上外版英语高级视听说上册听力原文

Unit 1

Pirates of the Internet

It‘s no secret that online piracy has decimated the music industry as millions of people stopped buying CDs and started stealing their favorite songs by downloading them from the internet. Now the hign-tech thieves are coming after Hollywood. Illegal downloading of full-length feature films is a relatively new phenomenon, but it‘s becoming easier and easier to do. The people running America‘s movie studios know that if they don‘t do something----and fast---they could be in the same boat as the record companies. Correspodent: ―What‘s really at stake for the movie industry with all this privacy?‖ Chernin: ―Well, I think, you know, ultimately, our absolute features.‖ Peter Chernin runs 20th Century Fox, one of the biggest studios in Hollywood. He knows the pirates of the Internet are gaining on him. Correspont: ―Do you know how many movies are being downloaded today, in one day, in the United States?‖ Chernin: ―I think it‘s probably in the hundreds of thousands, if not millions.‖ Correspondent: ―And it‘s only going to grow.‖ Chernin: ―It‘s only going to grow. √Somebody can put a perfect digital copy up on the internet. A perfect digital copy, all right. And with the click of mouse, send out a million copies all over the world, in an instant.‖

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And it‘s all free. If that takes hold, kiss Hollywood goodbye. Chernin recently organized a ―summit‖ between studio moguls and some high

school and college kids---the people most likely to be downloading. Chernin: ―And we said, ?Let‘s come up with a challenge. Let‘s give them five movies, and see if they can find them online.‘ And we all sat around and picked five movies, four of which hadn‘t been released yet. And then we came back half an hour later. They had found all five movies that we gav e them. ‖ Correspondent: ―Even the ones that hadn‘t even been released yet?‖ Chernin: ―Even the ones that hadn‘t even been released yet.‖ Correspondent: ―Did these kids have any sense that they were stealing?‖ Chernin: ―You know it‘s… it‘s a weird dichotom y. I think they know it‘s stealing, and I don‘t think they think it‘s wrong. I think they have an attitude of, ?It‘s here.‘‖ The Internet copy of last year‘s hit Signs, starring Mel Gibson, was stolen even before director M. Night Shyamalan could organize the premiere. Correspondent: ―The movie was about to be released. When did the first bootleg copy appear?‖

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Shyamalan: ―Two weeks before it or three weeks before it. Before the Internet age, when somebody bootlegged a movie, the only outlet they had was to see it to those vendors on Times Square, where they had the boxes set up outside and they say, ?Hey, we have Signs---it‘s not even out yet.‘ And you walk by and you know it‘s illegal. But now, because it‘s the digital age, you can see, like, a clean copy. It‘s no longer the kind of the sleazy guy in Times Square with the box. It‘s just, oh, it‘s on this

beautiful site, and I have to go, ?Click.‘‖ Correspondent: ―How did those movies get on the Internet? How did that happen?‖ Chernin: ―Through an absolute act of theft. Someone steals a print from the editor‘s room; someone steals a print from the person; the composer who‘s doing the music…absolute physical theft, steals a print, makes a digital copy, and uploads it.‖ Correspondent: ―And there you go.‖ Digit al copies like this one of The Matrix Reloaded have also been bootlegged from DVDs sent to reviewers or ad agencies, or circulated among companies that do special effects, or subtitles. Chernin: ―The other way that pre-released movies end up (stolen) is th at people go to … there are lots of screenings that happen in this industry… People go to those screenings with a camcorder, with a digital camcorder, sit in the back, turn the camcorder on…‖

Correspondent: ―And record it.‖ This is one of those recorded-off-the-screen copies of Disney‘s Pirates of the Caribbean. Not great quality, but not awful either. And while it used to take forever to download a movie, anyone with a high-speed Internet connection can now have a full-length film in an hour or two.

Saaf: ―Well, this is just one of many websites where basically people, hackers if you will, announce their piracy releases.‖ Randy Saaf runs a company called Media Defender that helps movie studios combat online

piracy.Correspondent: ―Look at this, all these new movies that I haven‘t even seen yet, all here.‖ Saaf: ― Yep.‖ Correspondent: ―Secondhand Lions that just came out. Sometimes I feel like I‘m the only person in this country who has never downloaded anything. But maybe there is a few others of us out there. So I‘m going to ask you to show us Kazaa, that‘s the biggest downloading site, right?‖ Saaf: ―Right. This is the Kazaa media desktop. Kazaa is the largest peer-to-peer network.‖ It‘s called peer-to-peer because computer users are sharing files

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with each other, with no middleman. All Kazaa do es is provide the software to make that sharing possible. When we went online with Randy Saaf, nearly four million other Kazaa users were there with us, sharing every kind of digital file. Saaf: ―Audio, documents, images, software, and video. If you wanted a movie, you would click on the video section, and then you would type in a search phrase. And basically what this is doing now, it is asking the people on the peer-to-peer network, ?Who has Finding Memo‘?‖ Within seconds, 191 computers sent an answer: ―We have it.‖ This is Finding Memo, crisp picture and sound, downloaded free from Kazaa a month before its release for video rental or sale. If you don‘t want to watch it on a little computer screen, you don‘t have t o. On the newest computers, you can just ―burn‖ it onto a DVD and watch it on your big-screen TV. 5.And that‘s a dagger pointed right at the heart of

Hollywood.Chernin: ―Where movies make the bulk of their money is on DVD and home videos. 50 percent of the revenues for any movie come out of home video…‖ Correspondent: ―15 percent?‖ Chernin: ―50 percent so that if piracy occurs and it wipes out your home video profits or ultimately your television profits, you are out of business. No movies will get made.‖ Even if movies did get made, Night Shyamalan says that wouldn‘t be any good, because profits would be negligible, so budgets would shrink dramatically. Shyamalan: ―And slowly it will degrade what‘s possible in that art form.‖ Rosso: ―Technology always wins. Always. You can‘t shut it down.‖ Wayne Rosso is Hollywood‘s enemy. They call him a pirate, but officially he‘s the president of Grokster, another peer-to-peer network that works just like Kazaa. Correspondent: ―Ok, I have downloaded your softwar e.‖ Rosso: ―Right.‖ Correspondent: ―Ok, did I pay to do that?‖ Rosso: ―No, it‘s free.‖ Correspondent: ―So who pays you? How do you make money?‖ Rosso: ―We‘re like radio. We are advertising-supported.‖ Correspondent: ―And how many people use Grokster?‖ Rosso: ―Ten million.‖ Correspondent: ―Ten million people have used it.‖ Rosso: ―A month.‖ Correspondent: ―Every month, ten million people?‖ Rosso: ―Uh-huh, uh-huh. And growing.‖

