专业英语课后习题答案unit1-9完整+10~13非完整版
Unit 1
Materials science材料科学Stone age石器时代Naked eye肉眼Bronze age铜器时代Optical property光学性能Integrated circuit集成电路Mechanical strength机械强度Thermal conductivity导热
―Materials science‖ involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast ,‖materials engineering ―is ,on the basis of there structure property correlations ,designing or engineering the structure of a material that produce a predetermined set of properties。，材料工程是根据材料的结构和性质的关系来设计或操纵材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。从功能方面来说，材料科学家的作用是发展或合成新的材料
Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical ,and deteriorative。固体材料的所有重要的性质可以分成六个不同的种类，机械性能、电性能、热性能、磁性能、光性能和内耗。
In addition to structure and properties , two other important components are involved in the sciences and engineering of materials , namely“processing”and“performance”.除了组织性能之外，另外两个重要的性质也包括在材料科学和工程之中，即“加工”和“特性”
The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure-property relationship，as well as processing techniques of material，the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria。工程师或科学家对材料的特征、组织性能以及生产工艺越熟悉,他们就越自信和精通的在这些标准中做出明智的材料选择
On only rare occasion does a material possess the maximum or ideal combination of properties . Thus, it may be necessary to trade off one characteristic for another.
只有在极少数的情况下材料具有最大值或理想属性。如此，可能需要用一个属性和另一个属性交换。
交叉科学interdisciplinary study 介电常数dielectric constant 固体材料solid materials 热容heat capacity 力学性质mechanical property 电磁辐射electromagnetism radiation 材料加工materials processing 弹性系数（模数）elastic modulus
直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties.
材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。‖Materials engineering ―is ,on the basis of there structure property correlations ,designing or engineering the structure of a material that produce a predetermined set of properties
材料加工过程不但决定了材料的结构，同时决定了材料的特征和性能。In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials, namely ―processing‖ and ―performance.
材料的力学性能与其所受外力或负荷而导致的形变有关。Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force.
Unit 2
Composite materials复合材料nonlocalized electrons游离电子Advanced materials尖端材料
Stiffnesses硬度semiconductors 半导体biomaterials 生物材料smart materials 智能材料nanoengineered materials 纳米材料工程
Metals are extremely good conductor of electricity and hear, and are not transparent to visible light：a polished metal surface has a lustrous appearance.金属是电和热的良导体,并且不能透过可见光:一个磨光的金属表面具有一个光泽的外形。
Ceramic are typically insulative to the passage of electricity and heat, and are more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers.陶瓷是电和热的典型的绝缘体,并且相对金属和聚合物更具有抵抗高温和恶劣的环境。
Materials that are utilized in high-technology (or high-tech) applications are sometimes termed advanced materials. 用在高科技中的材料有时被称作先进材料
Piezoelectric ceramics expand and contract in response to an applied electric field (or voltage); conversely, they also generate an electric field when their dimensions are altered.压电陶瓷的伸张和收缩时对外电场的一个反应，相反的，当其尺寸发生改变时，也能产生电场With the advent of scanning probe microscopes, which permit observation of individual atoms and molecules, it has become possible to manipulate and move atoms and molecules to form new structures and, thus, design new materials that are built from simple atomic-level constituents (I .
e ,‖materials by design‖). 伴随着扫描探针显微镜的出现，可以观察到单个原子和分子，使处理和搬迁原子和分子成为一个可能的事情，这样通过建立简单的原子可以设计新材料。
先进材料advanced materials 陶瓷材料ceramic materials 高性能材料high properties material 粘土矿物clay mineral 合金alloy 移植implant 玻璃纤维glass fiber 碳纳米管carbon nanotube
金属元素有许多游离电子，金属材料的许多性质可直接归功于这些电子。Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons: that is ,there electrons are not bound to particular atoms.
许多聚合物材料是有机化合物，并具有大的分子结构。Many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements;
半导体材料的电性特征介于导体材料（如金属，金属合金）与绝缘体（陶瓷材料和聚合材料）之间。Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors（viz. metals and metal alloys）and insulators(viz .ceramics and polymers).
生物材料不能产生毒性，并且必须与人体组织互相兼容。These materials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues (i.e., must not cause adverse biological reactions).
Unit 3
naked-eye肉眼，裸视transition-elements过度金属银元素mechanical-property力学性能atomic-number原子数elementary-chemistry元素化学positively-charged-protons正电荷质子Metals behave differently than ceramics, and ceramics behave differently than polymers .金属的性质不同于陶瓷，陶瓷的性质也不同于聚合物。
The atomic structure primarily affects the chemical, physical, thermal, electrical, magnetic,and optical properties .The microstructure can also affect these properties but they generally have a larger effect on mechanical properties and on the rate of chemical reaction .原子的结构主要影响化学，物理，热，电磁，光学性质，微观和宏观结构也能影响特性，但是他们通常影响力学性质和化学反应速率比较多。
The strength of metals suggest that these atoms are held together by strong bonds.金属的强度表明这些原子强健组合在一起。
An element’s atomic number indicate the number of positively charged protons in the numcleus .The atomic weight of an atom indicate how many protons and neutrons in the nucleus 元素的原子量表明原子核正电荷质子数，一个原子量表明原子核里的质子数和中子数.
