基于单片机和GSM模块的防火防盗毕业设计外文文献翻译

Automatic fire alarm system

The traditional electron safe alarm system mainly is through the sensor automatic detection, produces the alarm, sends out the alarm the scene or reports to the police through the special electric near distance, thus causes people's vigilance. Through many years research and the development, the present alarm apparatus may say is the class is multitudinous. As a result of the alarm apparatchik development and the social each domain anxious need, can application domain be more and more many, specially is overdevelops in the civil domain.

In recent years, the infrared alarm apparatus already became reports to the police a domain hot spot,because it used was not the obviously infrared acquisition, Hereford the hiding to be good, characteristic and so on security. Infrared sensor is different according to the mechanism may divide into the light survey and the hot survey. The light acquisition sensor is uses the photon effect the acquisition aid. This kind of sensor speed of response quick, sensitive high, the examination characteristic is good, but needs cool, uses not conveniently. Moreover the component examination sensitivity and the infrared wave length concern. The hot acquisition is uses hotly releases the electricity effect the acquisition aid. After receives the goal the infrared misinterpretation increment, the temperature elevates causes the censorial certain physical quantities changes, through examination physical quantity change definite infrared emission. This kind of sensor works under the room temperature condition, examination sensitivity also very high, speed of response also very quick,moreover has nothing to do with with the infrared emission wavelength, may survey the power only to receive the background irradiation limit, the application is very convenient. This article designs atheist passive form hotly releases the electricity infrared acquisition aid. In the article mainly elaborated has hotly released electrician the principle, hotly releases content and so on Malayalam circuit which the electric detector the characteristic,the BISSAU signal processor, 555 timers composed. Finally designed completes has hotly released the electricity infrared detection alarm apparatus the hardware electric circuit.

With the modern family use of fire, electricity consumption increases, the frequency of home fires is getting higher and higher. The family of fire, it is easy to fight does not occur promptly, the lack of fire-fighting equipment and the presence of panic-stricken people, to escape unfavorable factors, such as retardation, which eventually led to a significant loss of life and property. Explore the characteristics of the family of fire and fire prevention measures.

For the prevention of domestic fires, reducing the fire losses have practical significance. In the modern urban family, because of lot of people do not understand common sense home security caused by fire, so that the happy family Geog underlined blink of an eye, and some lead to destruction, but the event of household fires, improper disposal, alarm delay is caused so that people should get to know more about the main causes of household fires, master to prevent the fire of knowledge and in case of fire to protect his or her own way, timely elimination of The United Kingdom each year more than 50000 families of serious fires, most of them fire casualties and significant loss of household assets, and some result in the neighbors, more heavy fire losses. Investigate the causes of fire in time, the vast majority of home fires happen parties said that the fire always feel that things are other people with their own far away, did not think this will happen even in the top of his head.

Home fires are the main reason for negligent not to take timely preventive measures .In some of our large and medium-sized cities, almost every day family fires, fire prevention is so each family must always pay attention to. If your home based on the actual situation in advance to take simple fire prevention measures, a number of tragedies are entirely avoidable. Automaticfire alarm system is in order to inform the early detection of fire, and take effective measures to control and fight fires, and set in a building or other place of an automatic fire fac ilities, is that people with a powerful tool to fight the fire. Fire alarm system, fire detectors ge nerally, regional centralized alarm alarm and composition; also be required under the project with various fire-fighting facilities and communication devices linked to form a central contr ol system. From automatic alarm, automatic fire fighting, evacuation guidance, system proces s shows that, fire up a complete file management, fire control system. Fire detectors are fire d etection devices, as in the stage of fire will produce smoke with high temperature flame cells. The smoke, heat and light into electrical signals through the detector alarm or automatic fire e xtinguishing system to start fighting the fire in time. Area where the floor of alarm detector ca n send the signal into sound and light alarm, and fire on the screen showing the room number; while also monitoring the concentration of certain floors of alarm (if the monitor is located in the building fire Control Center) output signal or control automatic fire extinguishing system. Concentration of alarm signal is received by way of sound and light show, and the screen als o shows the specific fire floor and room number, the plane stopped taking the first alarm clock to record the timing, use of the machine-specific phones, but also quickly to the fire alarm to

give directions and. In addition, you can control the fire extinguishing system or signal transm ission to the fire control room.

Automatic fire alarm system is by the trigger devices, fire alarm, fire alarm devices and other auxiliary functions of the device with the composition of a button fire alarm system fire alarm system. It can fire early stages of burning smoke, heat and light radiation and other phy sical quantities, by temperature. Photographic and other smoke and fire detectors into electric al signals, transmitted to the fire alarm controller, and also shows the site of the fire, the fire re cord of the time. General fire alarm system and automatic sprinkler system, fire hydrant syste ms, smoke control systems, ventilation systems, air conditioning system, fire doors, fire shutte r, smoke screen and other related equipment interaction, automatically or manually issue com mands to start the corresponding device.

(A) of the trigger devices in automatic fire alarm system, automatic or manual fire alarm signal devices generate called trigger conditions, including fire detectors and manual fire alar m button. Fire detector is able to fire parameters (smoke, temperature, flame radiation, gas co ncentration, etc.) response, and automatically generate a fire alarm signal devices. Fire respon se parameters according to different fire detectors into heat detectors, smoke detector, sensitiv e fire detectors, combustible gas detectors and fire detectors five basic types of composite. Dif ferent types of fire detectors for different types of fires and different places. Manual fire alarm button fire alarm signal generated manually start the automatic fire alarm system devices, aut omatic fire alarm system is an indispensable component of the.

