丛枝菌根名录
Glomeromycota SPECIES LIST
last updated - News: Glomus africanum and G. iranicum included. Some new descriptions added, e.g. Racocetra beninensis. The synonyms list is corrected and now explicitly indicates the basionyms. The Gigasporaceae systematics was adopted according to the recent publication of Morton and Msiska (Mycorrhiza 2010, DOI
10.1007/s00572-010-0303-9), which rejects the split of Scutellospora into 3 families and 6 genera (Scutellospora in the Scutellosporaceae, Racocetra & Cetraspora in the Racocetraceae, Dentiscutata & Fuscutata & Quatunica in the Dentiscutataceae). The revision now leaves only Racocetra a s an additional genus, placed in the Gigasporaceae. Also, we adopt to the rejection of Kuklospora, a genus indicated from the beginning to be 'phylogenetically invalid' that now has been placed in Acaulospora (Kaonongbua et al. 2010).
If you spot any mistake s, PLEASE inform us ! We try to hold everything up to date and also serve and collaborate with the Index Fungorum and Species 2000 database s.
Thanks to those which already sent us pdf-files, or scanned pages, and to the publishers that gave us copyright clearance (see list at the end of the table) !!!
We have been refused copyright clearance by the publisher Springer and the journals Nova Hedwigia and Botany (former Can. J. Bot.), and thus we cannot provide pdf files of the respective papers. If authors wish to have their taxonomic papers available public, e.g. included in this website, we suggest that you choose journals with suitable policy (or maybe you can pay for an open access pdf file). It would be helpful for the scientific community if authors of names in the Glomeromycota seek copyright clearance and provide us with a pdf file, if this is possible.
Go directly to the genera (alphabetically): Acaulospora Ambispora Archaeospora Diversispora Entropho spora Geosiphon Gigaspora Glomus Intraspora Otospora Pacispora Parag lomus Racocetra Scutellospora
Colour coding in the following table: taxon in blue = link to description (pdf-file); green = opinion of C. Walker, not proved or formally published (potentially needs further studies)
Glomeromycota
Current name Basionyms,
synonyms &
additional
comments
Authorities Family Order
Acaulospora
back to top Trappe & Gerd. (1974)Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales
Acaulospora alpina Oehl, Sykorova &
Sieverd. (2006)
Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales
Acaulospora bireticulata = A. elegans ?
F.M. Rothw ell & Trappe
(1979)
Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales
Acaulospora
capsicula
B?aszk. (1990)Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales Acaulospora
cavernata
B?aszk. (1989)Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales
Acaulospora colliculosa Kaonongbua, J.B.
Morton & Bever (2010)
Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales
Acaulospora colombiana Basionym:
E ntrophospora
colombiana S pain &
N.C. Schenck (1984)
Kuklospora
colombiana Oehl &
Sieverd. (2006)
(S pain & N.C. Schenck)
Kaonongbua, J.B.
Morton & Bever (2010)
Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales
Acaulospora colossica = A. capsicula ?
P.A. Schultz, Bever &
J.B. Morton (1999)
Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales
Acaulospora delicata C. Walker, C.M. P feiff. &
Bloss (1986)
Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales
Acaulospora denticulata Sieverd. & S. T oro
(1987)
Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales
Acaulospora dilatata J.B. Morton (1986)Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales Acaulospora elegans Trappe & Gerd. (1974)Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales
Acaulospora entreriana M.S. Velázquez &
Cabello (2008)
Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales
Acaulospora excavata Ingleby & C. Walker
(1994)
Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales
Acaulospora foveata Trappe & Janos (1982)Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales Acaulospora
gedanensis
B?aszk. (1988)Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales
Acaulospora kentinensis Basionym:
E ntrophospora
kentinensis C.G. Wu &
Y.S. Liu (1995)
Kuklospora kentinensi s
Oehl & Sieverd. (2006)
(C.G. Wu & Y.S. Liu)
Kaonongbua, J.B.
Morton & Bever (2010)
Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales
Acaulospora koskei B?aszk. (1995)Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales Acaulospora
lacunosa
J.B. Morton (1986)Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales Acaulospora laevis Gerd. & Trappe (1974)Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales
Acaulospora longula S pain & N.C. Schenck
(1984)
Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales
Acaulospora mellea S pain & N.C. Schenck
(1984)
Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales
Acaulospora morrow iae S pain & N.C. Schenck
(1984)
Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales
Acaulospora myriocarpa S pain, Sieverd. & N.C.
Schenck (1986)
Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales
Acaulospora nicolsonii C. Walker, L.E. Reed &
F.E. Sanders (1984)
Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales
Acaulospora paulinae= A. undulata ?B?aszk. (1988)Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales Acaulospora polonica B?aszk. (1988)Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales
Acaulospora rehmii Sieverd. & S. T oro
(1987)
Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales
Acaulospora rugosa J.B. Morton (1986)Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales Acaulospora
scrobiculata
Trappe (1977)Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales
Acaulospora spinosa C. Walker & Trappe
(1981)
Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales
Acaulospora splendida Sieverd., Chaverri & I.
Rojas (1988)
Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales
Acaulospora
sporocarpia
needs taxonomic study S.M. Berch (1985)Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales Acaulospora tai w ania needs taxonomic study H.T. Hu (1988)Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales Acaulospora thomii B?aszk. (1988)Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales Acaulospora
tuberculata
Janos & Trappe (1982)Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales Acaulospora undulata= A. paulinae ?Sieverd. (1988)Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales
Acaulospora walkeri Kramad. & Hedger
(1990)
Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales
Ambispora back to top C. Walker, Vestberg &
Schuessler (2007)
Ambisporaceae Archaeosporales
Ambispora appendicula Basionym:
Acaulospora
appendicula S pain,
Sieverd. & N.C.
Schenck (1984)
Appendici s pora
appendicula S pain,
Oehl & Sieverd. (2006)
(Spain, Sieverd. & N.C.
Schenck) C. Walker
(2008)
Ambisporaceae Archaeosporales
Ambispora brasiliensis B.T. Goto, L.C. Maia &
Oehl (2008)
Ambisporaceae Archaeosporales
Ambispora callosa Basionym: Glomus
callosum Sieverd.
(Sieverd.) C. Walker,
Vestberg & S chuessler
Ambisporaceae Archaeosporales
Appendici s pora callosa C. Walker, Vestberg & Schuessler (2007)
Ambispora fecundispora Basionym: Glomus
fecundisporum N.C.
Schenck & G.S. Sm.
(1982)
Appendici s pora
fecundispora C.
Walker, Vestberg &
Schuessler (2007)
(N.C. Schenck & G.S.
Sm.) C. Walker (2008)
Ambisporaceae Archaeosporales
Ambispora fenni c a Appendici s pora
fenni c a C. Walker,
Vestberg & S chuessler
(2007)
C. Walker, Vestberg &
Schuessler (2007)
Ambisporaceae Archaeosporales
Ambispora gerdemannii Basionym: Glomus
gerdemannii S.L.
Rose, B.A. Daniels &
Trappe (1979)
Appendici s pora
gerdemannii S pain,
Oehl & Sieverd.
(2006), Archaeospora
gerdemannii J.B.
Morton & D. Redecker
(2001)
(S.L. Rose, B.A.
Daniels & Trappe) C.
Walker, Vestberg &
Schuessler (2007)
Ambisporaceae Archaeosporales
Ambispora jimgerdemannii Basionym:
Acaulospora
gerdemannii N.C.
Schenck & T.H.
Nicolson (1979)
Appendici s pora
jimgerdemannii S pain,
Oehl & Sieverd. (2006)
(N.C. Schenck & T.H.
Nicolson) C. Walker
(2008)
Ambisporaceae Archaeosporales
Ambispora leptoticha Basionym: Glomus
leptotichum N.C.
Schenck & G.S. Sm.
(1982)
Appendici s pora
leptoticha C. Walker,
Vestberg & S chuessler
(2007)
(N.C. Schenck & G.S.
Sm.) C. Walker,
Vestberg & S chuessler
(2007)
Remark: Archaeospora
leptoticha J.B. Morton &
D. Redecker (2001) was
composed of Ac.
Ambisporaceae Archaeosporales
gerdemannii & G .
leptotichum which ar e synanamorphs, w ith synonyms Ac. appendicula
&
G .
fecundisporum (Morton et al.
1997). This
was
eventually r eversed by Walker (2008). For a full explanation about what happened to the species Acaulospora gerdemannii, Ac. appendicula, Glomus leptotichum
and
Gl.
fecundisporum, see here
Archaeospora
back to top
J.B. Morton & D.
Redecker (2001) Archaeosporaceae Archaeosporales
Archaeospora trappei
(emendation by S pain 2003)
Basionym:
Acaulospora trappei R.N. Ames & Linderman (1976) (R.N.
Ames
&
Linderman) J.B. Morton
& D. Redecker (2001)
emend. S pain (2003)
Archaeosporaceae
Archaeosporales
Diversispora back to top
C. Walker & A.
Schuessler (2004)
Diversisporaceae Diversisporales
Diversispora spurca (emendation)
Basionym:
Glomus
spurcum C.M. P feiff.,
C. Walker & Bloss
(1996)
(C.M. P feiff., C. Walker
& Bloss) C. Walker & A. Schuessler (2004)
Diversisporaceae
Diversisporales
Diversispora celata
C. Walker, Gamper and Schuessler (2009) Diversisporaceae Diversisporales
Entrophospora
back to top
R.N. Ames & R.W . Schneid. (1979) E ntrophosporaceae unknown
E ntrophospora baltica
B?aszk.,
Madej
&
T adych (1998) E ntrophosporaceae
Diversisporales
E ntrophospora infrequens
Basionym:
Glomus
infrequens I.R. Hall
(1977) (the only 'CERT AIN' E ntrophospora sp.)
