毕业设计英文文献翻译
青岛大学
毕业论文(设计)科技文献翻译
院系：自动化工程学院控制工程系
专业：自动化
班级：2009级4班
姓名：史发涛
指导教师：于金鹏
2013年4月10日
Providing Integrated Condition Monitoring Solutions for World Class Performance
Rockwell Automation is a premier provider of Integrated Condition Monitoring Solutions (ICMS) to all major industry segments. Offering the latest state-of-the art technology in vibration analysis, oil analysis, on-line surveillance and protection systems,remote monitoring, as well as outstanding training and customer support services. Through strategic alliances with major Computerized Maintenance Management Systems (CMMS) providers Rockwell Automation can now provide integrated systems that provide critical machinery information throughout the enterprise.
Portable Systems
Enpac
The Enpac? is a Windows CE based 2-channel high performance data collector and signal analyzer. The Enpac? collects field data, includi ng vibration information and process variables. Enpac? allows easy condition monitoring of equipment found in many process industries such as power generation, petrochemical, pulp and paper, and primary metals.The Enpac? features a built in optical (laser) tachometer, a choice of either a 1/8 or 1/4 VGA resolution screen, ability to store data on standard Type I or Type II PCMCIA cards and on-line contextsensitive HELP, built in to all applications.
Online Systems
Rockwell Automation offers a complete range of online hardware and software systems designed to meet your machinery protection and condition monitoring needs. When you need to protect your critical machinery assets the 6600 Series machinery protection system provides continuous monitoring. The Enw atch? Online Surveillance System is a cost-effective solution for monitoring the condition of the important machines in your plant.The 6600 Series and Enwatch? systems can be integrated seamlessly with Emonitor Odyssey?or Enshare? machinery information software. This integrated solution will provide you with a complete picture of the condition of your plant.
Entrx
When you need to understand how your rotating machinery is performing then Entrx is the professional’s tool. Entrx provides the means for reliable and consistent data acquisition for your entire steady state and transient machine operating modes.
Entrx data acquisition hardware is fully configurable by the user and is capable of collecting data in both multiplexed and simultaneous / continuous modes. Graphical presentations of your machinery help to provide a visual display of what is happening to
your machinery.
Software
EMONITOR Odyssey?
EMONITOR Odyssey? is the next generation of Rockwell Automation's complete Machinery Information Systems. This system features integration of the widest range of condition monitoring technologies and full 32-bit Microsoft ? Windows? software architecture. EMONITOR Odyssey? bridges the gap between portable monitoring systems and on-line Condition Monitoring. Integration of machinery monitoring technologies provides you with a complete picture of the health of your plant machinery. Vibration data from portable instruments, on-line surveillance monitoring devices and continuous protection monitors (API 670) are all integrated in a common database. Oil analysis data, motor current analysis, infrared thermographic images and process data can also be integrated into this same database. Results from other applications can be displayed using the unique Active-X display pane (latest object linking and embedding technologies from Microsoft?).
Enshare
Enshare is Rockwell Automation’s premier software solution providing a platform for integrating all your plant asset condition information to help you manage your machinery assets more effectively. The Enshare solution utilizes condition information from vibration, oil analysis and other technologies to help diagnose potential machinery problems. This information can be effectively communicated through Enshare’s Asset Health Module with other departments within your organization, helping you integrate maintenance and operational activities for increased productivity. The information can also be sent directly to a Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS) in the form of work orders.
Oil Analysis
Rockwell Automation’s comprehensive experience in Oil Analysis means we can provide a total solution - including software, hardware and full technical support to ensure that your oil analysis program always runs smoothly. Enlube PM software is the new Machinery Oil Analysis Information System. This system features integration of the widest range of lubricant condition and health monitoring technologies in a full 32-bit Microsoft? Windows? software architecture. Enlab - a complete independent Oil Analysis Lab Service from Rockwell Automation providing fast,reliable and consistent results time after time.
Balancing
Accurate balancing is essential to the operation,maintenance and repair of rotating equipment. Whether you are dealing with a turbine in a power plant, a fan in a chemical facility, an armature from an electric motor, or a roll in a paper mill, your rotors need to be balanced as precisely as possible.
As IRD we have been in the balancing business for nearly 50 years. We offer a complete range of balancing machines and instruments and with a global network of service, support, application expertise and training programs we are able to meet your balancing needs.
Services
Comprehensive Services
Implementing an effective condition-monitoring program is critical to your success in meeting the equipment reliability, productivity, and business goals of your plant and company.
Rockwell Automation’s comprehensive services offering can help you meet your objectives. We can offer a wide range of professional services including program audits, project management, installation, start-up, reliability consulting, and advanced machinery analysis.
We will work with you to understand your goals and requirements and make sure that all your needs are addressed to ensure your success.
Customer Support
We are committed to providing the highest level of customer support. Our knowledgeable, caring support professionals will provide assistance to ensure your successful program implementation, or day-to-day support.
Reliability Online
Reliability Online (ROL) is a unique service designed to provide results to your Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) program with minimum investment in equipment, training and personnel. Leveraging the Internet and a team of highly skilled condition monitoring engineers, we will guarantee you the best possible results from your CBM program irrespective of your location or industry.
To obtain the best results from your Condition Based Maintenance program let Rockwell Automation help you manage your CBM program remotely.
Educational Services
The best tools, when used by unskilled craftsmen, will still result in unsatisfactory results. This is true in many aspects of life, but especially in the application of Condition Monitoring techniques and technologies in today's demanding plant environments. Yes, you need to be equipped with the best tools, but you must also receive the proper training to get the maximum benefit from your investment in a successful Condition Monitoring or Reliability program.
Experience, knowledge and quality are the foundation of Rockwell Automation’s training seminars. Technology training is available as well as product training courses; all presented by the most qualified instructors to meet your needs. Choose from on-site seminars and classroom training conducted all over the world to help you gain the maximum benefit from your machinery reliability investment.
Condition Monitoring Services
Predictive Maintenance Services for Maximizing the Reliability of Your Plant
Condition monitoring increases the overall knowledge of asset condition. It allows decision makers to perform Condition-based Maintenance (CbM) by scheduling downtime, labor, and materials based on machinery health. However, many companies cannot reap the benefits of an effective CbM program because they don’t have the knowledge or resources to do so.
