【威学教育】王鑫托福阅读TPO21-1阅读文本

【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO全集之TPO21-1

TPO21

TPO21-1 Geothermal Energy

'practical" in the passage is

1. According to the processes described in paragraph 1, what is the relationship between radioactivity and the steam produced by geothermal heat?

A. Geothermally heated steam is produced when water is exposed to radioactivity deep underground.

B. When water is introduced into holes drilled thousands of feet in the ground, it becomes radioactive and turns to steam.

C. Radioactivity heats Earth's interior rock, which in turn can heat water to the point it becomes steam.

D. When a reservoir of steam in subsurface rock is produced by radioactivity, it is said to be geothermally heated.

2. The word meaning to

A. usable

B. plentiful

C. economical

D. familiar

Paragraph1: Earth's internal heat, fueled by radioactivity, provides the energy for plate tectonics and continental drift, mountain building, and

earthquakes. It can also be harnessed to drive electric generators and heat homes. Geothermal energy becomes available in a practical form when underground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface region of hot rocks (a heat reservoir) that may be hundreds or thousands of feet deep. The water is usually naturally occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures in the rock; less typically, the water is artificially introduced by being pumped down from the surface. The water is brought to the surface, as a liquid or steam, through holes drilled for the purpose.

3. The word "abundant" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. economical

B. familiar

C. plentiful

D. useful

4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about heat reservoirs with a temperature in the range of 800to 1800centigrade?

A. They are under international control.

B. They are more common than reservoirs that have a higher temperature.

C. Few of them produce enough heat to warm large industrial spaces.

D. They are used to generate electricity.

Paragraph2: By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relatively low temperatures of 800to 1800centigrade. Water circulated through heat reservoirs in this temperature range is able to extract enough heat to warm residential, commercial, and industrial spaces. More than 20,000 apartments in France are now heated by warm underground water drawn from a heat reservoir in a geologic structure near Paris called the Paris Basin. Iceland sits on a volcanic structure known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Reykjavik,

the capital of Iceland, is entirely heated by geothermal energy derived from volcanic heat.

5. According to paragraph 3, what is the connection between underground faults and naturally occurring steam?

A. Underground faults enable the heat from molten-rock material to escape upward to regions where it can heat surface water enough to produce steam.

B. Underground faults are created by steam that is produced in geothermal reservoirs deep inside Earth.

C. Underground faults create spaces in which natural steam is sometimes trapped.

D. Underground faults allow surface water to reach deep rocks that are hot enough to turn it into steam.

6. In paragraph 3, why does the author mention that in the 1990s The Geysers was in its third decade of production?

A. To provide the historical context of the geothermal production of electricity in the United States

B. To imply that The Geysers was the first geothermal site to be put into production in California

C. To help explain the signs of decline shown by The Geysers

D. To explain why 70 new geothermal sites were put into electricity production in the late 1990s

Paragraph3: Geothermal reservoirs with temperatures above 1800centigrade are useful for generating electricity. They occur primarily in regions of recent volcanic activity as hot, dry rock; natural hot water; or natural steam. The latter two sources are limited to those few areas where surface water seeps down through underground faults or fractures to reach deep rocks heated by the recent activity of molten rock material. The world's largest supply of natural steam occurs at The Geysers, 120 kilometers north of San Francisco,

California. In the 1990s enough electricity to meet about half the needs of San Francisco was being generated there. This facility was then in its third decade of production and was beginning to show signs of decline, perhaps because of over development. By the late 1990s some 70 geothermal

electric-generating plants were in operation in California, Utah, Nevada, and Hawaii, generating enough power to supply about a million people. Eighteen countries now generate electricity using geothermal heat.

7. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraphs 2 and 3 about geothermal reservoirs?

A. Volcanic heat is associated only with geothermal reservoirs that have a temperature over 1800centigrade.

B. More countries produce power from geothermal reservoirs than use them for heating buildings.

C. Most geothermal reservoirs are suitable for producing electricity.

D. A higher geothermal reservoir temperature is needed to generate electricity than is needed to heat homes.

8. According to paragraph 4, extracting heat from very hot, dry rocks is difficult in part because

A. the underground rock must be fractured before heat can be removed from it

B. the water above the rock is under very high pressure

C. the rock breaks apart when water is pumped into it

D. the water circulated through the rock must be much cooler than the rock itself

Paragrph4: Extracting heat from very hot, dry rocks presents a more difficult problem: the rocks must be fractured to permit the circulation of water, and the water must be provided artificially. The rocks are fractured by water

pumped down at very high pressures. Experiments are under way to develop technologies for exploiting this resource.