(B) the fire alarm device in automatic fire alarm system to receive, display and transmit fire alarm signals, and can send control signals and control functions with other auxiliary equi pment as the fire alarm device instructions. Fire alarm control is one of the most basic kind. C harged with the fire alarm control fire detectors provide a stable working power; detector and the working status of the system itself; the reception, conversion, processing a warning of fire detectors Shuck; Jinxing sound and light alarm; Hashish specific location and alarm time; the same time supporting the implementation of appropriate control and many other tasks. Fire al arm system is a core component. In the fire alarm devices, some devices such as break, region al monitors, fire shows and other functions can not complete disc alarm device, which can be regarded as the evolution of fire alarm controller or supplement. Under certain conditions appl ied, and the fire alarm device fire alarm control belong. The basic function of fire alarm contr

ol are: the main power, backup power automatically converted, standby power charge functio n, power failure monitoring function, power functions working status indicator, power supply for the detector circuit function, control sensors or system failures, sound and light alarm, fire sound, light alarm, fire alarm and memory function, clock function unit, with priority being gi ven fault function fire alarm, sound alarm sound audible alarm mute and again.

(C) fire alarms in automatic fire alarm system to send different from the environment, s ound, light the fire alarm signal device called the fire alarms. It sound, light and sound approa ch to the issue of fire alarm signals alarm area to warn people to adopt safe evacuation, fire fig hting and rescue measures.

（D)Fire control equipment in automatic fire alarm system, when receiving the fire alar m, automatically or manually start the related fire-fighting equipment and display devices of t heir state, known as the fire control equipment. Include fire alarm control, automatic fire extin guishing system control device, fire hydrant system control devices, smoke exhaust system an d air conditioning and ventilation system control device, normally open fire doors, fire shutter control device, the lift back down control equipment, and fire emergency radio, fire alarms, fi re communications equipment, fire evacuation signs and emergency lighting control devices, control devices in some or all. Fire control equipment normally installed in the fire control ce nter to facilitate the implementation of centralized control. While others set fire control equip ment, fire fighting equipment is located in the charged field, but its actions must be returned fire control signal, combined with the implementation of centralization and decentralization of control

(E) fire alarm system power supply electrical equipment belonging to the fire, the main power should be in the fire power, standby power use of battery. In addition to fire alarm syst em power controller, power supply, but also related to the system for the fire control equipme nt such as power supply.

火灾自动报警系统

传统电子安全报警系统主要是通过传感器自动检测，产生报警信号，从现场发出报警信号或通过专门电缆近距离报警，从而引起人们的警觉。通过多年的研究和发展，现在的报警器可以说是门类众多。由于报警器的飞速发展和社会各个领域的急切需要，能应用的领域越来越多，特别是在民用领域更是急速发展。

近年来，红外线报警器已经成为报警领域的一个热点，由于其采用的是不可见的红外线探测，所以具有隐蔽性好、安全等特点。红外线传感器按机理不同可以分为光探测型和热探测型。光探测传感器是利用光子效应的红外探测器。这类传感器响应速度快、灵敏度高、检测特性好，但需要冷却，使用不方便。而且器件的检测灵敏度与红外波长有关。热探测传感器是利用热释电效应的红外探测器。在接收到目标的红外辐射后温度升高，温度的升高又引起传感器内部某些物理量的变化，通过检测物理量的变化来确定红外线辐射。这类传感器在室温条件下工作，检测灵敏度也很高，响应速度也很快，而且与红外线辐射波长无关，可探测功率只受背景辐射的限制，应用很方便。本文设计的是被动式热释电红外探测器。文中主要论述了热释电的原理、热释电探测器的特性、BISS0001传感信号处理器、555定时器组成的多谐振荡报警电路等内容。最后设计完成了热释电红外探测报警器的硬件电路。

随着现代家庭用火、用电量的增加，家庭火灾发生的频率越来越高。家庭火灾一旦发生，很容易出现扑救不及时、灭火器材缺乏及在场人惊慌失措、逃生迟缓等不利因素，最终导致重大生命财产损失。探讨家庭火灾的特点及防火对策，对于预防家庭火灾，减少火灾损失具有现实意义。在现代城市家庭里，许多人因不懂家庭安全常识引起火灾事故，使好端端的幸福家庭转眼间毁于一旦,有的导致家破人亡,而且一旦发生居民家庭火灾，处置不当、报警迟缓,是造成人员受害的原因。人们应该积极了解家庭火灾的主要起因，掌握防止发生火灾的知识和万一发生火灾时保护自己的方法,及时消除隐患。英国每年发生50000起以上的严重家庭火灾，其中大部分火灾造成人员伤亡和重大的家庭财产损失，有的还连累左邻右舍，火灾损失更加惨重。在调查火灾起因的时候，绝大多数发生火灾家庭的当事人说，以前总觉得火灾是人家的事情，与自己离得很远，没有想到这一次竟然会发生在自己的头上。

家庭火灾的主要原因是麻痹大意，没有及时采取预防措施。在我国的一些大中城市，几乎每天都发生家庭火灾，所以防火是每个家庭必须时刻注意的问题。假如能根据您家的实际情况预先采取简单的防火措施，一些悲剧是完全可以避免的。火灾自动报警系统是人们为了早期发现通报火灾，并及时采取有效措施，控制和扑灭火灾，而设置在建筑