微观结构microstructure电荷平衡balanced electrical charged 宏观结构macrostructure 原子量atomicnumber化学反应chemical-reaction带正电子的原子核positively –charged nucleus These same 100 atoms form thousands of different substance ranging form the air we breathe to the metal used to support tall buildings从我们呼吸的空气到各种各样性质迥异的金属，成千上万种物质均是由100多种原子组成的
Facts prove that metal atoms are held together by strong bond.事实证明金属原子是通过很强的键结合在一起的。
The atomic weight of an atom indicates how many protons and neutrons in the nucleus.原子核中质子和中子的量的总和就是原子量。
微观结构是指能够通过显微镜观察到的而不是用肉眼直接观察到的结构，宏观结构是指可以直接用肉眼观察到的结构Microstructure ,which includes features that cannot be seen with the naked eye ,but using a microstructure .Macrostructure includes features that can be seen with the necked eye .
Unit 4
Phase transformation temperatures 相转变温度specific gravity 比重
Thermal conductivity 热导率the melting point 熔点
The acceleration of gravity 重力加速度magnetic permeability 磁导率An object will float in water if its density is less than the density of water and sink if its density is greater than that of water. Similarly ,an object with specific gravity less than one will float and those with a specific gravity greater than one will sink.假如一个物体的密度低于水，物体能够漂浮在水上；若大于水密度，物体沉在水里。相类似地，比重较低的能够漂浮，比重较大则沉下去。
Materials that cause the lines of flux to move farther apart，resulting in a decrease in magnetic flux density compared with a vacuum, are called diamagnetic. Materials that concentrate flux by a factor of more than one but less than or equal to ten are called paramagnetic; materials that concentrate the flux by a factor of more than ten are called ferromagnetic.材料引起通量路线进一步分离，导致磁通量密度降低。相对于真空称为抗磁体。能够增强磁通量多余1不少于10倍称之为顺磁体；能够增强磁通量超过10倍的称之为铁磁体。
Certain ferromagnetic materials，especially powered or laminated iron，steel，or nickel alloys, have that can range up to about 1000000.Diamagnetic materials have less than one, but no known substance has relative permeability much less than one.某一个铁磁性材料，尤其是粉末状或薄片状铁、钢、镍合金具有能够增大到1000000，抗磁性材料具有低于1，但是有未知物质相对磁通率低于1.
When a paramagnetic or ferromagnetic core is inserted into a coil, the inductance is multiplied by compared with the inductance of the same coil with an air core.当顺磁或铁磁物质被掺入线圈里，感应系数是增加相对于同类的感应线圈或空芯。
相对密度relative density 沸点boiling point 磁感应magnetic induction
热导率Thermal conductivity 玻璃转变温度glass transition temperature
有色金属colored metal 线性热膨胀系数linear coefficient of thermal expansion
单位体积质量mass per any unit of volume
化学性质是用来描述一种物质是怎样变成另外一种完全不同的物质的性质。Properties that describe how a substance changes into a completely different substance are called chemical properties。
相变是一种物理性质，并且物质存在四种相：固相、液相、气相和等离子体。Phase is a physical property of matter and matter can exist in four phases:soild,liquid,gas and plasma.
当温度低于熔点时，聚合物的晶体结构破坏，但其分子仍然连接在分子链上，从而形成一种柔软和柔顺性材料。At some temperature below the melting point，they start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains，which results in a soft and pliable material.
在工程材料中，渗透率通常用相对值而不是绝对值来表示。In engineering applications, permeability is often expressed in relative, rather than in absolute terms.
