翻译概论总结
多项选择:
1、Roman Jakobson’s tripartite classification: intralingual translation (rewording), interlingual translation (translation proper), and intersemiotic translation (transmutation)
2、text types: technical, institutional, literary translation
3、outline of major theories of translation:
(1) Chronologically (by the time of their birth or occurrence): the philological, hermeneutic, linguistic, municative, sociosemiotic, skopos, manipulative, norm, poststructuralist, postcolonial (2) topologically (by the particular approach adopted or focus directed by their proponents): their approaches to translation may be grouped into the philological, linguistic, functionalist, semiotic, cultural, philosophical、
重要概念:
1、translation studies:
(1)、The paper “the name and nature of translation studies” written by James Holmes in 1988, marks the birth of the discipline of TS、
The descriptive branch: product, process, functionoriented
The theoretical branch: general & partial which includes medium, area, rank, text type, time, and problem restricted
The applied branch: translation aids, training and criticism
Note: though being lucid and inspiring in his theory, it shall be noted that description and theorizing are usually inseparable from each other in research、
(2)、The internal studies and external studies
The internal studies: the theoretical branch takes as its objects of study the nature, principles, and procedures of translation; the applied branch includes translation practice (text analysis and genre translation), T criticism, and the training of translators, development of the translation profession、
Specifically, translation practice includes text analysis and genre translation, and the former covers such areas of research as: source text analysis, parison of translations & their source texts, parison of translations and nontranslated texts (parable texts), translation with mentary; while the genre translation covers texts like drama, poetry, prose fiction, religious text, tourism texts, and multimedia texts、
The external translation studies are the derived or borderline parts of TS, covering areas where the internal TS interact or marry with other disciplines, such as history, sociology, cultural anthropology, philosophy, linguistics, psychology, theory of munication, puter science and technology, etc、For example, history of translation; sociology and cultural studies of T; T ethics; terminology management; language and translation technology…
Or historical/cultural translation; translation ethics; terminology and glossaries; translation and technology
The internal studies and the external studies of translation are related and plementary to each other in that the research results in the former provide the latter with both a theoretical basis and a practical focus of concern while the research findings in external studies contribute to the depth and breadth of internal studies by providing new observations and new perspectives、
2、definition of translation:
According to Wilss (1995), translation is an action directed toward both the source text and the reader of the target language、Its procedure is determined by its function and it pursues a goal
of enabling understanding between individuals of different linguistic and cultural munities、Nida and Taber (1969) regard translation as a municationbased task and define it as: Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style、(closest in meaning and style; acceptability; loss of information)
translation as a kind of munication between different language group
translation should municate information or meaning
3、theory:
A theory, in the simplest sense, is just a view or understanding of something that concerns us、In modern science, it is generally understood or refers to a proposed explanation of empirical phenomena, made in a way consistent with scientific method、Theories are collections of hypotheses that are logically linked together into a coherent explanation of some aspect of reality and which have individually or jointly received some empirical support、
The properties of a good theory: strong explanatory power that can effectively explain the subject matter it pertains to; strong predicative power which means it should proved a) reasonably adequate predictions about the properties not yet discovered of the specific object under investigation and b) a measure of predictability about the degree of success to be expected from the use of certain principles and procedures in the study of the subject matter、
3、equivalence:
A term used by many writers to describe the nature and the extent of the relationships which exist between SL and TL texts or smaller linguistic units、The nature of “equivalence”was successively discussed by prominent figures such as Jakobson, Eugene Nida, Peter Newmark, and Werner Koller、
(1) Jakobson’s linguistic meaning and equivalence、He followed the relation set out by Saussure between the signifier (the spoken and written signal) and the signified (the concept signified)、He stated that the signifier and signified form the linguistic sign, but the sign is arbitrary or unmotivated, thus there is ordinarily no full equivalence between ST and TT、He defined translation as “substituting messages in one language not for separate codeunits (signifier) but to entire messages (signified) in some other language”、
(2) Catford regarded the central task of translation as “defining the nature and conditions of translation equivalence” and there exists a distinction between textual equivalence and formal correspondence、
(3) Nida, inspired by Noam Chomsky’s generativetransformational grammar, put forward a threestage system of translation and used backtransformation to analyze the kernels under some plicated surface structure、In terms of equivalence, he stated that there are