物中或其它场所的一种自动消防设施，是人们同火灾作斗争的有力工具。火灾报警系统，一般由火灾探测器、区域报警器和集中报警器组成；也可以根据工程的要求同各种灭火设施和通讯装置联动，以形成中心控制系统。即由自动报警、自动灭火、安全疏散诱导、系统过程显示、消防档案管理等组成一个完整的消防控制系统。火灾探测器是探测火灾的仪器，由于在火灾发生的阶段，将伴随产生烟雾、高温格火光。这些烟、热和光可以通过探测器转变为电信号报警或使自动灭火系统启动，及时扑灭火灾。区域报警器能将所在楼层之探测器发出的信号转换为声光报警，并在屏幕上显示出火灾的房间号；同时还能监视若干楼层的集中报警器（如果监视整个大楼的则设于消防控制中心）输出信号或控制自动灭火系统。集中报警是将接收到的信号以声光方式显示出来，其屏幕上也具体显示出着火的楼层和房间号，机上停走的时钟记录下首次报警时间性，利用本机专用电话，还可迅速发出指示和向消防队报警。此外，也可以控制有关的灭火系统或将火灾信号传输给消防控制室。

火灾自动报警系统是由触发器件、火灾报警装置、火灾警报装置以及具有其它辅助功能的装置组成火灾报警系统按钮的火灾报警系统。它能够在火灾初期，将燃烧产生的烟雾、热量和光辐射等物理量，通过感温。感烟和感光等火灾探测器变成电信号，传输到火灾报警控制器，并同时显示出火灾发生的部位，记录火灾发生的时间。一般火灾自动报警系统和自动喷水灭火系统、室内消火栓系统、防排烟系统、通风系统、空调系统、防火门、防火卷帘、挡烟垂壁等相关设备联动，自动或手动发出指令、启动相应的装置。

(一)触发器件:在火灾自动报警系统中，自动或手动产生火灾报警信号的器件称为触发件，主要包括火灾探测器和手动火灾报警按钮。火灾探测器是能对火灾参数(如烟、温度、火焰辐射、气体浓度等)响应，并自动产生火灾报警信号的器件。按响应火灾参数的不同，火灾探测器分成感温火灾探测器、感烟火灾探测器、感光火灾探测器、可燃气体探测器和复合火灾探测器五种基本类型。不同类型的火灾探测器适用于不同类型的火灾和不同的场所。手动火灾报警按钮是手动方式产生火灾报警信号、启动火灾自动报警系统的器件，也是火灾自动报警系统中不可缺少的组成部分之一。

(二)火灾报警装置:在火灾自动报警系统中，用以接收、显示和传递火灾报警信号，并能发出控制信号和具有其它辅助功能的控制指示设备称为火灾报警装置。火灾报警控制器就是其中最基本的一种。火灾报警控制器担负着为火灾探测器提供稳定的工作电源；监视探测器及系统自身的工作状态；接收、转换、处理火灾探测器输出的报警信号；进行声光报警；指示报警的具体部位及时间；同时执行相应辅助控制等诸多任务。是火

灾报警系统中的核心组成部分。在火灾报警装置中，还有一些如中断器、区域显示器、火灾显示盘等功能能不完整的报警装置，它们可视为火灾报警控制器的演变或补充。在特定条件下应用，与火灾报警控制器同属火灾报警装置。火灾报警控制器的基本功能主要有：主电、备电自动转换，备用电源充电功能，电源故障监测功能，电源工作状态指标功能，为探测器回路供电功能，控测器或系统故障声光报警，火灾声、光报警、火灾报警记忆功能，时钟单元功能，火灾报警优先报故障功能，声报警音响消音及再次声响报警功能。

(三)火灾警报装置:在火灾自动报警系统中，用以发出区别于环境声、光的火灾警报信号的装置称为火灾警报装置。它以声、光音响方式向报警区域发出火灾警报信号，以警示人们采取安全疏散、灭火救灾措施。

（四）消防控制设备:在火灾自动报警系统中，当接收到火灾报警后，能自动或手动启动相关消防设备并显示其状态的设备，称为消防控制设备。主要包括火灾报警控制器，自动灭火系统的控制装置，室内消火栓系统的控制装置，防烟排烟系统及空调通风系统的控制装置，常开防火门，防火卷帘的控制装置，电梯回降控制装置，以及火灾应急广播、火灾警报装置、消防通信设备、火灾应急照明与疏散指示标志的控制装置等控制装置中的部分或全部。消防控制设备一般设置在消防控制中心，以便于实行集中统一控制。也有的消防控制设备设置在被控消防设备所在现场，但其动作信号则必须返回消防控制室，实行集中与分散相结合的控制方式。

