历年考研英语翻译精解

历年考研英语翻译精解（2003-1994）

98年翻译题解：

71) B u t e v e n mo r e i mp o r t a n t, i t wa s t h e fa r t h e s t t h a t s c i e n t i s t s h a d b e e n a b l e t o l o o k s i n t o s t h e p a s t, fo r wh a t t h e y we r e s e e i n g we r e t h e p a t t e r n s a n d s t r u c t u r e s t h a t e x i s t e d 15 b i l l i o n ye a r s a g o.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：B u t e v e n mo r e i mp o r t a n t, i t wa s t h e fa r t h e s t t h a t s c i e n t i s t s h a d b e e n a b l e t o l o o k s i n t o s t h e p a s t, / fo r wh a t t h e y w e r e s e e i n g we r e t h e p a t t e r n s a n d st r u c t u r e s/t h a t e x i s t e d15b i l l i o n ye a r s a g o.第二、句子主干结构是：主句+ fo r +原因状语从句。1)主句是强调句i t wa s... t h a t...被强调部分t h e fa r t h e s t是后面句子的状语，可以理解为s c i e n t i s t s h a d b e e n a b l e t o l o o k t h e fa r t h e s t s i n t o s t h e p a s t2) fo r...引导的原因状语从句是一个系表结构，wh a t t h e y w e r e s e e i n g是从句中的主语，t h a t...是名词表语t h e p a t t e rn s a n d s t r u c t u r e s的定语从句。第三、词的处理：e v e n mo r e i m p o r t a n t (省略)更为重要的是t h e p a t t e r n s an d s t r u c t u r e s(宇宙云的)形状和结构15b i l l i o n ye a r s a g o150亿年前

完整的译文：71)但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。

72)T h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h e g i a n t c l o u d s wa s v i r t u a l l y r e q u i r e d fo r t h e B i g B a n g,fi r s t p u t fo r wa r d i n t h e1920s,t o m a i n t a i n i t s r e i g n a s t h e d o mi n a n t e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e c o s mo s.

句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：T h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h e g i a n t c l o u d s wa s v i r t u a l l y r e q u i r e d fo r t h e B i g B a n g,/fi r s t p u t fo r wa r d i n t h e1920s,/t o m a i n t a i n i t s r e i g n a s t h e d o mi n a n t e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e c o s mo s.第二、句子的主干结构是一个简单句。1)整体结构是：T h e e x i s t e n c e...wa s v i r t u a l l y r e q u i r e d fo r...,t o m a i n t a i n...2)fi r s t p u t fo rwa r d i n t h e 1920s是过去分词短语作插入语，说明前面的名词t h e B i g B an g3)后面的不定式短语是补语。第三、词的处理：t h e g i a n t c l o u d s巨大的(宇宙)云v i r t u a l l y 事实上，实际上，实质上t h e B i g B a n g大爆炸理论fi r s t p u t fo r wa r d首创的，开始提出的i n t h e 1920s二十年代t o ma i n t a i n i t s re i g n a s以保持……的地位e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e c o s mo s对宇宙(起源论)的解释完整的译文：72)巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所必不可少的。

73)As t r o p h ys i c i s t s wo r k i n g wi t h g r o u n d-b a s e d d e t e c t o r s a t t h e S o u t h P o l e a n d b a l l o o n-b o rn e i n s t r u me n t s a r e

c l o s i n g i n o n s u c h s t ru c t u r e s,a n

d ma y r

e p o r t t h e i r fi n d i n g s s o o n.

句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：As t r o p h ys i c i s t s wo r k i n g wi t h g r o u n d-b a s e d d e t e c t o r s a t t h e S o u t h P o l e a n d b a l l o o n-b o r n e i n s t r u me n t s / a r e c l o s i n g i n o n su c h s t ru c t u r e s, / a n d ma y r e p o r t t h e i r f i n d i n g s s o o n.第二、句子主干结构是：1)主语+并列谓语As t r o p h ys i c i s t s...a r e c l o s i n g...a n d ma y r e p o r t...2)分词短语wo r k i n g wi t h g r o u n d-b a se d d e t e c t o r s a t t h e S o u t h P o l e a n d b a l l o o n-b o r n e i n s t r u me n t s是主语的定语。

第三、词的处理：wo r k i n g wi t h使用，以……为工作手段g r o u n d-b a s e d d e t e c t o rs陆基探测器t h e S o u t h P o l e南极b a l l o o n-b o rn e i n s t ru me n t s球载仪器a r e c l o s i n g i n o n正越来越近s t r u c t u r e s 云系fi n d i n g s观测结果

完整的译文：73)天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器，正越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。

74)I f t h e s m a l l h o t s p o t s l o o k a s e x p e c t e d,t h a t wi l l b e a t r i u mp h fo r ye t a n o t h e r s c i e n t i fi c i d e a,a r e fi n e me n t o f t h e B i g B a n g c a l l e d t h e i n fl a t i o n a r y u n i v e r s e t h e o r y.

