英语专业翻译方向论文

Yibin University

本科生毕业论文

题目在翻译目的论指导下英语介词的汉译研

究

院别外国语学院____________ 专业英语_______________

学生姓名简汝梦______________ 学号 110405034 班级 2011 级 5 班

指导教师徐文英职称讲师_____

教务处制表

年月日

Study on the Translation Strategies of English Prepositions Based on Skopos

Theory

Jian Rumeng

简汝梦

Supervisor

Xu Wenying

An Essay Submitted as a Partial Requirement for

the Degree of B. A. in English

School of Foreign Languages

Yibin University

May, 201×

在翻译目的论指导下英语介词的汉译研究

摘要：英语是一种介词的语言，英语介词使用频率高，搭配能力强，含义灵活，因此在翻译中是比较难以处理的一种词类。在翻译时需要从其基本含义出发，密切联系上下文灵活处理。翻译目的论以人类行为理论为指导，把翻译置于人类行为理论的范畴研究。目的论论者认为翻译是有明确的目的和意图，在译者的作用下，以原文文本为基础的跨文化的人类交际活动。目的论以文本目的为翻译过程的第一准则，认为翻译是一种有目的的活动，目的决定了译者需要采用何种翻译策略和方法。因此，不难看出翻译目的论与英语介词的翻译有着千丝万缕的联系，目的论的提出无疑为英语介词的汉译提供了可靠的指导。本文拟从目的论的角度对英语介词的汉译策略进行探讨，希望能在一定程度上证明目的论对英语介词翻译的实用性。

关键词：英语介词；翻译；目的论

Study on the Translation Strategies of English Prepositions Based on Skopos

Theory

Abstract

English is a language of English prepositions which are used frequently. With flexible meanings and usages, thus they are difficult to deal with in translation. When translating them, we need to proceed from its basic meaning, in close contact with the context of flexible processing. Skopos Theory regards human behavior theory as the instruction, and put translation a study of under it. The Skopos theory professors view that translation, in the role of the translator, is a cross-cultural human communication activities with clear purpose and intention based on the original text. Skopos Theory takes text purpose as the first criteria in the process of translation and holds that translation is a purposeful activity, which determines what translation strategies and methods the translator needs. It?The emergence of Skopos theory undoubtedly provided reliable guidance for the translation of English prepositions. This paper is going to discuss the translation strategies of English prepositions from the perspective of Skopos Theory, and hopes to demonstrate the applicability of Skopos theory guiding the translation of English prepositions in a certain extent.

key words: English prepositions; translation; Skopos theory

Acknowledgments

My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Professor ×××, my supervisor, for her constant encouragement and guidance. She has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form.

I am also greatly indebted to the professors and teachers at the Department of English, who have instructed and helped me a lot in the past two years.

I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.

Content

摘要 (i)

Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... i i Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................................... i ii Ⅰ. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... - 1 - Ⅱ. A Brief Review of Skopos Theory ..................................................................................... - 2 - A． The Development of Skopos Theory .......................................................................... - 2 -

B. The Concept of Skopos Theory ...................................................................................... - 4 -

1. The Definition of Skopos Theory ............................................................................... - 4 -

2. Three Rules of Skopos Theory ................................................................................... - 6 -

3. The Applicability of Skopos Theory of Translation of English Prepositions ............... - 7 -

C. Remarks on skopos theory ............................................................................................ - 8 - Ⅲ. A Brief Review of English Prepositions ......................................................................... - 11 -

A. The Concept of English Prepositions ........................................................................... - 11 -

B. The Features of English Prepositions .......................................................................... - 11 -

C. The Applicability of Skopos Theory of Translation of English Prepositions ................ - 12 - Ⅳ The Translation Strategies of English Prepositions in the Light of Skopos Theory ......... - 13 -

A. Necessary Addition of Words ...................................................................................... - 14 -

B. Necessary Omission of Words ..................................................................................... - 16 -

C. Mutual Transformation of Affirmative and Negative Expression ............................... - 18 -

D. Translation of Division................................................................................................. - 19 -

E. Conversion of Parts of Speech .................................................................................... - 21 -

1. Convert Prepositions into Connectives ................................................................... - 21 -

2. Convert Prepositions into Adjectives and Adverbs................................................. - 22 -

3. Convert Prepositions into Verbs.............................................................................. - 22 - V. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... - 26 - Works Cited ......................................................................................................................... - 27 -

Ⅰ. Introduction

As times pass, with China?s entering to WTO, Chinese and English seem to be equally important in the world, so the mutual transformation of the two languages is becoming a more and more important task for us. Here "one language transform into other" is called the mutual translation. In English, the number of English preposition is not large, but the constitution prepositional phrases in English can be seen here and there. They are versatile and with flexible position; play an important role in a sentence. So, it is very important for the correct translation of English prepositions, worthy of further research and analysis. However, the English prepositions? flexible characteristic has brought a huge challenge to the translator. In this case, the translation of English prepositions must jump out the principle of simple language equivalence model and seek new development. The emergence of Skopos theory undoubtedly provides effective guidance for the translation of English prepositions. Skopos Theory takes text purpose as the first criteria in the process of translation and holds that translation is a purposeful activity, which determines what translation strategies and methods the translator needs, namely "purposeful determinism". Therefore, if the translator can skilled grasp the purpose of translation and the translation method, it can translate high quality version. In view of this, this paper is going to discuss the translation strategies of English prepositions from the perspective of Skopos Theory, for the hope to help the translator better understand the features and functions of English prepositions, and provides guidance for translators in the Chinese translation of English prepositions, also hope to demonstrate the applicability of Skopos theory guiding the translation of English prepositions in a certain extent.