Unit 5
the service life 使用寿命the longitudinal direction纵向the transverse direction横向dynamic or cyclic loading动力载荷the initial length of the material 材料的原始长度elastic deformation 弹性变形plastic deformation 塑性变形localized deformation 局部变形The mechanical properties of metals determine the range of usefulness of a material and establish the service life that can be expected .金属力学性质取决于材料的系列有用性和建立的期望的使用寿命。
Therefore ,multiple tests are commonly conducted to determine mechanical properties and values reported can be an average value or calculated statistical minimum value .因此，多样的测试被做是为了确定力学性质，极点的数值可能是平均数或统计量最小数。
The way a material is loaded greatly affects its mechanical properties and largely determines how ,or if ,a component will fail ;and whether it will show warning sign before failure actually occurs .材料负载很大程度上影响它的力学性质和极大的确定材料如何舍弃，也可展示一些警告信息，在失望发生之前。
However ,a bar loaded in bending will have a stress distribution that changes with distance perpendicular to the normal axis .然而，一个负载木棒，使其变弯曲将有一个压力分布伴随着轴的垂直距离而变化。
Elastic deformation only occurs in a material when stresses are lower than a critical stress called the yield strength .当压力低于临界压力称之为屈服强度，材料上可单性变化反应。
实验样品test specimen 静负荷static loading 作用力applied force 垂直轴the normal axis 工程应变engineering strain 临界应力the critical stress 屈服强度the yield strength 应力面积stress area 应力-应变曲线stress strain curve Normally ,temperatures below room temperature generally cause an decrease in strength properties of metallic alloys ;while ductility ,fracture toughness ,and elongation usually increase .通常，温度低于室温时，金属合金的强度性质降低，而延展性、破碎韧度和拉伸性能增强。From the perspective of what is happening within a material ,stress is the internal distribution of what is happening within a material ,stress is the internal distribution of forces within a body that balance and react to the loads applied to it .从材料的角度来说，应力是一种在材料内部所分布的力，它可以平衡所施加的负荷并与其发生互相作用。
Engineering strain is defind as the amount of deformation in the direction of the applied force divided by the initial length of the material .工程应变可以定义为：所施加力方向的材料的改变量与材料原始长度的比值。
A material with high strength and high ductility will have more toughness than a material with low strength and high ductility . 高强度和高延展性的材料比低强度和低延展性的材料的韧性高。
Unit 6
Silicon single crystals 单晶硅computed tomography scan电子断层扫描
Magnetic resonance imaging磁共振现象The military industrial complex军事工业综合物Gross national happiness国民幸福指数The average population growth rate of the word世界人口平均增长率
With impending and burgeoning societal issues affecting the human condition on our plant，the MSE community has a responsibility and an opportunity to truly make a difference by addressing the needs of the word of tomorrow ——needs in energy，transportation，housing，food，recycling，and health随着各种影响人类生存环境的社会问题的快速发展和逼近，材料科学与工程协会有责任，也有机会改变未来世界的需要—包括能源、交通、住房、食物、循环利用及健康
Population is growing at much higher rates in the less developed countries in comparison to the average population growth rate of the word ，which is 1.4%欠发达国家的人口增加速度高于世界平均水平1.4%。
Projections are that global energy use will grow by 1.7% annually until 2025, which is a faster rate than the world population growth rate据预测，直到2025年，全球能源消耗年增长率为1.7%，该数值超过世界人口增长率
Moreover, average energy use per person is still more than nine times greater in developed regions than in less developed regions.且发达地区的人均能源消耗是欠发达地区的九倍多
国内生产总值grass domestic product 材料科学与过程material science and engerning
经济指数economic index 卫生保健sanitation 国民生产总值gross national product
人口增长率population growth rate
然而，随着时间的变化，人类的革命与创造力，工程师满足社会需求的能力很建立工程企业的精神是永恒不变的however，some things that have been constant over time are human innovation and creativity，engineer，s ability to address societal needs，and the entrepreneurial spirit of engineering
我们可以看到医学、通信学和运输工业的革命给我们生活带来的变化we have witnessed the re-shaping of our lives through revolutions that have taken place in medicine，telecommunications，and transportation industries
18%的世界人口缺少安全饮用水，几乎40%缺少环境卫生设施eighteen percent of the word’s population lacks access to safe drinking water and nearly 40%has no access to sanitation 材料与社会是相互联系的，并且我们应当认为材料科学工程的发展与影响人类生存条件的全球社会问题存在密切的关系，这是唯一理性的看法materials and society are interlinked，and it is only rational that we should see a close relation between the MSE research agenda and societal issues that affect the human condition on the globe
Unit 7
Conduction bands 导带alkali metals 碱金属atomic radius 原子半径overlap of orbital energies 轨道能量重置the ions lattice 离子晶格solid solution 固溶体
In chemistry,a metal is defined as an element that readily loses electrons to form positive ions and forms metallic bonds between other metal atoms.在化学上，金属被定义为容易失去电子形成阳离子,而与其他金属原子形成金属键的元素。
The nondirectional nature of metallic bonding is thought to be the primary reason for the malleability of metal.人们认为，金属键的无方向性是金属延展性的根本原因。
Crystals with covalent bond can only be deformed by breaking between atoms,thereby resulting in fragmentation of the crystal.只有当原子间成键断裂时共价键晶体才能发生形变。但和必然导致晶体结构的破坏。
Alloys specially designed for highly demanding applications,such as jet engines,may contain more than ten elements.合金是针对高使用要求设计的，如飞机引擎，含有的元素可能超过十种。
离域电子delocalized electrons 电子结构electronic structure 碱土金属alkali metals 化学电池chemical cell 核电荷nuclear charge 导电性electronical conductivity
金属被描述为被游离电子团包围的正离子晶格。Metals sometimes described as lattice of positive ions surrounded by a cloud of delocalized electrons.
通常的，金属具有良好的导电性和导热性，具有金属光泽，密度较大，并且具有在压力变形下不会断裂的能力。Metals in general have superior electric and thermal conductivity, high luster and density, and the ability to be deformed under stress without cleaving.
合金是指两种或两种以上的元素形成的固溶体混合物 其中主要组分为金属。An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in solid solution in which the major component is a metal. 不同比率的金属结合成为合金可以改变纯金属的性质 从而产生所需要的性能。Combining different ratios of metals as alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produce desirable characteristics.