句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：I f t h e s ma l l h o t s p o t s l o o k a s e x p e c t e d, / t h a t wi l l b e a t r i u mp h fo r ye t a n o t h e r s c i e n t i fi c i d e a,/a r e fi n e me n t o f t h e B i g B a n g c a l l e d t h e i n fl a t i o n a r y u n i v e r s e t h e o ry.第二、句子的结构：1)主干结构是“I f引导的条件句，主句”。2)l o o k as e x p e c t e d是l o o k a s t h ey a r e e x p e c t e d 的省略，意思是“看上去和预想的一样”。3)a n o t h e r s c i e n t i fi c i d e a和后面的短语a r e fi n e me n t o f t h e B i g B a n g 是同位语关系。4)过去分词短语c a l l e d t h e i n fl a t i o n a r y u n i v e r s e t h e o r y作定语，修饰t h e B i g B a n g.第三、词的处理：t h e s m a l l h o t sp o t s 小热点r e fi n e m e n t更完美，提炼，改进t h e i n fl a t i o n a r y u n i v e r s e t h e o r y 宇宙膨胀说(理论)

完整的译文：74)假如那些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一科学论说的胜利，这种论说即

更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。

75)Od d t h o u g h i t s o u n d s,c o s mi c i n fl a t i o n i s a s c i e n t i fi c a l l y p l a u s i b l e c o n s e q u e n c e o f s o me r e s p e c t e d i d e a s i n

e l e me n t a r y-p a r t i c l e p h ys i c s,a n d ma n y a s t r o p h ys i c i s t s h a v e b e e n c o n v i n c e d fo r t h e b e t t e r p a r t o

f a d ec a d e t h a t i t i s t r u e.

句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：O d d t h o u g h i t s o u n d s,/c o s mi c i n fl a t i o n i s a s c i e n t i fi c a l l y p l a u s i b l e co n s e q u e n c e o f s o me r e s p e c t e d i d e a s i n e l e me n t a r y-p a r t i c l e p h y s i c s,/a n d ma n y a s t r o p h y s i c i s t s h a v e b e e n c o n v i n c e d fo r t h e b e t t e r p a r t o f a d e c a d e t h at i t i s t ru e.

第二、句子的结构：1)主干结构是倒装的让步状语从句+主句。O d d t h o u g h i t s o u n d s = t h o u g h i t s o u n d s o d d2)c o n s eq u e n c e前后有多重定语。3)a n d ma n y a s t r o p h ys i c i s t s h a v e b e e n c o n v i n c e d为被动结构。

4) t h a t i t i s t r u e是宾语从句。第三、词的处理：c o s mi c i n fl a t i o n宇宙膨胀说s c i e n t i fi c a l l y p l a u s i b l e

c o n s e q u e n c e科学上可信的推论i n e l e me n t a r y-p a r t i c l e p h ys i c s基本粒子物理学c o n v i n c e d被说服，相信fo r t h e b e t t e r p a r t o f a

d

e c a d e七八年来

完整的译文：75)宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天体物理学家七八年来一直认为这一论说是正确的。

97年翻译题解：

71) Ac t u a l l y,i t i s n't,b e ca u s e i t a s s u me s t h a t t h e r e i s a n a g r e e d a c c o u n t o f h u ma n r i g h t s,wh i c h i s s o m e t h i n g t h e wo r l d d o e s n o t h a v e.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Ac t u a l l y, i t i s n't, b e c a u s e i t a s s u me s / t h a t t h e r e i s an a g r e e d a c c o u n t o f h u ma n r i g h t s, / wh i c h i s so me t h i n g t h e wo r l d d o e s n o t h a v e.第二、句子主干结构是主从复合句。1)b e c a u s e引导原因状语从句2)t h a t引导宾语从句，从句中是存在句结构t h e r e i s a n a g r e e d a c c o u n t o f h u ma n r i g h t s,3)wh i c h从句的先行词是h u ma n r i g h t s，s o me t h i n g后面是定语从句t h e wo r l d d o e s n o t h a v e.第三、词的处理：Ac t u a l l y 事实上i t主语代词，根据上下文意思这种问法，这种说法，i s n't后面省略的词应该是s o或t ru e a n a g r e e d a c c o u n t约定的看法，共同的认识h u ma n r i g h t s人的权利，人权完整的译文：71)事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同的认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。