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Correspondent: ―Use it to download music, movies, software, video games, what else?‖ Rosso: ―I will assume. See, we have no way of

knowing what people are downloading.‖ Correspondent: ―That‘s just a fig leaf. You are facilitating, allowing, helping people steal.‖ Rosso: ―We have no idea what the content is, and whatever it is…‖ Correspondent:―Well, you may not know the specifics, but you know that‘s what your site…‖ Rosso: ―And we can‘t stop it. We have no control over it.‖ Correspondent: ―But you are there for that purpose, that is why you exist, of course it is.‖ Rosso: ―No, no, no, no, no,no.‖ Correspondent: ―Come on, this is the fig leaf part.‖ Rosso: ―No, no, no, no, no.‖ Shyamalan:―He is totally conformable with putting on his site a stolen piece of material. Am I wrong in that? If my movie was bootlegged, he‘d be totally comfortable putting it on his site?‖ Correspondent: ―Because I have nothing to do with it.‖ Shyamalan:―Yeah, right.‖ Correspondent: ―Because I just provided the software.‖ Shyamalan:―Yeah, right. So, immediately, how can you ever have a

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conversation with him? Because he‘s taken a stolen material and he is totally fine with passing it around in his house. All these, all these are illegal activities. So, I‘m not, it‘s just my house, I‘m not doing anything wrong.‖ But it is Rosso who has the law on his side. A federal ju dge has ruled that Grokster and other file-swapping networks are not liable for what their downloaders are doing. Rosso: ―So we are completely legal, and unfortunately this is something the entertainment industry refuses to

accept. They seem to think the j udge‘s decision was nothing but a typo.‖ The studios are appealing that court ruling. And they may follow the music industry and begin to sue individuals who download movies. And they are fighting the pirates in other ways, with ads about people whose jobs are at risk because of the piracy---people like the carpenters and painters who work on film sets. At the same time, Hollywood is trying to keep copies of movies from leaking in the first place. Chernin: ― You will very seldom go to an early screening of a movie right now where, probably you don‘t notice until you pay attention, someone‘s not in the front of that auditorium with infrared binoculars looking for somebody with a camcorder.‖

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And once a movie is released, or copies do begin to leak, the studios hire people like Randy Saaf to hack the hackers. Saaf: ―What we‘re just trying to do is make the actual pirated content difficult to find. And the way we do that is by, you know, serving up fake files.‖ It‘s called ―spoofing.‖ Saaf and his employees spend their days on Kazaa and Grokster, offering up thousands of files that look like copies of new movies, but aren‘t. Correspondent: ―So if I had clicked on any number of those Finding Nemo offerings, I could have clicked on one of yours, or somebody like you. And what would I have found after my hour and a half of downloading?‖ Saaf: ―it might just be a blank screen or something. You

know, typically speaking, what we push out is just not the real content.‖ Correspondent: ―What you are trying to do is make this so impossible, so infuriating that people will just throw up their hands and say it‘s just easier for me to go rent this thing, buy the DVD or whatever, it‘s just easier.‖ Saaf: ―Right.‖ Correspondent: ―That‘s your goal.‖ Saaf：：―Right.‖

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Correspon dent: ―Does that work? Is that a good idea?‖ Rosso: ―No. It doesn‘t work. I mean I don‘t blame them but it doesn‘t work because what happens is that the community cleanses itself of the spoofs.‖ He means that downloaders quickly spread the word online about how to tell the fake movie files from the real thing. Correspondent: ―It‘s like an arms race(军备竞赛）, isn‘t it?‖ Chernin: ―That‘s exactly what it‘s like. It‘s like an arms race. There will be, you know, they‘re gonna get a step ahead. We‘re gonna try and get that step back.‖ Rosso: ―But I‘ll tell you one thing: I‘ll bet on the hackers.‖ Correspondent: ―That they will break whatever…‖ Rosso: ―The studios come up with.‖ Correspondent: ―The companies throw at them.‖

Hollywood knows that downloading off the Internet is the way millions of consumers want to get their entertainment---and that isn‘t going away. Chernin: ―The generally accepted estimate is that more that 60 million Americans have downloaded file-sharing software onto their computers.‖

Correspondent: ―60 million.‖

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Chernin: ―At 60 million Americans, that‘s a mainstream product. That‘s not a bunch of college kids or, you know, a bunch of computer geeks. That‘s America.‖ So, instead of trying to stop it entirely, the studios are looking for ways to embrace it, but get paid too. Wayne Rosso says the best way is to negotiate some kinds of licensing deal with him. Rosso: ―If the movie industry acts now and starts exploring alternatives and solutions with guys like me, hopefully they won‘t have a problem.‖Correspondent: ―What if they try to buy you?‖ Rosso: ―I‘d sell it in al heartbeat.‖ Correspondent: ―You would sell, Grokster would sell to a movie studio?‖ Rosso: ―Sure, call me.‖ The idea of making deals with wha t Peter Chernin calls ―a bunch of crooks‖ doesn‘t appeal to Hollywood. Instead, Fox and other studios have just launched their own site, Movielink, where consumers can download a film for a modest fee, between three and five dollars. Chernin: ―I think you would love the idea that you don‘t have to go to the video store. You can do this. And that‘s what we‘re working

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on. But in order for that to be effective, we have to stop privacy, because the most effective business model in the world can‘t compete with free.‖ Not that Peter Chernin is interes ted, but he won‘t have the chance to buy

Grokster, at least not from Wayne Rosso. A few days ago, Rosso announced that he is leaving Grokster to take over as president of another file-swapping software company, this one based in Spain. Grokster will continue under new management.

Unit 2

A plan to build the world's first airport for launching commercial spacecraft in New Mexico is the latest development in the new space race, a race among private companies and billionaire entrepreneurs to carry paying passengers into space and to kick-start a new industry, astro tourism.

The man who is leading the race may not be familiar to you, but to astronauts, pilots, and aeronautical engineers –basically to anyone who knows anything about aircraft design –Burt Rutan is a legend, an aeronautical engineer whose latest aircraft is the world's first private spaceship. As he told 60 Minutes correspondent Ed Bradley when he first met him a little over a year ago, if his idea flies, someday space travel may be cheap enough and safe enough for ordinary people to go where only astronauts have gone before

The White Knight is a rather unusual looking aircraft, built just for the purpose of carrying a rocket plane called SpaceShipOne, the first spacecraft built by private enterprise.