Unit 8
Unit 9
Unit 10
The purification of raw materials净化原材料long-chain alkane molecules长链烷烃分子glass beaker玻璃烧杯viscous liquid粘性液体spark plug insulator火花塞绝缘子glass ceramics玻璃陶瓷computer-assisted process control计算机辅助工艺控制surface analytical methods表面分析方法
1.We will look at some properties and see how closely they match our expectations of what
constitutes a ceramic. 我们要观察（研究）这些性能，看它们与我们所期望的陶瓷的组成有多匹配。
2. At high temperatures(above the glass transition temperature),glass no longer behaves in a brittle
manner ;it behaves as a viscous liquid. 在高于玻璃化转变温度的高温下，玻璃不再具有脆性行为，而表现为粘稠液体。
3. They exhibit superior mechanical properties, corrosion/oxidation resistance, or electrical,
optical, and/or magnetic properties. 它们显示出优异的力学性能、抗腐蚀/氧化性能，或电学、光学抑或是磁学性能。
4. While traditional clay-based ceramics have been used for over 25000 years, advanced ceramics
have generally been developed within the last 100 years. 一般认为，先进是最近100年才发展起来的，而传统的基于粘土的陶瓷早已在25000多年前就被使用了。
5.环境转变温度the glass transition temperature 离子共价键ionic-covalent bond 应力分
布Stress distribution 热膨胀系数coefficient of thermal expansion
玻璃纤维Glass optical fibre 材料科学与工程materials science and engineering 固体氧化物燃料电池Solid-oxide fuel cells 电子显微镜electron microscopy
6. 作为陶瓷的金刚石是所知的材料中具有最高导热性的材料。Diamond, which is classified
as a ceramic, has the highest thermal conductivity of any known material.
7. 陶瓷的压缩强度大于拉伸强度，而金属的压缩强度与拉伸强度相当。Ceramic are stronger
in compression than in tension, whereas metals have comparable tensile and compressive strength.
8. 尽管陶瓷与复合材料结合可以显著地改善陶瓷的韧性，但是在通常情况下陶瓷的韧性比
较差。Ceramics generally have low toughness, although combining them in composites can dramatically improve this property.
9. 陶瓷产品的功能取决于它们的化学组成和微观结构，正式这些化学组成与微观结构决定
着它们的性能。The functions of ceramic products are dependent on their chemical
composition and microstructure, which determines their properties.
Unit 11
the electron configuration电子构型polycrystalline ceramics多晶体陶瓷the oxygen content氧含量the oxide coating氧化物涂层the electron beam电子束electrical insulators电气绝缘体the industrial risks工业风险upper respiratory tract上呼吸道1. The field of materials science and engineering is often defined by the interrelationship between
four topics—synthesis and processing, structure and composition, properties, and performance. 材料科学与工程领域经常是根据四大方面—合成与加工，结构与组成，性质与性能之间的相互联系来定义的。
2．Not only perfect lattices and ideal structures have to be considered but also the presence of structural defects that are unavoidable in all materials, even the amorphous ones. 我们不仅要考虑具有完美晶格和理想结构（的情况），我们也要考虑材料中不可避免的结构缺陷的存在，甚至是无定形的。
3. Reduction in porosity may be achieved by hot pressing to ensure a high-density product. 通过热压可使孔径减小从而得到高密度产品。
4. When shipping the material, the manufacturer supplies information on the hazards associated with their product. 在运输时，厂方要提供关于产品危害方面的信息。
5. 结晶陶瓷crystalline ceramics 晶粒边界grain boundary
碱性金属氧化物Alkaline earth oxide 氧化物添加剂oxide additive
三相点Triple point 饱和磁化强度saturation magnetization
电视显像管Television tube 颜色标度the color scale
6.想要了解任一材料的行为与性能，有必要先了解它的结构。To understand the behavior
and properties of any material, it is essential to understand its structure.
7.晶粒尺寸是由初始粉体颗粒的大小和它们的凝结方式所决定的。The grain size is
determined by the size of the initial powder particles and the way in which they were consolidated.
8.透明与半透明陶瓷需要限制由气孔和二相粒子引起的光的散射。Transparent or
translucent ceramics require that we limit the scattering of light by pores and second-phase particles.
9.因为氧化铝陶瓷具有高电阻率和低介电常数，所以它可以用作电的绝缘体。Alumina
ceramics are used as electrical insulators because of theie high electrical resistivity and low dielectric constant.
Unit 13
Polymer synthesis聚合物合成natural polymer materials天然高分子材料monomer identity单体身份 biological synthesis生物合成 chain length链长度persistence length持续长度
1. While ―polymer‖ in popular usage suggests ―plastic‖, the term actually refers to a large class
of natural and synthetic materials with a variety of properties and purposes.聚合物的俗名叫塑料，这个词指的是一大类具有许多性质和用途的天然材料和合成材料。
2. Polymer synthesis is the process of combining many small molecules known as monomers
into a covalently bonded chain.聚合物合成是一个把叫做单体的小分子通过共价键的结合形成链的过程。
3. A branched polymer molecule is composed of a main chain with one or more substituent side
chains or branches. Special types of branched polymers include star polymers, comb polymers, and brush polymer.支化聚合物分子是由一条带有一个或多个侧基或支链的主链组成。一些特殊的支化聚合物有星型聚合物、梳状聚合物和刷状聚合物。
4. Some biological polymers are composed of a variety of different but structurally related
monomers, such as polynucleotides composed of nucleotide subunits.某些生物聚合物是由一系列不同的胆识结构却相关的单体组成的，例如聚核苷酸是由核苷组成的。
5. 余辉长度persistence length 交叉结合cross-link 极性单体Polar monomer
核酸nucleic acid 聚合反应Polymerization 高分子电解质polyelectrolyte
6.现在商业上重要的聚合物是通过有机合成技术制备的。Most commercially important
polymers today are entirely synthetic and produced in high volume, on appropriately scaled organic synthetic techniques.