Ⅱ. A Brief Review of Skopos Theory

Throughout the history of translation, people were constantly showing deliberation and exploration over many problems in translation, thus formulated different translation theories and study schools, various translation theories competing and exhibiting, provided new perspective for translation studies. From the beginning of the mid twentieth Century, western studies on translation theory has made great breakthrough. Theorists begin to interpret translation phenomena from point of views of hermeneutics, deconstruction, post colonialism, feminism, discourse right, aesthetics of reception, and reader response theory, etc. leading the emergence of manipulation, polysystem and functionalist and other fractions. Among them, the fundamental theory of functional translation theory is Skopos theory. (Tang 159) The immediate background of skopos theory is action theory. Before, translation had been seen mainly as a code-switching procedure. With the pragmatic turn both in linguistics (leading to a pragmatics-based text theory) and literary theory (leading to reception aesthetics) as well as in communication theory in mind, Vermeer and the other skopos scholars, started to view translation as a purposeful intercultural communicative activity between individuals instead of something that is done to a text by a translator. “The social background was the growing need for professional translators and interpreters not only in industry and commerce but also in the international organizations established after World War II.” (Bian 44) As a core theory of functionalist, it is a new translation theory developed by a German translator and critic, Han Vermeer. This theory basically belongs to the external studies on translation, it focuses on the choice of purposes during the process of translation, so on doubt can compensate for the lack of traditional translation theory study, thus adding a new research perspective for the exploration to interdisciplinary translation.

A． The Development of Skopos Theory

Emerge in an endless stream of Chinese and foreign translation theories, most of which take translation as linguistic behavior, the study focused on the language itself.

For example: the idea of German Leipzig school: translation is a pure language semantic behavior, taking sentence as a unit, independent of special text, writer, wood and context. In 1972 Katharina first proposed the function models of translation, but she still made linguistic as the key point the translation. (Li 113) Skopos theory developed from the functionalist translation theory in the 1970's in German. The main contributors are Katharina Reiss, Hans Vermeer, Justa Holz Manttari and Christiane Nord.

The first stage: “Reiss published …Possibilities and Limitations in Translation Criticism?, in which the prototype of the functionalist theory in translation was firstly mentioned.” (Wang, Zhao 360) On one hand, while she is still "adhere to the original text as the center of the equivalence theory"; on the other hand, she think one should evaluate a text based on "the relationship between both the original text and the version ", and points out that “the ideal version should be equal to the original text from the conceptual content, language forms and communicative function", she named this translation "comprehensive communicative translation". The second stage: Vermeer, student of Rice, inherited some of Reiss? ideas, and at the same time also broke the equivalence theory in traditional translation theory; based on the theory of behavior, with the purposeful rule as the first law of translation, she created the Skopos theory. The purpose of Skopos theory refers to the communicative purpose of the translation, and has something to do with the translation recipient, text environment and the target functions and other factors. (Wang 144) According to Vermeer's point of view, the core meaning and the supreme law of the theory is "purposeful principle", that is to say the purposes of translation activities mostly determines the translation activity process, a direct result of which is to produce a target language that can achieve the expected function. In other words, the purpose of translation largely determines the translation strategies and methods. (Huang 73) The third stage: Mantari made a further study based on Vermeer's foundation, drawing on communication and behavior theory, she put forward the theory of translational action theory, pointed out that "translation is a complex behavior to achieve for

special purpose". The object of study of Mantari's translation theory covers all forms of intercultural transfer, and she proposed to distinguish translation and translation behavior. Translation behavior refers to a process that conveys information for the realization of conversion design for the trans-culture and cross-language information; and translation is just a text form of cultural transformation activities, it is the specific operation of translation behavior. In addition, she also emphasized the behavior of translation process, the role of participants, and the occurrence environment in translation plays a important role in translation practice. (Wang 144) The fourth stage: In 1989, Nord bring the "function and fidelity principle" in the functionalist translation theory. He described the internal and external factors of the analysis of text in translation that need to be considered, and how to lay down translation strategies that satisfy the purpose of translation based on the function of the source language, so that made the Functionalist Skopos theory is scientific and as a guide.

B. The Concept of Skopos Theory

Here I discuss three aspects of skopos theory: the definition of skopos theory, three rules of skopos theory, and the applicability of skopos theory of translation of English prepositions.

1. The Definition of Skopos Theory

Most of the domestic scholars put the "Skopos Theory" and "functionalism theory" as the same theory, and use them abusively without distinction. In fact, "Skopos school" and "functionalism school" is not the same in specific meaning, which Nord had done to distinguish: "functionalism is a broad term for various theories of study text and the function of translation" (Chen 49) Skopos theory was firstly advanced by Hans Vermeer, a German theorist of translation. “It was the first time to dissertate the basic principles and rules of skopos theory and the relationships among these principles and rules in A Framework for a General. The theory of translation was published by Vermeer in 1978.” (Dang 135) “Skopos is a Greek word for "purpose".