With Rockwell Automation Condition Monitoring Services, you will receive tailored solutions to help you implement your CbM program and use our field specialists to help you succeed.
The goal of a world-class CbM program is to increase the reliability and availability of your machinery, while minimizing downtime and labor and repair costs. The results are dramatic and the documented cost savings are significant.
There are many benefits of a CbM program that impact a variety of plant Key Performance Indicators (KPI) such as:
?Return on Net Assets (RONA)
?Lower inventory costs
?Reduce spare parts
?Defer scheduled maintenance
?Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE)
?Improve system availability, production rates, quality, and safety
?Reduce unplanned downtime and planned downtime duration
?Reduce Mean-Time-To-Repair (MTTR)
?Improves safety and quality
Rockwell Automation is a singlesource provider of managed CbM programs across the country and around the world. Rockwell Automation helps multi-location, multi-national clients keep their facilities operating reliably, safely, and efficiently.
CbM programs are most effective when multi-technology strategies are considered.
?Vibration Analysis measures the change in vibration intensity on mechanical equipment when machine condition begins to degrade
?Oil Analysis detects contamination or degradation of oil which indicates machine wear ?Infrared Themography detects variations of apparent temperatures in electrical, mechanical, infrastructure and process equipment
Rockwell Automation provides a complete predictive maintenance program solution customized to fit your facility and its specific needs.
Vibration Analysis
As a CbM tool, vibration analysis detects vibration levels affected by:
?Misalignments
?Unbalance
?Looseness
?Eccentricity
?Defective bearings
?Resonance
?Electrical problems
?Aerodynamic/hydraulicforces
The goal is to identify changes in the condition of a machine that will indicate a potential failure before it occurs. By detecting these issues, you can:
?Minimize machine damage
?Proactively schedule downtime, labor, and materials
?Eliminate costly trial and error approaches to solving problems
?Allow machines in good operating condition to continue to run
?Eliminate unnecessary overhauls
?Improve safety and quality performance
When you need to turn vibration data into actionable CbM data, Rockwell Automation puts this capability at your finger tips. With the help of your vibration analyst, Rockwell Automation can design a program to provide:
?Program m anagement
?Onsite equipment survey
?Prioritized program
Equipment list
?Measurement p oints
?Complete database set-up
?Baseline d ata acquisition
?Data interpretation
?Comprehensive issues report
?Maintenance or repair recommendations
?Daily, weekly, monthly or quarterly analysis
?Daily, weekly, monthly or quarterly data collection
?Data collection training
When determining the type of program you want, you should consider the resources you need to run the program, the rate in which your machines fail, or the loss of production due to a machine failure.
Once you decide if you are in sourcing or outsourcing, Rockwell Automation can deliver vibration services specified to fit your needs.
Need to outsource?
A Rockwell Automation vibration analyst will come to your facility and provide both data collection and analysis of your equipment.
Need to outsource but have some inhouse capabilities?
A Rockwell Automation vibration analyst will teach you how to collect data so you can perform routine data collection and send the data to a level 3 vibration analyst.
Need to completely in source?
A Rockwell Automation level 3 vibration analyst will mentor you in collecting and analyzing data. This transition occurs over the course of a recommended three years:
- 1st Year – Rockwell Automation takes lead on analysis; Customer is trained to collect data - 2nd Year – Customer is trained to perform analysis; Customer takes the lead on analysis
- 3rd Year – Customer does analysis with quarterly reviews with rockwell automation analyst;
Analyst On Call for exceptions
- This option includes ESAFE Support, classroom training, data collection hardware and Emonitor software
Infrared Thermography
Services
As a CbM tool, Infrared Thermography (IR) helps identify which items require maintenance or replacement by detecting heat variances. IR is effective in properly maintaining electrical and mechanical equipment. This powerful, non-invasive predictive maintenance tool contributes to the safety process of both employees and physical structure.
Rockwell Automation offers IR
Thermography inspection, performed on electrical, mechanical, process and structural systems. This allows you to identify when a piece of equipment is operating outside of normal parameters based on manufacturer’s or UL specifications and identify reliability issues before component failure.
Rockwell Automation certified
Thermographers use a FLIR ThermaCAM to capture both visual and IR images along with other pertinent information from the component being inspected.
An IR camera is used to measure thermal energy coming from the piece of equipment. However,
not only the image, but temperature and load measurements are also used to determine the component’s actual condition.
By utilizing Rockwell Automation Infrared Thermography services, you receive:
?Visual inspection and date and time stamped pictures listing any visual issues ?Electronic transfer o f collected data which drastically reduces errors
? A report on all equipment is available
?Immediate alerts to make sure critical repair issues are handled quickly
?The means to prioritize your repairs based on industry standard component criticality - ETO – Essential to Operations
- CTO – Critical t o Operations
- NTO – Non essential to Operations
?Year over year comparison of surveyed assets
?Ability to add post c orrectiveaction images and establish new baseline data
?Bar c oding or equivalent system of equipment identification and monitoring on all assets surveyed for year over year equipment benchmarking
Oil Analysis
As a CbM tool, oil analysis is used to uncover, isolate and offer solutions for abnormal lubricant and machine conditions. If left unchecked, these abnormalities usually result in extensive, sometimes catastrophic damage causing lost production, expensive repair costs, and even operator accidents.
Rockwell Automation offers a lengthy list of oil tests to assess the following:
Lubricant Condition
The assessment of the lubricant condition reveals whether the system fluid is healthy and fit for further service, or is ready for a change.
Contamination
Contaminants from the surrounding environment in the form of dirt, water, and process contamination are the leading cause of machine degradation and failure. Increased contamination alerts you to take action in order to save the oil and avoid unnecessary machine wear.
Machine Wear
An unhealthy machine generates wear particles at an exponential rate. The detection and analysis of these particles by the correct oil tests assist in making critical maintenance decisions. Machine failure due to worn out components can be avoided. Remember, healthy and clean oil leads to the minimization of machine wear.
Our oil analysis results are designed to quickly and easily identify potential problems with your industrial equipment. Your oil analysis results are easy to access, understand, download and incorporate into your reliability maintenance program.