7.某些生物聚合物是由一系列不同的但是结构却相关的单体，例如：聚核苷酸是由核苷
酸组成的。Some biological polymers are composed of a variety of different but structurally related monomers, such as polynucleotides composed of nucleotide sbunits. 8.具有高交联度的聚合物分子能够形成聚合物的网状结构。A polymer molecule with a
high degree of crosslinking is referred to as a polymer network.
9.聚合物的分子质量可以用聚合程度来表示，本质上就是组成聚合物单体的数目。In
polymers, however, the molecular mass may be expressed in terms of degree of polymerization, essentially the number of monomer units which comprise the polymer.
Unit 19
nanostructured materials 纳米材料结构fabrication process 制造工艺
the surface to volume ratio 比表面积nanoscale 纳米量级
sphere radius 球面半径optoelectronic device 光电装置
the Burgers vector 伯格斯矢量pinning point 钉扎点
1 Most biomolecules and other bioentities are of nanometer size; thus the nanoscale provides the best opportunity to study such bio-entities and their interactions with other materials
大多数生物分子和其它生物组织是纳米大小的;因此,纳米量级提供了最好的机会来研究这种生物组织和它们与其他材料的相互作用。
2 Irrespective of the nature of these nano-materials and their fabrication process , they all owe their interesting , sometime exciting properties to a very simple principle : If the dimension of materials/structure approach the nanoscale, tremendous changes of the physical, but also of the chemical properties take place.
不考虑这些纳米材料的性质和他们的制造过程,它们有趣的,有时令人兴奋的属性都归功于一个非常简单的原则:如果材料或者结构的维度接近纳米尺度时,,物理和化学性质都会发生巨大的变化。
3 This has a considerable influence of the optical properties of nanoparticles , as the absorption shifts from the infrared to the visible range.
当吸收从红外线移动到可见光范围，对纳米颗粒的光学性质有一个相当大的影响
4 Another magnetic nanoeffect which is used presently in magnetic memories is the socalled giant
magnetoresistive effect GMR.
另一个目前用于磁记忆效应的磁纳米效应是所谓的巨磁电阻效应GMR
5 From this equation it is evident that the critical stress is the higher, the lower the length of preexisting cracks.
这个方程明显表明临界压力越大，先前存在的裂缝长度越小
纳米技术nanotechnology 交叉学科interdiscipline
二维纳米结构two dimensional nanostructure 临界长度critical length
表面张力surface tension 热运动thermal motion 自组装self-assembly 脆性破坏brittle failure
1纳米技术处理具有纳米尺寸的材料，例如纳米结构材料
Nanotechnology deals with materials with dimensions of nanometers only , i.e. , nanostructured materials.
2 当材料的尺寸进入纳米量级时，材料就具有其原先材料所不具有的三大效应。
When the size of the materials are in the nanometer range, materials have three big effects which its original materials do not have
3 纳米技术包括纳米电子、纳米机械、纳米材料等技术领域。
Nanotechnology includes technologies such as nanoelectronics , nanomachines , nanostructured materials field.
4 纳米晶体铜的硬度比通常微米级铜要高五倍。
Hardness of nanocrystalline copper is five times of that usual micron grade copper.