formal equivalence which focuses attention on the message itself in both form and content, the message in the receptor language should match as closely as possible the different elements in the source language、
Dynamic equivalence is based on the principle of equivalent effect, where the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptor and the message、
There are four basic requirements of a translation、
(4) Newmark put forward the notions of municative translation and semantic translation、municative translation attempts to produce on its reader an effect as close as possible to that
obtained on the readers of the original、
Semantic translation attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original、
4、meaning:
According to Nida, meaning is broke down into linguistic meaning, referential meaning and emotive meaning、
In terms of traditional studies of meaning, the meanings of meaning are as follows:
reference and sense: reference is the relationship between words and the things, actions, events, and qualities they stand for; sense is the place a which a word or phrase holds in the system of relationships with other words or phrases in the vocabulary of a language、
From the perspective of sociosemiotics, there are 4 basic facts about meaning:
1) meaning is a kind of relationship、Meaning is not really an entity (because words do not have meanings, people have meanings for words), but the relationship between a sign and something outside it
2) there is a plurality of meaning: three kinds of relationship a sign may enter into –referential(semantic), pragmatic, syntactic (intralingual);
a、Referential meaning (RM) (signreal world entity)is chiefly connected with the topic of a munication、Its core elements are the external situation, the facts of the real world、Also known as informative, conceptual, cognitive meaning、But RM does not equal literal meaning (LM)、E、g 挂号信;vicechancellor;indian meal;国际学院;基础实验楼
b、Pragmatic meaning (PM) (signuser)may be divided into four subsets: identificational meaning (regional, historial background of the speaker); expressive meaning (emotional content of an expression might have in terms of the personality or individual creativity of the user, e、g murder & homicide); associative meaning(connotative meaning隐含意义); social meaning (channel of contact, e、g phatic forms of discourse; forms of address vous/tu; flatter; register); imperative meaning (conative meaning, operative or instrumental meaning)
c、intralingual meaning (IM) (signsign) is related to the code: phonetic meaning; phonological meaning; graphemic meaning; morphological/lexemic meaning, syntactic meaning, discoursal/textual meaning
3) style is meaning、S tyle in its linguistic sense is reduced to a group of pragmatic meaning and intralingual meanings、
4) different meaning may carry different weight in different contexts、
5、code: a system of signs or signals involved in the transmission of messages、Language as a code is a system of multiplicity, i、e、it is posed of diverse elements or has different aspects、
6、sign: a thing that signifies or stands for another thing or things、
7、signification: using signs to mean、A third item is included in the process of signification, that is, an abstract concept of the thing for which the sign stands、
8、message: according to Nida and Taber, it consists of two aspects: meaning and style
9、fusion of horizon: the meeting of different perspectives or backgrounds、So far as translation is concerned, this concept implies that a translator has to emerge from his own intellectual perspective and cultural background in order to assimilate what is foreign in a new light、
总结自己学习情况:
Taking the course “Introduction of Translation Studies” is conducive to the improvement of both
my theoretical and practical inquiry on translation、It is a pity that we cannot cover all the items outlined in the syllabus such as the skopos theory and the manipulation school, which I find them an enlightening reading as I read them in Jeremy Munday’s “Introducing Translation Studies”、As far as I am concerned, the benefits by taking this course are twofold、First, owning to the systematic exemplifications and illustrations discussed in class, I have a better understanding of the major schools of translation chronologically and topologically、Equipped with the basic knowledge and systematic framework of translation studies, I can conduct my research or my future thesis paper from an indepth perspective、The philological approach mainly concerning on the “word for word” or “sense for sense” debate, though
案例分析:
1、deep structure analysis
The surface structure is the syntactic structure of the sentence which a person speaks, hears, reads or writes、It is the actually observed structure of a sentence、
The deep structure is much more abstract and it is considered to incorporate all information relevant to the single or unambiguous interpretation of a particular sentence、
Nida believes that the English language possesses seven such basic structures, which he terms “kernels”–the minimal number of structures from which the rest can be most efficiently and relevantly derived、
Nida advocated the backtransformation of plex surface structures onto an underlying level, in which the fundamental elements are objects, events, abstracts, and relationals、
Four steps for analyzing and transferring plicated SL sentences
(1) determine whether each word is an object, and event, an abstract, or a relational
(2) identify the kernels, (making explicit the implicit constituent elements of the kernels: who are the recipient and agent?)