Oil analysis measures the physical and chemical properties of the oil, contamination, and mechanical wear. In order to measure these attributes, oil is put through the following tests: ?Acid Number (AN)– Measures the amount of acid contamination
?Analytical Ferrography– Measures type and severity of wear particles
?Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR)– Measures degradation by-products (oxidation, nitration, sulfate) and external contaminants (water, glycol, fuel, soot)
?ICP Spectroscopy – Measures the concentration of wear metals, contaminant metals and additive metals in a lubricant.
?Karl Fischer Water– Measures water contamination
?Particle Counting– Measures both contamination and wear debris
?Viscosity – Measures the physical property of the oil
?Wear Particle Concentration– Measures ferrous wear particles
集成状态监测解决方案
罗克韦尔自动化作为向各主要工业领域提供集成的状态监测解决方案(ICMS)的重要供应商。不但提供先进的振动分析，油分析，网络化在线监测系统，机组保护系统及远程诊断服务，同时还提供优良的培训及客户支持服务。通过和主要的维修管理系统供应商组成战略联盟，罗克韦尔自动化现在提供应用与整个企业的提供关键设备信息的集成系统。
便携式系统
Enpac
Enpac?是采用 Windows CE 操作系统的高性能的双通道数据采集器/信号分析仪。Enpac?采集包括振动和过程量的现场数据。。 Enpac?操作简便。可用于在电力，石化，造纸及冶金等领域开展状态监测工作。
Enpac?
内置激光转速表，有两种不同大小屏幕的型号可选， 1/8 或 1/4 VGA，数据存储在I或II型
PCMCIA 卡上，所有功能均设有在线帮助。
在线监测系统
罗克韦尔自动化提供一套完整的在线监测软件/硬件系统，可满足用户保护机组和开展状态监测的需要。如果您需要对关键机组进行保护， 6600 系列机组保护系统可为您的机组提供连续保护。 Enwatch?网络化在线监测系统是用于重要机组状态监测的具有高性能价格比的解决方案。 6600 系列和Enwatch?系统均可和Emonitor Odyssey? 或 Enshare?设备信息系统实现无缝连接。这种集成解决方案为您提供了工厂设备状态的完整画面。
Entrx
当您需要了解转动设备的性能时 Entrx 无疑是一个理想的工具。 Entrx 可在机器的稳态和瞬态工况下提供可靠的，连续的数据采集。Entrx 数据采集硬件可由用户组态，既可进行切换方式数据采集也可进行同步/连续方式数据采集。图形界面使用户更直观了解机器。
软件
EMONITOR Odyssey?
EMONITOR Odyssey? 罗克韦尔自动化新一代完整的机器信息系统。它集成了最广泛的状态监测技术，采用32-位Microsoft? Windows? 软件结构。EMONITOR Odyssey? 集离线监测和在线监测于一身。集成的设备状态监测技术为用户提供了工厂设备状态的完整画面。来自便携式仪器，网络化在线监测系统及连续保护表(API670)的振动数据都集成在一个公共数据库中，油分析数据，电机电流分析数据，红外热像及过程参量也可集成到同一数据库中，其它应用系统的结果/结论也可以通过Active-X(来自微软的对象链接及嵌入技术) 显示窗显示出来。
Enshare
Enshare 是罗克韦尔自动化的主要软件解决方案，它为集成所有工厂资产状态信息，
有效进行设备资产管理提供了一个公共平台。 Enshare 解决方案应用来自振动，油分析和其它技术的信息分析设备潜在的故障问题。这些信息通过Enshare 的资产状态管理模块(Asset Health Module) 可在企业的不同部门进行有效的通讯，帮助企业协调设备维护和生产，提高劳动生产率。这些信息也可以通过工单的方式直接送到设备维修管理系统(CMMS)中。
油分析
罗克韦尔自动化在油分析方面的丰富经验使得我们可以为您提供一个完整的解决方案- 包括软件，硬件和全方位的技术支持保证用户的油分析系统能够始终正常运行。 Enlube PM 软件是专用于油分析的系统。这个系统集成了最广泛的润滑油状态监测技术，软件采用32-位Microsoft? Windows? 结构 Enlab - 罗克韦尔自动化提供的完全独立的油分析实验室服务，为您提供快速，准确可靠的结果。
动平衡系统
精密的平衡对转动设备的运行，维护和检修至关重要。不论是电厂的汽轮机，化工厂的风机，电机转子还是纸机辊筒均需要一定精度的平衡。作为 IRD，我们从事动平衡业务已近50 年历史。我们提供完整系列的动平衡机及其仪表，多年的应用经验结合我公司遍布全球的用户支持/服务/培训网络，我们能够满足您的动平衡需求。
服务
综合服务开展有效的状态监测工作是您改善设备可靠性，提高劳动生产率，实现企业经营目标的重要保障。罗克韦尔自动化提供一系列综合服务帮助您实现上述目标。我们提供一系列专业服务，包括工作现状评估，项目管理，系统安装，启动，可靠性咨询及精密设备分析/诊断。我们将和您一道分析了解您的目标和需求以确保您的成功。
用户支持
我们承诺为您提供最好的用户支持。我们耐心细致的专业为您提供每日的支持，同时帮助您成功的开展这一工作。
远程诊断
远程诊断 (ROL)是一种独特的服务方式，它使您用最少的人力/物力投入得到状态监测结果。用互联网及专业化的状态监测工程师，我们保证您不论是在何处，不论是哪个工业领域均会得到最好的状态监测结果。为得到最好的状态监测结果，请让罗克韦尔自动化帮助您远程的管理您的状态监测工作。
培训服务
即便是最好的工具，如果让一个新手使用也不会产生满意的结果。这种事例在生活中到处可见，而在当今的工厂开展状态监测工作时尤为突出。毫无疑问，您需要最好的工具，但是，为了从开展状态监测工作中获得最大的收益，您同时也需要适当的培训。经验，知识和质量是罗克韦尔自动化培训课程的基础。我们既有产品培训也有技术培训; 所有的培训均由最满足您需要的合格的老师进行。您可从遍布全球的现场培训和课堂培训进行选择，使您的系统发挥最大的作用。
状态监测服务
可预测的维护服务，让您工厂的产能最大化
状态监测可以增加对设备状况整体感知。这使得决策者可以通过制定基于机器运行状况的停机时间、工人劳动和材料配置来进行“基于状态的维护”（简称CbM）。然而，很多公司却因为缺乏相关知识或资源而不能获得有效的CbM项目所带来的益处。
拥有罗克韦尔自动化的状态监测服务，您将获得专门为您定制的解决方案，从而帮助您实施CbM项目，利用我们各领域的专家助您成功。
一个顶级的状态监测方案的目标是增加你的机器可靠性和可用性，并且会尽量减少您的机器停机时间、工作量和维修成本。这样的结果让人心动，当然节省成本是最重要的意义。CbM项目有很多好处，它会影响到一系列产能绩效指标，例如：
?净资产回报率
?降低存货成本
?减少备件
?延缓定期维护
?综合设备效率
?提高系统可用性、产量、质量及安全
?减少计划外停机时间和计划停工时间
?减少平均维护时间
?提高质量和安全
罗克韦尔自动化是全国和世界各地的状态监测项目管理的唯一供应商。罗克韦尔自动化帮助多点，多国家客户，使他们的设备运行可靠，安全，高效。
当考虑到多技术方案时，CbM项目是最有效的。
?当机器状态开始下滑时，通过振动分析的措施对使机械设备的振动强度改变
?油液分析检测出污染或降解石油表明机器磨损
?红外热像仪对电气、机械、基础设施和工艺设备检测变化明显的温度
罗克韦尔自动化提供了一个完整的预见性维护解决方案，用来设定适合您的设备及其特定的需要。
振动分析
作为CbM系统的工具,振动分析主要通过以下检测振动级别:
?位移
?不平衡量
?松度
?离心率
?缺陷轴承
?共振
?电气问题
?气动\液压力
我们的目标是在潜在的故障发生之前，机器能够发出指示，在这种情况下，确认所发生的变化。通过检测这些问题，您可以：
?机器损坏最小化
?先前计划停机时间、劳动力和材料
?消除昂贵的尝试与错误的途径,以解决问题
?允许机器处于良好的操作条件下继续运行
?排除不必要的大修
?提高安全和质量
当你需要把振动分析数据转化为可实施的CbM数据时,罗克韦尔自动化把这个能力赋予给你并熟练掌握。通过振动分析的帮助罗克韦尔可以设计一个程序来提供：
?项目管理
?调查现场设备
?优先项目设备清单
?测量分数
?完整的数据库构建
?基线数据采集
?数据阐释
?综合性问题报告
?维护或修理建议
?日，周，月，季度分析
?日，周，月，季度数据采集
?数据采集训练
当确定你想要的程序时,你应该考虑你需要的资源来运行程序,否则您的机器无法工作或者生产损失。