缩写：
DNA: Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid 脱氧核糖核酸
GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值
SEM: Scanning Electron Microscopy扫描电子显微镜
TEM: Transmission electron microscope透射电子显微镜
PSB: persistent slip bands 稳定滑移带
PE: polyethylene 聚乙烯
PET: polyethylene terephthalate 聚乙烯对苯二酸酯
PP：polypropylene 聚丙烯
PPy: polypyrrole 聚吡咯
PS：polystyrene 聚苯乙烯
数学专业英语课后答案
2.1 数学、方程与比例 （1）数学来源于人类的社会实践，包括工农业的劳动，商业、军事和科学技术研究等活动。 Mathematics comes from man’s social practice, for example, industrial and agricultural production, commercial activities, military operations and scientific and technological researches. （2）如果没有运用数学，任何一个科学技术分支都不可能正常地发展。 No modern scientific and technological branches could be regularly developed without the application of mathematics. （3）符号在数学中起着非常重要的作用，它常用于表示概念和命题。Notations are a special and powerful tool of mathematics and are used to express conceptions and propositions very often. （4）17 世纪之前，人们局限于初等数学，即几何、三角和代数，那时只考虑常数。 Before 17th century, man confined himself to the elementary mathematics, i. e. , geometry, trigonometry and algebra, in which only the constants were considered. （5）方程与算数的等式不同在于它含有可以参加运算的未知量。 Equation is different from arithmetic identity in that it contains unknown quantity which can join operations. （6）方程又称为条件等式，因为其中的未知量通常只允许取某些特定的值。Equipment is called an equation of condition in that it is true only for certain values of unknown quantities in it. （7）方程很有用，可以用它来解决许多实际应用问题。 Equations are of very great use. We can use equations in many mathematical problems. （8）解方程时要进行一系列移项和同解变形，最后求出它的根，即未知量的值。To solve the equation means to move and change the terms about without making the equation untrue, until the root of the equation is obtained, which is the value of unknown term. 2.2 几何与三角 （1）许多专家都认为数学是学习其他科学技术的必备基础和先决条件。 Many experts recognize that mathematics is the necessary foundation and prerequisite of studying other science technology. （2）西方国家的专家认为几何起源于巴比伦和埃及人的土地测量技术，其实中国古代的数学家对几何做了许多出色的研究。 The western experts think that geometry had its origin in the measurements by the Babylonians and Egyptians of their lands. Infect, the ancient Chinese mathematicians made much remarkable study for geometry. （3）几何的学习使学生在思考问题时更周密和审慎，他们将不会盲目接受任何结论。 In studying geometry, the student is taught to think clearly and critically and he is led away from the practice of blind acceptance of any conclusions. （4）数学培养学生的分析问题的能力，使他们能应用毅力、创造性和逻辑推理来解决问题。
数学专业英语
数学专业英语课后答案
2.1数学、方程与比例 词组翻译 1.数学分支branches of mathematics，算数arithmetics，几何学geometry，代数学algebra，三角学trigonometry，高等数学higher mathematics，初等数学elementary mathematics，高等代数higher algebra，数学分析mathematical analysis，函数论function theory，微分方程differential equation 2.命题proposition，公理axiom，公设postulate，定义definition，定理theorem，引理lemma，推论deduction 3.形form，数number，数字numeral，数值numerical value，图形figure，公式formula，符号notation(symbol)，记法/记号sign，图表chart 4.概念conception，相等equality，成立/真true，不成立/不真untrue，等式equation，恒等式identity，条件等式equation of condition，项/术语term，集set，函数function，常数constant，方程equation，线性方程linear equation，二次方程quadratic equation 5.运算operation，加法addition，减法subtraction，乘法multiplication，除法division，证明proof，推理deduction，逻辑推理logical deduction 6.测量土地to measure land，推导定理to deduce theorems，指定的运算indicated operation，获得结论to obtain the conclusions，占据中心地位to occupy the centric place 汉译英 （1）数学来源于人类的社会实践，包括工农业的劳动，商业、军事和科学技术研究等活动。 Mathematics comes from man’s social practice, for example, industrial and agricultural production, commercial activities, military operations and scientific and technological researches. （2）如果没有运用数学，任何一个科学技术分支都不可能正常地发展。 No modern scientific and technological branches could be regularly developed without the application of mathematics. （3）符号在数学中起着非常重要的作用，它常用于表示概念和命题。 Notations are a special and powerful tool of mathematics and are used to express conceptions and propositions very often. （4）17 世纪之前，人们局限于初等数学，即几何、三角和代数，那时只考虑常数。Before 17th century, man confined himself to the elementary mathematics, i. e. , geometry, trigonometry and algebra, in which only the constants were considered. （5）方程与算数的等式不同在于它含有可以参加运算的未知量。 Equation is different from arithmetic identity in that it contains unknown quantity which can join operations. （6）方程又称为条件等式，因为其中的未知量通常只允许取某些特定的值。Equipment is called an equation of condition in that it is true only for certain values of unknown quantities in it. （7）方程很有用，可以用它来解决许多实际应用问题。
数学专业英语课后答案