(五）电源:火灾自动报警系统属于消防用电设备，其主电源应当采用消防电源，备用电采用蓄电池。系统电源除为火灾报警控制器供电外，还为与系统相关的消防控制设备等供电。

步进电机及单片机英文文献及翻译

外文文献： Knowledge of the stepper motor What is a stepper motor： Stepper motor is a kind of electrical pulses into angular displacement of the implementing agency. Popular little lesson: When the driver receives a step pulse signal, it will drive a stepper motor to set the direction of rotation at a fixed angle (and the step angle). You can control the number of pulses to control the angular displacement, so as to achieve accurate positioning purposes; the same time you can control the pulse frequency to control the motor rotation speed and acceleration, to achieve speed control purposes. What kinds of stepper motor sub-： In three stepper motors: permanent magnet (PM), reactive (VR) and hybrid (HB) permanent magnet stepper usually two-phase, torque, and smaller, step angle of 7.5 degrees or the general 15 degrees; reaction step is generally three-phase, can achieve high torque output, step angle of 1.5 degrees is generally, but the noise and vibration are large. 80 countries in Europe and America have been eliminated; hybrid stepper is a mix of permanent magnet and reactive advantages. It consists of two phases and the five-phase: two-phase step angle of 1.8 degrees while the general five-phase step angle of 0.72 degrees generally. The most widely used Stepper Motor. What is to keep the torque (HOLDING TORQUE) How much precision stepper motor? Whether the cumulative： The general accuracy of the stepper motor step angle of 3-5%, and not cumulative.

毕业设计外文翻译资料

外文出处： 《Exploiting Software How to Break Code》By Greg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 译文标题： JDBC接口技术 译文： JDBC是一种可用于执行SQL语句的JavaAPI（ApplicationProgrammingInterface应用程序设计接口）。它由一些Java语言编写的类和界面组成。JDBC为数据库应用开发人员、数据库前台工具开发人员提供了一种标准的应用程序设计接口，使开发人员可以用纯Java语言编写完整的数据库应用程序。 一、ODBC到JDBC的发展历程 说到JDBC，很容易让人联想到另一个十分熟悉的字眼“ODBC”。它们之间有没有联系呢？如果有，那么它们之间又是怎样的关系呢？ ODBC是OpenDatabaseConnectivity的英文简写。它是一种用来在相关或不相关的数据库管理系统（DBMS）中存取数据的，用C语言实现的，标准应用程序数据接口。通过ODBCAPI，应用程序可以存取保存在多种不同数据库管理系统（DBMS）中的数据，而不论每个DBMS使用了何种数据存储格式和编程接口。 1．ODBC的结构模型 ODBC的结构包括四个主要部分：应用程序接口、驱动器管理器、数据库驱动器和数据源。应用程序接口：屏蔽不同的ODBC数据库驱动器之间函数调用的差别，为用户提供统一的SQL编程接口。 驱动器管理器：为应用程序装载数据库驱动器。 数据库驱动器：实现ODBC的函数调用，提供对特定数据源的SQL请求。如果需要，数据库驱动器将修改应用程序的请求，使得请求符合相关的DBMS所支持的文法。 数据源：由用户想要存取的数据以及与它相关的操作系统、DBMS和用于访问DBMS的网络平台组成。 虽然ODBC驱动器管理器的主要目的是加载数据库驱动器，以便ODBC函数调用，但是数据库驱动器本身也执行ODBC函数调用，并与数据库相互配合。因此当应用系统发出调用与数据源进行连接时，数据库驱动器能管理通信协议。当建立起与数据源的连接时，数据库驱动器便能处理应用系统向DBMS发出的请求，对分析或发自数据源的设计进行必要的翻译，并将结果返回给应用系统。 2．JDBC的诞生 自从Java语言于1995年5月正式公布以来，Java风靡全球。出现大量的用java语言编写的程序，其中也包括数据库应用程序。由于没有一个Java语言的API，编程人员不得不在Java程序中加入C语言的ODBC函数调用。这就使很多Java的优秀特性无法充分发挥，比如平台无关性、面向对象特性等。随着越来越多的编程人员对Java语言的日益喜爱，越来越多的公司在Java程序开发上投入的精力日益增加，对java语言接口的访问数据库的API 的要求越来越强烈。也由于ODBC的有其不足之处，比如它并不容易使用，没有面向对象的特性等等，SUN公司决定开发一Java语言为接口的数据库应用程序开发接口。在JDK1．x 版本中，JDBC只是一个可选部件，到了JDK1．1公布时，SQL类包（也就是JDBCAPI）

单片机方面毕业设计外文文献翻译

单片机方面毕业设计外文文献翻译

中文译文 单片机 单片机也被称为微控制器（Microcontroller Unit），常见英文字母的缩写MCU表示单片机，它最早是被用在工业控制领域。单片机由芯片内仅有CPU的专用处理器发展而来。最早的设计理念是经过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在一个芯片中，使计算机系统更小，更容易集成进复杂的而对体积要求严格的控制设备当中。INTEL的Z80是最早按照这种思想设计出的处理器，从此以后，单片机和专用处理器的发展便分道扬镳。 早期的单片机都是8位或4位的。其中最成功的是INTEL 的8031，因为简单可靠而性能不错获得了很大的好评。此后在8031上发展出了MCS51系列单片机系统。基于这一系统的单片机系统直到现在还在广泛使用。随着工业控制领域要求的提高，开始出现了16位单片机，但因为性价比不理想并未得到很广泛的应用。90年代后随着消费电子产品大发展，单片机技术得到了巨大提高。随着INTEL i960系列特别是后来的ARM系列的广泛应用，32位单片机迅速取代16位单片机的高端地位，而且进入主流市场。而传统的8位单片机的性能也得到了飞速提高，处理能力比起80年代提高了数百倍。当前，高端的32位单片机主频已经超过300MHz，性能直追90年代中期的专用处理器，而普通的型号出厂价格跌落至1美元，最高端[1]的型号也只有10美元。当代单片机系统已经不再只在裸机环境下开发和