72)S o me p h i l o s o p h e r s a rg u e t h a t r i g h t s e x i s t o n l y wi t h i n a s o c i a l co n t r a c t,a s p a r t o f a n e x c h a n g e o f d u t i e s a n d

e n t i t l e me n t s.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：S o me p h i l o s o p h e r s a r g u e / t h a t r i g h t s e x i s t o n l y wi t h i n a s o c i a l c o n t r a c t,/a s p a r t o

f a n e x c h a n

g e o f d u t i e s a n d en t i t l e me n t s.第二、句子的结构：1)主干结构是主从复合句：S o me p

h

i l o so p h e r s a r g u e t h a t...2)t h a t引导的是宾语从句3)a s p a r t o f...是宾语从句中的r i g h t s的主语补足语。第三、词的处理：a r g u e论证a s o c i a l c o n t r a c t社会契约a s p a r t o f 作为(是)……的一部分e n t i t l e me n t s利益，权利完整的译文：72)有些哲学家论证说，权利只存在社会契约中，是责任与利益相交换的一部分。

73)It l e a d s t h e d i s c u s s i o n t o e x t r e m e s a t t h e o u t se t:i t i n v i t e s yo u t o t h i n k t h a t an i ma l s s h o u l d b e t re a t e d e i t h e r wi t h t h e co n s i d e r a t i o n h u m a n s e x t e n d t o o t h e r h u ma n s, o r wi t h n o c o n s i d e r a t i o n a t a l l.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：I t l e a d s t h e d i s c u s s i o n t o e x t r e m e s a t t h e o u t s e t:/i t i n v i t e s yo u t o t h i n k t h a t a n i ma l s s h o u l d b e t r e a t e d/e i t h e r wi t h t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n h u ma n s e x t e n d t o o t h e r h u m a n s,o r wi t h n o c o n s i d er a t i o n a t a l l.第二、句子的结构是：1)i t i n v i t e s yo u t o t h i n k t h a t...后面是宾语从句。2)a n i ma l s s h o u l d b e t r e a t ed e i t h e r wi t h...,o r wi t h...要么……要么……，是表示选择的方式状语。3)t h e co n s i d e r a t i o n后面的h u ma n s e x t e n d t o o t h e r h u ma n s是定语。第三、词的处理：l e a d s ...t o e x t r e m e s引向极端a t t h e o u t s e t从一开始i n v i t e s yo u t o t h i n k使人们认为c o n s i d e r a t i o n关切，体谅h u ma n s e x t e n d t o o t h e r h u ma n s 人对待人完整的译文：73)这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。

74)Ar g u i n g fr o m t h e v i e w t h a t h u ma n s a r e d i f fe r e n t fr o m a n i ma l s i n e v e r y r e l e v a n t r e s p e c t,e x t r e mi s t s o f t h i s k i n d t h i n k t h a t an i ma l s l i e o u t s i d e t h e a r e a o f mo r a l c h o i c e.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Ar g u i n g fr o m t h e v i e w t h a t h u ma n s a r e d i f fe r e n t fr o m a n i ma l s i n e v e r y r e l e v a n t r e s p e c t,/e x t r e mi s t s o f t h i s k i n d t h i n k / t h a t a n i ma l s l i e o u t s i d e t h e a r e a o f mo r a l c h o i c e.第二、句子的结构：1)主干结构是现在分词短语状语，主语+谓语+宾语从句。Ar g u i n g fr o m...现在分词短语作状语。2) t h e v i e w和后面的从句t h a t...是同位语关系3) t h a t...引导宾语从句。第三、词的处理：Ar g u i n g fr o m t h e v i e w 从……观点看，持……观点d i f fe r e n t fr o m...与……不同i n e v e r y r e l e v a n t r e s p e c t在各相关方面e x t r e m i s t s极端主义者，持极端观点的人l i e o u t s i d e t h e a r e a o f mo r a l c h o i c e不在道德问题范围，与道德取舍无关完整的译文：74)这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。

75)W h e n t h a t h a p p en s,i t i s n o t a mi s t a k e:i t i s ma n k i n d's i n s t i n c t fo r mo r a l r e a s o n i n g i n a c t i o n,a n i n s t i n c t t h a t s h o u l d b e e n c o u r a g e d r a t h e r t h a n l a u g h e d a t.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：W h e n t h a t h a p p e n s, i t i s n o t a mi s t a k e: / i t i s m a n k i n d's i n s t i n c t fo r mo r a l r e a s o n i n g i n a c t i o n, / a n i n s t i n c t t h a t s h o u l d b e e n c o u r a g ed r a t h e r t h an l au g h e d a t.第二、句子主干结构是两个复合句：1)W h e n...是前一个复合句的时间状语