(I.R. Hall) R.N. Ames &
R.W . Schneid. (1979)
E ntrophosporaceae
Diversisporales
E ntrophospora nevadensis
J. P alenzuela, N.
Ferrol, Azco′n-Aguilar & Oehl (2010)
E ntrophosporaceae Diversisporales
Geosiphon back to top
F . v. Wettstein (1915)
Geosiphonaceae
(emendation)
Archaeosporales
Geosiphon pyriformis (emendation by Schuessler 2002)
Basionym: Botrydium pyri f orme Kützing (1849)
(Kützing) F . v. Wettstein (1915)
emend. Schuessler (2002)
Geosiphonaceae
Archaeosporales
Gigaspora
back to top Gerd. & Trappe (1974) Gigasporaceae Diversisporales
Gigaspora albida
N.C. Schenck & G .S. Sm. (1982) Gigasporaceae
Diversisporales
Gigaspora alboaurantiaca
= G . candida ? W .N. Chou (1991)
Gigasporaceae Diversisporales
Gigaspora candida
Gi. rosea sensu Bent.
& Mort. (1995)
Bhattacharjee, Mukerji,
J.P . T ew ari & Skoropad (1982)
Gigasporaceae
Diversisporales
Gigaspora decipiens I.R. Hall & L.K. Abbott (1984)
Gigasporaceae
Diversisporales
Gigaspora gigantea
Basionym: E ndogone
gigantea T .H. Nicolson & Gerd. (1968) (T .H. Nicolson & Gerd.)
Gerd. & Trappe (1974)
Gigasporaceae
Diversisporales
Gigaspora lazzarii NOT a Gigaspora
Montecchi, Ruini & G . Gross (1996) Gigasporaceae
Diversisporales
Gigaspora margarita W .N. Becker & I.R. Hall (1976)
Gigasporaceae Diversisporales
Gigaspora ramisporophora Gi. margarita sensu Bent. & Mort. (1995) S pain, Sieverd. & N.C. Schenck (1989) Gigasporaceae Diversisporales
Gigaspora rosea
T .H. Nicolson & N.C. Schenck (1979)
Gigasporaceae Diversisporales
Glomus back to top
Tul. & C. Tul. (1845) Glomeraceae
Pirozynsky & Dalpé 1989
Glomerales (emendation)
Glomus achrum
B?aszk., D. Redecker,
Koegel,
Schuezek, Oehl & Kovacs (2009)
Glomeraceae
Glomerales
Glomus africanum
B?aszk.
& Kovács
(2010)
Glomus Group A Glomerales
Glomus aggregatum (emendation here)
N.C. Schenck & G .S.
Sm. (1982)
Glomeraceae
Glomerales
Glomus albidum
P ossibly not Glomus C. Walker & L.H. Rhodes (1981) Glomeraceae
Glomerales
Glomus ambisporum
G .S.
Sm.
&
N.C.
Schenck (1985) Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus antarcticum =
Glomus
intraradices ? Cabello (1994)
Glomeraceae Glomerales Glomus arborense
McGee (1986)
Glomeraceae
Glomerales
Glomus arenarium
B?aszk., T a dych
&
Madej (2001)
Glomeraceae
Glomerales
Glomus atrouva
= Glomus botryoides ?
McGee & Pattinson
(2002)
Glomeraceae
Glomerales
Glomus aurantium
B?aszk., Blanke, Renker & Buscot (2004)
Diversisporaceae
Diversisporales
Glomus aureum
Compare with Glomus
invermaium Oehl & Sieverd. (2003) Glomeraceae
Glomerales
Glomus australe (Berk.) S.M.
Berch
(1983)
Glomeraceae Glomerales Glomus avelingiae
R.C. Sinclair (2000) Glomeraceae Glomerales Glomus badium Oehl,
Redecker
&
Sieverd. (2005) Glomus Group A Glomerales Glomus bagyarajii
V.S. Mehrotra (1997) Glomeraceae
Glomerales
Glomus bistratum
B?aszk., D. Redecker,
Koegel,
Symanczik, Oehl & Kovacs (2009)
Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus boreale
Basionym: E ndogone borealis Thaxt. (1922) (Thaxt.) Trappe & Gerd. (1974) Glomeraceae
Glomerales
Glomus botryoides
F .M. Rothw ell & Victor (1984)
Glomeraceae Glomerales Glomus caesari s
Sieverd. & Oehl (2002) Glomeraceae
Glomerales
Glomus caledonium Basionym: E ndogone
macrocarpa
var .
caledonia
T .H. Nicolson &
Gerd.
(1968)
(T .H. Nicolson & Gerd.) Trappe & Gerd. (1974) Glomus Group A Glomerales
Glomus canadense Basionym: E ndogone
canadensis Thaxt. (1922) (Thaxt.) Trappe & Gerd.
(1974)
Glomeraceae
Glomerales
Glomus canum
McGee (2002) Glomeraceae Glomerales Glomus cerebri f orme = Glomus pallidum ?
McGee (1986)
Glomeraceae
Glomerales
Glomus citricola
T ype material diffi c ult to interpret. Maybe
mixed, maybe
a Glomus
GlGrAb organism, or even an Acaulospora
D.Z. T ang & M. Zang
(1984)
Glomeraceae
Glomerales
Glomus claroideum (emendation
by Walker & Vestberg 1998)
Glomus maculosum D. D. Mill. & C. Walker (1986), G . multisubstensum
N. C. Schenck & G . S. Sm. (1982) emend C.
Walker &
Vestberg
(1998)
Glomus Group B
Glomerales
Mukerji, Bhattacharjee & J.P. T ew ari (1983), G. fistulosum Skou & I. Jakobsen (1989)
Glomus clarum T.H. Nicolson & N.C.
Schenck (1979)
Glomus Group Ab Glomerales
Glomus clavisporum Basionym: Sclerocysti s
clavispora Trappe
(1977)
(Trappe) R.T. Almeida &
N.C. Schenck (1990)
Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus constrictum Trappe (1977)Glomeraceae Glomerales Glomus convolutum Gerd. & Trappe (1974)Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus coremioides Basionym: Sclerocysti s
coremioides Berk. &
Broome (1875)
S. alba, S. coccogena,
Sclerocystis dussii
(P at.) H?hn. (1910),
Xenomyces ochraceus
Ces. (1879),
Ackermannia
coccogena,
S phaerocreas
coccogena, S ph.
dussii, S ph. javanicum
H?hn. (1908),
E ndogone minutissima
Beeli (1923), E. alba
Note: there is some
controversy about the
generic name. Further
work may be needed.
(Berk. & Broome) D.
Redecker & J.B. Morton
(2000)
Glomus Group A Glomerales
Glomus coronatum Giovann. (1991)Glomus Group A Glomerales Glomus
corymbiforme
B?aszk. (1995)Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus cuneatum McGee & Cooper
(2002)
Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus custos C. Cano & Y. Dalpé
(2009)
Glomus Group Ab Glomerales
Glomus delhiense Mukerji, Bhattacharjee & J.P. T ew ari (1983)
Glomus deserticola Trappe, Bloss &J.A.
Menge (1984)
Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus diaphanum J.B. Morton & C. Walker Glomeraceae Glomerales
(1984)
Glomus dimorphicum
Confused name due to
error.
The
type includes four already described species.
Boyetchko & J.P . T ew ari
(1986) Glomeraceae
Glomerales
Glomus dolichosporum
M.Q. Zhang & You S. Wang (1997) Glomeraceae
Glomerales
Glomus drummondii Blaszk. & C. Renker (2006)
Glomus Group B Glomerales
Glomus eburneum L.J. Kenn., J.C. S tutz & J.B. Morton (1999) Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus etunicatum W .N. Becker & Gerd. (1977)
Glomus Group B Glomerales
Glomus fasciculatum (emendation Walker & Koske 1987)
Basionym: E ndogone
fasci c ulata Thaxt. (1922) E .
macrocarpa
f. media, E . arenaceae
(Thaxt.) Gerd. & Trappe
(1974)
emend.
C. Walker & Koske (1987)
Glomus Group Ab
Glomerales
Glomus flavisporum Basionym: E ndogone
flavi s pora M. Lange & E .M. Lund (1955)
(M. Lange & E .M. Lund)
Trappe & Gerd. (1974)
Glomeraceae
Glomerales
Glomus formosanum
C.G . Wu & Z.C. Chen (1986)
Glomeraceae
Glomerales
Glomus fragile
Basionym:
P aurocotylis
fragile Berk. & Broome (1875) (Berk. & B roome) Trappe & Gerd. (1974)
Glomeraceae
Glomerales
Glomus fragilistratum Skou & I. Jakobsen (1989)
Glomus Group A
Glomerales
Glomus fuegianum
Basionym: E ndogone fuegiana S peg. (1887) (S peg.) Trappe & Gerd. (1974) Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus fulvum
Basionym: P aurocotylis
fulvum
Berk. & Broome (1875) E ndogone
fulva
(Berk. & Broome) Pat. (1903), Endogone
moelleri Henn. (1897), Endogone
lignicola Pat.
(1902)
(Berk.
& B roome)
Trappe & Gerd. (1974) Diversisporaceae Diversisporales
Glomus geosporum (complete paper here)
macrocarpum
var.
geosporum T .H.
