what the United States would be like today if the South had won the Civil War. The history of the United States would have been very different if the South had won the war between the States.

Listening Factoid 1

In 1853, a very important book against slavery was written by a woman who hated slavery. Her name was Harriet Beecher Stowe, and the title of the book was Uncle Tom's Cabin.

英语高级视听说-下册-unit-2

Not Your Average Teen Lots of teenage girls dream of becoming rich and famous. But it's not a fantasy for Michelle Wie. Just before her 16th birthday last fall, she became the highest-paid woman golfer in history simply by turning professional and lending her name to commercial endorsements that will pay her between $10 million and $12 million a year, most of which will go into a trust fund until she becomes an adult. Wie has been a celebrity since she was 13, when people began predicting she would become the Tiger Woods of women' sgolf. But, as correspondent Steve Kroft reports, that has never been enough for Wie. She wants to become the first woman ever to successfully compete with men in a professional sport. She has tried a couple of times on the PGA Tour without embarrassing herself. As you will see, she has changed a lot since we first talked to her way back in 2004, when she was 14. At the time, Wie told Kroft her ultimate goal was to play in the Masters. "I think it'd be pretty neat walking down the Masters fairways," she said. It was a neat dream for a 14-year-old kid. Nothing has happened in the last two years to change Wie's mind or shake her confidence. She is stronger now, more mature and glamorous. She has already demonstrated that she can play herself into the middle of the pack against the best men on the PGA Tour and has come within a shot of winning her first two starts on the LPGA Tour this year as a part-time professional. The day before 60 Minutes interviewed her at the Fields Open in Honolulu, she shot a final round of 66, coming from six strokes off the lead to just miss a playoff. "You won your first check yesterday," Kroft says. "Uh-huh," Wie says. "It was, it was really cool. I mean, I was like looking at how much I won. I was like 'Oh my God.' " Wie says she won around $72,000. Asked whether she gets to keep that money, Wie said she didn't know. "I'm trying to negotiate with my dad how much I can spend of that, and stuff like that. We're still working it out. But, you know, I'm definitely gonna go shopping today," she says, laughing. Half of her life is spent in the adult world, competing with men and women twice her age for paychecks they may need to make expenses and dealing with the media, sponsors and marketing executives. The rest of the time she is a junior at Punahou High School in Honolulu, where she is an A student and claims to lead the life of a typical 16-year-old.

大学英语视听说答案

Unit 1 Roll over, Beethoven! Listening skills: Making inferences Listen to the dialogs and choose the best answer to each question you hear 1 (A) She’s too busy to go to the concert. (B) She'll go with the man soon. (C) She prefers to go to the movies instead. (D) She'll go with the man next time. 2 (A) The man should check in the car before it is too late. (B) The purse might be in the car. (C) The woman might find the purse around the car. (D) It is too late to look for the purse. 3 (A) She likes a CD on thieves and robbers. (B) The man looks like a pirate. (C) She will probably buy the CD. (D) She won't buy the CD. 4 (A) The singer might win in a beauty contest. (B) The singer is a very pretty woman. (C) The singer is unattractive. (D) No votes were cast for the singer at the beauty contest.

英语高级视听说-听力原文-Unit-3-New-orleans-is-sinking

Unit 3 New orleans is sinking For 300 years, the sea has been closing in on New Orleans. As the coastal erosion continues, it is estimated the city will be off shore in 90 years. Even in good weather, New Orleans is sinking. As the city begins what is likely to be the biggest demolition project in U.S. history, the question is, can we or should we put New Orleans back together again? Life has been returning to high and dry land on Bourbon Street, but to find the monumental challenge facing the city you have to visit neighborhoods you have never heard of. On Lizardi Street, 60 Minutes took a walk with the men in charge of finishing what Katrina started. Correspondent Scott Pelley reports. Before Katrina, "There would be noise and activity and families and people, and children, and, you know, I haven't seen a child in a month here," says Greg Meffert, a city official who, with his colleague Mike Centineo, is trying to figure out how much of the city will have to be demolished.