2)i n s t i n c t后面的介词短语fo r mo r a l r e a s o n i n g i n a c t i o n是它的定语3)t h a t...是定语从句，修饰先行词a n

i n s t i n ct，从句中是被动语态结构，表示选择。第三、词的处理：t h a t(代词作主语)联系上下文译为这种反应ma n k i n d's i n s t i n c t fo r mo r a l r ea s o n i n g人类道德观念推理的本能i n a c t i o n起作用r a t h e r t h a n而不完整的译文：75)这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用，这种本能应得到鼓励而不应遭到嘲弄。

96年翻译题解：

71) S o me o f t h e s e c a u s e s a r e c o mp l e t e l y r e a s o n a b l e r e s u l t s o f s o c i a l n e e d s. O t h e r s a r e r e a s o n a b l e co n s e q u e n c e s o f p a r t i c u l a r a d v a n c e s i n s c i e n c e b e i n g t o so me e x t e n t s e l f-a c c e l e r a t i n g.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：S o me o f t h e s e c a u s e s a r e c o mp l e t e l y r e a s o n a b l e r e s u l t s o f s o c i a l n e e d s./O t h e r s a r e r e a s o n a b l e

c o n s e q u e n c e s o f p a r t i c u l ar a

d v a n c

e s i n s c i e n c e/ b ei n g t o s o me e x t e n t s e l f-a c c e l e r a t i n g.第二、句子的结构：

1)主干结构是对比句S o m e...a r e...r e a s o n a b l e r e s u l t s o f...O t h e r s a r e r e a s o n a b l e c o n s e q u en c e s o f...2) p a r t i c u l a r a d v a n c e s后面有多重定语i n s c i e n c e b e i n g t o so me e x t e n t s e l f-a c c e l e r a t i n g.第三、词的处理：a r e...r e s u l t s o f 是……的结果，来自于so c i a l n e e d s社会需求t o s o me e x t e n t在一定程度上s e l f-a c c e l e r a t i n g自我加速完整的译文：71)在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求，另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。

72) T h i s t r e n d b e g a n d u ri n g t h e S e c o n d W o r l d Wa r,wh e n s e v e r a l g o v e r n m e n t s c a m e t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e s p e c i fi c d e m a n d s t h a t a g o v e r n me n t wa n t s t o ma k e o f i t s s c i e n t i fi c e s t a b l i s h m e n t c a n n o t g e n e r a l l y b e fo r e s e e n i n d e t a i l.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：T h i s t r e n d b e g a n d u r i n g t h e S e c o n d W o r l d W a r,wh e n s e v e r a l g o v e r n me n t s c a m e t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n/t h a t t h e s p e c i fi c d e ma n d s t h a t a g o v e r n m e n t wa n t s t o ma k e o f i t s s c i e n t i fi c e s t a b l i s h me n t/c a n n o t g e n e r a l l y b e fo r e s e e n i n d e t a i l.第二、句子的结构：1)主干结构是主句+ wh e n引导的时间状语，wh e n = a t t h a t t i me当时，那时。2)第一个t h a t从句是主句宾语t h e c o n c l u s i o n 的同位语。3)t h a t a g o v e r n m e n t wa n t s t o m a k e o f i t s s c i e n t i fi c e s t a b l i s h me n t是定语从句中的主语从句

4)c a n n o t g e n e r a l l y b e fo r e s e e n i n d e t a i l是宾语从句的谓语。第三、词的处理：t r e n d趋势c a me t o t h e

c o n c l u s i o n得出结论t h e s p e c i fi c

d

e ma n d s具体要求m a k e o

f 向……提出s c i e n t i fi c e s t a b l i s h me n t 科研机构i n d e t a i l详尽完整的译文：72)这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。

73) T h i s s e e ms mo s t l y e f f e c t i v e l y d o n e b y s u p p o r t i n g a c e r t a i n a mo u n t o f r e s e a r c h n o t r e l a t e d t o i m m e d i a t e g o a l s

b u t o f p o s s i b l e

c o n s e q u en c e i n t h e fu t u r e.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：T h i s s e e m s mo s t l y e f f e c t i v e l y

d o n e/b y s u p p o r t i n g a c

e r t a i n a mo u n t o

f r e s e a r c h n o t r e l a t e d t o i m me d i a t e

g o a l s/b u t o f p o s s i b l e

c o n s e q u e n c e i n t h e fu t u re.第二、句子的结构：1)主干结构是系词+过去分词+被动宾语：T h i s s e e ms mo s t l y e f f e c t i v e l y

d o n

e b y...2)r e s e a r c h后面是双重定语n o t r e l a t e d t o... b u t o f...由此断定r e l a t e d t o意思等于o f第三、词的处理：T h i s (主语代词要译出来)这一问题d o n e 解决n o t r e l a t ed t o与……无关i m m e d i a t e g o a l s当前目标p o s s i b l e c o n s e q u e n c e可能的影响完整的译文：73)给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。