一旦你决定采购或者外包,罗克韦尔自动化能传递特定振动分析服务,以符合您的需求。
需要外包？
一个罗克韦尔自动化振动分析专家将来到你的设施旁,并且对机器设备提供数据的收集和数据分析。
需要外包，但仍有一些内训能力？
一个罗克韦尔自动化振动分析专家将教会你如何收集数据,这样你就可以完成例行的数据收集并且能够将数据发送到一个三级振动分析员手中。
需要完全内源？
一个罗克韦尔自动化三级振动分析师将指导你收集和分析数据。这种转变的整个过程一般需要三年时间：
?第一年——罗克韦尔自动化占承担主要数据分析任务；训练客户采集数据
?第二年——训练客户进行数据分析；客户成为主要的数据分析者
?第三年——客户与罗克韦尔自动化分析师提供季度回顾分析；被呼叫的分析师除外?这个选项包括ESAFE支持,课堂培训,数据采集硬件和Emonitor软件
红外热成像服务
作为CbM项目的工具，红外热成像（简称IR)通过检测热差异帮助识别哪些物品需要进行维护或更换。IR电气和机械设备的正确维护中是非常有效的。这个强大的，非侵入性预测维护工具有助于雇员的安全和系统的物理结构。
罗克韦尔就提供这样的IR。
热像仪能对电气、机械、流程和结构系统进行检验。这可以让你发现什么时候一台设备运行在基于制造商或UL规格的正常参数之外，并且能够在元件失效前检测出问题。
罗克韦尔注册的热成像仪使用了带有前视红外的热成像仪通过检查各组成部分获得的有关信息来捕捉视觉图像和红外图像。
红外线相机是用来测量热能来自那块设备。然而，不仅仅是图像，还有温度和荷载测量也被用来确定实际情况。
通过利用罗克韦尔自动化红外热成像仪服务，您将会得到：
?外观检测及数据、视觉问题贴图时间
?大副减少所收集数据在电子转移时产生的误差
?对所有的设备是可用的一份报告
?有即时报警来保证关键的修复问题迅速得到处理
?根据您的基于工业标准元件重要程度来安排维修顺序
-ETO——必要操作
-CTO——关键操作
-NTO——非必要操作
?一年的资产调查比较
?能够添加快速行动的图像以及建立新的基线数据
?在对所有设备年复一年的设备标准调查中的条形码或者等同的设备识别和监控系统
油分析
作为CbM的工具，油分析用于发掘、隔离以及为非正常润滑和机器状况提供解决方案。如果未经检查离开之后，这些异常通常会导致广泛的，昂贵的维修成本，甚至是操作事故，有时会是灾难性的破坏造成的生产损失。
罗克韦尔自动化提供了一份较长的油分析测试清单，如下：
润滑条件
评估的润滑条件揭示了流体系统是否正常，是否需要进一步（维护）服务，或者是否需要更换。
污染物
周围环境中以泥土和水的形式存在的污染物和过程污染是机器老化和故障的主要原因。越来越多的污染对你发出警报，以便采取行动，来节约石油和避免不必要的机械磨损。
机器磨损
不正常的机器产生的磨损颗粒呈指数级增长。通过正确的油测试而对这些颗粒进行检测和分析，有助于作出重要的维护决策。由于部件磨损而发生的机器故障是可以避免的。记住，优质和清洁的油会使得机器的磨损最小化。
我们的油分析结果，旨在快速，轻松地找出您的工业设备中潜在的问题。您将很容易获得和下载您的油分析结果，并将其纳入您的可靠性维修方案。
油分析测量油的理化性质、污染和机械磨损。为了测量这些属性，油需要通过以下测试：?酸值（AN）- 测量酸污染量
?分析铁谱-测量磨损颗粒的的类型和严重程度
?傅立叶变换红外（FT- IR）的-测量降解副产品（氧化,硝化，硫酸）和外部污染物（水，乙二醇，燃料，烟尘）
? ICP光谱- 测量润滑油中的磨损金属、污染物金属和添加剂金属的浓度。
?卡尔费舍水 -测量水体污染
?颗粒计算 -测量污染物和磨损碎屑
?粘度- 测量油的物理性质
?磨损颗粒浓度-测量有色金属磨损颗粒
(完整版)_毕业设计英文文献51单片机中英文文献翻译_
AT89C51的概况 The General Situation of AT89C51 Chapter 1 The application of AT89C51 Microcontrollers are used in a multitude of commercial applications such as modems, motor-control systems, air conditioner control systems, automotive engine and among others. The domains also require that these microcontrollers are be ensured by a robust testing process and a proper tools environment for the validation of these microcontrollers both at the component and at the system level. Intel Plaform Engineering department developed an object-oriented multi-threaded test environment for the validation of its AT89C51 automotive microcontrollers. The goals of thisenvironment was not only to provide a robust testing environment for the AT89C51 automotive microcontrollers, but to develop an environment which can be easily extended and reused for the validation of several other future microcontrollers. The environment was developed in conjunction with Microsoft Foundation Classes (AT89C51). The paper describes the design and mechanism of this test environment, its interactions with various The 8-bit AT89C51 CHMOS microcontrollers are designed to engine-control systems, airbags, suspension systems, and antilock braking systems (ABS). The AT89C51 is especially well suited to applications that benefit from its processing speed and enhanced
毕业设计外文翻译附原文
外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。
毕业设计方案英文翻译资料中文
故障概率模型的数控车床 摘要：领域的失效分析被计算机数字化控制 毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：软件开发概念和设计方法文献、资料英文题目： 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业： 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14 外文资料原文 Software Development Concepts and Design Methodologies During the 1960s, ma inframes and higher level programming languages were applied to man y problems including human resource s yste ms,reservation s yste ms, and manufacturing s yste ms. Computers and software were seen as the cure all for man y bu siness issues were some times applied blindly. S yste ms sometimes failed to solve the problem for which the y were designed for man y reasons including: ?Inability to sufficiently understand complex problems ?Not sufficiently taking into account end-u ser needs, the organizational environ ment, and performance tradeoffs ?Inability to accurately estimate development time and operational costs ?Lack of framework for consistent and regular customer communications At this time, the concept of structured