(3) determine the semantic and logical relationships between kernels (grouping the kernels into related sets)
(4) find out the most efficient way of representing the given relationships between kernels in the target language、(state these relationships in a form which will be optimal, i、e、closest to the form in the target language, for transfer into the target language)
例子:the unique and mixed ethnic heritage of the population; the American defence of Bastogne sealed their (Nazi troops) fate; this land, which once barred the way of weary travelers, now has bee a land for winter and summer vacation, a land of magic and wonder、
2、transliteration 以义出音vs、translation: a terminological study of the rendition of a sutra text
翻译:
长答题(essay questions;optional):
1、the philological school, which lays emphasis on the source text, including its production, transmission, and history of interpretation, a typical question raised with this school being that of whether the translator should bring the original to the target reader (liberal translation) or the target language reader to the original (literal translation)、
Philological tradition in the western history can be illustrated chronologically:
a) roman times –word for word vs、sense for sense、Cicero & Horace & Quintilian: liberal translation; St、Augustine: literal translation
b) the middle ages – debate between translation and unacceptable interpretation、St、Jerome,
father of the church, translated the Bible into Latin, and developed the Ciceronian distinction between the undesirable “word for word”translation and the desirable “sense for sense”translation、Translator such as King Alfred in England perceived the task of translating the Bible as linked to the task of elevating the status of the newly developing language known as English, i、e、the Old English、
c) the Renaissance –“copying” an original, but also creating a new text with an individual voice、Focus on how to strike a balance in between and how to remain faithful without being subservient、
d) Reformation –doctrinal fidelity vs、possible heretical “mistranslation”、Martin Luther elevated and disseminated the usage of German by his translation of the Bible、Etienne Dolet, burn at the stake for his addition to his translation of one of Plato’s dialogues, advocated five principles in translation、
e) the 17th & 18th centuries – diversion of the activity of translation: translation as recovery or imitation of classical text; as language learning exercise; as mercial enterprise、John Dryden reduces all translation to three categories: the triadic model: metaphrase, paraphrase, and imitation、The Port Royal grammar put forward that “accuracy” in translation could somehow be measured on a qualifiable basis、Alexander Tytler reacted against Dryden’s “paraphrase” (loose translation) and set up three basic and celebrated principles of translation: plete transcript of ideas, style and manner of the same character, and all the ease of the original
f) the 19th century – romanticism and “creative translation”, which centered around the problem of whether translation could be considered as a creative or a mechanical enterprise、
g) the 20th century – the philological tradition endured
In conclusion, the methodology of this school is introspective, impressionistic, relying heavily on the researchers’and practitioners’intuition、Its central concepts are too abstract to be unequivocally understood and too fuzzy to serve as a reliable basis on which detailed theoretical analysis can be conducted and universally accepted conclusion drawn simply because different people may have different views of these concepts、
2、the hermeneutic school, which concerns the interpretative process of the ST、
The term “hermeneutics” is used in two senses: the part of Christian theology解经学and theory of understanding and interpretation of the significance of human actions, utterances, products, and institutions 阐释学。Hermeneutics is a Romantic approach to interpretation based not on absolute truth but on the individual’s inner feeling and understanding、