74) H o we v e r,t h e wo r l d i s s o ma d e t h a t e l e g a n t s ys t e ms a r e i n p r i n c i p l e u n a b l e t o d e a l wi t h s o me o f t h e wo r l d's mo r e fa s c i n a t i o n an d d e l i g h t fu l a s p e c t s.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：H o we v e r, t h e wo r l d i s s o ma d e/t h a t e l e g a n t s y s t e ms a r e i n p r i n c i p l e u n a b l e t o/d e a l wi t h s o me o f t h e wo r l d's mo r e f a s c i n a t i o n an d d e l i g h t fu l a s p e c t s.第二、句子的结构：1)主干结构是t h e wo r l d i s s o...t h a t...2)s o me后面有多重定语o f t h e wo r l d's mo r e fa s c i n a t i o n a n d d e l i g h t fu l a s p e c t s.第三、词的处理：e l e g a n t s ys t e ms (精美的)完美的体系i n p ri n c i p l e一般而言d e a l wi t h解决，处理a s p e c t s原义是方面，联系上下文译成课题，问题完整的译文：74)然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世界上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。

75) N e w fo r ms o f t h o u g h t a s we l l a s n e w s u b j e c t s fo r t h o u g h t mu s t a r i s e i n t h e fu t u r e a s t h e y h a v e i n t h e p a s t,

g i v i n g r i s e t o n e w s t a n d a r d s o f e l e g a n c e.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：N e w fo r m s o f t h o u g h t a s we l l a s n e w s u b j e c t s fo r t h o u g h t mu s t a r i s e i n t h e fu t u r e /a s t h e y h a v e i n t h e p a s t,/g i v i n g r i s e t o n e w s t a n d a r d s o f e l e g a n c e.第二、句子的结构：1)a s we l l a s和，以及，连接两个并列主语，mu s t a r i s e作句子谓语2)a s t h e y h a v e i n t h e p a s t方式状语，a s就像是……，同……一样3)g i v i n g r i s e t o...表示伴随状语。第三、词的处理：N e w fo r m s o f t h o u g h t新的思维方式n e w s u b j e c t s fo r t h o u g h t新的思维对象a r i s e出现g i v i n g r i s e t o给出，产生，带来n e w s t a n d a r d s o f e l e g a n c e完美的新标准完整的译文：75)同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准

95年翻译题解：

71) T h e t a r g e t i s wr o n g, f o r i n a t t a c k i n g t h e t e s t s, c r i t i c s d i v e r t a t t e n t i o n fr o m t h e f a u l t t h a t l i e s wi t h i l l-i n fo r me d o r i n co mp e t e n t u s e r s.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：T h e t a r g e t i s wr o n g, fo r i n a t t a c k i n g t h e t e s t s, /c r i t i c s d i v e r t a t t e n t i o n fr o m t h e fa u l t/t h a t l i e s wi t h i l l-i n fo r me d o r i n c o mp e t e n t u s e r s.第二、句子主干结构是：简单句加fo r引导的原因状语。后面的t h a t引导的是定语从句。第三、词的处理T h e t a r g e t根据上下文，这里特指标准化测试d i v e r t a t t e n t i o n fr o m 原义是把注意力引开，引申为没有注意到l i e s wi t h在于i l l-i n fo r me d不甚了解i n c o mp e t e n t u s e r s(词性转换)使用不当完整的译文：71)把标准化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者没有注意到测试的弊病在于使用测试的人对测试不甚了解或使用不当。

72)H o w we l l t h e p r e d i c t i o n s wi l l b e v a l i d a t e d b y l a t e r p e r fo r ma n c e d e p e n d s u p o n t h e a mo u n t,r e l i a b i l i t y,a n d

a p p r o p r i a t e n e s s o f t h e i n fo r ma t i o n u s e d a n d o n t h e s k i l l a n d wi s d o m wi t h wh i c h i t i s i n t e r p r e t e d句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：H o w w e l l t h e p r e d i c t i o n s wi l l

b e v a l i d a t e d b y l a t e r p e r fo r m a n

c e /

d

e p e n d s u p o n t h e a mo u n t,r e l i a b i l i t y,a n d a p p r o p r i a t e n e s s o

f t h e i n fo r ma t i o n u s e d a n d o n t h e s k i l l a n d wi s d o m /wi t h wh i c h i t i s i n t e r p r e t e d第二、句子主干结构是：1)H o w we l l...引导的被动结构是主语从句，H o w we l l是主语从句中的状语前置，d e p e n d s是句子谓语2)d e p e n d s后面两个介词短语作并列宾语u p o n...a n d o n... 3) t h e i n fo r ma t i o n u s e d是名词+定语4)wi t h wh i c h i t i s i n t e r p r e t e d定语从句，先行词是t h e s k i l l a n d wi s d o m，代词i t指代t h e i n fo r ma t i o n第三、词的处理：b e v a l i d a t e d b y 为……所证实d e p e n d s u p o n取决于r e l i a b i l i t y 可靠性a p p r o p r i a t e n es s适应性i n t e r p r e t ed解释完整的译文：72)这些测试在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。