使用，大量专用的嵌入式操作系统被广泛应用在全系列的单片机上。而在作为掌上电脑和手机核心处理的高端单片机甚至能够直接使用专用的Windows和Linux操作系统。 单片机比专用处理器更适合应用于嵌入式系统，因此它得到了最多的应用。事实上单片机是世界上数量最多的计算机。现代人类生活中所用的几乎每件电子和机械产品中都会集成有单片机。手机、电话、计算器、家用电器、电子玩具、掌上电脑以及鼠标等电脑配件中都配有1-2部单片机。而个人电脑中也会有为数不少的单片机在工作。汽车上一般配备40多部单片机，复杂的工业控制系统上甚至可能有数百台单片机在同时工作！单片机的数量不但远超过PC机和其它计算的总和，甚至比人类的数量还要多。 单片机又称单片微控制器,它不是完成某一个逻辑功能的芯片,而是把一个计算机系统集成到一个芯片上。相当于一个微型的计算机，和计算机相比，单片机只缺少了I/O设备。概括的讲：一块芯片就成了一台计算机。它的体积小、质量轻、价格便宜、为学习、应用和开发提供了便利条件。同时，学习使用单片机是了解计算机原理与结构的最佳选择。 单片机内部也用和电脑功能类似的模块，比如CPU，内存，并行总线，还有和硬盘作用相同的存储器件，不同的是它的这些部件性能都相对我们的家用电脑弱很多，不过价钱也是低的，一般不超过10元即可......用它来做一些控制电器一类不

毕业设计外文翻译附原文

外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华

外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文

应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。

at89c52单片机中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述

at89c52单片机简介 中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述 A T89C52 Single-chip microprocessor introduction Selection of Single-chip microprocessor 1. Development of Single-chip microprocessor The main component part of Single-chip microprocessor as a result of by such centralize to be living to obtain on the chip，In immediate future middle processor CPU。Storage RAM immediately﹑memoy read ROM﹑Interrupt system、Timer /'s counter along with I/O's rim electric circuit awaits the main microcomputer section，The lumping is living on the chip。Although the Single-chip microprocessor r is only a chip，Yet through makes up and the meritorous service be able to on sees，It had haveed the calculating machine system property，calling it for this reason act as Single-chip microprocessor r minisize calculating machine SCMS and abbreviate the Single-chip microprocessor。 1976Year the Inter corporation put out 8 MCS－48Set Single-chip microprocessor computer，After being living more than 20 years time in development that obtain continuously and wide-ranging application。1980Year that corporation put out high performance MCS －51Set Single-chip microprocessor。This type of Single-chip microprocessor meritorous service capacity、The addressing range wholly than early phase lift somewhat，Use also comparatively far more at the moment。1982Year that corporation put out the taller 16 Single-chip microprocessor MCS of performance once

毕业设计外文翻译-中文版

本科生毕业设计（论文）外文科技文献译文 译文题目(外文题目)学院(系)Socket网络编程的设计与实现A Design and Implementation of Active Network Socket Programming 机械与能源工程学院 专学业 号 机械设计制造及其自动化 071895 学生姓名李杰林 日期2012年5月27日指导教师签名日期

摘要：编程节点和活跃网络的概念将可编程性引入到通信网络中，并且代码和数据可以在发送过程中进行修改。最近，多个研究小组已经设计和实现了自己的设计平台。每个设计都有其自己的优点和缺点，但是在不同平台之间都存在着互操作性问题。因此，我们引入一个类似网络socket编程的概念。我们建立一组针对应用程序进行编程的简单接口，这组被称为活跃网络Socket编程（ANSP）的接口，将在所有执行环境下工作。因此，ANSP 提供一个类似于“一次性编写，无限制运行”的开放编程模型，它可以工作在所有的可执行环境下。它解决了活跃网络中的异构性，当应用程序需要访问异构网络内的所有地区，在临界点部署特殊服务或监视整个网络的性能时显得相当重要。我们的方案是在现有的环境中，所有应用程序可以很容易地安装上一个薄薄的透明层而不是引入一个新的平台。 关键词：活跃网络；应用程序编程接口；活跃网络socket编程