White Knight and SpaceShipOne are the latest creations of Burt Rutan. They're part of his dream to develop a commercial travel business in space.

"There will be a new industry. And we are just now in a beginning. I will predict that in 12 or 15 years, there will be tens of thousands, maybe even hundreds of thousands of people that fly, and see that black sky," says Rutan.

On June 21, 2004, White Knight took off from an airstrip in Mojave, Calif., carrying Rutan's spaceship. It took 63 minutes to reach the launch altitude of 47,000 feet. Once there, the White Knight crew prepared to release the spaceship.

The fierce acceleration slammed Mike Melvill, the pilot, back in his seat. He put SpaceShipOne into a near vertical trajectory, until, as planned, the fuel ran out.

Still climbing like a spent bullet, Melvill hoped to gain as much altitude as possible to reach space before the ship began falling back to earth.

By the time the spaceship reached the end of its climb, it was 22 miles off course. But it had, just barely, reached an altitude of just over 62 miles —the internationally recognized boundary of space.

It was the news Rutan had been waiting for. Falling back to Earth from an altitude of

62 miles, SpaceShipOne's tilting wing, a revolutionary innovation called the feather, caused the rocket plane to position itself for a relatively benign re-entry and turned the spaceship into a glider.

SpaceShipOne glided to a flawless landing before a crowd of thousands.

"After that June flight, I felt like I was floating around and just once in a while touching the ground," remembers Rutan. "We had an operable space plane." Rutan's "operable space plane" was built by a company with only 130 employees at a cost of just $25 million. He believes his success has ended the government's monopoly on space travel, and opened it up to the ordinary citizen.

"I concluded that for affordable travel to happen, the little guy had to do it because he had the incentive for a business," says Rutan.

Does Rutan view this as a business venture or a technological challenge?

"It's a technological challenge first. And it's a dream I had when I was 12," he says. Rutan started building model airplanes when he was seven years old, in Dyenuba, Calif., where he grew up.

"I was fascinated by putting balsa wood together and see how it would fly," he remembers. "And when I started having the capability to do contests and actually win a trophy by making a better model, then I was hooked."

He's been hooked ever since. He designed his first airplane in 1968 and flew it four years later. Since then his airplanes have become known for their stunning looks, innovative design and technological sophistication.

Rutan began designing a spaceship nearly a decade ago, after setting up set up his own aeronautical research and design firm. By the year 2000, he had turned his designs into models and was testing them outside his office.

When I got to the point that I knew that I could make a safe spaceship that would fly a manned space mission -- when I say, 'I,' not the government, our little team -- I told Paul Allen, 'I think we can do this.' And he immediately said, 'Go with it.'"

Paul Allen co-founded Microsoft and is one of the richest men in the world. His decision to pump $25 million into Rutan's company, Scaled Composites, was the vote of confidence that his engineers needed to proceed.

"That was a heck of a challenge to put in front of some people like us, where we're told, 'Well, you can't do that. You wanna see? We can do this," says Pete Sebold. Work on White Knight and SpaceShipOne started four years ago in secret. Both aircraft were custom made from scratch by a team of 12 engineers using layers of tough carbon fabric glued together with epoxy. Designed to be light-weight, SpaceShipOne can withstand the stress of re-entry because of the radical way it comes back into the atmosphere, like a badminton shuttlecock or a birdie.

He showed 60 Minutes how it works.

"Feathering the wing is kind of a dramatic thing, in that it changes the whole

configuration of the airplane," he explains. "And this is done in space, okay? It's done after you fly into space."

"We have done six reentries. Three of them from space and three of them from lower altitudes. And some of them have even come down upside down. And the airplane by itself straightens itself right up," Rutan explains.

By September 2004, Rutan was ready for his next challenge: an attempt to win a $10 million prize to be the first to fly a privately funded spacecraft into space, and do it twice in two weeks.

"After we had flown the June flight, and we had reached the goal of our program, then the most important thing was to win that prize," says Rutan.

That prize was the Ansari X Prize – an extraordinary competition created in 1996 to stimulate private investment in space.

The first of the two flights was piloted, once again, by Mike Melvill.

September's flight put Melville's skill and training to the test. As he was climbing out of the atmosphere, the spacecraft suddenly went into a series of rolls.

How concerned was he?

"Well, I thought I could work it out. I'm very confident when I'm flying a plane when I've got the controls in my hand. I always believed I can fix this no matter how bad it gets," says Melville.

SpaceShipOne rolled 29 times before he regained control. The remainder of the flight was without incident, and Melvill made the 20-minute glide back to the Mojave airport. The landing on that September afternoon was flawless.

Because Rutan wanted to attempt the second required flight just four days later, the engineers had little time to find out what had gone wrong. Working 12-hour shifts, they discovered they didn't need to fix the spacecraft, just the way in which the pilots flew it.

For the second flight, it was test pilot Brian Binnie's turn to fly SpaceShipOne.

The spaceship flew upward on a perfect trajectory, breaking through to space.

Rutan's SpaceShipOne had flown to space twice in two weeks, captured the X Prize worth $10 million, and won bragging rights over the space establishment.

"You know I was wondering what they are feeling, 'They' being that other space agency," Rutan says laughing. "You know, quite frankly, I think the big guys, the Boeings, the Lockheeds, the nay-say people at Houston, I think they're looking at each other now and saying 'We're screwed!' Because, I'll tell you something, I have a hell of a lot bigger goal than they do!"

"The astronauts say that the most exciting experience is floating around in a

space suit," says Rutan, showing off his own plans. "But I don't agree. A space suit is an awful thing. It constrains you and it has noisy fans running. Now look over here. It's quiet. And you're out here watching the world go by in what you might call a 'spiritual dome.' Well, that, to me, is better than a space suit because you're not constrained."

He also has a vision for a resort hotel in space, and says it all could be accomplished in the foreseeable future. Rutan believes it is the dawn of a new era.

He explains, "I think we've proven now that the small guys can build a space ship and go to space. And not only that, we've convinced a rich guy, a very rich guy, to come to this country and build a space program to take everyday people to space."

That "rich guy" is Richard Branson, the English billionaire who owns Virgin Atlantic Airlines. Branson has signed a $120 million deal with Rutan to build five spaceships for paying customers. Named "Virgin Galactic," it will be the world's first "spaceline." Flights are expected to begin in 2008.