Nicolson
&
Gerd. (1968)
E ndogone macrocarpa var. geospora
(T .H. Nicolson & Gerd.) C. Walker (1982)
Glomus Group A
Glomerales
Glomus gibbosum B?aszk. (1997) Glomeraceae Glomerales Glomus globiferum
Koske & C. Walker (1986) Glomeraceae
Glomerales
Glomus glomerulatum Sieverd. (1987) Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus halonatum = Glomus clarum ? S.L. Rose & Trappe (1980) Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus heterosporum
G .S.
Sm.
&
N.C.
Schenck (1985) Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus hoi
S.M. Berch & Trappe (1985) Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus
hyderabadensi s
S w arapu,
Kunwar ,
P rasad &
Manohar (2004)
Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus indicum B?aszk., Wubet,
Harikumar (2010) Glomeraceae Glomerales Glomus insculptum
B?aszk. (2004) Glomeraceae Glomerales Glomus intraradices N.C. Schenck & G .S. Sm. (1982) Glomus Group Ab Glomerales Glomus invermaium I.R. Hall (1977) Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus iranicum
B?aszk.,
Kovács
&
Balázs (2010) Glomus Group A
Glomus irregulare
B?aszk., Wubet, Renker & Buscot (2008)
Glomus Group Ab
Glomerales Glomus kerguelense Dalpé & S trullu (2002) Glomeraceae Glomerales Glomus lacteum
P robably not Glomus
S.L. Rose & Trappe (1980)
Glomeraceae
Glomerales
Glomus lamellosum Dalpé, Koske & T ews (1992)
Glomus Group B Glomerales
Glomus liquidambaris Basionym: Sclerocysti s
liquidambaris C.G . Wu
& Z.C. Chen (1987)
S. cunninghamia (C.G . Wu & Z.C. Chen)
R.T . Almeida & N.C. Schenck (1990)
Glomeraceae
Glomerales
Glomus luteum
L.J. Kenn., J.C. S tutz &
J.B. Morton (1999)
Glomus Group B
Glomerales
Glomus macrocarpum
(original description here, of Tul. & C. Tul.)
Tul. & C. Tul. (1851), Glomus macrocarpum var. macrocarpum, E . australis, P aurocotylis
fulva var. zaelandica,
E . versi f orme (Note:
this was suggested in Gerd. & Trappe 1974,
but definitely NOT = E . versi f orme), E . pampaloniana, E .
tenebrosa, E . guttulata,
E . nuda
Tul. & C. Tul. (1845)
Glomeraceae
Glomerales
Glomus maculosum Miller & C. Walker (1986) Glomeraceae Glomerales Glomus magnicaule I.R. Hall (1977) Glomeraceae Glomerales Glomus manihotis = Glomus clarum ?
R.H. How eler, Sieverd. & N.C. Schenck (1984) Glomus Group Ab
Glomerales
Glomus megalocarpum
D. Redecker (2007) Diversisporaceae Diversisporales
Glomus melanosporum
Gerd. & Trappe (1974) Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus
microaggregatum Koske, Gemma & P .D. Olexia (1986)
Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus microcarpum
(lectotypified here by
S.M. Berch & J.A.
Fortin 1984) E ndogone microcarpus
Tul. & C. Tul. (1851) E . neglecta
Tul. & C. Tul. (1845)
Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus minutum
B?aszk.,
T adych
&
Madej (2000)
Glomeraceae Glomerales Glomus monosporum Gerd. & Trappe (1974) Glomeraceae Glomerales Glomus mortonii
Bentiv. & Hetrick (1991) Glomeraceae
Glomerales
Glomus mosseae
Basionym: E ndogone
mosseae T .H. Nicolson & Gerd. (1968)
(T .H. Nicolson & Gerd.)
Gerd. & Trappe (1974)
Glomus Group A
Glomerales
Glomus multicaule
Gerd. & B.K. Bakshi (1976) Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus multiforum
T adych &
B?aszk.
(1997) Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus nanolumen Koske &
Gemma (1990) Glomeraceae Glomerales Glomus pallidum
I.R. Hall (1977)
Glomeraceae
Glomerales
Glomus pansihalos S.M. Berch & Koske
(1986)
Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus pellucidum McGee & P attinson
(2002)
Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus perpusillum B?aszk. & Kovács
(2009)
Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus proliferum Compare with Glomus
arborense
Dalpé& Declerck
(2000)
Glomus Group Ab Glomerales
Glomus
przelewi c ense
B?aszk. (1988)Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus pubescens Basionym:
S phaerocreas
pubescens Sacc. &
E llis (1882)
Sclerocystis
pubescens, E ndogone
pubescens
(Sacc. & E llis) Trappe &
Gerd. (1974)
Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus pulvinatum Basionym: E ndogone
pulvinatus Henn.
(1897)
(Henn.) Trappe & Gerd.
(1974)
Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus pustulatum Koske, Friese, C.
Walker & Dalpé (1986)
Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus radiatum Basionym: E ndogone
radiata Thaxt. (1922)
(Thaxt.) Trappe & Gerd.
(1974)
Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus reticulatum Bhattacharjee & Mukerji (1980)
Glomus rubiforme Basionym: Sclerocysti s
rubiformis Gerd. &
Trappe (1974)
S. indicus, S.
pachycaulis
(Gerd. & Trappe) R.T.
Almeida & N.C.
Schenck (1990)
Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus segmentatum Trappe, S pooner &
Ivory (1979)
Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus sinuosum Basionym: Sclerocysti s
sinuosa Gerd. &B.K.
Bakshi (1976)
S. pakistanica
(Gerd. & B.K. Bakshi)
R.T. Almeida & N.C.
Schenck (1990)
Glomus Group A Glomerales
Glomus spinosum H.T. Hu (2002)Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus spinuliferum Compare with Glomus
pansihalos
Sieverd. & Oehl (2003)Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus sterilum Not validly published
(no Latin description)
V.S. Mehrotra & Baijal
(1992)
Glomus taiwanense
tai w anensis C.G . Wu & Z.C. Chen (1987)
R.T . Almeida & N.C. Schenck (1990)
Glomeraceae
Glomerales
Glomus tenebrosum Basionym: E ndogone
tenebrosa Thaxt. (1922) (Thaxt.) S.M. Berch
(1983)
Glomeraceae
Glomerales
Glomus tenerum emendation
Controversial species;
published as Glomus tener P .A. T andy (1975) Glomeraceae
Glomerales
Glomus tenue
Basionym: Rhizophagus
tenui s
Greenall (1963) P ossibly not belonging
to Glomus
(Greenall)
I.R.
Hall
(1977)
Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus tortuosum
N.C. Schenck & G .S. Sm. (1982)
Glomeraceae
Glomerales
Glomus trimurales Koske & Halvorson (1989)
Glomeraceae Glomerales
Glomus tubiformis
NOT
belonging
to
Glomeromycota,
moved to Densospora
tubiformis (McGee 1996. Aust. Syst. Bot. 9: 330)
P .A. T andy (1975)
Glomus verruculosum
B?aszk. (1997)
Glomus Group A
Glomerales
Glomus vesiculiferum
Basionym: E ndogone
vesi c ulifera Thaxt. (1922) E . tjibodensis (?)
(Thaxt.) Gerd. & Trappe
(1974)
Glomus Group A
Glomerales
Glomus viscosum
T .H. Nicolson (1995)
Glomus Group B
Glomerales
Glomus versi f orme
Basionym: E ndogone versi f ormis P . Karst
(1884)
Glomus epigaeum B.A. Daniels &
Trappe
(1979)
(P . Karst.) S.M. Berch
(1983) Diversisporaceae
Diversisporales
Glomus w alkeri
Blaszk. & C. Renker (2006) Glomus Group B Glomerales Glomus w arcupii
McGee (1986) Glomeraceae Glomerales Glomus xanthium B?aszk., Blanke, Renker & Buscot (2004) Glomus Group A
Glomerales
Glomus zaozhuangianus
F .Y. Wang & R.J. Liu (2002)
Glomeraceae Glomerales
Intraspora back to top Oehl & Sieverd. (2006)Archaeosporaceae Archaeosporales
Intraspora schenckii Basionym:
E ntrophospora
schenckii Sieverd. & S.
T oro (1987)
(Sieverd. &S.
T oro) Oehl & Sieverd.
(2006)
Archaeosporaceae Archaeosporales
Otospora back to top J. P alenzuela, N. Ferrol
& Oehl (2008)
Diversisporaceae Diversisporales
Otospora bareai P hylogenic / taxonomic
affiliation to
Diversisporaceae
needs reinvestigation
J. P alenzuela, N. Ferrol
& Oehl (2008)
Diversisporaceae Diversisporales
Pacispora back to top Oehl & Sieverd. (2004)Pacisporaceae
(=Gerdemanniaceae)
Diversisporales
P acispora chimonobambusae Basionym: Glomus
chimonobambusae
C.G. Wu & Y.S. Liu
(1995)
Gerdemannia
chimonobambusae C.
Walker, Blaszk.,
Schuessler &
Schwarzott, P acispora
chimonobambusae
nom. inval. (Art. 33.3)
Oehl & Sieverd. (2004)
(C.G. Wu & Y.S. Liu) C.
Walker, Vestberg &
Schuessler (2007)
P acisporaceae Diversisporales
P acispora boliviana Oehl & Sieverd. (2004)P acisporaceae Diversisporales P acispora coralloidae Oehl & Sieverd. (2004)P acisporaceae Diversisporales P acispora
franci s cana
Oehl & Sieverd. (2004)P acisporaceae Diversisporales
P acispora patagoni c a Basionym: Glomus
patagonicum Novas &
Fracchia (2005) (link to
publisher!)