1 导言 1990年，为了在互联网上引入新的网络协议，克拉克和藤农豪斯[1]提出了一种新的设 计框架。自公布这一标志性文件，活跃网络设计框架[2，3，10]已经慢慢在20世纪90 年代末成形。活跃网络允许程序代码和数据可以同时在互联网上提供积极的网络范式，此外，他们可以在传送到目的地的过程中得到执行和修改。ABone作为一个全球性的骨干网络，开 始进行活跃网络实验。除执行平台的不成熟，商业上活跃网络在互联网上的部署也成为主要障碍。例如，一个供应商可能不乐意让网络路由器运行一些可能影响其预期路由性能的未知程序，。因此，作为替代提出了允许活跃网络在互联网上运作的概念，如欧洲研究课题组提出的应用层活跃网络（ALAN）项目[4]。 在ALAN项目中，活跃服务器系统位于网络的不同地址，并且这些应用程序都可以运行在活跃系统的网络应用层上。另一个潜在的方法是网络服务提供商提供更优质的活跃网络服务类。这个服务类应该提供最优质的服务质量（QOS），并允许路由器对计算机的访问。通过这种方法，网络服务提供商可以创建一个新的收入来源。 对活跃网络的研究已取得稳步进展。由于活跃网络在互联网上推出了可编程性，相应 地应建立供应用程序工作的可执行平台。这些操作系统平台执行环境（EES），其中一些已 被创建，例如，活跃信号协议（ASP）[12]和活跃网络传输系统（ANTS）[11]。因此，不 同的应用程序可以实现对活跃网络概念的测试。 在这些EES 环境下，已经开展了一系列验证活跃网络概念的实验，例如，移动网络[5]，网页代理[6]，多播路由器[7]。活跃网络引进了很多在网络上兼有灵活性和可扩展性的方案。几个研究小组已经提出了各种可通过路由器进行网络计算的可执行环境。他们的成果和现有基础设施的潜在好处正在被评估[8，9]。不幸的是，他们很少关心互操作性问题，活跃网络由多个执行环境组成，例如，在ABone 中存在三个EES，专为一个EES编写的应用程序不能在其他平台上运行。这就出现了一种资源划分为不同运行环境的问题。此外，总是有一些关键的网络应用需要跨环境运行，如信息收集和关键点部署监测网络的服务。 在本文中，被称为活跃网络Socket编程（ANSP）的框架模型，可以在所有EES下运行。它提供了以下主要目标： ??通过单一编程接口编写应用程序。 由于ANSP提供的编程接口，使得EES的设计与ANSP 独立。这使得未来执行环境的发展和提高更加透明。

毕业设计外文翻译

毕业设计（论文） 外文翻译 题目西安市水源工程中的 水电站设计 专业水利水电工程 班级 学生 指导教师 2016年

研究钢弧形闸门的动态稳定性 牛志国 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 nzg_197901@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/7111210698.html,，niuzhiguo@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/7111210698.html, 李同春 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 ltchhu@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/7111210698.html, 摘要 由于钢弧形闸门的结构特征和弹力，调查对参数共振的弧形闸门的臂一直是研究领域的热点话题弧形弧形闸门的动力稳定性。在这个论文中，简化空间框架作为分析模型，根据弹性体薄壁结构的扰动方程和梁单元模型和薄壁结构的梁单元模型，动态不稳定区域的弧形闸门可以通过有限元的方法，应用有限元的方法计算动态不稳定性的主要区域的弧形弧形闸门工作。此外，结合物理和数值模型，对识别新方法的参数共振钢弧形闸门提出了调查，本文不仅是重要的改进弧形闸门的参数振动的计算方法，但也为进一步研究弧形弧形闸门结构的动态稳定性打下了坚实的基础。 简介 低举升力，没有门槽，好流型，和操作方便等优点，使钢弧形闸门已经广泛应用于水工建筑物。弧形闸门的结构特点是液压完全作用于弧形闸门，通过门叶和主大梁，所以弧形闸门臂是主要的组件确保弧形闸门安全操作。如果周期性轴向载荷作用于手臂，手臂的不稳定是在一定条件下可能发生。调查指出:在弧形闸门的20次事故中，除了极特殊的破坏情况下，弧形闸门的破坏的原因是弧形闸门臂的不稳定;此外，明显的动态作用下发生破坏。例如:张山闸，位于中国的江苏省，包括36个弧形闸门。当一个弧形闸门打开放水时，门被破坏了，而其他弧形闸门则关闭，受到静态静水压力仍然是一样的，很明显，一个动态的加载是造成的弧形闸门破坏一个主要因素。因此弧形闸门臂的动态不稳定是造成弧形闸门(特别是低水头的弧形闸门)破坏的主要原是毫无疑问。

MCS_51系列单片机中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述

MCS-51系列单片机 中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述 Structure and function of the MCS-51 series Structure and function of the MCS-51 series one-chip computer MCS-51 is a name of a piece of one-chip computer series which Intel Company produces. This company introduced 8 top-grade one-chip computers of MCS-51 series in 1980 after introducing 8 one-chip computers of MCS-48 series in 1976. It belong to a lot of kinds this line of one-chip computer the chips have, such as 8051, 8031, 8751, 80C51BH, 80C31BH,etc., their basic composition, basic performance and instruction system are all the same.8051 daily representatives-51 serial one-chip computers. A one-chip computer system is made up of several following parts: (1) One microprocessor of 8 (CPU). ( 2) At slice data memory RAM (128B/256B),it use not depositing not can reading /data that write, such as result not middle of operation, final result and data wanted to show, etc. (3) Procedure memory ROM/EPROM (4KB/8K B ), is used to preserve the

毕业设计外文翻译原文

编号： 毕业设计(论文)外文翻译 （原文） 院（系）：应用科技学院 专业：机械设计制造及其自动化 学生姓名：邓瑜 学号：0501120501 指导教师单位：应用科技学院 姓名：黄小能 职称： 2009年 5 月20 日