"We believe by flying tens of thousands of people to space, and making that a profitable business, that that will lead into affordable orbital travel," says Rutan. Rutan thinks there "absolutely" is a market for this.

With tickets initially going for $200,000, the market is limited. Nevertheless, Virgin Galactic says 38,000 people have put down a deposit for a seat, and 90 of those have paid the full $200,000.

But Rutan has another vision. "The goal is affordable travel above low-Earth orbit. In other words, affordable travel for us to go to the moon. Affordable travel. That means not just NASA astronauts, but thousands of people being able to go to the moon," he says. "I'd like to go. Wouldn't you?"

By Harry Radliffe

United 3

For 300 years, the sea has been closing in on New Orleans. As the coastal erosion continues, it is estimated the city will be off shore in 90 years. Even in good weather, New Orleans is sinking. As the city begins what is likely to be the biggest demolition project in U.S. history, the question is, can we or should we put New Orleans back together again?

Life has been returning to high and dry land on Bourbon Street, but to find the monumental challenge facing the city you have to visit neighborhoods you have never heard of. On Lizardi Street, 60 Minutes took a walk with the men in charge of finishing what Katrina started.

Correspondent Scott Pelley reports.

Before Katrina, "There would be noise and activity and families and people, and children, and, you know, I haven't seen a child in a month here," says Greg Meffert, a city official who, with his colleague Mike Centineo, is trying to figure out how much of the city will have to be demolished.

Meffert, who is in charge of city planning, says it is "very possible" up to 50,000 houses will have to be bulldozed. Right now, most of the homes in the city are uninhabitable.

Meffert faces a difficult task. Every time he goes to a house site here, he says, "It's one more knife in me that says, 'She did another one. She did another one,'" explains Meffert, "she" meaning Hurricane Katrina.

When you walk through these neighborhoods and you see the houses, you get a sense of the pain of the individual families. But you don't get a sense of what has happened to the city of New Orleans itself.

It is estimated that there were 200,000 homes in New Orleans, and 120,000 of them were damaged by the flood.

The part of the city known as the lower Ninth Ward received some of the heaviest flooding. The houses are splintered block after block after block, almost as if the city had been carpet-bombed in war.

Meffert says that before the storm, New Orleans had a population of 470,000-480,000 people. Realistically, he thinks that half of those residents won't be coming back.

The possessions of thousands of families, the stuff collected over lifetimes is suddenly garbage, clawed up into mountains in city parks. With so much gone already, should New Orleans pick up right where it was?

"We should be thinking about a gradual pullout of New Orleans, and starting to rebuild people's homes, businesses and industry in places that can last more than 80 years," says Tim Kusky, a professor of earth sciences at St. Louis University.

Kusky talks about a withdrawal of the city and explains that coastal erosion was thrown into fast forward by Katrina. He says by 2095, the coastline will pass the city and New Orleans will be what he calls a "fish bowl."

"Because New Orleans is going to be 15 to 18 feet below sea level, sitting off the coast of North America surrounded by a 50- to 100-foot-tall levee system to protect

the city," explains Kusky.

He says the city will be completely surrounded by the Gulf of Mexico just 90 years from now.

Since this story aired on Nov. 20, there has been considerable discussion about whether New Orleans really is sinking, including on CBS News' blog, Public Eye. "That's the projection, because we are losing land on the Mississippi Delta at a rate of 25 to 30 square miles per year. That's two acres per hour that are sinking below sea level," says Kusky.

That process could only be slowed, in theory, by massive restoration of wetlands. In the meantime, while Kusky's advice is to head for the hills, some New Orleans residents are hoping to head home.

Vera Fulton has lived most of her 81 years on Lizardi Street and returned to her home recently for the first time since being evacuated.

"When they say 'storm,' I leave. I can't swim and I can't drink it. So what I do, I leave," says Vera, who has lost her home to two hurricanes.

Vera is intent on coming back. "I don't have no other home, where I'm going?"

Three generations of Fultons, Vera's son Irvin Jr., his wife Gay and their son Irvin, 3rd, live around Lizardi Street.

Irvin says his house is "just flat" and he didn't have insurance.

That's the dilemma. The only thing they have left is land prone to disaster. They want to rebuild, and the city plans to let them.

At Vera's house, Mike Centenio, the city's top building official, told 60 Minutes homes can go up as long as they meet what is called the "100-year flood level."

The federal government had set a flood-level, but didn't figure on a levee failure that would flood parts of the city.

The official level is several feet off the ground. If people meet the requirement, they can rebuild their homes, despite the fact that we saw, for example, a refrigerator lifted

to the top of a carport by the floodwaters.

Asked whether allowing people to rebuild makes sense, Centenio says it is "going to take some studying."

Right now, he says the flood level requirement is the law.

Twelve weeks after the storm hit, no one has an answer to where people should go. An estimated 80,000 homes had no insurance, and for now, the biggest grant a family can get from the federal government is $26,200.

Those without flood insurance face an uncertain road ahead, trying to piece their lives and homes back together.

"I don't think any of us get to be made whole. I don't know of anybody that's even getting back to where they were. It's just a matter of how much you lost," says Meffert.

No one wants to risk more losses until the levees are fixed but there is not a lot of confidence in that. There's evidence some of the levee walls may have failed from bad design or lousy workmanship.

Fixing them is up to Colonel Richard Wagenaar, who told 60 Minutes, that by next summer, the levees will withstand a Category 3 storm. But for a Category 5 storm, Congress would have to double the levee height to 30 feet.

Col. Wagenaar says building a 30-foot flood control system around the city could take five to ten years, and cost billions of dollars.

Asked whether he would live in New Orleans if the levees were restored to pre-Katrina levels, Col. Wagenaar said he would, after a long pause.

"There's a lot of long pauses in things I think about these days," Wagenaar added.

Another thing that gives you pause is the fact that one of the world's largest pumping systems can't keep the city dry with broken levees.

60 Minutes was there in September during Hurricane Rita. Crews were fighting with everything they had, cooling a pump with a hose and a coat hanger. When the station flooded during Katrina, Gerald Tilton dove under water to open valves.

Since then, Tilton and his men have been living at the station. "Most of us, our homes have been destroyed but a large number of us are still here doing the job that we get paid to do," says Tilton.

Tilton says he hasn't seen his home since the storm hit and only took one thing from the house when he left: his diploma. "I graduated from Tulane last year and that was the one thing that I wanted. I know it might sound crazy."

But sharp minds and heroism couldn't stop a second flood.