(Novas & Fracchia) C.
Walker, Vestberg &
Schuessler (2007)
P acisporaceae Diversisporales
P acispora robigina Oehl & Sieverd. (2004)P acisporaceae Diversisporales
P acispora scintillans Basionym: G.
scintillans S.L. Rose &
Trappe (1980)
P acispora scintillans
nom. inval. (Art. 33.3)
Oehl & Sieverd.
(2004), P. dominikii
Oehl & Sieverd.
(2004), Gerdemannia
(S.L. Rose & Trappe) C.
Walker, Vestberg &
Schuessler (2007)
P acisporaceae Diversisporales
scintillans Walker,
B?aszk., S chuessler & Schwarzott (2004), Glomus dominikii
(B?aszk.)
Paraglomus
back to top
J.B. Morton & D.
Redecker (2001)
Paraglomeraceae Paraglomerales
P araglomus brasilianum
Basionym:
Glomus brasilianum S pain & J. Miranda (1996)
(S pain & J. Miranda)
J.B. Morton
&
D. Redecker (2001)
P araglomeraceae
P araglomerales
P araglomus occultum (complete paper here)
Basionym: Glomus
occultum C. Walker (1982)
(C. Walker) J.B. Morton
& D. Redecker (2001)
P araglomeraceae
P araglomerales
P araglomus laccatum
(this is a link to commercial publisher not willing to give copyright clearance!)
Basionym: Glomus laccatum B?aszk. (1988) (B?aszk.) C. Renker,
B?aszk. & F . Buscot (2007)
P araglomeraceae
P araglomerales
Racocetra back to top
Oehl, F .A. Souza & Sieverd. (2008)
Gigasporaceae Diversisporales
Racocetra alborosea Basionym: Gigaspora
alborosea Ferrer &
R.A. Herrera (1981)
Scutellospora
alborosea C. Walker &
F .E . Sanders (1986)
(Ferrer & R.A. Herrera)
Oehl, F .A. Souza & Sieverd. (2008)
Gigasporaceae
Diversisporales
Racocetra beninensis
Oehl, T chabi & Law ouin (2009)
Racocetra castanea Basionym:
Scutellospora castanea C. Walker (1993)
(C. Walker) Oehl, F .A.
Souza
&
Sieverd. (2008)
Gigasporaceae
Diversisporales
Racocetra coralloidea Basionym: Gigaspora
coralloidea
Trappe,
Gerd. & I. Ho (1974)
Scutellospora
coralloidea C. Walker &
F .E . Sanders (1986) (Trappe, Gerd. & I. Ho)
Oehl, F .A. Souza & Sieverd. (2008)
Gigasporaceae
Diversisporales
Racocetra fulgida
Basionym:
Scutellospora fulgida
Koske & C. Walker
(1986) (Koske & C. Walker)
Oehl, F .A. Souza & Sieverd. (2008)
Gigasporaceae
Diversisporales
Racocetra gregaria
gregaria N.C. Schenck & T .H. Nicolson (1979) Scutellospora gregaria C. Walker & F .E . Sanders (1986)
(N.C. Schenck & T .H.
Nicolson) Oehl, F .A.
Souza & Sieverd. (2008) Gigasporaceae
Diversisporales
Racocetra intraornata
B.T . Goto & Oehl (2009) Gigasporaceae
Diversisporales Racocetra minuta Basionym: Gigaspora
minuta Ferrer & R.A.
Herrera (1981)
Scutellospora minuta
C. Walker & F .E . Sanders (1986) (Ferrer & R.A. Herrera)
Oehl, F .A. Souza & Sieverd. (2008)
Gigasporaceae
Diversisporales
Racocetra persica Basionym: Gigaspora
persi c a Koske & C.
Walker (1985)
Scutellospora persica
C. Walker & F .E . Sanders (1986) (Koske & C. Walker)
Oehl, F .A. Souza & Sieverd. (2008)
Gigasporaceae
Diversisporales
Racocetra verrucosa Basionym: Gigaspora
verrucosa Koske & C.
Walker (1985)
Scutellospora
verrucosa C. Walker &
F .E . Sanders (1986)
(Koske & C. Walker)
Oehl, F .A. Souza & Sieverd. (2008)
Gigasporaceae
Diversisporales
Scutellospora
back to top
C. Walker & F .E .
Sanders (1986) Gigasporaceae
Diversisporales
Scutellospora arenicola
Koske & Halvorson (1990) Gigasporaceae
Diversisporales
Scutellospora armeniaca B?aszk. (1993)
Gigasporaceae Diversisporales
Scutellospora aurigloba Basionym: Gigaspora aurigloba I.R. Hall (I.R. Hall) C. Walker & F .E . Sanders (1986) Gigasporaceae Diversisporales Scutellospora biornata
S pain, Sieverd. & S. T oro (1989)
Gigasporaceae
Diversisporales
Scutellospora calospora (emendation here)
Basionym: E ndogone
calospora T .H. Nicolson &
Gerd. (1968)
Gigaspora calospora
(T .H. Nicolson & Gerd.) C.
Walker
&
F .E . Sanders (1986)
Gigasporaceae
Diversisporales
Scutellospora cerradensis
S pain & J. Miranda (1996)
Gigasporaceae
Diversisporales
Dentiscutata colliculosa Basionym:
Dentiscutata
colliculosa B.T. Goto &
Oehl (2010)
Note: basionym given
here, because
Dentiscutata was
synonymized by
Morton & Msiska
(2010) w ith
Scutellospora, and the
species therefore must
be transferred to
Scutellospora
B.T. Goto & Oehl (2010)Gigasporaceae Diversisporales
Scutellospora crenulata R.A. Herrera, Cuenca &
C. Walker (2001)
Gigasporaceae Diversisporales
Scutellospora dipapillosa Basionym: Gigaspora
dipapillosa C. Walker &
Koske (1985)
(C. Walker & Koske) C.
Walker & F.E. Sanders
(1986)
Gigasporaceae Diversisporales
Scutellospora dipurpurescens = Scutellospora
calospora ?
J.B. Morton & Koske
(1988)
Gigasporaceae Diversisporales
Scutellospora erythropus Basionym: Gigaspora
erythropa Koske & C.
Walker (1984)
(Koske & C. Walker) C.
Walker & F.E. Sanders
(1986)
Gigasporaceae Diversisporales
Scutellospora gilmorei Basionym: Gigaspora
gilmorei Trappe &
Gerd. (1974)
(Trappe & Gerd.) C.
Walker & F.E. Sanders
(1986)
Gigasporaceae Diversisporales
Scutellospora haw aiiensis Koske & Gemma
(1995)
Gigasporaceae Diversisporales
Scutellospora heterogama Basionym: E ndogone
heterogama T.H.
Nicolson & Gerd.
(1968)
Gigaspora heterogama
(T.H. Nicolson & Gerd.)
C. Walker & F.E.
Sanders (1986)
Gigasporaceae Diversisporales
Scutellospora nigra Basionym: Gigaspora
nigra J.F. Redhead
(1979)
(J.F. Redhead) C.
Walker & F.E. Sanders
(1986)
Gigasporaceae Diversisporales
Scutellospora nodosa B?aszk. (1991)Gigasporaceae Diversisporales
Scutellospora pellucida (emendation here)Basionym: Gigaspora
pellucida T.H. Nicolson
& N. C. Schenck
(1979)
(T.H. Nicolson & N. C.
Schenck) C. Walker &
F.E. Sanders (1986)
Gigasporaceae Diversisporales
Scutellospora Oehl, D.K Silva, N. Gigasporaceae Diversisporales
pernambucana Freitas, L.C. Maia
(2008)
Scutellospora projecturata Kramad. & C. Walker
(2000)
Gigasporaceae Diversisporales
Scutellospora reticulata Basionym: Gigaspora
reticulata Koske, D.D.
Mill. & C. Walker
(1983)
(Koske, D.D. Mill. & C.
Walker) C. Walker &
F.E. Sanders (1986)
Gigasporaceae Diversisporales
Scutellospora rubra S türmer & J.B. Morton
(1999)
Gigasporaceae Diversisporales
Scutellospora savannicola Basionym: Gigaspora
savannicola R.A.
Herrera & Ferrer
(1981)
(R.A. Herrera & Ferrer)
C. Walker & F.E.
Sanders (1986)
Gigasporaceae Diversisporales
Scutellospora scutata C. Walker & Dieder.
(1989)
Gigasporaceae Diversisporales
Scutellospora spinosissima C. Walker & Cuenca
(1998)
Gigasporaceae Diversisporales
Scutellospora striata Cuenca & R.A. Herrera
(2008)
Gigasporaceae Diversisporales
Scutellospora tricalypta Basionym: Gigaspora
tricalyptra R.A. Herrera
& Ferrer (1981)
(R.A. Herrera & Ferrer)
C. Walker & F.E.
Sanders (1986)
Gigasporaceae Diversisporales
Scutellospora trirubiginopa X.L. P an & G.Yun
Zhang (1997)
Gigasporaceae Diversisporales
Scutellospora weresubiae Racocetra weresubiae
Oehl, F.A. Souza &
Sieverd. (2008)
Koske & C. Walker
(1986)
Gigasporaceae Diversisporales
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This is highly appreciated by many scientists! We acknowledge (alphabetically):
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Annals of Botany
Australian Systematic Botany[CSIRO PUBLISHING, full text of papers can be obtained v ia either subscriptions or pay-per-v iew services at http://www.publish.csiro.au/j ournals/asb]
Canadian Journal of Botany
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Mycotaxon
Mycological Re search
Mycologia
New Phytologist
Philippine Journal of Science Taywania
Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc.