Skopos theory is a kind of translation theory that applies the notion of Skopos to translation.”(Du 507) Skopos Theory regards human behavior theory as the instruction, and put translation a study of under it. The Skopos theory professors view that translation, in the role of the translator, is a cross-cultural human communication activities with clear purpose and intention based on the original text. Translation is a interactive activities with intention. The intention first refers to the aim to change the existing situation, at least let those who due to language barriers having difficulty in communicating achieve the communicative activities; secondly, refers to the more strict nature intention in communication, for instance, provides the content of source language expressed by the author to the target language receiver. According to that theory, the prime principle determining any translation process is the purpose (Skopos) of the overall translational action. There possibly are three kinds of purpose in the field of translation:

(1) The general purpose aimed at by the translator in the translation process (perhaps "to earn a living");

(2) The communicative purpose aimed at by the target teat in the target situation (perhaps "to instruct the reader");

(3) The purpose aimed at by a particular translation strategy or procedure (for example, "to translate literally in order to show the structural particularities of the source language"). (Du 507)

For this line of thought, translation cannot be considered a one- to- one transfer between languages.”" In Vermeer' s approach, translation is a form of translational action based on a source text, which may consist of verbal and/or nonverbal elements.” Vermeer explained that any action has an aim or purpose, for translation is considered as one of human actions, it should have its own aim or purpose. So he called his theory translation Skopos theory, which means this is a theory of purposeful action.

2. Three Rules of Skopos Theory

As the most important theory of functionalism, skopos theory has its own distinctive characteristics. “Three rules are put forward to govern and guide the translational action: skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule. These rules are used to accommodate translations to different functions.” (Wang 154)

The first rule of translation is the skopos rule. Skopos rules refers to translation should be in the target language context and culture, and acts according to the anticipated means expected by the TL audience. The fundamental principle that can decide the process of the whole translation activity is skopos, which is further divided into three types: 1) the basic purpose of the translator; 2)the communicative purpose of the translated text; 3) the purpose that specific translation strategy or method want to achieve. But skopos is a term often refers to the purpose of the original text, namely, communicative purposes. Besides skopos, Vermeer also mentioned several related concept: they are aim, purpose, intention and function. Aim is the final result behavior is to achieve; purpose refers to the phase and result of the process to reach the target; function refers to the meaning that the text conveys in the eyes of recipients; intention refers to the purposeful action plan, including the sender producing text purposefully in a proper way and the recipient has his goal when understands the text. To distinguish the purpose and intention of the sender and receiver is very important, because the sender and recipient is in different cultural background and context from the definition. Among the five concepts, skopos is a class concept, the remaining four are subordination concept. Skopos is determined by the translation initiator. (Duan 82) After the Skopos rule is the coherence rule, “Coherence rule is also called the intra-textual coherence. It means that the target text should have full coherence so that the target readership can be able to understand the text in an easy and clear way.” (Li 115) Nord said that a translator can offer information of the target text in the target culture and language, and it was much like someone else in the source culture and language to offer information. “Fidelity rule is also called …inter-textual coherence?,

which means that the target-text should conform to its source-text, or it should hear some relation with the source text.”(Sun, Wang 154) It is somewhat alike to equivalence theory. But in Functionalism, fidelity rule should he subordinate to skopos rule and coherence rule. Neglecting the fidelity rule is not the purpose. In fact, we can see that the consistency in translation is important. Functionalism argues against the hidebound consistency between the source-text and the target-text. But it still insists on the relationship between them. So, we can have a conclusion that fidelity rule should he flexible used. It is not an absolutely preciseness conclusion for any kind of translation.

The relationship among these three rules is: fidelity rule subordinate to the coherence rule, and the two were subjected to the objective rules. If the translation purpose requires to change the original function, translation is no longer the original text of the interlingual coherence, but appropriate or conform to the purpose of translation; if the translation purpose requires the interlingual be incoherent, then the intertextual coherence rule is no longer valid.

3. The Applicability of Skopos Theory of Translation of English Prepositions

The differences among different languages of their parts of not only in their numbers and semantics, but also in their forms of combination; therefore, the translator must often, from the form to the semantic structure, reorganize the original information to meet the requirements of the target language. Translation is an interlingual transformation process, there are big differences between English and Chinese both in language structures and means of illustration, in rare cases can we use Chinese directly express the meaning of original text just according to the English forms and structures; in most cases, we need appropriate adjustments to the forms and structures of the original sentences the in order to make the translation smooth and loyal. (Yu 117)

The main function of Preposition is its syntactic function. Prepositions in the sentence generate semantic relations between words. Therefore, the most importance

to translate prepositions is to grasp the most accurate logical semantic relationship between word and word in certain context that prepositions appear. For the preposition that can directly remain, literal translation is the most convenient way, namely, according to the form and structure of the original language, translate English prepositions into Chinese prepositions or prepositional phrase. In many cases, conversion of parts of speech is a flexible mean to transform the original sentence pattern, and to make text more smooth and coherent. (Wang, Li 65)

English prepositions are flexible, which brings a huge challenge to the translator. In this case, translation of English prepositions must jump out the principle of simple language equivalence model and seek new development. The emergence of skopos theory undoubtedly provides effective guidance for the translation of English prepositions.