Friedrich Schleiermacher, founder of modern Protestant theology and of modern hermeneutics、To “give the reader the same impression that he as a German would receive the work in the original language”, the translator must adopt an “alienating”(as opposed to “naturalizing”) method of translation, orienting himself or herself by the language and content of the ST、While Schleiermacher was instrumental in extending hermeneutics beyond the theological domain, Heidegger was the first related the problem of understanding in general to that of linguistic translation、The interrelationship between hermeneutics and translation may be viewed from two angles: the status of translation in hermeneutics and the inspirations TS derived from hermeneutics、Translation is given by Heidegger a function of challenging thinking that both the original and the translated language are unique in their capacity for harbor philosophical premises or presuppositions、
Gadamer develops his philosophical hermeneutics in terms of the concept of “fusion of horizons”,
which implies that, in the view of translation, a translator has to emerge from his own intellectual perspective and cultural background in order to assimilate what is foreign in a “new light”、Viewing translation in hermeneutics, meaning must be expressed within the target language “in a new way” and therefore “every translation is at the same time an interpretation”、The status of translator was improved by “translator’s turn”since understanding is achieved through the very involvement of the translator in the convergence of two horizons、
In summary, the perspective of hermeneutics is important in TS because it lends inspiring insights into the nature of T and has influenced some subsequent schools of thought on translation like the manipulative and poststructuralist ones and constructivism, but its concern about translation is basically philosophical which does not care about the process of translation、
Case study: 圆成十相;土卫六; 把汉语规律得解释建立在文化认同得科学基础上;知不知上不知知病
3、the linguistic school, which analyzes, among other things, the SL message and its restructuring in the TL、
Principal figures of this school include Catford, Nida and Chomsky、According to Nida, meaning is broke down into linguistic meaning, referential meaning and emotive meaning、He also proposed three techniques to determine the meaning of different linguistic items: hierarchical structuring, ponential analysis and semantic structure analysis、
Chomsky’s generativetransformational model analyzes sentences into a series of related levels governed by rules which are phrasestructure rules, transformational rules and phonological and morphemic rules、Three levels of conceptualization: a basic ponent made up of phrase structure rules and lexicon that generate a deep structure, which in turn is changed through the application of transformational rules into a surface structure、
Nida’s and Chomsky’s theories share two mon features:
Both assume that there exists an underlying, coherent and unified entity behind whatever manifestation language takes: the kernel, which are simple, active, declarative sentences that require the minimum of transformation、They both made philosophical claims about the object of investigation for their respective theories、
Nida and Taber put forward a threestage system of translation: analysis, transfer and restructuring、Kernels are the level at which the message is transferred into the receptor language before being transformed into the surface structure in three stages: literal, minimal and literary transfer、Nida advocated the backtransformation of plex surface structures onto an underlying level, in which the fundamental elements are objects, events, abstracts, and relationals、
The linguistic school provides powerful analytical tools for decoding and reencoding the ST and adopts a rigorous approach to problems of linguistic translation、On the other hand, this approach is just one way, rather than the only way, of accounting for the translation process because it smacks of the extralingual elements such as pragmatic and cultural ones、