The Injection Molding The Introduction of Molds The mold is at the core of a plastic manufacturing process because its cavity gives a part its shape. This makes the mold at least as critical-and many cases more so-for the quality of the end product as, for example, the plasticiting unit or other components of the processing equipment. Mold Material Depending on the processing parameters for the various processing methods as well as the length of the production run, the number of finished products to be produced, molds for plastics processing must satisfy a great variety of requirements. It is therefore not surprising that molds can be made from a very broad spectrum of materials, including-from a technical standpoint-such exotic materials as paper matched and plaster. However, because most processes require high pressures, often combined with high temperatures, metals still represent by far the most important material group, with steel being the predominant metal. It is interesting in this regard that, in many cases, the selection of the mold material is not only a question of material properties and an optimum price-to-performance ratio but also that the methods used to produce the mold, and thus the entire design, can be influenced. A typical example can be seen in the choice between cast metal molds, with their very different cooling systems, compared to machined molds. In addition, the production technique can also have an effect; for instance, it is often reported that, for the sake of simplicity, a prototype mold is frequently machined from solid stock with the aid of the latest technology such as computer-aided (CAD) and computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM). In contrast to the previously used methods based on the use of patterns, the use of CAD and CAM often represents the more economical solution today, not only because this production capability is available pin-house but also because with any other technique an order would have to be placed with an outside supplier. Overall, although high-grade materials are often used, as a rule standard materials are used in mold making. New, state-of-the art (high-performance) materials, such as ceramics, for instance, are almost completely absent. This may be related to the fact that their desirable characteristics, such as constant properties up to very high temperatures, are not required on molds, whereas their negative characteristics, e. g. low tensile strength and poor thermal conductivity, have a clearly related to ceramics, such as sintered material, is found in mild making only to a limited degree. This refers less to the modern materials and components

抛光瓷砖毕业设计外文文献翻译

毕业设计外文资料翻译 题目POLISHING OF CERAMIC TILES 抛光瓷砖 学院材料科学与工程 专业复合材料与工程 班级 学生 学号 指导教师 二〇一二年三月二十八日

MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES, 17(3), 401–413 (2002) POLISHING OF CERAMIC TILES C. Y. Wang,* X. Wei, and H. Yuan Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Guangdong University ofTechnology, Guangzhou 510090, P.R. China ABSTRACT Grinding and polishing are important steps in the production of decorative vitreous ceramic tiles. Different combinations of finishing wheels and polishing wheels are tested to optimize their selection. The results show that the surface glossiness depends not only on the surface quality before machining, but also on the characteristics of the ceramic tiles as well as the performance of grinding and polishing wheels. The performance of the polishing wheel is the key for a good final surface quality. The surface glossiness after finishing must be above 208 in order to get higher polishing quality because finishing will limit the maximum surface glossiness by polishing. The optimized combination of grinding and polishing wheels for all the steps will achieve shorter machining times and better surface quality. No obvious relationships are found between the hardness of ceramic tiles and surface quality or the wear of grinding wheels; therefore, the hardness of the ceramic tile cannot be used for evaluating its machinability. Key Words: Ceramic tiles; Grinding wheel; Polishing wheel

(完整word版)单片机外文文献翻译

中文资料原文 单片机 单片机也被称为微控制器（Microcontroller Unit），常用英文字母的缩写MCU表示单片机，它最早是被用在工业控制领域。单片机由芯片内仅有CPU的专用处理器发展而来。最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在一个芯片中，使计算机系统更小，更容易集成进复杂的而对体积要求严格的控制设备当中。INTEL的Z80是最早按照这种思想设计出的处理器，从此以后，单片机和专用处理器的发展便分道扬镳。 早期的单片机都是8位或4位的。其中最成功的是INTEL的8031，因为简单可靠而性能不错获得了很大的好评。此后在8031上发展出了MCS51系列单片机系统。基于这一系统的单片机系统直到现在还在广泛使用。随着工业控制领域要求的提高，开始出现了16位单片机，但因为性价比不理想并未得到很广泛的应用。90年代后随着消费电子产品大发展，单片机技术得到了巨大提高。随着INTEL i960系列特别是后来的ARM系列的广泛应用，32位单片机迅速取代16位单片机的高端地位，并且进入主流市场。而传统的8位单片机的性能也得到了飞速提高，处理能力比起80年代提高了数百倍。目前，高端的32位单片机主频已经超过300MHz，性能直追90年代中期的专用处理器，而普通的型号出厂价格跌落至1美元，最高端[1]的型号也只有10美元。当代单片机系统已经不再只在裸机环境下开发和使用，大量专用的嵌入式操作系统被广泛应用在全系列的单片机上。而在作为掌上电脑和手机核心处理的高端单片机甚至可以直接使用专用的Windows和Linux操作系统。 单片机比专用处理器更适合应用于嵌入式系统，因此它得到了最多的应用。事实上单片机是世界上数量最多的计算机。现代人类生活中所用的几乎每件电子和机械产品中都会集成有单片机。手机、电话、计算器、家用电器、电子玩具、掌上电脑以及鼠标等电脑配件中都配有1-2部单片机。而个人电脑中也会有为数不少的单片机在工作。汽车上一般配备40多部单片机，复杂的工业控制系统上甚至可能有数百台单片机在同时工作！单片机的数量不仅远超过PC机和其他计算的总和，甚至比人类的数量还要多。 单片机又称单片微控制器,它不是完成某一个逻辑功能的芯片,而是把一个计算机系统集成到一个芯片上。相当于一个微型的计算机，和计算机相比，单片机只缺少了I/O设备。概括的讲：一块芯片就成了一台计算机。它的体积小、质量轻、价格便宜、为学习、应用和开发提供了便利条件。同时，学习使用单片机是了解计算机原理与结构的最佳选择。