Skopos theory get rid of the constraint of the equivalent translation or translation equivalence, began to emphasize the translator's initiative, thus it solves the problem of other translation theories failed to solve, broaden the translation study fields, give the translation more meanings, put f translation on the framework of behavior theory and cross-cultural communication, give western translation theorists which lead by linguistics, the mainstream, a new exploration of the road. According to the intended purposes of the target text, the translator should accommodate forms and stylistic conventions of the target language, in the translation process, using means of omission or transformation to deal with the original text to produce infection influence on the target language receiver.

C. Remarks on skopos theory

Since the Skopos theory came into being, there had been some criticisms. With the development of the translation theory in China, some scholars have studied this theory and began to bring forward their disagreement or doubt. For example, Professor Peng Changjiang working at Hunan Norma University wrote an article

published in the "Journal of Foreign Languages"criticizing the skopos theory. He thinks that skopos theory based their interpretation of translation on the wrong basis. “He said, the skopos theorists mistakenly include all the work done by the translators into the conception of translation, but in fact, translators work should be limited to the dealing with words.” (Wang, Zhao360)

"Skopos Theory" pays more attention to the various factors of behavioral theory. Although some people think that “Skopos Theory" proposed by Hans and the concept of cultural translation cannot be fully applied in the translation of literary works, but for some of the contextual factors in non-literary translation can not be ignored. "Skopos theory" has interpreted in a new, creative view. "Skopos theory" advocate that definite translation from the macro view, from a new angle, it broke the translation equivalence theory, put the expected goal of translation to a higher level, and give more emphasis on the stylistic function and role of the translator in the translating process, lead the translation shifts the focus from the the representation of the source text to the text creation. "Skopos theory" put translation included in the category of intercultural communication study, provides a new perspective for translation studies, has positive significance in guiding translation practice. (Li 114) Skopos theory highlights the participants of the translation activities， especially the role and influence of the initiator in translation activities during the whole process of translation, and lift the subject role the translator, the active participator. Skopos theory demands the translated text realizing its communicative function in the culture of target language, so the target cultural context, such as the politic, economic, social and historical culture, ideology, dominant genre of literature, literary norms of a specific historical period plays an indispensable role in translation activities, it restricts choice of translation materials, the purpose of translation, the choice of translation strategies of the translator, and the production of the target text and the role of the target text played in the target language and culture status. Skopos theory trys to coordinate the cultural function of translation and the effect and mechanism of target culture on translation activities. The source language is rectifying the target

language, and at the same time vice versa.

In addition, with broad practical, skopos theory focuses on the features of text type, which helps to improve the translator?s awareness of language signs of communicative function and functional translation units and improve the translation efficiency. However, the skopos theory pays much attention to the research of the function of target text and largely rewrites the version for the effect of target text, thus greatly weakening the original text function. In a word, skopos theory provides a new perspective for translation studies, is conducive to the study of translation variants, promote the development of translation theory. (Mao 120)

Ⅲ. A Brief Review of English Prepositions

English preposition is empty words, but it is also an important “function words". It has its unique characteristics. When it comes to the the applicability of skopos theory of translation of English prepositions, we have to consider both the features of skopos theory and English prepositions.

A. The Concept of English Prepositions

From the perspective of linguistics, English preposition is empty words, but it is also an important “function words", is one of the important ligament to form sentences and articles. It is used to explain the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other elements of the sentence, cannot make components of the sentence alone. Prepositions, according to the position of English word, also interpreted as words put forward, is used in front of nouns, pronouns and some noun phrase, it makes up of preposition structure, expressing the direction, object, place, time of an action or behavior. Although there is only about 100 simple prepositions and complex preposition in the English vocabulary; however, they are used very frequently. Almost one of every eight words is a preposition. (Gu 66) Most prepositions’ meanings are very flexible, in different language environment, a preposition can be with various meanings and multipurpose, plays a very important role in English sentences. (Xu 78)

B. The Features of English Prepositions

English preposition has the following characteristics:

First, from the history of the development of English, the emergence of English prepositions is the degenerated results of morphological changes on English suffix. Disappearing of the English suffix made preposition has become an indispensable link words, and gradually increased its activity in the long process of development, namely the ability of collocation and combination. Especially the frequently used prepositions, can match with verbs, adjectives, and nouns, expressing different meanings.