73) W h e t h e r t o u s e t e s t s, o t h e r k i n d s o f i n fo r ma t i o n, o r b o t h i n a p a r t i c u l a r s i t u a t i o n d e p e n d s, t h e r e f o r e, u p o n t h e

e v i d e n c e fr o m e x p e r i e n c e c o n c e r n i n g c o mp a r a t i v e v a l i d i t y a n d u p o n s u c h fa c t o r s a s c o s t a n d a v a i l a b i l i t y.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：W h e t h e r t o u s e t e s t s, o t h e r k i n d s o

f i n fo r m a t i o n, o r b o t h i n a p a r t i c u l ar s i t u a t i o n/d ep e n d s,t h e r e fo r e,u p o n t h e e v i d e n c e fr o m e x p e r i e n c e c o n c e r n i n

g c o mp a r a t i v e v a l i d i t y /a n d u p o n s u c

h fa c t o r s a s c o s t a n d a v a

i l a b i l i t y.第二、句子主干结构是：W h e t h e r t o u s e...,o r b o t h...引导主语从句d e p e n d s是句子谓语，u p o n...a n d u p o n...是并列结构的双宾语。第三、词的处理：W h e t h e r t o...,o r 是……还是……b o t h指代前句的t e s t s, o t h e r k i n d s o f i n fo r ma t i o n i n a p a r t i c u l a r s i t u a t i o n在某一特定情况下t h e r e fo r e因此t h e e v i d e n c e fr o m e x p e r i e n c e经验依据c o n c e r n i n g与……有关的c o mp a r a t i v e v a l i d i t y 相对效度s u c h fa c t o r s a s...诸如……等因素完整的译文：73)因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。

74)In g e n e r a l,t h e t e s t s wo r k mo s t e f fe c t i v e l y wh e n t h e q u a l i t i e s t o b e me a s u r e d c a n b e mo s t p r e c i s e l y d e fi n e d

a n d l e a s t e ff e c t i v e l y wh e n wh a t i s t o

b e me a s u r e d o r p r e d i

c t e

d c a n n o t b

e we l l d e fi n e d.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为四段：I n g e n e r a l, t h e t e s t s wo r k mo s t e

f fe c t i v e l y / wh e n t h e q u a l i t i e s t o b e me a s u r e d c a n b e mo s t p r e c i s e l y d e fi n e d/a n d l e a s t e f fe c t i v e l y/wh e n wh a t i s t o b e me a s u r e d o r p r e d i c t e d c a n n o t b e we l l d e fi n e d.第二、句子的结构：1)主干结构是一个排比句t h e t e s t s wo r k mo s t e f fe c t i v e l y wh e n...a n d l e a s t e f f e c t i v e l y wh e n...2)连词wh e n引导的是状语从句，意思是当……的时候，从句中都是被动结构。3) wh a t i s t o b e m e a s u r e d o r p r e d i c t ed是第二个从句的主语。第三、词的处理：I n

g e n e r a l一般的说wo r k mo s t e f f e c t i v e l y 最为有效b e mo s t p r e c i s e l y d e fi n e d很精确界定me a s u r e d测定完整的译文：74)一般的说，当所要测定的特征能很精确界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。

75)F o r e x a mp l e,t h e y d o n o t c o mp e n s a t e fo r g r o s s s o c i a l i n eq u a l i t y,a n d t h u s d o n o t t e l l h o w a b l e a n u n d e rp r i v i l e g e d yo u n g s t e r mi g h t h a v e b e e n h a d h e g r o wn u p u n d e r mo r e fa v o r a b l e c i r c u ms t a n c e s.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：F o r e x a mp l e, t h e y d o n o t c o mp e n s a t e fo r g r o s s s o c i a l i n e q u a l i t y, / a n d t h u s d o n o t t e l l h o w a b l e a n u n d e rp r i v i l e g e d yo u n g s t e r mi g h t h a v e b e e n/h a d h e g r o wn u p u n d e r mo r e fa v o r a b l e c i r c u ms t a n c e s.第二、句子的结构：1)主干结构是并列句t h e y d o n o t co mp e n s a t e fo r..., a n d t h u s d o n o t t e l l...2) h o w a b l e是表语前置，正常语序是：... yo u n g s t e r mi g h t h a v e b e e n h o w a b l e3)最后一个句子是虚拟语气句的倒装结构：h a d h e g r o wn u p u n d e r mo r e f a v o r a b l e c i r c u m s t a n c e s等于I f h e h a d g r o wn u p...第三、词的处理：t h e y 指示代词，测试c o mp e n s a t e fo r弥补g r o s s s o c i a l i n e q u a l i t y 明显的社会不公a n d t h u s因此t e l l说明u n d e r p ri v i l e g e d贫困的、物质条件差的u n d e r mo r e f a v o r a b l e c i r c u ms t a n c e s在较好的环境下完整的译文：75)例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公，因此它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。