4、the municative school, which is focused on the municative functions performed by the original and their translations in the source and target language environments、
Inspired by the sociolinguistics and information theory, this school views translation as a process of munication that firstly, the process of translation is inherently similar to that of any other kind of human munication, which means the translator should seek an optimum balance between the cost and benefits of the translation; secondly, target texts need to be drawn out by the inclusion
of a certain amount of redundancy so as to overe the effects of noise and increase the predictability of the municative content、
According to Nida and Taber, this procedure of “drawing out” target texts is essential if dynamic equivalence is to be achieved and “there is a tendency for all good translations to be somewhat longer than the originals、”
They put forward the minimal and maximal requirements for translational adequacy、Minimal: readers are able to prehend and appreciate how the original readers of the text understood and possible responded to it、
Maximal: readers of the translation would respond to the text both emotively and cognitively in a manner essentially similar to the ways in which the original readers responded、
5、the sociosemiotic school, which studies various codes involved in municating meaning、The approach this school takes is a synthetic or eclectic one in that it selects and incorporates what is best of the other major schools、
The basic assumption of sociosemiotics is that language must be views as a social as well as linguistic code, a shared set of habits using the voice to municate, which signifies, elements specific to the speech munity in which the code is created and used must also be taken into account and taken care of by the translator、
Semiotics is the scientific study of the properties of signing systems or codes, whether natural or artificial and covers the investigation of patterned human munication in all contexts and in all its modes or channels、
Four mode of semiotic munications: auditoryvocal; visual; tactile; olfactory and gustatory Charles Morris, in 1938, defined semiotics as the use of signs governed by syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic rules、
The definitions of meaning are different、
Translation standard: optimal equivalence、
The longstanding dispute about literal translation or liberal translation bees largely meaningless or deconstructed when we approach the problem of what is to be translated in translation from the point of view of meaning、
Optimal equivalence: within the bounds of the norms of target language grammar and usage as well as the receptability of the anticipated readership, with the appropriacy of the translation to the occasion in mind and with priority given to the most prominent or important meaning(s) in the context, the translator employs appropriate translation strategies when necessary to transfer the greatest possible number of meanings of the source message and the distributions of these meanings (i、e、the relative relationships among them) so that the translation is maximally equivalent to the source text and its municative functions in the target language environment optimally fulfilled、
e、g 遇难者得头颅与手臂;一笔双叙syllepsis;文明标兵单位
Before translating a text, the translator usually has to judge the likely setting of the translation、Three types of language target readership: expert, educated generalist, uninformed、
The Sociosemiotic School: clarifying the essence, objects and procedures of translation in a most systematic and down way; providing the most prehensive perspective from which translation can be studied、
英语模拟翻译总结