Second, English prepositions mainly shows the following three kinds of relations, namely, the relations between nouns and nouns, nouns and adjectives, and between nouns and verbs. In addition, the preposition can also be associated with clauses. Visibly, grammatical function is the basic attribute of English preposition, meaning only in the second. (Feng 28)

Third, the preposition in modern English is still developing and changing, although slowly, but attention need to be paid. For instance, in modern English, more and more prepositions is developed from participle, namely, the so-called "Participle Prepositions", such as during, past, concerning, regarding, considering, given, etc.. Forth, the concurrence of parts of speech of English preposition (one word and several POS) is obvious. Many prepositions is also the adverb, conjunction, adjective and even verb (such as round, except etc.), they combine with verbs, constituting a rich and colorful phrasal Verbs. (Yang 6)

C. The Applicability of Skopos Theory of Translation of English Prepositions

The differences among different languages of their parts of not only in their numbers and semantics, but also in their forms of combination; therefore, the translator must often, from the form to the semantic structure, reorganize the original information to meet the requirements of the target language (Tan Zaixi, 20022? 5). Translation is an interlingual transformation process, there are big differences between English and Chinese both in language structures and means of illustration, in rare cases can we use Chinese directly express the meaning of original text just according to the English forms and structures; in most cases, we need appropriate adjustments to the forms and structures of the original sentences the in order to make the translation smooth and loyal. (Yu 117)

The main function of Preposition is its syntactic function. Prepositions in the sentence generate semantic relations between words. Therefore, the most importance to translate prepositions is to grasp the most accurate logical semantic relationship

between word and word in certain context that prepositions appear. For the preposition that can directly remain, literal translation is the most convenient way, namely, according to the form and structure of the original language, translate English prepositions into Chinese prepositions or prepositional phrase. In many cases, conversion of parts of speech is a flexible mean to transform the original sentence pattern, and to make text more smooth and coherent. English prepositions are flexible, which brings a huge challenge to the translator. In this case, translation of English prepositions must jump out the principle of simple language equivalence model and seek new development. The emergence of skopos theory undoubtedly provides effective guidance for the translation of English prepositions.

Skopos theory get rid of the constraint of the equivalent translation or translation equivalence, began to emphasize the translator's initiative, thus it solves the problem of other translation theories failed to solve, broaden the translation study fields, give the translation more meanings, put f translation on the framework of behavior theory and cross-cultural communication, give western translation theorists which lead by linguistics, the mainstream, a new exploration of the road. According to the intended purposes of the target text, the translator should accommodate forms and stylistic conventions of the target language, in the translation process, using means of omission or transformation to deal with the original text to produce infection influence on the target language receiver.

Ⅳ The Translation Strategies of English Prepositions in the Light of Skopos

Theory

According to the skopos rule of skopos theory, translation is an interactive activity with intention; the Skopos rule is the first rule of translation. The translation of English prepositions should be under the guidance of "skopos theory", regarding the readers as the center, in order to achieve the communicative purpose, respectively choose translation strategies like "addition", "omission", "transformation" and "conversion" etc..

A. Necessary Addition of Words

Addition does not mean to arbitrarily increase words, instead, to add some necessary words that are in the original text in accordance with the needs of sense and the syntactic, so as to make the translation more appropriate. Addition should pay special attention to meanings of nouns, verbs and adjectives that attached to prepositions. Sometimes, a verb or an adjective that should be attached to the preposition in the sentence do not appear, if we, in accordance with the original English text, mechanically translate it, cannot accurately express the clear implication, that?s why we need to add words according to the context, so as to smooth and complete the sentences.

1. Adding some proper words when translating is to fully express the implied meaning, so that the whole sentence accords with the logical law of thinking.

eg①: The directions are about an auto—control system.

“说明是关于自动化系统方面的“

(add two words “方面” to make the sentence more understandable)

eg②: Have you hear of the development of a superconductor motor?

“你听说过超导电扫妞研制的情况吗”

( add two words “情况” to make the sentence more clear)

eg③: I read of the number one bestseller.

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告 3

石河子大学 毕业论文开题报告 课题名称：如何处理英汉翻译中的省略 How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation 学生姓名： 学号：2009051431 学院：外国语学院 专业、年级：英语专业20095 指导教师：_ 职称：副教授 毕业论文(设计)完成时间： 2013年6月9日

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation I. Purpose and Significance With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty. It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable. According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language. Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries. II. Literature Review Long before, some people began to learn other countries’languages to

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英语翻译论文开题报告 精编版 MQS system office room 【MQS16H-TTMS2A-MQSS8Q8-MQSH16898】

英语翻译论文开题报告 时间:2015-03- 12Bell.?Translation?and?Translating:?Theory?and?Practice.?Beijing:?Forei gn?Language?Teaching?and?Research?Press,?2006. 崔长青,?张碧竹.?翻译的要素[M].?苏州:?苏州大学出版社,?2007. 李琏.?英式显性词性转换与英语写作[J].?新疆教育学学 报,?2003,?19(1):?85-89. 李连生.?英汉互译中的词性转换[J].?武汉交通管理干部学院学 报,?1996,?(1):102-107. 项伙珍.?谈翻译中的转性译法[J].?长江职工大学学报,?2000,?17(3):?46-48. 叶海燕.?翻译中的词性转换及换形[J].?安徽工业大学学报(社会科学 版),?2005,?22(3):60-61. (责任编辑：1025) 三、对英文翻译中词类转换的引入 从语言的角度来分析，对一门语言中的词性以及在语句中的成分进行分析，?从转喻理论的相关知识出发，来探讨英汉语言翻译中词类转换的概念和知识，并就其异同和特性进行对比，不仅是当前国内外学者研究的重点问题，也是大学英语教学中始终关注的热点。?为?此?，从英文翻译的实践中，?通过例证或典型问题的互译，从语言结构及表达习惯上进行探讨英文翻译中的转换方法，以增强语言翻译的可读性和准确性，并从中探讨出词类转换的规律，帮助更多的学生从中获得有益的指