94年翻译题解：71) S c i e n c e mo v e s fo r wa r d, t h e y s a y, n o t s o mu c h t h r o u g h t h e i n s i g h t s o f g r e a t me n o f g e n i u s a s b e c a u s e o f mo r e o r d i n a r y t h i n g s l i k e i m p r o v e d t e c h n i q u e s a n d t o o l.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：S c i e n c e mo v e s fo r wa r d,t h e y s a y,/n o t s o mu c h t h r o u g h t h e i n s i g h t s o f g r e a t me n o f g e n i u s/as b e c a u s e o f mo r e o r d i n a r y t h i n g s l i k e i mp r o v e d t e c h n i q u e s a n d t o o l.第二、句子主干结构是：n o t s o mu c h t h r o u g h...a s b e c a u s e o f...与其……倒不如……因为n o t so mu c h...a s是个并列结构，也就是说s o和a s后面应该两个词的意思应该相同，所以多义介词t h r o u g h的意思应该等于b e c a u s e o f因为，由于。第三、词的处理：t h e i n s i g h t s o f g r e a t me n o f g e n i u s是后面带定语的名词短语结构，后置定语的顺序应该在汉语翻译中应该倒过来，即从后往前翻译为：天才伟人的真知灼见。mo r e o r d i n a r y t h i n g s l i k e i mp r o v e d t e c h n i q u e s a n d t o o l这是结构是介词l i k e短语做定语修饰中心词mo r e o r d i n a r y t h i n g s，也是先翻译定语，再翻译中心词：像改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。t h e y s a y插入语，按照汉语习惯，翻译时放在句首。完整的译文：71)他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。

72) I n s h o r t,a l e a d e r o f t h e n e w s c h o o l c o n t e n d s,t h e s c i e n t i fi c r e v o l u t i o n,a s we c a l l i t,wa s l a r g e l y t h e

i mp r o v e m e n t a n d i n v e n t i o n a n d u s e o f a s e r i e s o f i n s t r u me n t s t h a t e x p a n d e d t h e r e a c h o f s c i e n c e i n i n n u me r a b l e d i r e c t i o n.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：I n s h o r t, a l e a d e r o f t h e n e w s c h o o l c o n t e n d s,t h e s c i e n t i fi c r e v o l u t i o n, a s we c a l l i t, / wa s l a r g e l y t h e i mp r o v e m e n t a n d i n v e n t i o n an d u s e o f a s e r i e s o f i n s t r u me n t s /t h a t e x p a n d e d t h e r e a c h o f s c i e n c e i n i n n u me r a b l e d i r e c t i o n.

第二、句子主干结构是：1)系表结构：t h e s c i e n t i fi c r e v o l u t i o n...wa s l a r g e l y...2)t h a t引导的定语从句，先行词是t h e i mp r o v e me n t a n d i n v e n t i o n a n d u s e o f a s e r i e s o f i n s t r u me n t s第三、词的处理：I n s h o r t简而言之t h e i mp r o v e m e n t a n d i n v e n t i o n a n d u s e o f a s e r i e s o f i n s t r u me n t s(词性转换)一系列器具的改进、发明和使用e x p a n d e d t h e r e a c h o f s c i e n c e i n i n n u me r a b l e d i r e c t i o n直译：在难以计数的方向扩大了科学的范围完整的译文：72)新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：简而言之，我们所谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，而这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展无所不及。