IV. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. 1. Man’s knowledge about himself and nature has grown into a variety of sciences. 人类对自身和自然的认识已发展成多种科学 2. If the American offered dollars in payment for the car, the auto manufacturer would be stuck with money that no small Japanese shop would accept. 如果美国人提供美元支付这辆汽车，汽车制造商将陷入资金困境，没有日本小商店会接受。 3. At the same time we are using up our natural resources—fuels and mineral ores—at an ever-increasing rate with no hope of replacing them. 与此同时，我们的自然资源、燃料和矿石的利用率在不断提高，没有希望取代它们。 4.At times, the crews could work only three hours a day because their activities interfered with the running of the subway. 有时，工作人员一天只能工作三小时，因为他们的活动妨碍了地铁的运行。 5. What happened yesterday proved him to be a highly competent and efficient secretary. 昨天发生的事情证明了他是一个非常能干和有效率的秘书。 V. Translate the following sentences into English. 1.无论你将从事哪一门自然科学的研究，对基本化学知识的了解都是十分必要的。(discipline, pursue) no matter what discipline you will be pursueing in your career,basica knowldge of chemistry is necessary 2.他专门从事进出口贸易。 He specializes in import and export trade. 3.作为生态环境的一部分，人类对自然环境的破坏无异于是在毁灭自己。 As part of the ecological environment, human destruction of the natural environment is nothing but destroying itself. 4.前面堵车了，我们只能绕道而行。 We have to make a detour because of the traffic jam ahead. 5.骄必败。 Pride will be defeated Pride goes before a fall. IV. Translate the following sentences into English, using the words or expressions given in brackets. 71.科学家们已成功分离出具有单项已知功能的单个而明显的基因。(isolate, function) Scientists have successfully isolated single and distinct genes with single known functions. 72.通讯技术的每一个进步都是人类交往的亲密程度的一种倒退。(advance, setback) The advance of communication technology is the setback of intimacy of human relationships.
翻译个人工作总结
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上梁山的好汉，每天都在打电话，打好多的电话让自己遭受拒绝，学会承受。当然转载自经济生活网，请保留此标记在这个过程中，我也的确是认识了几个不错的有意合作者(但是最近没有翻译业务)。 一段时间下来，我发想自己电话打得也不少，可是联系业务的很少，几乎没有。认真想想好像也不能说是自己的失误太大。人们原本就对电话销售很是反感，听到就挂：或者是很礼貌性的记个电话(真记没记谁也不知道)。打电话即丢面子，被拒绝，又让自己心理承受太多。于是我又在寻找别的思路-----网络。我们经常在网上，何不用网络联系呢?都能让人们在紧张的工作中放松一下，聊上几句闲话，就很有可能聊出一些客户。这样，因为是网友，感觉很亲近，不会拒绝你，至少都会考虑到你。经常在线，联系着又很方便，不用打电话，不用当着那么多同事的面讲价还价，显得自己很小气似的。讲价还价是一门艺术，不能没有耐性。现在很多人爱还价，即便是价位很合理，处于习惯也会还价。无论双方谁说了一个价钱都想是让对方直接接受，电话会叫人没有什么缓冲的时间;而网络就不一样了，有缓冲的时间，又能用很轻松的语气说话，让人很容易接受;即便是自己说话有所失误，在网络上容易解释，也容易叫对方接受，可是电话就不一样了，电话上人们往往喜欢得理不饶人。 于是我就改变了策略，在网络上找起了客户。你还真的别说，在网络上人们不但能接受;而且即使没有外语方面需要的，也会帮你介绍一些客户。交流着也轻松多了，说话也
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英语中很多由动词转化而成的名词、以及动名词、非谓语动词等，汉译时可将它们转换成动词。 ㈣.补词 是指原文已有某种含义但未用词汇直接表达，译文中需将这些含义补充进去，这样才更通顺易读，如：英语中数词与名词之间没有量词，而译成汉语时可酌情增加。 ㈤.省略 是指原文中某些词在译文中省略不译，只要并不影响意义的完整。如：上面讲的汉语“量词”，译成英语时则可以省略；又如：英语中大量使用物主代词而汉语中往往省略不用。 ㈥.并列与重复
英语在表达重复含义的并列结构中常采用共享、替代、转换等形式来避免重复，而汉语却常常有意重复表达以加强文字的力度，如：英语的物主代词替代前面的名词，短语动词只重复介词而省略主动词，汉译时可考虑重复表达。 二、句子结构方面 子结构方面的翻译技巧，主要有三种类型：语序类、组合类和转换类。 ㈠.语序类 1. 顺译法与逆译法 英语时间状语可前可后。不仅如此，英语在表达结果、条件、说明等定语从句、状语从句也很灵活，既可以先述也可以后述。而汉语
表达往往是按时间或逻辑的顺序进行的，因此，顺译法也罢逆译法也罢，其实都是为了与汉语的习惯相一致。英语表达与汉语一致的就顺译，相反的则逆译。 有时候顺译法与逆译法的差别,就象前面谈的正译与反译,依译者的爱好而定。 2. 前置法 英语中较短的限定性定语从句、表身份特征等的同位语在译成汉语时，往往可以提到先行词（中心词）的前面。 3. 分起总叙与总起分叙 长句子和句子嵌套现象在英语中比较普遍，这是因为英语的连词、关系代词、关系副词等虚词比较活跃、生成能力强，可构成并列句、复合句以及它们的组合形式。
上海高考英语翻译句型总结汇总
not …until…/ Not until…/ It was not until…that 1.直到会议快要结束时他才露面。（show up） 2.直到二十世纪初人们才学会怎样防止这种疾病的蔓延。(prevent) 3.直到那时他才意识到他的老师是非常善解人意的。（considerate） 4.可惜他们直到事故发生之后才采取措施防止它。 5.直到上周末收到你的来信时我们才如释负重。（relieve） The more…the more.. 1．你的词汇量越大，你就感到用英语写作越容易。(feel it + adj. to do ) 2．人们普遍认为，用脑越多，思维就越活跃。( it is generally believed that ) 3．问题发现得越早，解决起来越容易。 4．问题越难，我越有可能能够解决他们。(likely) 5．我们学习得越多，将来就越能为我们国家工作的越好。 6．你练习讲英语越多，就越对你有好处。(do sb good) 7．我们经常讨论的一个问题是：是否钱越多越幸福。 8．相对而言，孩子与父母交流越多，越不可能感到忧郁。(suffer from) No matter how / however + adj. / adv. + S + V 1. 不管这个新体系有多复杂，我们还是要用它。(complicated) 2．无论社会发展得多快，这个传统应该代代相传。(pass on) 3．无论他如何努力，他似乎永远学不好物理。 4．不管我们有多忙，下星期我们一定会举行一次欢送会向那些退休工人们表示敬意。(in honor of) 5．不管天有多晚，他从不把今天必须做的事拖到明天。(put off) 6. 如果我们以一种强烈的意志工作，我们能够克服任何的困难，无论这个困难有多大。Adj. / adv. / n. / v. + as / though + S + V 1.虽然他很聪明，但他不愿把全部时间用在学习上。(devote…to) 2.他很累，但他还是工作到深夜。(work late into…) 3.虽然他是个孩子，但对于这个世界他了解很多。 4.虽然我敬佩他作为一个作家，但我不喜欢他作为一个人。(admire) Hardly / scarcely / barely…when no sooner …than 1.我刚到家，电话铃就响了。 2.他一到实验室，就开始做实验。(set out) 3.这男孩刚打开电脑，他父亲就回家了，叫他做功课。 4.他一到家就迫不及待地把好消息告诉他父母。(can't wait…) 1.Not until the meeting was almost over did he show up. th century did people learn how to prevent the disease from Not until the beginning of the 202. spreading. 3.Not until then did he realize that his teacher was very considerate / thoughtful / 1 understanding.