翻译类论文题目

翻译类： 1.On Formal Correspondence of C/E Translation in Terms of Hypotaxis &. Parataxis从形合和意合看汉英翻译中的形式对应 2.How to Decode and Translate the Ambiguous Structures歧义结构的解码与翻译 3.Pragmatics and Advertisement Translation, with Special Emphasis on E/C Cultural Differences英汉文化差异与广告的语用翻译 4.Context and Business Discourse in English and Chinese 5.On the Peculiar ways of Expression in Dicken’s Novels试论狄更斯小说独特的 艺术手法 6.Female Images in the Sun Also Rises 论《太阳又升起了》小说中女性形象 7.Standarization of English: The Necessity and Feasility in an Age of Globaliztion 全球化时代英语标准化的必要性和可能性 8.On English Translation of Public Signs in Chinese 再谈汉英公示语翻译----以 2010年亚运会主办城市广州为例 9.Brief Appreciation on “Venice Merchant” 10.The Mannered Language of English 11.On the Properties of Idiomatic Expressions in English 12.The Differences and Samilarities Between Structural Ambiguity in English and Chinese 13.Time Conception in Different Cultures 14.On American Religion 15.On Title Translation of English Film and Disc 16.The Characteristics and the Rhetorical Roles of English Reduplicatives Neiteratives https://www.sodocs.net/doc/5e17432948.html,parisons of Multiplicity in Chinese and English and Its Translation 18.A Study of Hmorous Utterances Form the Perspective 19.The Current State and Prospects for English Teaching 20.The usage of “And” 21.A Survey on Culture and Social Life in USA 22.Inheretance and Development of National Language and Culture 23.Implicitness and Explicitness in Translation 24.谈英语谚语的翻译 25.谈英语幽默的翻译 26.地方名胜古迹汉译英 27.翻译中常见错误分析 28.中英思维方式的差异对翻译的影响 29.会话含义的推导与翻译 30.词汇的文化内涵与翻译 31.语境在翻译中的作用 32.商标词翻译 33.广告语言的翻译 34.论英汉互译中的语义等值问题 35.英汉文化差异对翻译的影响 36.英汉谚语的理解和翻译

毕业论文英文参考文献与译文

Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of

电气自动化专业毕业论文英文翻译

电厂蒸汽动力的基础和使用 1.1 为何需要了解蒸汽 对于目前为止最大的发电工业部门来说, 蒸汽动力是最为基础性的。 若没有蒸汽动力, 社会的样子将会变得和现在大为不同。我们将不得已的去依靠水力发电厂、风车、电池、太阳能蓄电池和燃料电池,这些方法只能为我们平日用电提供很小的一部分。 蒸汽是很重要的,产生和使用蒸汽的安全与效率取决于怎样控制和应用仪表,在术语中通常被简写成C&I(控制和仪表 。此书旨在在发电厂的工程规程和电子学、仪器仪表以 及控制工程之间架设一座桥梁。 作为开篇,我将在本章大体描述由水到蒸汽的形态变化,然后将叙述蒸汽产生和使用的基本原则的概述。这看似简单的课题实际上却极为复杂。这里, 我们有必要做一个概述:这本书不是内容详尽的论文,有的时候甚至会掩盖一些细节, 而这些细节将会使热力学家 和燃烧物理学家都为之一震。但我们应该了解,这本书的目的是为了使控制仪表工程师充 分理解这一课题,从而可以安全的处理实用控制系统设计、运作、维护等方面的问题。1.2沸腾:水到蒸汽的状态变化 当水被加热时,其温度变化能通过某种途径被察觉(例如用温度计 。通过这种方式 得到的热量因为在某时水开始沸腾时其效果可被察觉,因而被称为感热。 然而,我们还需要更深的了解。“沸腾”究竟是什么含义?在深入了解之前,我们必须考虑到物质的三种状态:固态,液态,气态。 (当气体中的原子被电离时所产生的等离子气体经常被认为是物质的第四种状态, 但在实际应用中, 只需考虑以上三种状态固态,

物质由分子通过分子间的吸引力紧紧地靠在一起。当物质吸收热量,分子的能量升级并且 使得分子之间的间隙增大。当越来越多的能量被吸收,这种效果就会加剧,粒子之间相互脱离。这种由固态到液态的状态变化通常被称之为熔化。 当液体吸收了更多的热量时,一些分子获得了足够多的能量而从表面脱离,这个过程 被称为蒸发(凭此洒在地面的水会逐渐的消失在蒸发的过程中,一些分子是在相当低的 温度下脱离的,然而随着温度的上升,分子更加迅速的脱离,并且在某一温度上液体内部 变得非常剧烈,大量的气泡向液体表面升起。在这时我们称液体开始沸腾。这个过程是变为蒸汽的过程,也就是液体处于汽化状态。 让我们试想大量的水装在一个敞开的容器内。液体表面的空气对液体施加了一定的压 力,随着液体温度的上升,便会有足够的能量使得表面的分子挣脱出去,水这时开始改变 自身的状态,变成蒸汽。在此条件下获得更多的热量将不会引起温度上的明显变化。所增 加的能量只是被用来改变液体的状态。它的效用不能用温度计测量出来,但是它仍然发生 着。正因为如此,它被称为是潜在的,而不是可认知的热量。使这一现象发生的温度被称为是沸点。在常温常压下,水的沸点为100摄氏度。 如果液体表面的压力上升, 需要更多的能量才可以使得水变为蒸汽的状态。 换句话说, 必须使得温度更高才可以使它沸腾。总而言之,如果大气压力比正常值升高百分之十,水必须被加热到一百零二度才可以使之沸腾。

