五年级科学第三单元复习资料.docx

五年级科学第三单元地球表面及其变化1.地形及地形的特点

地形特点

山地

地势较高，蜿蜒起伏，层峦叠嶂

（分布在我国西部，喜马拉雅山，昆仑山，天山）

丘陵高低起伏，坡度较缓，由连绵不断的低矮山丘组成

（东南丘陵）

高原

面积广大，地形开阔，周边以明显的陡坡为界（青藏高原，黄土高原，云贵高原，内蒙古高原）

平原

地貌宽广平坦，起伏很小

（东北平原，华北平原，长江中下游平原）

盆地

四周地势较高，中间低平

（塔里木盆地，柴达木盆地，准格尔盆地，四川盆地）

2.地形包括高原、山地、盆地、丘陵、平原等。地球表面有河流、

海洋、山脉、峡谷等多种多样的地形地貌。

3.地球上海洋面积比陆地面积大；我国西部多高山，东部多平原。

4.在地形图上，棕色表示高原，褐色表示山地，白色表示终年积雪

的山峰，绿色表示平原，蓝色表示海洋。

5.火山和地震改变和重塑了地形地貌。

6.地震和火山是地球内部运动引起的。地球内部（由外到内）分为

地壳、地幔、地核三部分，绝大部分的地震发生在地壳内，火山活动与地幔和地壳的运动有关。

7.在地球的深部，越往下去，温度越来越高，压力越来越大。

8.地球内部的运动使地表形态发生不断的变化。

这种变化有时表现出来是很猛烈的，像地震和火山；有时是极其缓慢的变化，像喜马拉雅山年复一年的隆起。地球表面的很多变化都是在流水、风、冰川、海浪等自然力的作用下很缓慢的进行的，我们在短时间内难以察觉。