2019精选个人工作总结翻译
个人工作总结翻译 个人工作总结翻译 篇一：翻译个人工作总结 工作总结自2014.5.19号入职xxxx以来，不知不觉已有6月有余，时光如梭，距离2014年岁末 已半月有余。回首这半年，有工作时的忙碌，也有与同事合作时的愉快，更有来自直接领导 的敦敦教导与关怀。在这半年多里，我不仅在公司里学到了全新的东西，也从同事及领导身 上学到了珍贵的做事态度与作人原则，让人铭记。他山之石，可以攻玉。反观自我，也总结 了些不足之处，有待改进从而提高自己。现将这半年以来的工作，主要总结如下： 一、参加各项培训 进入公司以后，参加了各项培训，包括安全培训，反恐培训等。尤其在后者的实地反恐培训中，我以积极的心态与高昂的热情去面对，在培训中不畏艰难，不惧炎热，最终顺利地 通过了考核。通过安全培训，我深深感受到安全对于每一个人，对于一个项目，甚至对于整 个公司来说都是至关重要、缺一不可的。所以，对于任何人，无论身在何处，“安全第一”的概念始终需要放在第一位。 二、翻译各种资料 根据项目需要及工作中的具体要求，目前翻译工作及内容主要如下：各部门与业主间来往信函，控制计划部的周月报，施工质量部的施工与质量控制方案，采购部的技术采购文件 及招标文件，设计部图纸与技术文件的审核，uop设计方相关设备技术方案的中译范文top100，合同及 保险文件的翻译等，同进进行同事间翻译文件的互审工作。翻译工作最终体现为译入语的字字句句，甚至标点符点上，尤其在细节方面（特别是标 点符号和空格）。在翻译工作中，我始终以精益求精的态度，一丝不苟的精神地对待每一个语 句。某些不懂或者较难的语句，则字斟句酌，反复推敲每一字，直到满意为止。同一原文， 不同译文，通过反复斟酌，尽可能地选择更加贴切的译法。 三、扩大学习范围 通过切身的经验，才知道翻译工作最难的部分，不在实际做翻译，而在知识储备。因为之前的工作，并不是完全与翻译有关，有些文件的翻译，从专业角度而 言，显得有些不足，也有些懵懂，为工作带来困难。为了能完成所分配的翻译任务，需做好 充分的准备。凡事预则立，不预则废。就目前的翻译需求而言，涉及了石油化工，海关清关， 想顺利完成翻译工作是不太可能的。所以，这要求自己不得不增加专业知识，扩大专业范围。 所以，工作之余，我大量地阅读了相关的知识，扩充了相关的词汇。除了专业学习外，在作人做事方面，我也加强了学习。来到xxxx项目后，我能够积极地
(英语)英语翻译易错剖析
（英语）英语翻译易错剖析 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brakes. 1．网球运动在上海越来越流行了。（popular） 2．我认为你们的建议和他们的一样有价值。（as…as） 3．只喝一杯咖啡就会使我整晚睡不着。（keep） 4．为了纪念那些勇敢的消防战士，一部电影即将开拍。（memory） 5．过了三天她才想起把雨衣忘在语言实验室了。（remember） 6．尽管山高林密，医护人员还是迅速地赶到出事地点，试试救援。（despite） 【答案】 1．Tennis is getting more and more popular in Shanghai. 2．I think your suggestion is as valuable as theirs. 3．Drinking only a cup of coffee will keep me awake all night. 4．A film will be made/ shot in memory of those brave fire fighters. 5．It was three days later that she remembered leaving/having left her raincoat in the language lab. 6．Despite the high mountains and thick forests, the doctors and nurses rushed to the scene of the accident for the rescue/to carry out the rescue. 【解析】 【分析】 翻译题要力争做到译文的正确、准确、地道三个要求。正确就是译文没有明显的语言错误，准确是指考生能运用合适的词汇和句式完整的表述原意，地道是指译文不但无语言错误，而且用此选句符合英语习惯，意义表达生动灵活。所以，做翻译题时要综合运用词句知识，注意词汇的习惯搭配和句子时态、语态、人称和句式的选择。 1．表示“越来越……”，英语的表达方式为“比较级+and+比较级用于进行时里中。 2．表示“与……一样……”应该用“as+ adj./adv原级+as…”结构。 3．本句要注意两点：1. 动名词用作主语的用法；2. keep + sb./sth. + adj (做宾补)使……保持某种状态。 4．“为了纪念……”应选用“in the memory of”固定短语来表达。 5．解答本题要注意两点：1. 强调句型的运用；2. remember doing sth.记住做过某事。6．本句较为复杂，除了掌握despite作为介词可以接名词构成介词短语作状语外，还要注意句中谓语动词的准确选择和时态的确定，最后还要注意“实施援救”这一目的状语的表达。 2．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。(accustomed)
英语常用翻译技巧总结
翻译考察三方面内容： 1、专有名词（如operational research expert）、习惯用法（如depend on）及多义词的翻译(如school、set的多义) 2、一般性翻译技巧:包括词义选择，词序调整，词性转换和增词法等等 3、具体句型（定从、状从、主从、宾从、表从、同位从、强调结构、并列、比较、倒装、插入、被动、否定等） 一、常用方法 英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练。 1. 增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时