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英语专业毕业论文翻译类论文

英语专业毕业论文翻译 类论文 Document number：NOCG-YUNOO-BUYTT-UU986-1986UT

毕业论文（设计）Title:The Application of the Iconicity to the Translation of Chinese Poetry 题目:象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用 学生姓名孔令霞 学号 BC09150201 指导教师祁晓菲助教 年级 2009级英语本科（翻译方向）二班 专业英语 系别外国语言文学系

黑龙江外国语学院本科生毕业论文（设计）任务书 摘要

索绪尔提出的语言符号任意性，近些年不断受到质疑，来自语言象似性的研究是最大的挑战。语言象似性理论是针对语言任意性理论提出来的，并在不断发展。象似性是当今认知语言学研究中的一个重要课题，是指语言符号的能指与所指之间的自然联系。本文以中国诗歌英译为例，探讨象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用，从以下几个部分阐述：（1）象似性的发展；（2）象似性的定义及分类；（3）中国诗歌翻译的标准；（4）象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用，主要从以下几个方面论述：声音象似、顺序象似、数量象似、对称象似方面。通过以上几个方面的探究，探讨了中国诗歌翻译中象似性原则的重大作用，在诗歌翻译过程中有助于得到“形神皆似”和“意美、音美、形美”的理想翻译效果。 关键词：象似性；诗歌；翻译

Abstract The arbitrariness theory of language signs proposed by Saussure is severely challenged by the study of language iconicity in recent years. The theory of iconicity is put forward in contrast to that of arbitrariness and has been developing gradually. Iconicity, which is an important subject in the research of cognitive linguistics, refers to a natural resemblance or analogy between the form of a sign and the object or concept. This thesis mainly discusses the application of the iconicity to the translation of Chinese poetry. The paper is better described from the following parts: (1) The development of the iconicity; (2) The definition and classification of the iconicity; (3) The standards of the translation to Chinese poetry; (4) The application of the iconicity to the translation of Chinese poetry, mainly discussed from the following aspects: sound iconicity, order iconicity, quantity iconicity, and symmetrical iconicity. Through in-depth discussion of the above aspects, this paper could come to the conclusion that the iconicity is very important in the translation of poetry. It is conductive to reach the ideal effect of “the similarity of form and spirit” and “the three beauties”. Key words: the iconicity; poetry; translation

英语翻译翻译方向论文题目

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大学毕业论文---软件专业外文文献中英文翻译

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英语专业翻译方向毕业论文任务书1

石河子大学毕业论文(设计)任务书 外国语学院英语专业 20095 年级 课题名称如何处理英翻汉中的省略 How to Deal with Ellipsis in English—Chinese Translation 毕业论文(设计)起止时间2012年7月1日—2013年6月9日 指导教师冯春波职称副教授 学生姓名程子龙学号2009051431 任务下达日期2012年11月20 日 课题内容 1. 对中国和英语国家表达同一内容时的侧重进行简要分析。 2. 对英汉翻译中常见省略进行总结说明。 3. 对英翻汉中的省略进行逐条陈述说明。 课题任务的具体要求 1.语言要流利、地道、准确。 2.格式正确，符合毕业论文格式要求。 3.结构完整，符合要求。 4.论据充分准确，论证有力，论点清晰。 5.参考资料充分得当。 拟定的工作进度（以周为单位） 1．2012年7月1日-2012年8月26日（8周）完成初步的选题工作 2．2012年8月27日—2012年11月30日（14周）完成定题工作、任务书、选题指南3．2012年12月1日—2012年12月28日（4周）完成开题报告（含文献综述）4．2012年12月29日—2013年3月3日（9周）完成第一稿 5．2013年3月4日—2013年3月10日（1周）一稿修改 6．2013年3月11日—2013年4月7日（4周）完成第二稿 7．2013年4月8日—2013年4月14日（1周）二稿修改 8．2013年4月15日—2013年4月21日（1周）完成第三稿 9．2013年4月22日—2013年5月5日（2周）三稿修改 10． 11．2013年5月6日交定稿 12．2013年5月7日—2013年5月27日（3周）系内盲审 13． 14．2013年5月28日—2013年6月8日（2周）盲审后修改、打印答辩版 15．2013年6月9日论文答辩 主要参考文献