It took another two weeks to dry out and count the losses. Now, inspectors with laptops are identifying ruined houses.

"Every house in New Orleans is loaded into this database," explains Centineo. The reports are sent instantly to a computer at city hall, where the database is linked to aerial images of every address, both before and after.

When the reports are in, they will know how many billions it will take to rebuild, but not where that money is coming from.

Mike Centineo showed us, at his house, that you can't appreciate the loss until you walk through the door. He lost pretty much everything in his home. "We've lost a lot. What hurts is family photos. They went under water and I pulled them out to try to salvage what I could," Centineo says.

Centineo says he understands, probably better than any building official ever has, what the victims of Katrina are going through. "I'm one of them, that's true, I'm one of them."

He is one of about 400,000 people still unable to come home. That's the worst part now, the deflation of the Big Easy.

There are too few people to pay taxes or keep businesses going. The world's largest domed stadium doesn't have a football team; In New Orleans, these days, not even the Saints go marching in.

Meffert has some clear feelings on whether the nation should commit billions of dollars and several years to protect the city.

"Is it commit or invest? I mean this is the thing that that people miss. The country has to decide whether it really is what we tell the world what we are. Or are we just saying that? Because if we are that powerful, if we are that focused, if we are that committed to all of our citizens, then there is no decision to make. Of course you rebuild it," says Meffert.

By Shawn Efran/Rebecca Peterson

Unit 4

For much of 2005, the news out of Iraq has overshadowed what has been

going on in Afghanistan, where 18,000 U.S. troops are still fighting and dying along the Pakistan border in battles with the Taliban, al Qaeda and other Muslim extremist groups.

The rest of Afghanistan, at least compared to Iraq, appears relatively peaceful. But the country is facing another threat to its stability — its growing addiction the production and trafficking of heroin, which is controlled by some of the most powerful people in the country.

Correspondent Steve Kroft reports.

Afghanistan is now the world's largest exporter of heroin, and the opium used to produce it, supplying 87 percent of the world market. And it is creating an infrastructure of crime and corruption that threatens the government of President Hamid Karzai.

The heroin trade begins with fields of opium poppies grown in almost every province of Afghanistan. Last year, according to the U.S. state department, 206,000 hectares were cultivated, a half a million acres, producing 4,000 tons of opium, most of which was converted into 400 tons of illegal morphine and heroin in laboratories around the country.

How much opium and heroin is that?

"It is not only the largest heroin producer in the world, 206,000 hectares is the largest amount of heroin or of any drug that I think has ever been produced by any one country in any given year," says Robert Charles, who until last spring was assistant secretary of state for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement, overseeing anti-drug operations in Afghanistan.

Charles says Afghanistan is producing more heroin than Colombia is producing cocaine.

After 25 years of war, it is the country's main cash crop, contributing nearly three billion dollars a year in illegal revenues to the Afghan economy, which equals 50 percent of the gross national product.

The laundered proceeds are no doubt funding much of the rebuilding of Kabul, which is experiencing a major construction boom.

But the best way to illustrate the sheer volume of the drug trade is to tour the basement vault underneath Afghanistan's Counter Narcotics police in Kabul, where

one and a half tons of heroin, just seized in the provinces, was awaiting destruction.

One and a half tons of pure heroin is much larger than the biggest shipment ever seized in the United States, and once cut and repackaged it is worth hundreds of millions of dollars on the streets of a western city.

Yet the seizure is less than one percent of all the heroin produced in Afghanistan last year, production which has increased more than 2,000 percent since 2001.

"That acceleration should be sending a blinking red light to all of us right now. Drug money is going to accelerate the disintegration of democratic institutions," warns Charles.

What is happening, Charles says, is the transformation of a poor, war torn country struggling with democracy into a narco state where power emanates from a group of drug kingpins far more powerful than the new government.

The process began in 2001 when the United States forged military alliances with powerful warlords and used their private armies to drive al Qaeda and the Taliban out of the country.

But some of Afghanistan's biggest warlords also happen to be some of the country's biggest drug lords. Now that they are part of the government, often in high places, a few are even charged with eradicating the drug traffic that many people believe they're still involved in.

One former warlord suspected of being involved in the opium trade is Hazrat Ali, whose private army fought against al Qaeda at the battle of Tora Bora. In appreciation of his efforts, he was placed in charge of security for Nangahar province until he resigned recently to run for parliament.

He also happens to be named in a United Nations report as one of the provincial officials suspected of being heavily involved in drug trafficking.

Ali doesn't deny that the heroin business flourishes in the region but denied that he is involved in the trade. "No. You can ask anyone. I am opposed to drugs. If everyone was like me, there wouldn't be an opium plant in Afghanistan."

60 Minutes had no difficulty finding people to make the allegations; proving them is another matter since there is virtually no criminal justice system in place to pursue them.

In all of Afghanistan there are barely 100 people in jail for drug offenses, most of them small time players.

Afghanistan's President Hamid Karzai, who is considered honest and well intentioned, outlawed the cultivation and trafficking of opium three years ago, but has neither the power nor the prosecutors to enforce it.

"It is the top priority. Not one of the top — the top priority now," says Karzai.

"There have been lots of reports that many of the people in the provinces, many of the former commanders, have been involved with drug trafficking in the past. And some believe still continue to be involved in drug trafficking," Kroft says.

Karzai agrees. "A lot of people are still involved in drug trafficking," he says. "Maybe even there are people in the government who may be involved in drug trafficking. Drug trafficking, drug cultivation, poppy cultivation, was a major way of life in this country. Now that the country's going back toward stability, now that we have a better hope for tomorrow, that we have hope for tomorrow, the Afghan people have begun to distance themselves. Slowly, slowly."

Things are moving much too slowly for the country's top law enforcement officer, interior minister Ali Amad Jalali, who resigned last month after complaining about the lack of progress in stemming the opium trade, and bringing government officials involved in it to justice.

Last June, his elite Afghan anti-drug force, trained and assisted by the British, raided the offices of Sher Muhammed Akhundzada, the Governor of Helmand Province, another warlord widely suspected of being involved in the drug trade.

They seized nine and a half tons on opium, but the investigation went nowhere. Governor Akhunzada said the drugs were not his but that they had been seized by police and were just being stored at his headquarters.

He showed 60 Minutes a locker now loaded with another two and a half tons of opium. "This is opium that we confiscated. We have to keep the confiscated opium in a safe place. And this is where we keep it," says Akhunzada, through a translator.