programming, top-down design, stepwise refinement，and modularity e merged. Structured programming is still the most dominant approach to software engineering and is still evo lving. These failures led to the concept of "software engineering" based upon the idea that an engineering-like discipl ine could be applied to software design and develop ment. Software design is a process where the software designer applies techniques and principles to produce a conceptual model that de scribes and defines a solution to a problem. In the beginning, this des ign process has not been well structured and the model does not alwa ys accurately represent the problem of software development. However,design methodologies have been evolving to accommo date changes in technolog y coupled with our increased understanding of development processes. Whereas early desig n methods addressed specific aspects of the 使用高级分析法的钢框架创新设计 1．导言 在美国，钢结构设计方法包括允许应力设计法(ASD)，塑性设计法(PD)和荷载阻力系数设计法(LRFD)。在允许应力设计中，应力计算基于一阶弹性分析，而几何非线性影响则隐含在细部设计方程中。在塑性设计中，结构分析中使用的是一阶塑性铰分析。塑性设计使整个结构体系的弹性力重新分配。尽管几何非线性和逐步高产效应并不在塑性设计之中，但它们近似细部设计方程。在荷载和阻力系数设计中，含放大系数的一阶弹性分析或单纯的二阶弹性分析被用于几何非线性分析，而梁柱的极限强度隐藏在互动设计方程。所有三个设计方法需要独立进行检查，包括系数K计算。在下面，对荷载抗力系数设计法的特点进行了简要介绍。 结构系统内的内力及稳定性和它的构件是相关的，但目前美国钢结构协会（AISC）的荷载抗力系数规范把这种分开来处理的。在目前的实际应用中，结构体系和它构件的相互影响反映在有效长度这一因素上。这一点在社会科学研究技术备忘录第五录摘录中有描述。 尽管结构最大内力和构件最大内力是相互依存的（但不一定共存），应当承认，严格考虑这种相互依存关系，很多结构是不实际的。与此同时，众所周知当遇到复杂框架设计中试图在柱设计时自动弥补整个结构的不稳定（例如通过调整柱的有效长度）是很困难的。因此，社会科学研究委员会建议在实际设计中，这两方面应单独考虑单独构件的稳定性和结构的基础及结构整体稳定性。图28.1就是这种方法的间接分析和设计方法。 在目前的美国钢结构协会荷载抗力系数规范中，分析结构体系的方法是一阶弹性分析或二阶弹性分析。在使用一阶弹性分析时，考虑到二阶效果，一阶力矩都是由B1,B2系数放大。在规范中，所有细部都是从结构体系中独立出来，他们通过细部内力曲线和规范给出的那些隐含二阶效应，非弹性，残余应力和挠度的相互作用设计的。理论解答和实验性数据的拟合曲线得到了柱曲线和梁曲线，同时Kanchanalai发现的所谓“精确”塑性区解决方案的拟合曲线确定了梁柱相互作用方程。 为了证明单个细部内力对整个结构体系的影响，使用了有效长度系数，如图28.2所示。有效长度方法为框架结构提供了一个良好的设计。然而，有效长度方法的 外文出处： 《Exploiting Software How to Break Code》By Greg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 译文标题： JDBC接口技术 译文： JDBC是一种可用于执行SQL语句的JavaAPI（ApplicationProgrammingInterface应用程序设计接口）。它由一些Java语言编写的类和界面组成。JDBC为数据库应用开发人员、数据库前台工具开发人员提供了一种标准的应用程序设计接口，使开发人员可以用纯Java语言编写完整的数据库应用程序。 一、ODBC到JDBC的发展历程 说到JDBC，很容易让人联想到另一个十分熟悉的字眼“ODBC”。它们之间有没有联系呢？如果有，那么它们之间又是怎样的关系呢？ ODBC是OpenDatabaseConnectivity的英文简写。它是一种用来在相关或不相关的数据库管理系统（DBMS）中存取数据的，用C语言实现的，标准应用程序数据接口。通过ODBCAPI，应用程序可以存取保存在多种不同数据库管理系统（DBMS）中的数据，而不论每个DBMS使用了何种数据存储格式和编程接口。 1．ODBC的结构模型 ODBC的结构包括四个主要部分：应用程序接口、驱动器管理器、数据库驱动器和数据源。应用程序接口：屏蔽不同的ODBC数据库驱动器之间函数调用的差别，为用户提供统一的SQL编程接口。 驱动器管理器：为应用程序装载数据库驱动器。 数据库驱动器：实现ODBC的函数调用，提供对特定数据源的SQL请求。如果需要，数据库驱动器将修改应用程序的请求，使得请求符合相关的DBMS所支持的文法。 数据源：由用户想要存取的数据以及与它相关的操作系统、DBMS和用于访问DBMS的网络平台组成。 虽然ODBC驱动器管理器的主要目的是加载数据库驱动器，以便ODBC函数调用，但是数据库驱动器本身也执行ODBC函数调用，并与数据库相互配合。因此当应用系统发出调用与数据源进行连接时，数据库驱动器能管理通信协议。当建立起与数据源的连接时，数据库驱动器便能处理应用系统向DBMS发出的请求，对分析或发自数据源的设计进行必要的翻译，并将结果返回给应用系统。 2．JDBC的诞生 自从Java语言于1995年5月正式公布以来，Java风靡全球。出现大量的用java语言编写的程序，其中也包括数据库应用程序。由于没有一个Java语言的API，编程人员不得不在Java程序中加入C语言的ODBC函数调用。这就使很多Java的优秀特性无法充分发挥，比如平台无关性、面向对象特性等。随着越来越多的编程人员对Java语言的日益喜爱，越来越多的公司在Java程序开发上投入的精力日益增加，对java语言接口的访问数据库的API 的要求越来越强烈。也由于ODBC的有其不足之处，比如它并不容易使用，没有面向对象的特性等等，SUN公司决定开发一Java语言为接口的数据库应用程序开发接口。在JDK1．x 版本中，JDBC只是一个可选部件，到了JDK1．1公布时，SQL类包（也就是JDBCAPI） 毕业设计英文资料翻译 篇一：毕业设计(论文)外文资料与译文 大连东软信息学院高等教育自学考试毕业设计（论文）外文资料及译文 姓名： 准考证号： 专业： 助学单位： 大连东软信息学院 Dalian Neusoft University of Information张校辉020*********项目管理大连东软信息学院继续教育学院外文资料和译文格式要求 一、装订要求 1、外文资料原文（复印或打印）在前、译文在后、最后为指导教师评定成绩。 2、译文必须采用计算机输入、打印。 3、A4幅面打印，于左侧装订。 二、撰写要求 1、外文文献内容与所选课题相关。 2、译文汉字字数不少于3000字。 三、格式要求 1、译文字号：中文小四号宋体，英文小四号“Times New Roman”字型，全文统一，首行缩进2个中文字符，1.5倍行距。 2、译文页码：页码用阿拉伯数字连续编页，字体采用“Times New Roman”字体，字号小五，页底居中。 3、译文页眉：眉体使用单线，页眉说明五号宋体，居中“大连东软信息学院高等教育自学考试毕业设计（论文）译文”。 -1- -2- -3- 篇二：毕业设计外文资料翻译 毕业设计外文资料翻译 题目静压轴承密封件的水压特性水泵和电机学院专业机械工程及自动化 班级 学生王道国 学号指导教师王栋梁 二〇一三年六月五日 济南大学毕业设计外文资料翻译 静压轴承/密封件的水压特性水泵和电机。第1部分：理 论和实验 X 王 A山口 横滨国立大学工学部，日本横滨240-8501 XX年11月26日，在修订后的XX年2月25日收到XX 年3月7日接受 摘要 在这项研究中，磁盘型静压推力轴承的特性支承同心的负载，模拟的主要水液压泵和马达， 轴承/密封件。该轴承是由不锈钢，钢/不锈钢和不锈钢/塑料组成。通过研究作为载荷之间的关 系的特性进行评估容量，口袋压力，膜厚，泄漏流率。对于弹性材料的杨氏模量是一个非线性应 力作用在密封件上表面和压缩应变之间的关系。的承载能力所表示的比例流体静力平衡不是只依 XX Elsevier科学有限公司版权所有 关键词：静压推力轴承，喷嘴，不锈钢，热塑性弹性变形，承载能力，水液压泵和马达 1介绍 近年来，已经引起了水的液压系统主要的兴趣，因为他们的特点是用户友好和环 境安全。