毕业设计外文翻译

毕业设计（论文） 外文文献翻译 题目：A new constructing auxiliary function method for global optimization 学院： 专业名称： 学号： 学生姓名： 指导教师： 2014年2月14日

一个新的辅助函数的构造方法的全局优化 Jiang-She Zhang，Yong-Jun Wang https://www.sodocs.net/doc/7111210698.html,/10.1016/j.mcm.2007.08.007 非线性函数优化问题中具有许多局部极小，在他们的搜索空间中的应用，如工程设计，分子生物学是广泛的，和神经网络训练．虽然现有的传统的方法，如最速下降方法，牛顿法，拟牛顿方法，信赖域方法，共轭梯度法，收敛迅速，可以找到解决方案，为高精度的连续可微函数，这在很大程度上依赖于初始点和最终的全局解的质量很难保证．在全局优化中存在的困难阻碍了许多学科的进一步发展．因此，全局优化通常成为一个具有挑战性的计算任务的研究． 一般来说，设计一个全局优化算法是由两个原因造成的困难：一是如何确定所得到的最小是全球性的（当时全球最小的是事先不知道），和其他的是，如何从中获得一个更好的最小跳．对第一个问题，一个停止规则称为贝叶斯终止条件已被报道．许多最近提出的算法的目标是在处理第二个问题．一般来说，这些方法可以被类?主要分两大类，即：（一）确定的方法，及（ii）的随机方法．随机的方法是基于生物或统计物理学，它跳到当地的最低使用基于概率的方法．这些方法包括遗传算法（GA），模拟退火法（SA）和粒子群优化算法（PSO）．虽然这些方法有其用途，它们往往收敛速度慢和寻找更高精度的解决方案是耗费时间．他们更容易实现和解决组合优化问题．然而，确定性方法如填充函数法，盾构法，等，收敛迅速，具有较高的精度，通常可以找到一个解决方案．这些方法往往依赖于修改目标函数的函数“少”或“低”局部极小，比原来的目标函数，并设计算法来减少该?ED功能逃离局部极小更好的发现． 引用确定性算法中，扩散方程法，有效能量的方法，和积分变换方法近似的原始目标函数的粗结构由一组平滑函数的极小的“少”．这些方法通过修改目标函数的原始目标函数的积分．这样的集成是实现太贵，和辅助功能的最终解决必须追溯到

本科毕业设计外文文献翻译

（ 本科毕业设计外文文献翻译 学校代码： 10128 学 号： 题 目：Shear wall structural design of high-level framework 学生姓名： 学 院：土木工程学院 系 别：建筑工程系 专 业：土木工程专业（建筑工程方向） 班 级：土木08-（5）班 指导教师： (副教授)

Shear wall structural design of high-level framework Wu Jicheng Abstract: In this paper the basic concepts of manpower from the frame shear wall structure, analysis of the structural design of the content of the frame shear wall, including the seismic wall shear span ratio design, and a concrete structure in the most commonly used frame shear wall structure the design of points to note. Keywords: concrete; frame shear wall structure; high-rise buildings The wall is a modern high-rise buildings is an important building content, the size of the frame shear wall must comply with building regulations. The principle is that the larger size but the thickness must be smaller geometric features should be presented to the plate, the force is close to cylindrical. The wall shear wall structure is a flat component. Its exposure to the force along the plane level of the role of shear and moment, must also take into account the vertical pressure. Operate under the combined action of bending moments and axial force and shear force by the cantilever deep beam under the action of the force level to look into the bottom mounted on the basis of. Shear wall is divided into a whole wall and the associated shear wall in the actual project, a whole wall for example, such as general housing construction in the gable or fish bone structure film walls and small openings wall. Coupled Shear walls are connected by the coupling beam shear wall. But because the

(完整版)PLC毕业设计的外文文献(及翻译)

PLC technique discussion and future development T.J.byers Electronic Test Equipment-principles and Applications Princeton University .America Along with the development of the ages, the technique that is nowadays is also gradually perfect, the competition plays more strong; the operation that list depends the artificial has already can't satisfied with the current manufacturing industry foreground, also can't guarantee the request of the higher quantity and high new the image of the technique business enterprise. The people see in produce practice, automate brought the tremendous convenience and the product quantities for people up of assurance, also eased the personnel's labor strength, reduce the establishment on the personnel. The target control of the hard realization in many complicated production lines, whole and excellent turn, the best decision etc, well-trained operation work, technical personnel or expert, governor but can judge and operate easily, can acquire the satisfied result. The research target of the artificial intelligence makes use of the calculator exactly to carry out, imitate these intelligences behavior, moderating the work through person's brain and calculators, with the mode that person's machine combine, for resolve the very complicated problem to look for the best path. We come in sight of the control that links after the electric appliances in various situation, that is already the that time generation past, now of after use in the mold a perhaps simple equipments of grass-roots control that the electric appliances can do for the low level only; And the PLC emergence also became the epoch-making topic, adding the vivid software control through a very and stable hardware, making the automation head for the new high tide. The PLC biggest characteristics lie in: The electrical engineering teacher already no longer electric hardware up too many calculations of cost, as long as order the importation that the button switch or the importation of the sensors order to link the PLC up can solve problem, pass to output to order the conjunction contact machine or control the start equipments of the big power after the electric appliances, but the exportation equipments