73) O v e r t h e ye a r s, t o o l s an d t e c h n o l o g y t h e m s e l v e s a s a s o u r c e o f fu n d a me n t a l i n n o v a t i o n h a v e l a r g e l y b e e n

i g n o r e d b y h i s t o r i a n s a n d p h i l o s o p h e r s o f s c i e n c e.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：O v e r t h e y e a r s, t o o l s a n d t e c h n o l o g y t h e m s e l v e s a s a s o u r c e o f fu n d a me n t a l i n n o v a t i o n / h a v e l a r g e l y b e e n i g n o r e d / b y h i s t o r i a n s a n d p h i l o s o p h e r s o f s c i e n c e.第二、句子主干结构是一个简单的被动语态句：t o o l s a n d t e c h n o l o g y...h a v e l a r g e l y b e e n i g n o r e d b y ...主语部分有一个t h e ms e l v e s反身代词a s a s o u r c e o f fu n d a me n t a l i n n o v a t i o n介词短语做定语第三、词的处理：O v e r t h e ye a r s多年来p h i l o s o p h e r s o f s c i e n c e科学思想家们完整的译文：73)工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被历史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。

74) Ga l i l e o's g r e a t e s t g l o r y wa s t h a t i n1609h e wa s t h e fi r s t p e r s o n t o t u rn t h e n e wl y i n v e n t e d t e l e s c o p e o n t h e h e a v e n s t o p r o v e t h a t t h e p l a n e t s r e v o l v e a r o u n d t h e s u n r a t h e r t h a n a r o u n d t h e e a r t h.句子分析：第

一、句子可以拆分为三段：Ga l i l e o's g r e a t e s t g l o r y wa s/t h a t i n1609h e wa s t h e fi r s t p e r s o n t o t u r n t h e n e wl y

i n v e n t e d t e l e s c o p e o n t h e h e a v e n s/t o p ro v e t h a t t h e p l a n e t s r e v o l v e a r o u n d t h e s u n r a t h e r t h an a r o u n d t h e e a r t h.第二、句子主干结构是：1)系表结构Ga l i l e o's g r e a t e s t g l o r y wa s t h a t...2)不定式短语作定语结构t h e fi r s t p e r s o n t o t u rn...3)动词+宾语从句作目的状语t o p r o v e t h a t...第三、词的处理：t u r n t h e n e wl y i n v e n t e d t e l e s c o p e o n t h e h e a v e n s(介词o n译成动词)把新发明的望远镜对准天空r a t h e r t h a n而不是完整的译文：74)伽利略的最光辉业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转的。

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46.scinentists jumped to the resure withsomedistimctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eatusup of birds failed to control them 46.科学家们赶紧拿出某些明显站不住脚的证据前来救驾，大致说的是如果鸟儿不能控制害虫的话，害虫就会把我们吃掉。 47.but we have at least drawn near the pointofadmitting that birds should continue as a matter ofintrinsicright,regardless of the presence or absence of economicadvantageto us 47.但是我们至少已经几乎承认了这样一种观点：那就是鸟儿的生存是它们的固有权利，不管它对我们是否有经济利益。 48.time was when biologists somewhat overwordedthe evidence that these creatures preserve the health of gamebykilling the physically weak,or that they prey only on“worthlessspecies 48.曾几何时，生物学家总是重述以下的这条证据：这些生物是为了维持食物链的正常运行去捕食弱小的生物或“没有价值的物种”。 49.in europe,whereforestry is ecologically more advanced ,the ncommercialtreespecies are recognized ad mrs of native forest community ,tobepreserved as such ,within reason 49.在生态林业较为先进的欧洲，没有成为商业化对象的树种被视为原始森林群落的成员适当地加以保护。 50.It tends to ignore,andthus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the landcommunitythat lack commercial value, but that are essential to itshealthyning. 50.他容易忽视并最终消灭很多缺乏商业价值的物种，然而这些物种对于整个生物群落的健康运行是至关重要的。 2009年 46.It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience ,but this effect is not a part of its original motive 可以说,任何社会机构价值的衡量在扩大和改进的效果，但这种效果并不是它的原始动机。 47. Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted. and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution。 只能是机构的附带结果被逐渐的提及；也仍然只能是在机构行动中作为指导性因素的结果才能逐渐的被提及。 48. while it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition. it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. 在我们接触他们（指代不清）的时候，很容易忽略我们处于他们位置的行为结果，然而在我们处理与成年人的关系时，却不是那么容易忽略这一点。 49. Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. 既然我们对他们（代词指代不清）的主要任务是使他们能够与我们共同生活，所以我们就不得不考虑我们是否正在形成一种能确保这种能力的势力。 50. We are thus led to distinguish. within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering. a more formal kind of education-that of direct tuition or schooling. 因此在我们目前为止一直认真思考的漫长的的教育进程中，我们被引导去识别更加正式的教育，即直接支付学费或者奖学金 2008年 46 he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations, 他相信，或许这种困难也有其好处，正是这种困难促使他能够长时间专注地思考每一个句子；从而能够在推理和自己的观察中发现错误。 47 He asserts, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. 达尔文还声称，对于冗长且完全抽象的思想，他的理解能力十分有限。因为这个原因，他确信自己在数学方面根本不会