2.1数学、方程与比例 词组翻译 1.数学分支branches of mathematics，算数arithmetics，几何学geometry，代数学algebra，三角学trigonometry，高等数学higher mathematics，初等数学elementary mathematics，高等代数higher algebra，数学分析mathematical analysis，函数论function theory，微分方程differential equation 2.命题proposition，公理axiom，公设postulate，定义definition，定理theorem，引理lemma，推论deduction 3.形form，数number，数字numeral，数值numerical value，图形figure，公式formula，符号notation(symbol)，记法/记号sign，图表chart 4.概念conception，相等equality，成立/真true，不成立/不真untrue，等式equation，恒等式identity，条件等式equation of condition，项/术语term，集set，函数function，常数constant，方程equation，线性方程linear equation，二次方程quadratic equation 5.运算operation，加法addition，减法subtraction，乘法multiplication，除法division，证明proof，推理deduction，逻辑推理logical deduction 6.测量土地to measure land，推导定理to deduce theorems，指定的运算indicated operation，获得结论to obtain the conclusions，占据中心地位to occupy the centric place 汉译英 （1）数学来源于人类的社会实践，包括工农业的劳动，商业、军事和科学技术研究等活动。 Mathematics comes from man’s social practice, for example, industrial and agricultural production, commercial activities, military operations and scientific and technological researches. （2）如果没有运用数学，任何一个科学技术分支都不可能正常地发展。 No modern scientific and technological branches could be regularly developed without the application of mathematics. （3）符号在数学中起着非常重要的作用，它常用于表示概念和命题。 Notations are a special and powerful tool of mathematics and are used to express conceptions and propositions very often. （4）17 世纪之前，人们局限于初等数学，即几何、三角和代数，那时只考虑常数。 Before 17th century, man confined himself to the elementary mathematics, i. e. , geometry, trigonometry and algebra, in which only the constants were considered. （5）方程与算数的等式不同在于它含有可以参加运算的未知量。 Equation is different from arithmetic identity in that it contains unknown quantity which can join operations. （6）方程又称为条件等式，因为其中的未知量通常只允许取某些特定的值。Equipment is called an equation of condition in that it is true only for certain values of unknown quantities in it. （7）方程很有用，可以用它来解决许多实际应用问题。
【专业英语课后题答案】 徐鹿专业英语答案
【专业英语课后题答案】徐鹿专业英语答案 Unit 1 The Fundamentals of Computers 1.1 The Varieties of Computers ? III. Translating. – 1. Original : Primary storage, or memory, is the internal computer circuitry that temporarily holds data waiting to be processed. Secondary storage, simply called storage, refers to the devices and media that store data or information permanently. – Translation : 一级存储，或称内存，是临时保存等待被处理数据的计算机内 部电路。而二级存储，简称存储器，是指那些永久性存储数据或信息的设备 和介质。 – 2. Original : A biological nanocomputer, which would be made of DNA and could fit into a single human cell, would use DNA as its software and enzymes as its hardware; its molecular-sized circuits would be viewable only through a microscope. – Translation : 由DNA 制成并能放置在一个单独的人体细胞中的生物学纳米 计算机会利用DNA 作为它的软件，酶作为它的硬件；其具有分子大小尺寸 的电路将只有通过显微镜才能够看见。 1.2 The History of Computers ? III. Translating. – 1. Original : This introduction pought about the first real signs of competition within computing history, which helped to spur faster and better development of computers. – Translation : 这一引入带来了计算历史中可谓第一个真正的竞争标志，有助 于刺激计算机更快 –更好的发展。 – 2. Original : While expensive, these machines started the trend for computers within common households. – Translation : 虽然昂贵，但是这些机器开启了计算机在普通家庭中使用的趋 势。 Unit 2 Computer Hardware 1.1 Computer Motherboard ? III. Translating. – 1. Original : A 2003 study found that some spurious computer crashes and general reliability issues, ranging from screen image distortions to I/O read/write errors, can be attributed not to software or peripheral hardware but to aging capacitors on PC motherboards. – Translation : 2003年的一个研究发现，一些伪劣的计算机损毁和常规可靠性 的问题，从屏幕图像失真到输入/输出读写错误，并不是由于软件或外围硬 件引起的，而是由于PC 机主板上老化的电容器造成的。 – 2. Original : At power-up the central processor would load its program counter with the address of the boot ROM and start executing ROM instructions displaying system information on the screen and running memory checks. – Translation :启动之后，中央处理器将加载记录着引导ROM 地址的程序计数
数学专业英语一次函数专题
“数学专业英语一次函数专题”教学设计 1. 教学内容及解析 教学内容：与直角坐标系及一次函数相关的英语文献资料 内容解析：本节内容应从两个方面去考虑. 一方面，从数学知识的角度，本节所涉及的是从平面直角坐标系到一次函数的数学知识，都是学生学过的基础知识及其应用，是对于这些知识的拉练式复习，并作为后面用英语叙述解答相关问题知识基础；另一方面，从语言的角度，学生会接触到大量没有接触过，但他们却很熟悉的英语词汇及短语，主动学习的学生可以在老师的指导下快速理解其含义并加入到自己的知识体系中，但需要花时间巩固，是需要读、写、说来巩固的内容. 这也正是本节的重点和难点所在. 2. 教学目标及解析 教学目标：①能根据已有的数学知识和给出的单词对照表，将给出的相关数学定理及结论的英语版本翻译为中文；②能理解并解答用英语表述的相关数学问题；③能将解决数学问题的过程用英语进行书面表述；④初步了解用英语表达与直角坐标系及一次函数相关数学理论的范式. 目标解析：学生掌握基本词汇，并能阅读与本节内容相关的英语文献，是学习和使用数学专业英语的最基本要求，学生需要在学习的过程中逐渐由接受，即阅读或聆听，逐渐向输出，即书面和口头表达的方向发展. 为达到此目标，学生需要在课前独立完成对于本节需要的单词的学习，并阅读一系列简短的相关数学文献，并在这个过程中初步体会数学专业英语的表达范式；在课堂上，在教师的指导下对自己的认知进一步补充，并进行一定量的练习，暴露自己的问题，在教师的帮助下修正问题，完善认知. 3. 教学问题诊断分析 学生在进行语言表达时，往往受到母语的限制，对于非母语的表达方式的接受能力一时难以习惯，而数学对于表达能力则有更高的要求，要求叙述简洁、逻辑清晰，因此本教学设计强调学生在有相当阅读量的积累后，通过自主练习，逐渐感受用英语表达数学理论的基本范式. 教师在教学过程中的主要任务在于为学生提供合适的学习资料，在学生学习的过程中给予提示与指导，及时指出学生的问题并予以纠正. 对于语言的学习，阅读量的积累是至关重要的，教师在课堂上的讲解、学生在课堂上的练习，都只是学习的一部分环节，如果需要帮助学生正确掌握表达数学理论的范式，尽量不留死角，就必须保证课前预习和课后复习的有效性，预习复习材料的充足性，这对教师的教学资料的积累和学生自主学习能力，都是一个挑战. 4. 教学支持条件分析 学情条件：初二8班是实验班，学生有较强的学习热情和好奇心，也知道课前预习、课上参与学习活动、课后复习的重要性，在曾经的数学课程教学中，也有一定的课前预习，课堂讨论的传统，对于本教学设计的各个环节，是可以理解教师的用意，并遵循教师的指导进行学习活动. 在知识层面上，学生已经系统学习过一次函数相关的知识，课程中提供的学习资料都是学生熟悉的数学知识；学生在英语学习上，已经有多年的积累，对于英语语法的学
计算机专业英语教程(第四版)习题答案
计算机专业英语教程(第四版)习题答案
计算机专业英语（第四版）课后习题答案 Unit 1 [Ex 1] Fb5E2RGbCAP [Ex 2] 1. input, storage, processing, and output 2. power; speed; 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. T 7. T 8. T 9. T 10.