Not everyone bought that argument, especially the chief counter-narcotics officer for Helmand Province. When the investigation stalled, Abdul Samad Haqqani went on Radio Liberty, which is funded by the U.S. Congress, and denounced the governor as a major narcotics trafficker.

Haqqani has since disappeared and President Karzai says he would look into the matter.

As for the tons of opium in the Governor's administrative office, Karzai wasn't the least bit surprised.

上外版英语高级视听说(上册)听力原文

Unit 1 Pirates of the Internet It’s no secret that online piracy has decimated the music industry as millions of people stopped buying CDs and started stealing their favorite songs by downloading them from the internet. Now the hign-tech thieves are coming after Hollywood. Illegal downloading of full-length feature films is a relatively new phenomenon, but it’s becoming easier and easier to do. The people running America’s movie studios know that if they don’t do something----and fast---they could be in the same boat as the record companies. Correspodent: “What’s really at stake for the movie industry with all this privacy?” Chernin: “Well, I think, you know, ultimately, our absolute features.” Peter Chernin runs 20th Century Fox, one of the biggest studios in Hollywood. He knows the pirates of the Internet are gaining on him. Correspont: “Do you know how many movies are being downloaded today, in one day, in the United States?” Chernin: “I think it’s probably in the hundreds of thousands, if not millions.” Correspondent: “And it’s only going to grow.” Chernin: “It’s only going to grow. √Somebody can put a perfect digital copy up on the internet. A perfect digital copy, all right. And with the click of mouse, send out a million copies all over the world, in an instant.”

高级英语视听说教程第二册听力文本

Book 2 Chapter 1 The Population Today we’re going to talk about population in the United States. According to the most recent government census, the population is 281,421,906 people. Now this represents an increase of almost 33 million people since the 1990 census. A population of over 281 million makes the United States the third most populous country in the whole world. As you probably know, the People’s Republic of China is the most populous country in the world. But do you know which is the second most populous? Well, if you thought India, you were right. The fourth, fifth, and sixth most populous countries are Indonesia, Brazil, and Pakistan. Now let’s get back to the United States. Let’s look at the total U. S. population figure of 281 million in three different ways. The first way is by race and origin; the second is by geographical distribution, or by where people live; and the third way is by the age and sex of the population. First of all, let’s take a look at the population by race and origin. The latest U. S. census reports that percent of the population is white, whereas percent is black. Three percent are of Asian origin, and 1 percent is Native American. percent of the population is a mixture of two or more races, and percent report themselves as “of some other race”. Let’s make sure your figures are right: OK, white, percent; black, percent; Asian, 3 percent; Native American, 1 percent; a mixture of two or more races, percent; and of some other race, percent. Hispanics, whose origins lie in Spanish-speaking countries, comprise whites, blacks, and Native Americans, so they are already included in the above figures. It is important to note that Hispanics make up percent of the present U.S. population, however. Finally, the census tells us that 31 million people in the United States were born in another country. Of the 31 million foreign born, the largest part, percent are from Mexico. The next largest group, from the Philippines, number percent. Another way of looking at the population is by geographical distribution. Do you have any idea which states are the five most populous in the United States? Well, I’ll help you out there. The five most populous states, with population figures, are California, with almost 34 million; New York, with 21 million; Texas, with 19 million; and Florida, with 16 million; and Illinois with million people. Did you get all those figures down? Well, if not, I’ll give you a chance later to check your figures. Well, then, let’s move on. All told, over half, or some 58 percent of the population, lives in

大学通用学术英语视听说教程(理科)unite3psychology原文及答案

Unit 3 Psychology C. Listening Exercise Listen to a conversation and choose the best answers to the questions you hear. 1. What do you know about Harry’s dog Fido? A. He doesn’t like his master any more. B. He has just moved to a new place. C. He gets up late every morning. D. He has been quite nervous and restless. 2. What does Jenny suggest Harry should do? A. He should take Fido to the vet. B. He should put Fido on medication. C. He should take Fido for a walk. D. He should let Fido play fetch. 3. What do you think Harry will do to his dog? A. He will take his dog for a walk everyday. B. He will consult a scientist for a test on his dog. C. He will try his best to perk up his dog. D. He will put his dog on medication. 4. What does the scientific research tell us? A. Dog emotions are quite similar to the emotions of humans. B. Dogs should be put on medication whenever they are ill. C. The brain of humans is more complicated than that of dogs. D. Antidepressants cannot be used as medication for dogs. 5. Which of the following is NOT true according to the conversation? A. Jenny may have a different idea towards pet treatment from Harry. B. Some pet-owners may overdo the treatment when their pets are ill. C. Harry is an expert on brain science of humans and dogs. D. Magnetic Resonance Scanner can be used in analyzing dog emotions. Script: Jenny: Hello, Harry, you look pale. What’s wrong? Harry: Hi, Jenny. It’s just Fido, my beloved dog. He’s been acting kind of lazy these days. Ever since we moved, he’s just been like this. Jenny: Oh my! Do you take him for a walk everyday? Harry: I used to, but now he doesn’t even want to play fetch. He loved that so much before. Jenny: If I were you, I’d take him to the vet. Probably he’s ill. Harry: Well, I did so yesterday. The vet says the reason he’s been so down is that he’s depressed, and he recommends we put him on medication. Jenny: Are you sure you want to take his suggestion? Harry: Yeah, I think so. We’re hoping that the medication will cheer Fido up. If it doesn’t, maybe we’ll consider upping his dosage until he seems back to normal.

《英语高级视听说》

《英语高级视听说》 教学大纲 课程编码：3011104 课程性质：专业教育必修课 教学时数：96学时 学分数：6学分 开课学期：第五、六、七学期 授课单位：英语系视听说教研室 授课对象：英语专业本科学生 一、课程概述 1.性质与地位 英语高级视听说课程是为英语专业本科学生在专业学习提高阶段开设的专业教育必修课程。该课程以外语教学理论为指导，广泛应用多媒体教学，融课堂教学与自主学习为一体，以真实语境下的常速语料为基本教学材料，紧扣时代脉搏，是全面提升学生听说能力、使学生的目标语听力理解能力与口语产出能力满足高层次语言应用要求的重要课程。 2.基本理念 英语高级视听说课程以素质教育、创新教育思想为理论指导，以双主模式及Anderson的“听前－听时－听后”理论为理论支撑，着力发展学生的目标语高级实时应用能力。 课程在实施过程中，一方面坚持以人为本，关注学生的情感，另一方面注重营造自主学习的气氛，创造自主学习的条件和环境，培养学生的可持续自我发展能力。 本课程摒弃接受式、填鸭式的学习方式和教学方式，坚持以学生为中心，以方法为主导，强调启发式、引导式教学，同时利用该课程材料均以多媒体形式呈现于课堂、内容时效性强等独特优势，激发学生的学习兴趣与积极性，培养和增强学生探索知识的能力和欲望。 利用校园网、互联网等信息渠道，开展多媒体课堂教学与课后自主学习，着力提高教学效率与教学质量，同时努力提升听与说在认知学习中的地位，贯彻“听为学”、“说为学”的理念，使学生认识到视听是与阅读同等重要的语言输入途径，也是同样有效的认知途径。 3.设计思路