丛枝菌根研究方法
丛枝菌根研究方法 1.检测孢子含量的方法（湿筛倾注蔗糖离心法） 1.Gerdemann J W, Nicolson T H,1963. Spores of mycorrhizal endogone species extracted from soil by wet sieving and decanting. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 46: 235-244 2.刘润进，李晓林．2000．丛枝菌根及其应用．北京：科学出版社：190-194 根据上述方法略有改动 1.称取10 g菌剂，置入大烧杯中加500 ml水，搅拌，静置10 s。 2.先后过80目分样筛、400目分样筛，将400目筛子上的残余物用药匙转入50ml 离 心管中，后用清水冲洗筛子，将残余物全部转入离心管中，配平，3000转/min 离 心10 min。（注分样筛最好直径为12 cm左右，便于下面放置烧杯过筛） 3.去掉上清液，在离心管中加入预先配制好的质量分数为50%的蔗糖溶液，玻璃棒搅 匀，配平，3000转/min 离心10 min（注意离心前离心管壁上不能有残余物）。 4.将400目筛子呈一斜面放置，离心后的蔗糖溶液过筛子的下侧，用水将筛子上的残 留物轻轻洗入划线培养皿中。（注意水不能加太多以防影响检测，培养皿划线便于 统计）。 5. 解剖镜镜检统计培养皿中的孢子数目，计算出菌剂中的孢子含量。 注：溶于蔗糖溶液中的孢子仍可进行接种。 2.检测菌根侵染率的方法（曲利苯蓝染色法） Phillips J M，Hayman D S，1970. Improved procedures for clearing and staining parasitic and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 55: 158~161
丛枝菌根真菌在园艺作物上的应用
丛枝菌根真菌在园艺作物上的应用1 邹英宁，吴强盛* 长江大学园艺园林学院，湖北荆州（434025） E-mail：wuqiangsh@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/7010937934.html, 摘要：丛枝菌根是土壤中的丛枝菌根真菌与植物根系结合的互惠共生体，能帮助植物吸收矿质营养和水分、促进植物生长、提高抗逆性、改善果实品质等。提出了丛枝菌根真菌生产的技术流程，综述了丛枝菌根真菌在果树、蔬菜、花卉植物上的应用与效应。 关键词：丛枝菌根真菌；丛枝菌根；园艺作物；菌剂生产 中图分类号：Q939.96 1. 引言 菌根（Mycorrhizas）是一类与植物根系紧密结合互惠互利的联合体，其互惠互利表现在菌根通过其根系外的菌丝、根系内的丛枝及根内特殊的水分运输通道给寄主植物运送矿质营养和水分，而寄主植物将光合作用产生的碳水化合物通过物质流转运给菌根以维持其生长发育[1]。菌根按照形态学分为三类：外生菌根（Ectomycorrhizas）、丛枝菌根（Endomycorrhizas）和内外生菌根（Ectoendomycorrhizas）[2]。外生菌根指菌根真菌侵入到植物根系的皮层，在间隙里形成哈蒂氏网，大量的菌丝在根系外面形成一个菌套，主要与森林植物共生；丛枝菌根指菌根菌丝不仅侵入到根系皮层，而且还进入到细胞内部，形成丛枝（Arbuscules）结构，有的还在细胞间或者内部形成泡囊（Vesicles），在许多园艺作物如柑桔、桃、苹果、梨、番茄、西瓜、非洲菊、月季等都可以发现和找到这种结构；内外生菌根则同时具备外生菌根和丛枝菌根的特性，菌根菌丝在细胞间隙形成哈蒂氏网，根系表面形成菌套，菌丝在细胞内部也形成各种菌丝团，主要在一些松科和杜鹃花科植物存在。目前的研究表明，在园艺作物上接种丛枝菌根真菌能够促进园艺作物的生长，增强园艺作物对矿质营养的吸收，提高抗逆性，改善水分代谢，提高果树和蔬菜的品质等[3]。因此，在园艺作物根系上没有丛枝菌根的存在反而不正常[4]，从而显示丛枝菌根在园艺作物上的重要性 2. 丛枝菌根真菌菌剂的生产 丛枝菌根真菌菌剂的生产是其应用于园艺作物的关键。尽管丛枝菌根真菌至今尚不能进行纯培养，但采用盆栽菌剂生产法[5]仍可以获得一定纯度的菌剂，其具体生产流程是：选择玉米或高梁为寄主植物，对其种子采用10％的次氯酸钠溶液表面消毒5～10 m，然后放置在一个湿巾上，用塑料袋包好进行催芽。一般玉米种子在2～3 d就能够发芽。选择3 mm大小的粉碎玄武岩为栽培基质，目的是基质含有非常低的营养水平，特别是P。然后对基质进行高压蒸汽灭菌，杀死土著丛枝菌根真菌。灭菌的基质与购买的纯菌剂（可以从北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所“中国丛枝菌根真菌种质资源库（BGC）”购买）按照20：1（v/v）的比例混合均匀，装于15～25 cm直径的塑料盆中。将已经催芽的种子每盆播2～6粒，然后放置在温室或良好光照的避雨棚中以减少其他微生物通过风和雨水的污染。一般地，在正常水分管理的6 w后就能够观察到丛枝菌根真菌与寄主植物根系共生。14 w后开始控水，16 w时去除植物地上部分，将基质和根系倒在一个干净的盘中，把根系剪断，与栽培基质混合均匀，此菌剂即可应用于田间。如果菌剂不及时使用，可以保存在4 °C冰箱或凉爽干 1本课题得到长江大学科研发展基金(39210264)的资助。
AMF(丛枝菌根真菌)
AMF（丛枝菌根真菌）对香蕉试管苗的驯化日期：2011年5月24日 摘要：丛枝菌根真菌的影响（AMF）的香蕉试管苗上进行了评估在驯化期。植物接种无 梗scrobiculata，绣球clarum和Glomus etunicatum。在种植后温室3个月，株高，叶面积，鲜重和干物质的根，芽，AMF的殖民化的水平营养水平，光合作用和蒸腾率，水势和气孔导进行了测定。丛枝菌根真菌孢子的生产数量在每个治疗也决心。苗接种与丛枝菌根真菌具有更大的株高，叶面积和新鲜地上部和根系的重量，以及较高的光合作用和蒸腾比对照组。植物与血管球接种均优于在最评估参数。 关键词：穆萨菌，内生菌根，菌根菌，气候适应 引言：水果的营养快繁，观赏和森林物种，是一个良好的生产条件，转基因植物检疫植物 和均匀大量的主要工具。到温室栽培植物体外转移是在结构和生理适应的最重要的准备过程中试管苗的步骤之一。这一阶段，由于水土不服，是一种对植物自养的存在开始，以期为生存所必需的生理过程的开始。在这段时间内，必须增加水的试管苗和矿物质，光合速率的吸收。 试管苗，病免费的，但他们还缺乏丛枝（AMF）的菌根真菌。AMF的是众所周知的增加，增加水和矿物营养素的吸收，尤其是磷（P）植物的活力。此外，AMF的病原体可以保护寄主植物的根和减轻极端温度变化，pH值和水分胁迫（迪克森和马克思1987年的影响; Siqueira 1994年）。接种AMF的成功在驯化期间（格兰杰等人的开始。1983年; Brazanti等。1992年;罗杰古勒明等。1995年），甚至在体外培养已被证实。三是与从组织培养植物的根系形成共生互利的效果表现在蓬勃植物的光合作用和蒸腾速率高，养分和水分，提高抗逆性。 接种丛枝菌根真菌在植物组培苗生长初期当然可以对体外培养，通过积极对rootmeristem活动菌根共生效应，高殖利率。支持这个假说是由伯塔等人的结果。（1995年），谁表明，AMF的协会改变了红叶李根的分枝格局。接种类型的使用是很重要的驯化。福图纳等人（1992）建议的AMF的感染，高效品种的推广使用植物生长迅速增加。这些作者还表明，虽然在促进试管比较红叶李增长的2种AMF效率，该真菌感染影响其效力。更加新鲜，干物，高度增量被发现与血管球比与G. coronatum mosseae的接种植物，但在实验结束两组植物具有相似的增长。 我们工作的目的是评估的三个AMF的来自巴西的半干旱地区灌溉生长的香蕉种植园，营养和生理发展香蕉试管苗接种分离本土物种的影响作用。 材料与方法 植物材料和土壤性质 试管香蕉苗是根据生物技术。在植株形成的根在体外用MS液体培养基，后来转移到（500毫升的容量）与熏蒸基质：土，沙，有机质（1：1：1）。前沙混合料性能的土壤3.2克土壤有机质每公斤，马克土0.84毫克P每分米，pH值5.1（土：水=1：2.5）。接种量（约400每集装箱孢子）放置在以下5个香蕉植株根系与土壤接触面与熏蒸厘米，底层覆盖。滤液接种的土壤添加到所有的治疗方标准化微生物。植物在温室下保持12 h的800-1300勒克斯，光周期25B4 7C及70%-90％的相对湿度。 感染源
丛枝菌根侵染率研究
丛枝菌根研究方法 一、检测孢子含量的方法 A湿筛倾注法 1. 称取一定重量的土壤样品（最好是取自15cm 表层植物根系附近的土壤），放在容器内用水浸泡20-30min，使土壤松散。如果土壤粘性很大，也可加入各种土壤分散剂。 2. 选用一套洁净的具有孔径为0.5-0.034mm的土壤筛，依次重叠起来。最底层用一物体垫着（如培养皿、木块等物），使筛面稍微倾斜。 3. 用玻璃棒搅动浸泡的水溶液，停置几秒钟后，使大的石砾和杂物沉淀下去，即将悬浮的土壤溶液慢慢地倒在最上一层孔径最大的土壤筛上。倾倒时，最好集中倒在筛面的一个点上，不要使整个筛面都沾有土壤溶液。 4. 用清水依次轻轻冲洗停留在筛面上的筛出物，以免在上层粗筛面的剩留物中夹藏有VA 菌根真菌孢子。 5. 用洗瓶将停留在筛面上的筛出物轻轻冲洗到一个清洁的培养皿里面，再将滤液通过细筛并用水冲洗。在冲下来的筛出物中，除有许多细的沙砾和杂质外，就含有VA菌根真菌的不同直径的孢子。 6. 将含有筛出物的培养皿放在双目实体解剖显微镜下观察。 B 蔗糖离心法 1. 称取10 g菌剂，置入大烧杯中加500 ml水，搅拌，静置10 s。 2. 先后过80目分样筛、400目分样筛，将400目筛子上的残余物用药匙转入50ml 离心管中，后用清水冲洗筛子，将残余物全部转入离心管中，配平，3000转/min 离心10 min。（注分样筛最好直径为12 cm左右，便于下面放置烧杯过筛） 3. 去掉上清液，在离心管中加入预先配制好的质量分数为50%的蔗糖溶液，玻璃棒搅匀，配平，3000转/min 离心10 min（注意离心前离心管壁上不能有残余物）。 4. 将400目筛子呈一斜面放置，离心后的蔗糖溶液过筛子的下侧，用水将筛子上的残留物轻轻洗入划线培养皿中。（注意水不能加太多以防影响检测，培养皿划线便于统计）。 5. 解剖镜镜检统计培养皿中的孢子数目，计算出菌剂中的孢子含量。 注：溶于蔗糖溶液中的孢子仍可进行接种。
丛枝菌根真菌名录及新科新属
This is an electronic version of the publication: Schü?ler A, Walker C (2010) The Glomeromycota. A species list with new families and new genera. Arthur Schü?ler & Christopher Walker, Gloucester. Published in December 2010 in libraries at The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, The Royal Botanic Garden Kew, Botanische Staatssammlung Munich, and Oregon State University. Electronic version freely available online at https://www.sodocs.net/doc/7010937934.html, This electronic version is 100% identical to the printed publication. This includes the errors; therefore the electronic version contains one additional, initial page as a corrigendum, giving corrections of some errors and typos.