memoryp1EanqFDPw 3. central processing unit memoryDXDiTa9E3d 5. keyboard; [Ex 3] B. A. central processing unit; 1. F 2. D 2. monitor 3. G 4. C 5. B main memory; 6. A 7. E monitorRTCrpUDGiT 8. H5PCzVD7HxA 4. internal; primary;
1. user
3. data
4. keyboard
5. data processingjLBHrnAILg
6. information [Ex 4] instructions
7. computer
8. memory 3. manipulates 4.
1. input device 2. screen, screen 5. retrievexHAQX74J0X 8. Function
6. code 7. hard copy
[Ex. 5] 新处理器开始 IT 技术的新时代 New Processors Open New Era of IT Technologies Last week, Intel introduced to the public in Russia and other CIS countries a family of processors Intel Xeon E5-2600. They are more powerful and reliable and, importantly, are very economical in terms of energy consumption. Their
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专业英语课后习题答案
Lesson2 Exercises 1. Put the following into Chinese. （1）Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a resistor is directly proportional to the current flowing through the resistor. The constant of proportionality is the resistance value of the resistor in ohms. 流过电路里电阻的电流，与加在电阻两端的电压成正比，与电阻的阻值成反比。这就是欧姆定律。 （2）Many materials, however, closely approximate an ideal linear resistor over a desired operating region. 不过，许多材料在规定的工作范围内非常接近理想线性电阻。 （3）It should be noted that an ideal voltage source (dependent or independent ) will produce any current required to ensure that the terminal voltage is as stated, whereas an ideal current source will produce the necessary voltage to ensure the stated current flow. 应该注意：一个理想电压源（独立或受控）可向电路提供任意电流以保证其端电压为规定值，而电流源可向电路提供任意电压以保证其规定电流。 （4）A different class of relationship occurs because of the restriction that some specific type of network element places on the variables. Still another class of relationship is one between several variable of the same type which occurs as the result of the network configuration, i. e., the manner in which the various element of the network are interconnected. 一种不同类型的关系是由于网络元件的某种特定类型的连接对变量的约束。另一类关系由于网络结构，即网络的不同元件互相连接的方式所产生的相同形式的一些变量间的关系。 （5）The thermal conductivity of metals is as much as several hundred times that of glass. 金属的导热率比玻璃高几百倍。 （6）Magnetic line of force will，whenever passible, travel through iron or other magnetic materials. 磁力线只要有可能就会通过铁或其它磁性材料。 （7）Actually, 0 o C is indeed the lower limit to temperatures capable of being attained. 事实上绝对零度确是所能达到的温度的最低限度。 2. Translate the following into English. （1）电路元件吸收或释放的功率为元件两端的电压与流过该元件电流的乘积。 The power absorbed or supplied by a circuit element is the product of the voltage across the element and the current through it. （2）理想独立电源是一个有源元件，它所提供的电压或电流不依赖于电路中其他变量。 An ideal independent source is an active element that provides a specified voltage or current that is completely independent of other circuit variables. （3）受控电源是一个有源元件，它所提供的电压或电流受电路中某部分电压或电流控制。 An ideal dependent (or controlled) source is an active element in which the source quantity is controlled by another voltage or current. （4）叠加定理为：线性电路中，任一电压或电流都是电路中各个独立电源单独作用时，在该处产生的电压或电流的叠加。 The superposition principle states that the voltage across (or current through) an element in a linear circuit is the algebraic sum of the voltages across (or current through) that element due to each independent source acting alone. （5）计算机可分为模拟计算机和数字计算机两种。Computers may be classfied as analog and digital．（6）新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了三分之二。The switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened three times． （7）超导体在电气应用上的重要性不能被估计过高。The importance of superconductor in the uses of electricity cannot be overestimated.
数学专业英语27528
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《金融专业英语》习题答案
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