他们有很多优势，因为它们是无公害，无火灾造成风险，成本低，并提供高 南京理工大学 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 教学点：南京信息职业技术学院 专业：电子信息工程 姓名：陈洁 学号： 014910253034 外文出处：《 Pci System Architecture 》 (用外文写) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 指导教师评语： 该生外文翻译没有基本的语法错误，用词准确，没 有重要误译，忠实原文；译文通顺，条理清楚，数量与 质量上达到了本科水平。 签名： 年月日 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。 附件1：外文资料翻译译文 64位PCI扩展 1.64位数据传送和64位寻址：独立的能力 PCI规范给出了允许64位总线主设备与64位目标实现64位数据传送的机理。在传送的开始，如果回应目标是一个64位或32位设备，64位总线设备会自动识别。如果它是64位设备，达到8个字节（一个4字）可以在每个数据段中传送。假定是一串0等待状态数据段。在33MHz总线速率上可以每秒264兆字节获取（8字节／传送＊33百万传送字／秒），在66MHz总线上可以528M字节／秒获取。如果回应目标是32位设备，总线主设备会自动识别并且在下部4位数据通道上（AD[31::00]）引导，所以数据指向或来自目标。 规范也定义了64位存储器寻址功能。此功能只用于寻址驻留在4GB地址边界以上的存储器目标。32位和64位总线主设备都可以实现64位寻址。此外，对64位寻址反映的存储器目标（驻留在4GB地址边界上）可以看作32位或64位目标来实现。 注意64位寻址和64位数据传送功能是两种特性，各自独立并且严格区分开来是非常重要的。一个设备可以支持一种、另一种、都支持或都不支持。 2.64位扩展信号 为了支持64位数据传送功能，PCI总线另有39个引脚。 ●REQ64#被64位总线主设备有效表明它想执行64位数据传送操作。REQ64#与FRAME#信号具有相同的时序和间隔。REQ64#信号必须由系统主板上的上拉电阻来支持。当32位总线主设备进行传送时，REQ64#不能又漂移。 ●ACK64#被目标有效以回应被主设备有效的REQ64#（如果目标支持64位数据传送），ACK64#与DEVSEL#具有相同的时序和间隔（但是直到REQ64#被主设备有效，ACK64#才可被有效）。像REQ64#一样，ACK64#信号线也必须由系统主板上的上拉电阻来支持。当32位设备是传送目标时，ACK64#不能漂移。 ●AD[64::32]包含上部4位地址／数据通道。 ●C/BE#[7::4]包含高4位命令/字节使能信号。 ●PAR64是为上部4个AD通道和上部4位C/BE信号线提供偶校验的奇偶校验位。 以下是几小结详细讨论64位数据传送和寻址功能。 3.在32位插入式连接器上的64位卡 理工学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 专业：热能与动力工程 姓名：赵海潮 学号：09L0504133 外文出处：Applied Acoustics, 2010(71):701~707 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 附件1：外文资料翻译译文 基于一维CFD模型下汽车排气消声器的实验研究与预测Takeshi Yasuda, Chaoqun Wua, Noritoshi Nakagawa, Kazuteru Nagamura 摘要目前，利用实验和数值分析法对商用汽车消声器在宽开口喉部加速状态下的排气噪声进行了研究。在加热工况下发动机转速从1000转/分钟加速到6000转/分钟需要30秒。假定其排气消声器的瞬时声学特性符合一维计算流体力学模型。为了验证模拟仿真的结果，我们在符合日本工业标准（JIS D 1616）的消声室内测量了排气消声器的瞬态声学特性，结果发现在二阶发动机转速频率下仿真结果和实验结果非常吻合。但在发动机高阶转速下（从5000到6000转每分钟的四阶转速，从4200到6000转每分钟的六阶转速这样的高转速范围内），计算结果和实验结果出现了较大差异。根据结果分析，差异的产生是由于在模拟仿真中忽略了流动噪声的影响。为了满足市场需求，研究者在一维计算流体力学模型的基础上提出了一个具有可靠准确度的简化模型，相对标准化模型而言该模型能节省超过90％的执行时间。 关键字消声器排气噪声优化设计瞬态声学性能 1 引言 汽车排气消声器广泛用于减小汽车发动机及汽车其他主要部位产生的噪声。一般而言，消声器的设计应该满足以下两个条件：（1）能够衰减高频噪声，这是消声器的最基本要求。排气消声器应该有特定的消声频率范围，尤其是低频率范围，因为我们都知道大部分的噪声被限制在发动机的转动频率和它的前几阶范围内。（2）最小背压，背压代表施加在发动机排气消声器上额外的静压力。最小背压应该保持在最低限度内，因为大的背压会降低容积效率和提高耗油量。对消声器而言，这两个重要的设计要求往往是互相冲突的。对于给定的消声器，利用实验的方法，根据距离尾管500毫米且与尾管轴向成45°处声压等级相近的排气噪声来评估其噪声衰减性能，利用压力传感器可以很容易地检测背压。 近几十年来，在预测排气噪声方面广泛应用的方法有：传递矩阵法、有限元法、边界元法和计算流体力学法。其中最常用的方法是传递矩阵法（也叫四端网络法）。该方 附件1：外文资料翻译译文 包装对食品发展的影响 一个消费者对某个产品的第一印象来说包装是至关重要的，包括沟通的可取性，可接受性，健康饮食形象等。食品能够提供广泛的产品和包装组合，传达自己加工的形象感知给消费者，例如新鲜包装/准备，冷藏，冷冻，超高温无菌，消毒（灭菌），烘干产品。 食物的最重要的质量属性之一，是它的味道，其影响人类的感官知觉，即味觉和嗅觉。味道可以很大程度作退化的处理和/或扩展存储。其他质量属性，也可能受到影响，包括颜色，质地和营养成分。食品质量不仅取决于原材料，添加剂，加工和包装的方法，而且其预期的货架寿命（保质期）过程中遇到的分布和储存条件的质量。越来越多的竞争当中，食品生产商，零售商和供应商；和质量审核供应商有显着提高食品质量以及急剧增加包装食品的选择。这些改进也得益于严格的冷藏链中的温度控制和越来越挑剔的消费者。 保质期的一个定义是：在食品加工和包装组合下，在食品的容器和条件，在销售点分布在特定系统的时间能保持令人满意的食味品质。保质期，可以用来作为一个新鲜的概念，促进营销的工具。延期或保质期长的产品，还提供产品的使用时间，方便以及减少浪费食物的风险，消费者和/或零售商。包装产品的质量和保质期的主题是在第3章中详细讨论。 包装为消费者提供有关产品的重要信息，在许多情况下，使用的包装和/或产品，包括事实信息如重量，体积，配料，制造商的细节，营养价值，烹饪和开放的指示，除了法律准则的最小尺寸的文字和数字，有定义的各类产品。消费者寻求更详细的产品信息，同时，许多标签已经成为多语种。标签的可读性是为视障人士的问题，这很可能成为一个对越来越多的老年人口越来越重要的问题。 食物的选择和包装创新的一个主要驱动力是为了方便消费者的需求。这里有许多方便的现代包装所提供的属性，这些措施包括易于接入和开放，处置和处理，产品的知名度，再密封性能，微波加热性，延长保质期等。在英国和其他发达经济体显示出生率下降和快速增长的一个相对富裕的老人人口趋势，伴随着更加苛 Highway Subgrade Construction in Expansive Soil Areas Jian-Long Zheng1 Rui Zhang2 and He-Ping Yang3 1 Professor and President, ChangSha Univ. of Science and Technology, Chiling Road 45, Changsha, Hunan 410076, China. E-mail: zjl_csust@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6e3712183.html, 2 Ph.D. Candidate and Lecturer, School of Highway Engineering, ChangSha Univ. of Science and Technology, Chiling Road 45, Changsha, Hunan 410076, China. E-mail: zr_csust@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6e3712183.html, 3Professor, School of Highway Engineering, ChangSha Univ. of Science and Technology, Chiling Road 45, Changsha, Hunan 410076, China. E-mail: cscuyang@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6e3712183.html, (Accepted 22 May 2007) Introduction Expansive soil is predominantly clay soil that undergoes