需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在翻译时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如： （1）What about calling him right away 马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何（增译主语和谓语） （2）If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations. 要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！（增译主句） (3) Indeed, the reverse is true 实际情况恰好相反。（增译名词） (4) 就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。 Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.（增译物主代词） (5) 只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。 While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. （增译连词） (6) 这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。
翻译实习个人总结
翻译实习个人总结 通过这次的翻译实习主要让我领会到了两点一是融会贯通的重要性。今天，为大家带来了翻译实习个人总结，希望大家喜欢! 翻译实习个人总结篇1 1.扎实的语言基本功。一名优秀的译员应具备良好的英语修养和扎实的汉语基本功，掌握英汉两种语言的特点和互译规律，拥有快速、准确地遣词造句的能力。译员要有良好的语音基本功，掌握英汉两种语言基础，敏锐的听力，超常的词汇量，良好的语感，灵活的表达能力以及广阔语言文化背景知识。需要特别强调的是译员的听力理解能力,他是口译成败的一个关键因素，也是一名译员的综合语言和知识水平的反映。 2.广博的知识面。译员光有扎实的语言基本功是远远不够的。常常有译员因缺乏主题知识或百科知识而出现卡壳的现象。译员的接触面很广，接待的对象在职业、年龄、身份、阶层、志趣、爱好、生活习惯、民族性格、社会习俗、宗教信仰等方面都会有很大的差异，随时随地都有可能遇到各种话题。因此，译员必须掌握丰富全面的百科知识，例如专业常识、社会常识、法规政策常识、国际常识以及背景知识、国情地情、风土人情、名胜古迹、花草树木、昆虫动物等百科知识，拥有较高的文化修养，能上知天文、下通地理、博古通今，并熟悉各行各业，努力做一个杂家或万事通。
3.出众的记忆力。译员需要有非凡的记忆力，这一点是由口译工作的特点所决定的。首先，译员在口译过程中不可能有机会查阅词典和工具书，或请教别人，因此，译员必须记住大量的词汇(包括专业词汇)、成语、典故和缩略词等。其次，译员要把讲话人所讲的内容准确详尽地用另一种语言表达出来，也必须有相当好的记忆力。 经过为期两个月的实习，我学到很多东西知道了翻译的具体过程和基本要求，了解到自己不足的地方，清楚了自己应向哪个方面努力。在实习期间从事大量中英文文字翻译，例如各种出国证明书(出生证明，亲属证明，成绩单等)，合同，财务报表，公司章程及法律文件。以后，我在学习上应理论联系实际，从点到面的全面学习，避免拿以前应付考试的态度来学习;在工作中应该实事求是，细心认真的独立完成自己的工作，并要培养与人协作的精神;在生活中就我个人而言应学会更好的与人相处和沟通，即将离开学校走入社会，我必须更好的完善自己的性格。 翻译实习个人总结篇2 通过这次的翻译实习主要让我领会到了两点一是融会贯通的重要性;二是合作的重要性。首先翻译是一种语言活动有是该活动的结果它是融理论、技能、艺术于一体的语言实践活动。通过翻阅大量资料我更加透彻的掌握了一些翻译的相关知识。1.翻译的本质可以用一句话来概括在透彻地理解原文意思的基础上用标准的汉语
英语翻译总结
Unit1 中译英 1. 男孩们，例如杰克和大卫，对我都很友好。（such as） Boys such as Jack and David are very friendly to me. 2.在作出这一决定的过程中，他起了重要的作用。（play a role in） He played an important role in making the decision. 3. 你如果找不到这本书没关系。（matter） It doesn’t matter if you can’t find the book. 4. 帮助他们就是帮助拯救我们自己。（by helping…） By helping them we are helping (to) save ourselves 5. 我愿意做你所期望我做的任何事情。（be willing to do, whatever）I’m willing to do whatever you expect me to do. 英译中 1. In fact, anyone can be a hero ― even you! 事实上，任何人都可能成为英雄——甚至你也能! 2. Y ou don’t have to save someone from a burning building or fight a robber.你不必从燃烧的大楼里救出某个人，或者与抢劫犯搏斗。 3. It doesn’t matter if you do something big or small. 你做的事或大或小，这并不重要紧。 4.A hero is a person who helps others in some way. 英雄是以某种方式帮助他人的人。 5. Help older people around the neighborhood.
(英语)高考英语翻译易错剖析含解析
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翻译年度工作总结报告
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易错英语翻译
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翻译工作个人总结报告
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英语翻译小结报告
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【英语】高二英语翻译易错剖析及解析
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