大学英语视听说2答案

Part1 Exercise2 1.B 2.A 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.C 7.B 8.C Exercise3 1.football,basketball,baseball 2.steady,boyfriend 3.guess,realized 4.broke,up 5.in,group 6.save,up 7.here,comes 8.happened,to 9.not,at,all 10.except,for Part2 Listening2 Exercise1 1)kind 2)gold 3)heartless 4)love 5)songs 6)says 7)touch 8)lifetime 9)gone 10)happens 11)feelings 12)speed listening3 exercise1 B Part3 Practice1 1)gaze 2)sighs 3)touch 4)hugs 5)such 6)words 7）praises 8)understands 9)lends 10)holds Practice2 Exercise1 C Exercise2 1.T 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.F 6.T 7.F Practice3 1)learning 2)admire 3)vocabulary 4)loving 5)relationship 6)connections 7)experiences 8)remembering 9)proud 10)try 11)body 12)expressions 13)willingness 14)fears 15)pace 16)best 17)jokes 18)fondness 19)laugh 20)with Practice4 Exercise1 D Exercise2 1.unsuccessful,marriages 2.failed,relationships 3.dreamed,of 4.words,action 5.men,natural Part4 Section1 1.2.3.5.7.8.9.11.tick Section2 1.C 2.B 3.A 4.B 5.A 6.C 7.C 8.B Section3 1.perfect 2.half,full 3.ashamed 4.failure 5.apologized 6.house 7.side 8.flower,seeds 9.watered 10.pick

英语高级视听说下册 unit 10

Burning Rage This story originally aired on Nov. 13, 2005. When they first emerged in the mid-1990s, the environmental extremists calling themselves the "Earth Liberation Front" announced they were "the burning rage of a dying planet." Ever since, the ELF, along with its sister group, the Animal Liberation Front, has been burning everything from SUV dealerships to research labs to housing developments. In the last decade, these so-called "Eco-terrorists" have been responsible for more than $100 million in damages. And their tactics are beginning to escalate. Some splinter groups have set off homemade bombs and threatened to kill people. As correspondent Ed Bradley first reported last November, things have gotten so bad, the FBI now considers them the country's biggest domestic terrorist threat. 错误! The biggest act of eco-terrorism in U.S. history was a fire, deliberately set on the night of August 1, 2003, that destroyed a nearly-completed $23 million apartment complex just outside San Diego. The fire was set to protest urban sprawl. "It was the biggest fire I have ever responded to as a firefighter," remembers Jeff Carle, a division chief for the San Diego Fire Department. "That fire was not stoppable. At the stage that the fire was in when we arrived, there were problems in the adjacent occupied apartment complexes. Pine trees were starting to catch fire. Items on patios were starting to light up and catch fire. And we had to direct our activity towards saving life before we could do anything about the property." Hundreds were roused from their beds and evacuated. Luckily, nobody –including firefighters – was injured. By the time the fire burned itself out the next morning, all that remained was a 12-foot-long banner that read: "If you build it, we will burn it." Also on the banner was the acronym: E-L-F. When Carle saw the banner, he says he knew he had a problem. A problem, because he knew what ELF stood for: the Earth Liberation Front, the most radical fringe of the environmental movement. It's the same group that set nine simultaneous fires across the Vail Mountain ski resort in 1998 to protest its expansion, causing $12 million in damage. And it is the same group that has left SUV dealerships across America looking like scenes from Iraq's Sunni triangle, their way of protesting the gas-guzzling habits of American car buyers. The ELF is a spin-off of another group called the ALF, or Animal Liberation Front, whose masked members have been known to videotape themselves breaking into research labs, where they destroy years of painstaking work and free captive animals. In recent years,

上外版英语高级视听说(上册)听力原文

Unit 1 Pirates of the Internet It’s no secret that online piracy has decimated the music industry as millions of people stopped buying CDs and started stealing their favorite songs by downloading them from the internet. Now the hign-tech thieves are coming after Hollywood. Illegal downloading of full-length feature films is a relatively new phenomenon, but it’s becoming easier and easier to do. The people running America’s movie studios know that if they don’t do something----and fast---they could be in the same boat as the record companies. Correspodent: “What’s really at stake for the movie industry with all this privacy?” Chernin: “Well, I think, you know, ultimately, our absolute features.” Peter Chernin runs 20th Century Fox, one of the biggest studios in Hollywood. He knows the pirates of the Internet are gaining on him. Correspont: “Do you know how many movies are being downloaded today, in one day, in the United States?” Chernin: “I think it’s probably in the hundreds of thousands, if not millions.” Correspondent: “And it’s only going to grow.” Chernin: “It’s only going to grow. √Somebody can put a perfect digital copy up on the internet. A perfect digital copy, all right. And with the click of mouse, send out a million copies all over the world, in an instant.”