appreciable volume and strength changes following a change in moisture content. These volume changes can cause extensive damage to the geotechnical infrastructure, and the damage is often repeatable and latent in the long term (Liao 19848). China is one of the countries with a wide distribution of expansive soils. They are found in more than 20 provinces and regions, nearly 600,000?km2in extent. It has been estimated that the planned highways totaling 3,300?km in length pass through expansive soils areas (Zheng and Yang 200422). Improper highway construction in such areas could well lead to great losses and damage to the environment. In 2002, the Chinese Ministry of Communications (CMOC) sponsored a research project, “A Complete Package for Highway Construction in Expansive Soil Areas,” whose primary objective was to solve expansive soil problems in highway engineering. A research group with personnel from Changsha University of Science and Technology (CUST) was set up. Comprehensive laboratory tests, field investigations, and analyses were carried out, aimed at solving highway engineering problems in several different expansive soil areas. A complete presentation of the results of this research is beyond the scope of this paper, but the research on subgrade 英文原文 Components of A Building and Tall Buildings Andre 1. Abstract Materials and structural forms are combined to make up the various parts of a building, including the load-carrying frame, skin, floors, and partitions. The building also has mechanical and electrical systems, such as elevators, heating and cooling systems, and lighting systems. The superstructure is that part of a building above ground, and the substructure and foundation is that part of a building below ground. The skyscraper owes its existence to two developments of the 19th century: steel skeleton construction and the passenger elevator. Steel as a construction material dates from the introduction of the Bessemer converter in 1885.Gustave Eiffel (1832-1932) introduced steel construction in France. His designs for the Galerie des Machines and the Tower for the Paris Exposition of 1889 expressed the lightness of the steel framework. The Eiffel Tower, 984 feet (300 meters) high, was the tallest structure built by man and was not surpassed until 40 years later by a series of American skyscrapers. Elisha Otis installed the first elevator in a department store in New York in 1857.In 1889, Eiffel installed the first elevators on a grand scale in the Eiffel Tower, whose hydraulic elevators could transport 2,350 passengers to the summit every hour. 2. Load-Carrying Frame Until the late 19th century, the exterior walls of a building were used as bearing walls to support the floors. This construction is essentially a post and lintel type, and it is still used in frame construction for houses. Bearing-wall construction limited the height of building because of the enormous wall thickness required；for instance, the 16-story Monadnock Building built in the 1880’s in Chicago had walls 5 feet (1.5 meters) thick at the lower floors. In 1883, William Le Baron Jenney (1832-1907) supported floors on cast-iron columns to form a cage-like construction. Skeleton construction, consisting of steel beams and columns, was first used in 1889. As a consequence of skeleton construction, the enclosing walls become a “curtain wall” rather than serving a supporting function. Masonry was the curtain wall material until the 1930’s, when light metal and glass curtain walls were used. After the introduction of Center Lathe 4.1 INTRODUCTION Lathe is the oldest machine tool invented, starting with the Egyptian tree lathes. In the Egyptian tree lathe, one end of the rope wound round the workpiece is attached to a flexible branch of a tree while the other end is pulled by the operator, thus giving the rotary motion to the workpiece. This primitive device has evolved over the last two centuries to be one of the most fundamental and versatile machine tools with a large number of uses in all manufacturing shops. The