本课程教学以解放军外国语学院生长干部学历教育本科人才培养方案（英语）为依据，参照《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》（以下简称《大纲》）的要求实施。教学安排在3个学期内完成，第八学期举行3次有关英语区域变体的讲座，第五、六、七学期每学期32学时，第八学期6学时，总时数为102学时。 教学实施分为课堂教学与自主学习，教学内容分为音频和视频两部分：音频教材方面主要包括《英语专业三年级听力教程》、《英语中级听力》、《英语专业四年级听力教程》，以及带前方记者报道的最新VOA、BBC、NPR新闻等；视频教材包括《高级英语视听说教程》、《英语高级视听说》、片长10分钟左右的多主题短片，BBC/CNN 视频新闻以及部分精选的记录片、影视剧片段等。授课教师在教材既定的总体框架下，可根据学生的实际水平和国际国内形势的发展情况，灵活组合、添加部分最新音、视频材料用于课堂教学，以保证教学内容时时更新，反映最新形势。 英语区域变体讲座内容涉及澳大利亚英语、新西兰英语、南亚英语、东南亚英语的特点，重点解决学生在听辨这些英语变体时所遇到的苦难。 二、课程目标 1.总体目标 系统讲授听力理解过程中各环节所需的语言知识和理解判断要素；利用新闻、对话、讲座、电影等语料训练学生对声像信息的辨读能力；通过“视”、“听”、“说”的结合，综合多种训练手段，提高学生的听力理解和口头表达能力，加深其对英语国家政治、军事、经济、社会、文化等方面的认识和了解，全面提升真实语境下的实时语言运用能力，并使之具备较强的自主学习能力。 2.分类目标 （1） 通过本课程的学习，学生应具备独立解决辨音难点的能力，掌握运用字典等工具书逆向查词、独立解决疑难问题的能力。 （2） 通过本课程的学习，学生应掌握政治、军事、经济、科技、文化等方面的听力理解词汇及口语产出词汇，并最终达到《大纲》八级水平。 （3） 通过本课程的学习，学生应充分理解“听为学”、“说为学”的理念，并积极通过这两种渠道进行目标语认知。 （4） 通过本课程的学习，学生应充分理解自主学习的重要性，充分利用教师提供的自主学习资源或自主开发新资源，养成良好的自主学习习惯，开展有效的 自主学习。 （5） 通过视频材料的广泛使用，使学生有效掌握大量非语言性对象国知识。 （6） 通过讲座，使学生了解英语区域变体的语音、语法特点，并能够准确把握视、音频材料的大意及细节内容。 三、内容标准 1.授课内容 第五、六学期，教学内容主要为《英语专业三年级听力教程》、《英语中级听力》、《英语高级视听说》（上）中的材料，辅以带有前方记者报道的VOA、BBC、NPR新

英语高级视听说 下册 unit 2

Not Y our A verage Teen Lots of teenage girls dream of becoming rich and famous. But it's not a fantasy for Michelle Wie. Just before her 16th birthday last fall, she became the highest-paid woman golfer in history simply by turning professional and lending her name to commercial endorsements that will pay her between $10 million and $12 million a year, most of which will go into a trust fund until she becomes an adult. Wie has been a celebrity since she was 13, when people began predicting she would become the Tiger Woods of women’s golf. But, as correspondent Steve Kroft reports, that has never been enough for Wie. She wants to become the first woman ever to successfully compete with men in a professional sport. She has tried a couple of times on the PGA Tour without embarrassing herself. As you will see, she has changed a lot since we first talked to her way back in 2004, when she was 14. At the time, Wie told Kroft her ultimate goal was to play in the Masters. "I think it'd be pretty neat walking down the Masters fairways," she said. It was a neat dream for a 14-year-old kid. Nothing has happened in the last two years to change Wie's mind or shake her confidence. She is stronger now, more mature and glamorous. She has already demonstrated that she c an play herself into the middle of the pack against the best men on the PGA Tour and has come within a shot of winning her first two starts on the LPGA Tour this year as a part-time professional. The day before 60 Minutes interviewed her at the Fields Open in Honolulu, she shot a final round of 66, coming from six strokes off the lead to just miss a playoff. "Y ou won your first check yesterday," Kroft says. "Uh-huh," Wie says. "It was, it was really cool. I mean, I was like looking at how much I won. I was like 'Oh my God.' " Wie says she won around $72,000. Asked whether she gets to keep that money, Wie said she didn't know. "I'm trying to negotiate with my dad how much I can spend of that, and stuff like that. We're still working it out. But, you know, I'm definitely gonna go shopping today," she says, laughing. Half of her life is spent in the adult world, competing with men and women twice her age for paychecks they may need to make expenses and dealing with the media, sponsors and marketing executives. The rest of the time she is a junior at Punahou High School in Honolulu, where she is