新标准大学英语视听说答案

New Standard English Book 4 Unit 1 Inside view Conversation 1 2. Janet : go back to China,do my master’s (which means going back to university),live in London,become a teacher,work in publishing,apply for a job at London Time Off,update my CV and look for jobs together. Andy: leave London,go to China,look for jobs together. 3. the true statements are 2 and 8. Conversation 2 5. 1.Joe was a gofer before he became a researcher for Lift Off UK. 2.Andy wants Joe’s job as a producer. 6. 1(d) 2(d) 3(a) 4(c) 7. 1 It’s not always very easy working with 2.How did he end up in London 3.the least experienced person 4.He’s good at his job 5.He’s confident and very competent 6.I get on with him quite well Everyday English 8. 1(b) 2(b) 3(a) 4(a) 5(b) Outside view 2. the true statements Samantha agrees with are:1,2,3 and 4. 4. 1.She needs to improve her interview techniques to help her to get a job 2.She doesn’t know how to answer the questions and give answers that might lead her failure in a job interview. 3.She doesn’t understand what the interviewer is actually looking for. 4.That you need to be well prepared for an interview. It boils down to preparation,presentation and understanding what the interviewer is looking for. 5. 1.professional job coach 2.research on the position and the company 3.having not practised with some of the questions 4.how you present yourself 5.what the interviewer is actually looking for 6.preparation,presentation and understanding 7.in relationship to the job 8.some examples in your life 9.dealing with problems 7. the pieces of advice the speakers give are:1,3,5,7,8,9,10 and 11. Listening in Passage 1

(完整版)高级英语视听说2参考答案(1)

Chapter 1 The Population I 2 populous 3 race 4 origin 5 geographical distPrelistening B 1 census ribution 6 made up of 7 comprises 8 relatively progressively 9 Metropolitan densely 10 decreased death rate 11 birth rate increasing 12 life expectancy D 1 a 18.5 mill b 80% c 1/2 d 13.4 mill e 2: 10 f 4% g 1990 h 40% i 3/4 j 33.1% 2 a 3 b 1 c 2 d 5 e 4 II First Listening ST1 population by race and origin ST2 geographical distribution ST3 age and sex III Postlistening A 1. People’s Republic of China, India 2. 281 mill

3. Hispanics(12.5%) 4. Texas 5. the South and the West 6. 20% 7. by more than 5 million 8. about 6 years 9. 2.2 years 10. a decreasing birth rate and an increasing life expectancy Chapter 2: Immigration: Past and Present PRELISTENING B. Vocabulary and Key Concepts immigrated natural disasters/ droughts/ famines persecution settlers/ colonists stages widespread unemployment scarcity expanding/ citizens failure decrease

大学英语视听说4答案

第一单元 Outside view 1. 1 2 3 4 2.interview techniques lead in looking for boils down 3.professional job coach doing research practiced with present yourselfinterviewerpresentation and understanding in relationship to the jobsome examples dealing with problems 4. 1 3 5 7 8 9 10 11 5.what Samantha was doing wrong in her first job interview what she should do in future interviews Talk 1.B C A C 2.C A D Passage 1 1. 2.B D A D C Passage 2

Unite test DBACA BCDAD BDBC 第二单元 Outside view 1. 3 4 6 1.It's best suited to the download generation. Although the interview says "No one in the industry is suggesting the conventional bookshop is dead", the figures discussed indicate that the conventional bookshop will lose out to digital publishing. Downloadable books sell more than hardbacks and paperbacks. The e-book is delivered in a very convenient way. 2.undergoing a fundamental change600consuming content get it editedclick of a few buttons earning money for an author never really catch on Talk 1.B D A D 2.C B A