principal form of surface produced in a lathe is the cylindrical surface. This is achieved by rotating the workpiece while the single point cutting tool removes the material by traversing in a direction parallel to the axis of rotation and termed as turning as shown in Fig.4.1.The popularity of the lathe due to the fact that a large variety of surfaces can be produced. Different types of lathes are used in manufacturing shops. Some of them are: (a)Centre lathe (b)Tool room lathes (c)Special purpose lathes (d)Copying lathe (e)Gap bed lathe (f)Capstan and turret lathes (g)Automatic lathes The centre lathe is the most common lathe which derives its name from the way a workpiece is clamped by centres in a lathe, though this is not the only way in which the job is mounted. This is sometimes also called as engine lathe in view of the fact that early lathes were driven by steam engines. This is generally used for more general applications and thus the construction of the machine tool is more rigid. The tool room lathe is generally meant for applications of tool making, where the accuracy desired is much higher than that is normally required for general production 编号： 毕业设计(论文)外文翻译 （原文） 院（系）：应用科技学院 专业：机械设计制造及其自动化 学生姓名：邓瑜 学号：0501120501 指导教师单位：应用科技学院 姓名：黄小能 职称： 2009年 5 月20 日 The Injection Molding The Introduction of Molds The mold is at the core of a plastic manufacturing process because its cavity gives a part its shape. This makes the mold at least as critical-and many cases more so-for the quality of the end product as, for example, the plasticiting unit or other components of the processing equipment. Mold Material Depending on the processing parameters for the various processing methods as well as the length of the production run, the number of finished products to be produced, molds for plastics processing must satisfy a great variety of requirements. It is therefore not surprising that molds can be made from a very broad spectrum of materials, including-from a technical standpoint-such exotic materials as paper matched and plaster. However, because most processes require high pressures, often combined with high temperatures, metals still represent by far the most important material group, with steel being the predominant metal. It is interesting in this regard that, in many cases, the selection of the mold material is not only a question of material properties and an optimum price-to-performance ratio but also that the methods used to produce the mold, and thus the entire design, can be influenced. A typical example can be seen in the choice between cast metal molds, with their very different cooling systems, compared to machined molds. In addition, the production technique can also have an effect; for instance, it is often reported that, for the sake of simplicity, a prototype mold is frequently machined from solid stock with the aid of the latest technology such as computer-aided (CAD) and computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM). In contrast to the previously used methods based on the use of patterns, the use of CAD and CAM often represents the more economical solution today, not only because this production capability is available pin-house but also because with any other technique an order would have to be placed with an outside supplier. Overall, although high-grade materials are often used, as a rule standard materials are used in mold making. New, state-of-the art (high-performance) materials, such as ceramics, for instance, are almost completely absent. This may be related to the fact that their desirable characteristics, such as constant properties up to very high temperatures, are not required on molds, whereas their negative characteristics, e. g. low tensile strength and poor thermal conductivity, have a clearly related to ceramics, such as sintered material, is found in mild making only to a limited degree. This refers less to the modern materials and components软件开发概念和设计方法大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
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