论文英文翻译

毕业设计（论文） 英文文献翻译 电力系统 电力系统介绍 随着电力工业的增长，与用于生成和处理当今大规模电能消费的电力生产、传输、分配系统相关的经济、工程问题也随之增多。这些系统构成了一个完整的电力系统。 应该着重提到的是生成电能的工业，它与众不同之处在于其产品应按顾客要求即需即用。生成电的能源以煤、石油，或水库和湖泊中水的形式储存起来，以备将来所有需。但这并不会降低用户对发电机容量的需求。 显然，对电力系统而言服务的连续性至关重要。没有哪种服务能完全避免可能出现的失误，而系统的成本明显依赖于其稳定性。因此，必须在稳定性与成本之间找到平衡点，而最终的选择应是负载大小、特点、可能出现中断的原因、用户要求等的综合体现。然而，网络可靠性的增加是通过应用一定数量的生成单元和在发电站港湾各分区间以及在国内、国际电网传输线路中使用自动断路器得以实现的。事实上大型系统包括众多的发电站和由高容量传输线路连接的负载。这样，在不中断总体服务的前提下可以停止单个发电单元或一套输电线路的运作。

当今生成和传输电力最普遍的系统是三相系统。相对于其他交流系统而言，它具有简便、节能的优点。尤其是在特定导体间电压、传输功率、传输距离和线耗的情况下，三相系统所需铜或铝仅为单相系统的75%。三相系统另一个重要优点是三相电机比单相电机效率更高。大规模电力生产的能源有： 1.从常规燃料（煤、石油或天然气）、城市废料燃烧或核燃料应用中得到的 蒸汽； 2.水； 3.石油中的柴油动力。 其他可能的能源有太阳能、风能、潮汐能等，但没有一种超越了试点发电站阶段。 在大型蒸汽发电站中，蒸汽中的热能通过涡轮轮转换为功。涡轮必须包括安装在轴承上并封闭于汽缸中的轴或转子。转子由汽缸四周喷嘴喷射出的蒸汽流带动而平衡地转动。蒸汽流撞击轴上的叶片。中央电站采用冷凝涡轮，即蒸汽在离开涡轮后会通过一冷凝器。冷凝器通过其导管中大量冷水的循环来达到冷凝的效果，从而提高蒸汽的膨胀率、后继效率及涡轮的输出功率。而涡轮则直接与大型发电机相连。 涡轮中的蒸汽具有能动性。蒸汽进入涡轮时压力较高、体积较小，而离开时却压力较低、体积较大。 蒸汽是由锅炉中的热水生成的。普通的锅炉有燃烧燃料的炉膛燃烧时产生的热被传导至金属炉壁来生成与炉体内压力相等的蒸汽。在核电站中，蒸汽的生成是在反应堆的帮助下完成的。反应堆中受控制的铀或盥的裂变可提供使水激化所必需的热量，即反应堆代替了常规电站的蒸汽机。 水电站是利用蕴藏在消遣的能来发电的。为了将这种能转换为功，我们使用了水轮机。现代水轮机可分为两类：脉冲式和压力式（又称反应式）。前者用于重要设备，佩尔顿轮是唯一的类型；对于后者而言，弗朗西斯涡轮或其改进型被广泛采用。 在脉冲式涡轮中，整个水头在到达叶轮前都被转化为动能，因为水是通过喷嘴提供给叶轮的；而在压力式或反应式涡轮中，水通过其四周一系列引导叶版先直接导入叶片再提供给叶轮（或转子）。离开引导叶片的水有压力，并且以一部分动能、一部分压力的形式来提供能量。 对于低于10,000千伏安的发电站而言柴油机是出色的原动机。其优点是燃料成本低、预热时间短以及标准损耗低。此外，其所需冷却水量极少。柴油发电通常选择用于满足少量电力需求，如市政当局、宾馆及工厂等；医院通常备有独立的柴油发电机，以备紧急情况时使用。 通过电线来传输电能是电力系统中的一个重大问题。而从下面研修目的目的架设输电线路又是必要的： 1.将电力从水电站输送到可能很远的负载中心； 2.从蒸汽站到相对较近负载中心电力的批量供应； 3.出于内部连接目的将电能在紧急情况下从一系统转换至另一系统。 传输电压主要由经济因素决定。实际上，当距离、功率、功耗固定时，输电线路中导体的重量与传输电压成反比。因此，出于经济方面的考虑，长距离传输时电压一定要高。当然，电压超高绝缘成本也就超高，要找到最佳电压必须通过减小导体横截面积来取得绝缘成本与经济节省之间的平衡。 高压传输通常使用配以悬挂式绝缘设备的高架结构。称为路标铁塔用于负载

2007外语系英语专业本科毕业论文选题汇总表(翻译方向)

2007外语系英语专业本科毕业论文选题汇总表(翻译方向)

2007外语系英语专业本科毕业论文选题汇总表(翻译方向) 论文题目 Two Principles of Pragmatic Translation in the Fictional Conversation Study on Literal Translation and Free Translation The Features of Translation of English for Science and Technology Domestication and Foreignization Translation in Interculture Basic Knowledge and Two Important Skills of Translation A Study on the Order of Translation from English to Chinese ON Cultural Factors in Translation On Dynamic Equivalence in English –Chinese Translation A comparison of the color words in Chinese and English The Translation of Proper Nouns between English and Chinese Culture Factors and Translation in English and Chinese Idioms Cultural Gaps and losses and Compensation in Translation The Translation of English Idioms The Discussion on Literal Translation and Free Translation