新世纪大学英语视听说教程1 听力原文

Unit 1, Lesson A Track1-1-1 A. listen to three people from the pen pals website. Match the name of the speaker with his or her interest: Fiona: Hi, I'm Fiona. I'm from Sydney, Australia. I'm 19, and a student at the University of Canberra. I'm majoring in computer science. When I'm not studying, I like going to the movies. Miguel: Hi, I'm Miguel. I'm from Mexico City. I'm 28 and I'm a math teacher. In my free time, I like playing soccer with my fiends. Hiromi: Hi, I'm Hiromi, and I'm from Tokyo. I'm 24, and I'm a graphic artist. When I have some free time, I usually work on a comic book I'm creating. The main character's name is Damen. Track1-1-2 B. listen again. Answer the questions about the people. Check the correct box. Track1-1-3 B. Mariana and Danny live in the same apartment building. Are they meeting for the first time? Listen to their conversation. Mariana: Hi. My name is Mariana. I'm in apartment 201. Danny: Hi, Mariana. I'm Danny. I'm in 302. It's nice to meet you. Mariana: Nice to meet you, too. Danny: So, are you a student, Mariana? Mariana: yeah, I study music at NYU. Danny: That's interesting. Mariana: What do you do, Danny? Danny: I'm a student at Hunter College. I also work in an art gallery. Track1-1-4 your information.C. Listen again. Practice the conversation. Then practice with Track 1-1-5 C. Listen to Dan describing himself and Dayanne describing her friend. Pay attention to the expressions used for describing people. Then describe yourself to your partner. 1. My name is Dan and I'm from the United States. I'm 28 years old and work at a hospital. I speak English, and Spanish and Portuguese. I'm pretty tall. I'm about six feet. I have a muscular build and short blonde hair. I have hazel-colored eyes. 2. I have a friend who looks like Antonio Banderas. He's tall, dark hair, brown eyes, but he's thin and Antonio Banderas is a little more muscular. Track 1-1-OL-1 A.Emily is at the airport. Listen and check the correct box. Josh: Hello?

英语高级视听说unit-4

Unit 4 Brain Man Almost 25 years ago, 60 Minutes introduced viewers to George Finn, whose talent was immortalized in the movie "Rain Man." George has a condition known as savant syndrome, a mysterious disorder of the brain where someone has a spectacular skill, even genius, in a mind that is otherwise extremely limited. Morley Safer met another savant, Daniel Tammet, who is called "Brain Man" in Britain. But unlike most savants, he has no obvious mental disability, and most important to scientists, he can describe his own thought process. He may very well be a scientific Rosetta stone, a key to understanding the brain. ________________________________________ Back in 1983, George Finn, blessed or obsessed with calendar calculation, could give you the day if you gave him the date. "What day of the week was August 13th, 1911?" Safer quizzed Finn. "A Sunday," Finn replied. "What day of the week was May 20th, 1921?" Safer asked. "Friday," Finn answered. George Finn is a savant. In more politically incorrect times he would have been called an "idiot savant" - a mentally handicapped or autistic person whose brain somehow possesses an island of brilliance. Asked if he knew how he does it, Finn told Safer, "I don't know, but it's just that, that's fantastic I can do that." If this all seems familiar, there?s a reason: five years after the 60 Minutes broadcast, Dustin Hoffman immortalized savants like George in the movie "Rain Man." Which brings us to that other savant we mentioned: Daniel Tammet. He is an Englishman, who is a 27-year-old math and memory wizard. "I was born November 8th, 1931," Safer remarks. "Uh-huh. That's a prime number. 1931. And you were born on a Sunday. And this year, your birthday will be on a Wednesday. And you'll be 75," Tammet tells Safer. It is estimated there are only 50 true savants living in the world today, and yet none are like Daniel. He is articulate, self-sufficient, blessed with all of the spectacular ability of a savant, but with very little of the disability. Take his math skill, for example.

学术英语视听说1听力原文

1.M: You call Mike a dreamer, but I think he’s got a lot of ideas. W: Good ideas are only useful if you make something out of them. Q: Why does the woman think that Mike is a dreamer? 2.M: Hello, Susan. Could you please meet Mr. James at the airport? His flight is BA 553 from London. He should arrive at about 10 o’clock. Mr. James is in his late fifties, average height and has short, curly, gray hair. His meeting with the Sales Department is at 4:00. Thank you. W: Sure, no problem. Q: What does the man mean? 3.M: Hello, I’m a senior student. Could you tell me whether this reference room is only for faculty members? W: No, it’s also open to the postgraduates; and undergraduates can come too if they’ve got professors’ written permission.

新标准大学英语视听说教程1听力原文

Unit 1 Starting out Outside view Julie My name's Julie Dearden, and I'm the Director of International Programmes here at Hertford College. Eugene My name's Eugene Berger, I studied here in Oxford for four years er, studying modern languages at Somerville College. Julie Oh, there are many Oxford traditions. Oxford is a very old university, the oldest English-speaking university in the, in the world. And so there are many traditions which are associated with the colleges, with the times of the year, and with sport, and with eating, for example. Eugene Each college is very different um, from um, the others, and it has its own character. Some colleges are very conservative, and some are much more liberal and have a tradition of um, kind of liberal politics. But there are also some specific traditions. Julie Formal Hall is when we all eat together here in college, the professors and the students. Usually it takes places at seven o'clock in the evening, and the professors sit on high table which is the table over here, and the students sit on common table, which are the tables here. But everybody eats together. It's a very beautiful evening because there are, there's a special meal and we eat by candlelight. Eugene I think er, the traditions that make Oxford so unique are firstly the Oxford Union and er, secondly, May Day. The Oxford Union being a debating society where speakers come from all around the world to address the students and even allow themselves to be questioned by the students, making it a very interesting forum. Julie My favourite is er, May Day. And May Day is the first day of May, and we have a tradition called May Morning, and on May Morning everybody gets up very early and the students have a celebration. There is a choir which sings on top of the tower at Magdalen College and all the people of the town and all the students go to listen to the singing. So it's very nice. Eugene The tradition that er, was most important to me was probably Summer Eights. I was a rower. And Summer Eights is a rowing competition, held in May in the summer term. And in this competition, each college is trying to improve its place which it won the previous year and gradually work its way up the river. Julie When the students take exams, they must go to a special building and it's called Examination Schools. And also they must wear a special uniform, so they wear E.gown like mine, a black gown, and they wear a white shirt, arid the men wear a white tie and black trousers. The women wear a white shirt and a black skirt or black trousers. And they must wear this uniform, which has a Latin name - sub fuse — and they must wear this uniform in order to take their examinations. Eugene I think the Oxford traditions lend character to the place and it's such an old institution, it should have traditions, but they can be very inconvenient. For example, sub fuse. This is the uniform that we are required according to the university rules, to wear. Julie They also wear flowers in their buttonholes, and those flowers are carnations. And they wear different colours, the students wear different coloured flowers for different examinations. So when you take your first exam you wear a white flower, and when you take your second exam you wear a pink flower, and when you take your final examination you wear a red carnation. Eugene So we have to dress up in a full black suit, starched collar, white bow tie and carry a mortarboard. And to write an exam in the summer heat whilst wearing all that which you're not allowed to take off is um, uncomfortable. Julie I really like the Oxford traditions, I think it's part of our history, and part of um, being a student or a teacher here at Oxford University. Listening in Passage 1 Interviewer Can you tell me something about the Ivy League? You're a professor at Harvard, is that right?