英语高级视听说 下册 unit 2

Not Y our A verage Teen Lots of teenage girls dream of becoming rich and famous. But it's not a fantasy for Michelle Wie. Just before her 16th birthday last fall, she became the highest-paid woman golfer in history simply by turning professional and lending her name to commercial endorsements that will pay her between $10 million and $12 million a year, most of which will go into a trust fund until she becomes an adult. Wie has been a celebrity since she was 13, when people began predicting she would become the Tiger Woods of women’s golf. But, as correspondent Steve Kroft reports, that has never been enough for Wie. She wants to become the first woman ever to successfully compete with men in a professional sport. She has tried a couple of times on the PGA Tour without embarrassing herself. As you will see, she has changed a lot since we first talked to her way back in 2004, when she was 14. At the time, Wie told Kroft her ultimate goal was to play in the Masters. "I think it'd be pretty neat walking down the Masters fairways," she said. It was a neat dream for a 14-year-old kid. Nothing has happened in the last two years to change Wie's mind or shake her confidence. She is stronger now, more mature and glamorous. She has already demonstrated that she c an play herself into the middle of the pack against the best men on the PGA Tour and has come within a shot of winning her first two starts on the LPGA Tour this year as a part-time professional. The day before 60 Minutes interviewed her at the Fields Open in Honolulu, she shot a final round of 66, coming from six strokes off the lead to just miss a playoff. "Y ou won your first check yesterday," Kroft says. "Uh-huh," Wie says. "It was, it was really cool. I mean, I was like looking at how much I won. I was like 'Oh my God.' " Wie says she won around $72,000. Asked whether she gets to keep that money, Wie said she didn't know. "I'm trying to negotiate with my dad how much I can spend of that, and stuff like that. We're still working it out. But, you know, I'm definitely gonna go shopping today," she says, laughing. Half of her life is spent in the adult world, competing with men and women twice her age for paychecks they may need to make expenses and dealing with the media, sponsors and marketing executives. The rest of the time she is a junior at Punahou High School in Honolulu, where she is

英语高级视听说下原文

UNIT3 A PILL TO FORGET (CBS) If there were something you could take after experiencing a painful or traumatic event that would permanently weaken your memory of what had just happened, would you take it? As correspondent Lesley Stahl reports, it’s an id ea that may not be so far off, and that has some critics alarmed, and some trauma victims filled with hope. "I couldn't get my body to stop shaking. I was trembling, constantly trembling. Memories of it would just come back, reoccurring over and over and over," subway conductor Beatriz Arguedas recalls. Last Sept. 30, Beatriz was driving her normal route on the Red Line in Boston when one of her worst fears came to pass: "Upon entering one of the busiest stations, a man jumped in front of my train, to commit suicide," she explains. Beatriz saw the man jump. "We sort of made eye contact and then I felt the thud from him hitting the train and then the crackling sound underneath the train and, then, of course, my heart starts thumping," she recalls. "She came into our emergency room afterwards, very upset. No physical injury. Entirely a psychological trauma," says Dr. Roger Pitman, a psychiatrist at Harvard Medical School who has studied and treated patients with post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD, for 25 years. "They're caught up so much with this past event that it's constantly in their mind," Pitman explains. "They're living it over and over and over as if it's happening again. And they just can't get involved in real life." When Beatriz arrived in the emergency room, Pitman enrolled her in an experimental study of a drug called propranolol, a medication commonly used for high blood pressure ... and unofficially for stage fright. Pitman thought it might do something almost magical – trick Beat riz’s brain into making a weaker memory of the event she had just experienced. In the study, which is still under way, half the subjects get propranolol; half get a placebo. Asked whether he knows if Beatriz got the drug or the placebo, Dr. Pitman says he has no idea and neither does she, and that the research team won't know for another two years.

英语(大学英语视听说 上机答案)

英语(大学英语视听说上机答案) 第一单元 12/19 take a break why not some other time party available listen without talk to you about researching background work on hoping for break may be it By the way 1A/5 she doesn’t work…… her sch…… she has…… she did not…… she often 1B/5 kind of it’s about right I did past three years paid of earned break the case in comparison to depends on a lot harder in general my roommate way too for myself a balance 2A/5 confident relaxed tense in a bad mood 2B/5 1)How about 2)too 3)Why don’t 4)enough 5)Let’s 6)to walk 3/5 1)am taking 2)work 3)have 4)am writing 5/5 sorry I don’t I’m sorry That’d be —— 第二单元 3/19 money Goss They this on nick 8/19 couldn’t has lost won’t- 10/19 Tali Make He New story she can’t believe