9.地球内部的运动会引起地壳的运动，从而形成山脉、高原、裂谷

和海沟等地形地貌。

10.两个大陆板块，碰撞形成喜马拉雅山。

两个板块受拉张形成东非大裂谷。

11.风化：由于受水、大气、气温或动植物的作用，岩石破碎，这种

现象叫风化。

12.岩石风化的原因：

a.冷和热的作用：岩石白天受热膨胀，夜晚遇冷收缩，使岩石破裂。

b.流水的作用：流水搬运碎石，碎石间互相碰撞和摩擦，碎石越来

越小，变成卵石。

c.植物的作用：植物根扎入岩石裂缝，根长粗大，使岩石破裂。

d.动物的活动：动物掏挖洞穴，下雨洞穴垮塌，岩石滚下山摔碎。

13.风化作用会改变地球上的地形地貌，但这种变化是在缓慢的过程

中进行的。

风化

15.外力的风化作用和生物的作用会使岩石最终变成土壤。

16.土壤：是沙、小石子、黏土、腐殖质、水和空气等物质的混合物。

17.土壤颗粒从大到小可分为：沙砾（小石子）、沙、粉沙、黏土。

18.土壤分层实验中，最底层是沙砾（小石子），中间是沙和粉沙，

最上层是颗粒最小的黏土，浮在水面上的是一些植物残体。19.腐殖质是动植物腐烂时产生的黑色物质，盐分是溶解在水中的矿

物质。它们是植物生长必须的营养元素。

20.土壤是地球上最有价值的资源。

21.生物和土壤之间的关系：

a.土壤为生物提供了食物和生存空间，也为人类提供了衣食住行的

材料来源。

b.土壤中的生物残体和排泄物都能使土壤的腐殖质更丰富。

c.动物以及植物的根能松动土壤，为空气和水营造空间。

22.雨点降落时的力可以打散并溅起土壤的微粒，雨水在地面流动时，

携走了这些微粒，一部分土壤便被带走了，这就是侵蚀。雨点降落到地面便是土壤被侵蚀的开始。

23.影响土壤被侵蚀程度的因素有土地坡度的大小、有无植物覆盖、

降雨量的大小等。

24.降雨量越大对土地的侵蚀越严重；植物覆盖越少侵蚀越严重；土

地的坡度越大受到的侵蚀越严重。

25.（河流对土地的作用）在坡度大的地方，河流流速快，土地会被

侵蚀；在坡度小的地方，河流流速慢，会发生沉积。所以一般大江大河的下游和入海口往往是平原。

26.自然界中每时每刻都由侵蚀和沉积的现象发生。侵蚀使得一些地

面突起的地方土壤流失，而沉积却填平了一些低洼的地方，侵蚀和沉积形成了地球上不同的地形地貌。

27.流水、风、冰川、波浪和重力等都会侵蚀土地。

28.流水对地表的侵蚀会形成许多溪流和沟壑。

29.一般河流上游河床：（大石头）；中游河床：（鹅卵石）；下游

河床：（细纱）。

30.为了保护家园，我们要尽量减少土地侵蚀。

31.冰川：地质学家把在地表缓慢移动的大冰体称作冰川。

32.戈壁是由于风侵蚀沙漠，吹走了较小的沉积物而形成的。

二、简答题

1.在大江大河的下游和入海口往往是平原，为什么？

答：因为在河流的上游流速快，发生侵蚀作用；到了河流的下游流速慢，发生了沉积作用，所以会形成平原。

2.地震是怎样形成的？有什么危害？遇到地震时应怎样正确保护自己

答：地震是由地球内部运动形成的，它能引起地裂、水灾、火灾等。

a保持冷静，就近躲到桌子下，保护头部。b躲避地点：家具下、墙角、近水不近火。c保护头颈部、眼、口、鼻。d延长生存时间：

3.为什么山上的岩石布满裂缝，山脚下堆满了碎石？答：风化作用。

4.说说黄河水变黄的原因，我国为什么要治理黄河？

答：黄河在流经黄土高原时，黄土高原大部分地区覆盖着黄土，植被少，下大雨时，雨水很容易把黄土冲下山坡，流入黄河，黄河里的泥沙多起来，水就变黄了。黄河流到下游，流速变慢，泥沙沉积到河底，使河床越来越高。在雨季水大时，容易泛滥成灾，给人民的生命财产造成很大的损失。

5.在河流什么地方发生了侵蚀作用，什么地方发生了沉积作用，为什么？

答：在河流的上游发生了侵蚀作用，下游发生了沉积作用，因为河流的上游流速快，下游流速慢

6.为什么说土壤是地球上最有价值的资源？

答：土壤为动植物提供了食物和生存空间，也为人类提供了衣食住行用的材料来源。如果没有土壤动植物和人类就无法生存，所以说土壤是地球上最有价值的资源。

7.哪些力量会改变地球表面的地形地貌？（地表地形发生改变的原因）

答：地球内部运动：（火山喷发、地震）。地球外部的力量：（流水、冰川、海浪等）。人类的活动：（围海造田，滥砍乱伐等）

8.暴雨对我们的家园有什么影响

答：1.冲毁道路，2.毁坏庄稼，3. 冲倒房屋，使人民的生命财产遭受巨大损失。4.还会形成严重的洪涝灾害。

9.侵蚀会给我们带来那些灾难？

答：土地支离破碎，冲毁房屋，冲毁道路，引发泥石流和山体滑坡，给人们的生命财产造成损失。

10.人类哪些行为造成地表的破坏？怎样更好地保护？

答：如破坏植被、过度放牧等。保护生态平衡，不过度放牧和开垦，适度开采矿产，妥善保护植被。

11.我们选择地方建房子应注意什么？

答：1.房子建的离河流远一些2.房子不应建在下游3.房子不建陡坡上4.房子周围要种树5.河流两旁都要种树。

房屋应建在（坡度比较平缓）的地方，在（坡度较大）的地方应该植树和种草，减少雨水对土地的侵蚀。

12.河流是怎么形成的？

答：由于流水对土地的侵蚀作用，地表会形成许多溪流和沟壑。溪流汇集在一起又会成为大河流。

13.地球的各种力量包括人类自身在改变地表的地形地貌时候，会对我们造成哪些灾难？

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