Corrections, 2 FEB, 14 FEB, 19 JUL 2011. The corrections are highlighted in red. p 7. FOR Claroidoglomeraceae READ Claroid e oglomeraceae p 10. DELETE Glomus pulvinatum (Henn.) Trappe & Gerd. [as 'pulvinatus'], in Gerdemann & Trappe, Mycol. Mem. 5: 59 (1974) ≡Endogone pulvinata Henn., Hedwigia 36: 212 (1897) p 11. AFTER Botanical Code for formal descriptions after 1 Jan 1935 INSERT) p 14. BELOW ≡ Endogone macrocarpa var. geospora T.H. Nicolson & Gerd., Mycologia 60(2): 318 (1968) INSERT ≡ Glomus macrocarpum var. geosporum (T.H. Nicolson & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe [as macrocarpus var. geosporus], Mycol. Mem. 5: 55 (1974) p16. ABOVE Sclerocystis coccogenum (Pat.) H?hn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 119: 399 [7 repr.] (1910) INSERT Sclerocystis clavispora Trappe, Mycotaxon 6(2): 358 (1977) ≡ Glomus clavisporum (Trappe) R.T. Almeida & N.C. Schenck, Mycologia 82(6): 710 (1990) p 19. FOR Rhizophagus irregulare READ Rhizophagus irregularis p 19. FOR Rhizophagus proliferus (B?aszk., Kovács & Balázs) READ Rhizophagus proliferus (Dalpé & Declerck) p 28. FOR Scutellospora arenicola Koske Koske & Halvorson READ Scutellospora arenicola Koske & Halvorson p 29. FOR Scutellospora pernambucana Oehl, Oehl, D.K. Silva, READ Scutellospora pernambucana Oehl, D.K. Silva, p 30. FOR Genus name: Racocetra Oehl, F.A. Souza & Sieverd., Mycotaxon: 334 (2009) READ Genus name: Racocetra Oehl, F.A. Souza & Sieverd., Mycotaxon 106: 334 (2009) p 35. FOR Acaulospora mellea Spain & N.C. Schenck, in Schenck, Spain, Sieverding & Howeler, Mycologia 76(4): 689 READ Acaulospora mellea Spain & N.C. Schenck, in Schenck, Spain, Sieverding & Howeler, Mycologia 76(4): 690 p 39. FOR Entrophospora nevadensis J. Palenzuela, N. Ferrol & Oehl, Mycologia 102(3): 627 (2010) READ Entrophospora nevadensis Palenz., N. Ferrol, Azcón-Aguilar & Oehl, in Palenzuela, Barea, Ferrol, Azcón-Aguilar & Oehl, Mycologia 102(3): 627 (2010) p 41. FOR Generic type: Pacispora chimonobambusae (C.G. Wu & Y.S. Liu) Sieverd. & Oehl ex C. Walker, Vestberg & A. Schü?ler, in Walker, Vestberg & Schü?ler, Mycol. Res. 111(3): 255 (2007) ≡Gerdemannia chimonobambusae (C.G. Wu & Y.S. Liu) C. Walker, B?aszk., A. Schü?ler & Schwarzott, in Walker, B?aszkowski, Schwarzott & Schü?ler, Mycol. Res. 108(6): 717 (2004) ≡Glomus chimonobambusae C.G. Wu & Y.S. Liu, in Wu, Liu, Hwuang, Wang & Chao, Mycotaxon 53: 284 (1995) READ Generic type: Pacispora scintillans (S.L. Rose & Trappe) Sieverd. & Oehl ex C. Walker, Vestberg & A. Schü?ler, in Walker, Vestberg & Schü?ler, Mycol. Res. 111(3): 255 (2007) ≡Glomus scintillans S.L. Rose & Trappe, Mycotaxon 10(2): 417 (1980) ≡Gerdemannia scintillans (S.L. Rose & Trappe) C. Walker, B?aszk., A. Schü?ler & Schwarzott, i n Walker, B?aszkowski, Schwarzott & Schü?ler, Mycol. Res. 108(6): 716 (2004) =Glomus dominikii B?aszk., Karstenia 27(2): 37 (1988) [1987] =Pacispora dominikii (B?aszk.) Sieverd. & Oehl, in Oehl & Sieverding, J. Appl. Bot., Angew. Bot. 78: 76 (2004) Pacispora chimonobambusae (C.G. Wu & Y.S. Liu) Sieverd. & Oehl ex C. Walker, Vestberg & A. Schü?ler, in Walker, Vestberg & Schü?ler, Mycol. Res. 111(3): 255 (2007) ≡Gerdemannia chimonobambusae (C.G. Wu & Y.S. Liu) C. Walker, B?aszk., A. Schü?ler & Schwarzott, in Walker, B?aszkowski, Schwarzott & Schü?ler, Mycol. Res. 108(6): 717 (2004) ≡Glomus chimonobambusae C.G. Wu & Y.S. Liu, in Wu, Liu, Hwuang, Wang & Chao, Mycotaxon 53: 284 (1995) p 41. BELOW Pacispora robigina Sieverd. & Oehl, in Oehl & Sieverding, J. Appl. Bot. (Angew. Bot.) 78: 75 (2004) DELETE Pacispora scintillans (S.L. Rose & Trappe) Sieverd. & Oehl ex C. Walker, Vestberg & A. Schü?ler, in Walker, Vestberg & Schü?ler, Mycol. Res. 111(3): 255 (2007) ≡Gerdemannia scintillans (S.L. Rose & Trappe) C. Walker, B?aszk., A. Schü?ler & Schwarzott, in Walker, B?aszkowski, Schwarzott & Schü?ler, Mycol. Res. 108(6): 716 (2004) ≡Glomus scintillans S.L. Rose & Trappe, Mycotaxon 10(2): 417 (1980) =Pacispora dominikii (B?aszk.) Sieverd. & Oehl, in O ehl & Sieverding, J. Appl. Bot., Angew. Bot. 78: 76 (2004) p 43. FOR≡Glomus aurantium B?aszk., Blanke, Renker & Buscot, Mycotaxon 90: 540 (2004) READ≡Glomus aurantium B?aszk., Blanke, R enker & Buscot, Mycotaxon 90: 450 (2004) p 43. FOR Genus name: Otospora Palenz., Ferrol & Oehl READ Genus name: Otospora Oehl, Palenz. & N. Ferrol p 43. FOR Generic type: Otospora bareae Palenz., Ferrol & Oehl [as 'bareai'] READ Generic type: Otospora bareae Palenz., N. Ferrol & Oehl [as 'bareai'] p 50. FOR Ambispora granatensis J. Palenzuela, N. Ferrol READ Ambispora granatensis Palenz., N. Ferrol p 53. FOR (Morton & Redecker 2001; Kaonongbua 2010). READ(Morton & Redecker 2001; Kaonongbua et al. 2010). Comment on the gender of the epithets in Redeckera. In publishing the new genus Redeckera, in honour of Dirk Redecker, we treated the gender as neuter, thus giving the epithets as pulvinatum, megalocarpum, and fulvum. We had inadvertently missed the recommendation 20A.1(i) in the Botanical Code requesting that all such epithets should be made feminine, and we apologise for this. However, because the names have been formally published, the requirements of Article 62 apply, and the neuter gender must be retained.
丛枝菌根实验方案
丛枝菌根实验方案 1.李晓林(1990)采用三室的试验装置，利用30μm的尼龙网将根与菌丝分开，建立了菌丝 际。该方法为研究菌丝及其菌丝际的生理生化变化提供了一条有用的途径。但是它仍然不能排除外界微生物及灌溉施肥等措施造成的影响，为了进一步研究菌丝的生理生化变化，必须建立一种无杂菌的菌丝际环境，将离体双重培养条件下形成共生体中的根与菌丝分离开来，使菌丝进入菌丝室，而将根阻止在菌根室中，不让二者混在一起，为深入研究菌根菌丝的生理生化特性提供新的技术和方法。 2.Glomus intraradices孢子较小，其直径为44μm一117μm，平均77μm，呈椭球形或 球形，颜色为淡黄色，其孢子的萌发是从联孢菌丝的断口处重新伸出菌丝(图4—1图版I一6)，而后再伸长、分枝，形成一个密集分枝的菌丝体。它的萌发不同于G．margarita 孢子和S．sinuosa孢子果的萌发。虽然较前两种孢子和孢子果的芽管数略少，但它仍具有很强的侵染潜力，可能同其具有很强的分枝能力有关。一旦萌发，菌丝的分枝速度很快。G．intraradices菌丝的分枝呈垂直方向。新生成的菌丝较联孢菌丝直径更细，对根段进行侵染会更容易。 3.菌根室中共生联合体的建立：将有机玻璃条用玻璃胶黏贴在直径为9cm的培养皿底部， 将培养皿分为两室，防止两室的培养基质进行营养交换。将30μm的尼龙网黏贴在有机玻璃条及培养皿壁，直至培养皿上盖，阻止根的进入(图4—2)。将转移RiT—DNA 胡萝卜根与萌发的G．intraradicesSchenck&Smith丛枝菌根真菌孢子，共同培养的室称为菌根室(MC)，而将菌丝穿过尼龙网进入的室称为菌丝室(HC)。图4—2培养皿中的两室试验装置将M培养基10mL倒入菌根室中，用于离体双重培养丛枝菌根真菌与转移RiT—DNA胡萝I-根。在菌丝室中：①倒入10mL的琼脂培养基质，其中含有NO3-N 或NH4-N(N的含量与M培养基中相同)，其pH分别为6．0或6．5，基质中含有0．6％溴甲酚紫作为指示剂；②倒入10mL不含蔗糖的M培养基，pH为5．5。在相应的菌根室中接种G．intraradices孢子。截取在M培养基上生长的转移RiT—DNA胡萝i-根的根尖5cm-7cm置于菌根室中，将萌发的孢子移入根旁空处，由于G．intraradices孢子直径小，每个培养皿移进30个孢子。将培养皿在27℃±1℃的恒温培养箱中黑暗培养。 4.菌根室中共生联合体生长状况：G．intraradices菌根真菌相似于G．margarita菌根真菌， 其生成的菌丝在与根相遇时入侵根段，在根细胞内形成丛枝。培养近一个月后，在培养基质中形成了大量的营养孢子及成熟的孢子(图4—3)。营养孢子的大小为4lμm-62μm，平均为49μm，而成熟孢子的大小范围是67μm一93μm，平均大小为78μm。
丛枝菌根名录
Glomeromycota SPECIES LIST last updated - News: Glomus africanum and G. iranicum included. Some new descriptions added, e.g. Racocetra beninensis. The synonyms list is corrected and now explicitly indicates the basionyms. The Gigasporaceae systematics was adopted according to the recent publication of Morton and Msiska (Mycorrhiza 2010, DOI 10.1007/s00572-010-0303-9), which rejects the split of Scutellospora into 3 families and 6 genera (Scutellospora in the Scutellosporaceae, Racocetra & Cetraspora in the Racocetraceae, Dentiscutata & Fuscutata & Quatunica in the Dentiscutataceae). The revision now leaves only Racocetra a s an additional genus, placed in the Gigasporaceae. Also, we adopt to the rejection of Kuklospora, a genus indicated from the beginning to be 'phylogenetically invalid' that now has been placed in Acaulospora (Kaonongbua et al. 2010). If you spot any mistake s, PLEASE inform us ! We try to hold everything up to date and also serve and collaborate with the Index Fungorum and Species 2000 database s. Thanks to those which already sent us pdf-files, or scanned pages, and to the publishers that gave us copyright clearance (see list at the end of the table) !!! We have been refused copyright clearance by the publisher Springer and the journals Nova Hedwigia and Botany (former Can. J. Bot.), and thus we cannot provide pdf files of the respective papers. If authors wish to have their taxonomic papers available public, e.g. included in this website, we suggest that you choose journals with suitable policy (or maybe you can pay for an open access pdf file). It would be helpful for the scientific community if authors of names in the Glomeromycota seek copyright clearance and provide us with a pdf file, if this is possible. Go directly to the genera (alphabetically): Acaulospora Ambispora Archaeospora Diversispora Entropho spora Geosiphon Gigaspora Glomus Intraspora Otospora Pacispora Parag lomus Racocetra Scutellospora Colour coding in the following table: taxon in blue = link to description (pdf-file); green = opinion of C. Walker, not proved or formally published (potentially needs further studies) Glomeromycota Current name Basionyms, synonyms & additional comments Authorities Family Order Acaulospora back to top Trappe & Gerd. (1974)Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales Acaulospora alpina Oehl, Sykorova & Sieverd. (2006) Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales
我国丛枝菌根相关研究进展
我国丛枝菌根相关研究进展 摘要菌根是分别由菌根真菌与植物形成的互惠共生体，菌根真菌作为生态系统组分，它对一个生态系统的物质循环，植物的生长，不同植株之间的联系的作用是不可忽视的；我国目前的菌根学研究主要以丛枝菌根为主，因此收集资料对我国当前丛枝菌根的相关研究进行综述，并且横向比较我国对其他几种菌根的研究热点，对我国菌根学的发展前景进行展望。 关键词丛枝菌根研究进展 菌根是由菌根真菌侵入植物根系形成的互惠共生体，在自然界中普遍存在，超过90%的植物能够形成菌根，因此，有学者指出“自然界中没有纯的根，只有菌根”。[1]严格意义上讲，构成森林的大多数树木没有真正的根系，只有外生菌根，外生菌根成为植物根吸收养分的主要器官。菌根一般分为丛枝菌根(arbuscularmycorrhizae，AM)、外生菌根(Ectomycorrhizae，ECM)、内外生菌根和兰科菌根等七大类。[2]目前，菌根学研究已经成为全球生态学关注的热点之一，我国对菌根学的研究也越来越深入。从第十二届全国菌根学研讨会总结来看，当前我国菌根学研究以丛枝菌根为主，约占75％，外生菌根研究约占20％，另有少量其他类型的菌根研究。[3] 1、菌根营养学 在丛枝菌根的研究中，菌根营养学方面的研究最多，研究表明，菌根能有效改善植物对C、N、P、K等多种营养元素的吸收，因此被誉为“生物肥料”。[4]菌根向外延伸的菌丝可以增大营养吸收的面积，同时菌根真菌对一些矿物质的分解可以使得本来难以被植物利用的矿物质直接被植物根吸收。[5]而且在早期关于丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi，AMF)的促生机制就有研究表明，AMF主要通过提高宿主植物对土壤中磷的吸收效率而促进植物生长。[6]今日，通过对丛枝菌根对磷元素的吸收利用来提高作物产量的研究是一热点。 关于AMF与磷元素之间的研究主要有一下几个方面：一是AMF对磷的吸收和转运机制的研究，例如谢贤安以AMF和紫云英(Astragaluasinicus)为材料，深入探讨了AM共生体系中磷转运基因的功能及其作用的分子机制，表明了磷不仅是作为植物的营养元素，还是作为一种信 号分子，能调控AMF共生体系。[7]二是AMF改善植物磷营养的机理的研究，例如张晓飞等通过 AMF对玉米磷吸收的作用，表明利用土著丛枝菌根真菌与作物形成互惠互利的共生关系提高作物对土壤磷的利用效率是解决农业生产中磷供需矛盾的主要途径之一。[8]在关于丛枝菌根与磷素营养的研究中，大多停留在表面现象上的观察，研究其机理的在少数，而且其研究方式大多是在盆栽中研究，所以说在将来对其机理的研究和研究方式有很大展望空间。 除了研究AMF改善作物对多种营养元素吸收的作用外，研究AMF与其他细菌的共同作用对作物的影响也是研究热点。自然条件下，一些植物的根系可同时形成由2种类型菌根构成的混合菌根（dual mycorrhiza)、或菌根与细菌、菌根与放线菌、菌根与其他种类真菌构建的所谓复合共生体（dual symbionts）。[9]由于根系复合共生体的多样性十分丰富，因此对其的研究仍然是冰山一角，近年对其的研究有许多方面，例如不同植物的混合菌根中细菌的种类的研究，与玉米共生的AMF的根外菌丝表面有多种解磷细菌定殖，其中以假单胞菌属细菌的解磷能力相对较强。[10]或者是复合共生体的形态与解剖特征，例如贾锐等观察到兴安杜鹃菌根形态特征,既有典型的杜鹃花类菌根特征，在少数根样中还有典型的丛枝菌根(AM)特征，即泡囊的存在。[11] 2、菌根多样性
丛枝菌根
菌根分类 AM:丛枝菌根（苔藓、蕨类、裸子、被子） ECM:外生菌根（蕨类、裸子、被子） EM：内生菌根 EEM:内外兼生菌根（裸子、被子） ARM:浆果鹃类菌根 MM:水晶兰类菌根 ERM:欧石楠类菌根 OM:兰科菌根 结构 AM真菌包括；菌丝、丛枝、泡囊、辅助细胞、孢子和孢子果等结构 1）菌丝(Hyphae) 任何一种菌根都由植物根系、两个相关的菌丝系统三部分组成，其中菌丝系统一个是分布于土壤中的，另一个是分布于根系内的。AM真菌中，分布于土壤中的菌丝称为外生菌丝或根外菌丝，通常呈网状结构，有时形成二分叉吸收结构。根外菌丝从形态上又可分为两种：厚壁菌丝和薄壁菌丝。根外菌丝对损伤的愈合能力较强。在较粗的根外菌丝上可以产生大量的休眠孢子。分布于根系内的菌丝称为内生菌丝或根内菌丝。内生菌丝又可分为胞间菌丝和胞内菌丝。胞间菌丝是在皮层薄壁管胞中间由圈状菌丝或由侵入菌丝分叉直接形成。 （2）丛枝(Arbuscule) AM真菌侵入宿主植物根系皮层细胞内，经过连续二叉分枝生长形成树枝状或花椰菜状结构，即丛枝。丛枝是AM真菌最重要的结构，它是AM真菌侵染宿主植物根细胞组织内部进一步延伸的端点，被认为是宿主植物与AM真菌进行物质和能量交换的优势位点或主要场所。 （3）泡囊(Vesicle) 泡囊是由根内菌丝顶端膨大而形成的球形、棒形、圆柱形、椭圆形或不规则形结构，可在根系皮层细胞内或细胞间生长发育。并非所有的AM真菌都产生泡囊，如巨孢囊霉属和盾巨孢囊霉属的真菌则不再根内产生泡囊。关于泡囊的功能有两种观点：一种认为它是繁殖器官；另一种则认为它是储藏器官。 （4）辅助细胞(Auxiliary cell) 辅助细胞是巨孢囊霉真菌所特有的结构，这个科的真菌不在根系皮层细胞内或间隙产生泡囊。巨孢囊霉科菌根真菌的繁殖体萌发而尚未侵染寄主根系的过程中，及侵入根系后，菌丝在根外分叉，末段隆起、膨大形成辅助细胞（根外泡囊）。巨孢囊霉科的根外辅助细胞与球囊霉科和无梗囊霉科的根内泡囊一样，被认为是储存营养的器官。但研究表明球囊霉的泡囊可以作为繁殖体，而巨孢囊霉科在建立菌根共生体后，产生的根外辅助细胞是否具有同样的功能还不清楚。 （5）孢子和孢子果(Spore and sporocarp)
丛枝菌根真菌在生态系统中的作用
丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）在生态系统中的作用 王信 （鲁东大学生命科学学院生物科学2009级02班) 【摘要】菌根是植物根系与特定的土壤真菌形成的共生体，有利于生态系统中养分循环，协助植物抵御不良环境胁迫。 现研究已发现它对生态系统的演替过程、物种多样性和生产力及被破坏生态系统的恢复与重建等都有十分重要的作用( 都江堰地区丛枝菌根真菌多样性与生态研究，Peter et al .，1988 ; van der Heijden et al . ，1998 ;Hartnett & Wilson ，1999;Klironomos et al . ，2000) 。AMF可促进植物的生长与发育，改善宿主的营养状况，增强其抗病性和抗不良环境的能力，而且在改良土壤结构、改善水土保持、防治环境污染、外来入侵种的入侵以及森林生态系统的维持和发展中具有重要意义。 一、引言 生物之间的共生是一种极为普遍的生命活动和生态现象。从生态学的角度出发“共生是不同种类生物成员在不同生活周期中重要组成部分的联合”（书，Margulis 1981)。1982年Golf 指出：共生包括各种不同程度的寄生、共生和共栖，这说明了生物间相对利害关系的动态变化，共生关系是生物之间最基本、最重要的相互关系。 自然界中，几乎所有的生物都不是独立生活的，而是普遍存在共生关系。例如，植物都能与一定种类的细菌、放线菌和真菌建立互惠共生关系，形成互惠共生体。其中我们把植物根系与一类土壤真菌形成的互惠共生体称做菌根。将参与菌根形成的真菌称为菌根真菌（mycorrhizal fungi)。 丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhizas，AM）是球菌门真菌侵染植物根系形成的共生体，它是分布最广泛的一类菌根。丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）是一种普遍存在的共生真菌，它能够与80%以上的陆生植物形成共生体，许多植物对丛枝菌根真菌有高度的依赖性(文献，外来植物加拿大一枝黄花对入侵地丛枝菌根真菌的影响2009）。该类菌根以其在根系皮层细胞内形成“丛枝”结构而得名。除此之外，大多数该类真菌还能在根系皮层形成“泡囊”结构，少数则在土壤中产生类似泡囊的结构。 目前已经确知，菌根在生态系统养分循环及保护植物抵御不良环境胁迫中起关键作用（丛枝菌根(AM) 生物技术在现代农业体系中的生态意义，Barea JM ，Jeffries P. 1995. Arbuscular mycorrhizae in sustainablesoil plant systems. In :Varma A ，Hock B eds. Mycorrhiza Structure ，Function ，Molecular Biology and Biotechnoligy. Heidelberg :Springer2Verlag. 521～560），本文旨在介绍AM 生态意义及其在生产实践中的应用，讨论今后应用AM技术的潜力。 二、AMF多样性与生态环境的关系以及在植物生态系统中的调控作用。 1、AMF多样性与生态环境的关系 环境因子对AMF 多样性及其对植物根系的侵染能力有重要的影响( borges & Chaney ，1989 ;sanders，1990 ; Haugen & smith ，1992)。人类活动过程中往往使得生态系统受到破坏，并减少AMF 多样性( Smith ，1980 ; Dhillion et al . ，1988 ; Koomen et al .，1990 ; Weissenhornl & leyval ，1996 ) ; 同时其它生态因子如温度(Haugen & smith，1992 ) 、光照( Pearson et al. ，19 91 ) 、季节变化( Sanders ，1990) 等对AMF的多样性亦有不同程度的影响。 研究发现低温会使AMF的生存和发展受到抑制，主要表现为AMF种的数量、孢子密度
丛枝菌根真菌生态学功能
从枝菌根真菌在陆地生态系统中的作用 姓名：蒋胜竞 专业：兰州大学植物学
从枝菌根真菌在陆地生态系统中的作用 生态系统主要强调生物界与非生物界的物质循环和能量流动，而AMF是在生态系统是介于生物界和非生物界的枢纽位置，它可以促进植物的营养吸收，因此，AMF在生态系统中有着很重要的作用。AMF可与陆地上大部分植物形成共生体，通过菌丝与植物发生相互作用。目前，对AMF的生态学研究大多集中在生物个体水平上，比如植物的生理，生长和繁殖。然而，在生态系统水平上AMF的重要性确没有太多的报道。AMF在生态系统研究中的一个难点就是很难去量化其物质的转移和能量的流动，也没有一种可行的方法去检测AMF 在生态系统中的生物量。在生态系统模式甚至是土壤C循环的模式中都没有AMF的存在，我觉得这是不够完善的，因为每公顷土壤中AMF菌丝的C大约会有50-900Kg。 AMF的存在会通过影响植物的群落结构、土壤微生物的群落结构、植物的生理特性以及土壤有机质来影响生态系统，这四个过程是彼此独立且又相互联系的，比如AMF所引起的植物群落结构的变化也会引起地下微生物群落的变化。现在我就分别具体地介绍下着四个途径。 1 AMF可以通过影响植物群落的组成从而间接的影响生态系统 一些报道已经证实了AMF的存在和群落结构会对植物的群落结构产生强烈的影响，AMF 对植物群落的影响有积极的也有消极的，其对植物多样性的影响主要在于其菌根依赖性的植物在植物群落中有什么样的生态位。比如，在植物群落中如果优势物种是高菌根依赖性的，那么当菌根真菌消失时，就会增加植物群落的多样性。此外，AMF的存在也会改变植物间的相互竞争作用。在植物生态中，关于植物群落的特性对生态系统所产生的影响有很多的数据和理论框架，比如植物的群落结构可以影响生态系统中的营养结构及对资源的利用。然而对于AMF所介导的植物群落的变化所引起生态过程的变化这方面一直缺乏实验性数据。AMF 和植物的群落结构是相互独立的两个个体，但在自然界中却是有着共同变化趋势的，因此，很难区分生态过程中的一些变化是由于AMF造成的还是由于植物群落结构造成的。 2AMF可以通过改变土壤微生物的群落结构来影响生态系统过程 AMF可以通过影响植物群落结构的变化来间接的改变地下微生物群落结构，然而在这里我会集中介绍AMF在个体水平上对微生物群落的直接影响。尽管我们对AMF相结合的微生物生态还只是初级阶段，但AMF的存在可以改变植物根际土壤和菌根根际土壤的微生