9. The word "exploiting" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. locating

B. increasing

C. making use of

D. estimating the size of

10. How is the problem that the surface may sink related to the problem that water heated geothermally may contain toxic materials?

A. Both problems could be solved by returning groundwater that is removed from an underground heat reservoir back to the reservoir after heat is extracted from it.

B. The problem of sinking is more difficult to solve than is the problem of toxic materials.

C. Land at the surface sinks because the rock beneath the surface is weakened when salts and toxic materials are removed from it in the process of extracting geothermal energy.

D. Both problems are caused by the fact that the hot groundwater in a heat reservoir dissolves the rock, which weakens the rock and makes the water toxic with salt.

Paragraph5: Like most other energy sources, geothermal energy presents some environmental problems. The surface of the ground can sink if hot groundwater is withdrawn without being replaced. In addition, water heated geothermally can contain salts and toxic materials dissolved from the hot rock. These waters present a disposal problem if they are not returned to the ground from which they were removed.

11. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Heat flows through solid rock very slowly, so it takes a very long time for geological processes to produce a reservoir of geothermal energy.

B. Geotherma丨energy is not renewable because heat flows very slowly through solid rock into or out of a heat reservoir.

C. The heat quickly removed from a heat reservoir is replaced so slowly by geological processes that geothermal energy is not practically speaking, renewable.

D. In most cases, heat travels into a heat reservoir so slowfy that it is a much quicker process to remove the heat from a reservoir than to replace it.

12.In paragraph 6, the author implies that in California, Hawaii, the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, and the rift valleys of Africa the potential size of the geothermal resource is so large that

A. it might be economically worth developing these sites even though geothermal energy is not renewable

B. these sites will be the first geothermal energy sites to be developed with new technology

C. these sites are likely to make a large-scale contribution to the world energy budget in the twenty-first century

D. it does not matter whether they have naturally occurring deposits of hot water or steam

Paragraph6: The contribution of geothermal energy to the world's energy future is difficult to estimate.

Geothermalenergy is in a sense not renewable,

because in most cases the heat would be drawn out of

areservoirmuch more rapidly than it would be

replaced by the very slow geological processes by

whichheatflows through solid rock into a heat

reservoir. However, in many places (for example, California, Hawaii, the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, the rift valleys of Africa)the resource is potentially so large that its future will depend on the economics of production. At present, we can make efficient use of only naturally occurring hot water or steam deposits. Although the potential is enormous, it is likely that in the near future geothermal energy can make important local contributions only where the resource is close to the user and the economics are favorable, as they are in California, New Zealand, and Iceland. Geothermal energy probably will not make large-scale contributions to the world energy budget until well into the twenty-first century, if ever.

Earth's internal heat, fueled by radioactivity, provides the energy for plate tectonics and continental drift, mountain building, and earthquakes. It can also be harnessed to drive electric generators and heat homes. Geothermal energy becomes available in a practical form when underground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface region of hot rocks (a heat reservoir) that may be hundreds or thousands of feet deep. ■The water is usually naturally occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures in the rock; less typically, the water is artificially introduced by being pumped down from the surface. ■The water is brought to the surface, as a liquid or steam, through holes drilled for the purpose.■

By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relatively low temperatures of 800to 1800centigrade. ■Water circulated through heat reservoirs in this temperature range is able to extract enough heat to warm residential, commercial, and industrial spaces. More than 20,000 apartments in France are now heated by warm underground water drawn from a heat reservoir in a geologic structure near Paris called the Paris Basin. Iceland sits on a volcanic structure known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, is entirely heated by geothermal energy derived from volcanic heat.

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

In either case, the heated water will usually be under considerable pressure, and so may have a temperature that is well above its sea-level boiling point of 100°centigrade.

Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.

14. 【Directions】 An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Heat reservoirs in the form of hot rock far beneath Earth's surface are a potential source of usable geothermal energy.

oHeat reservoirs with a temperature from 800to 1800centigrade can be used, as in France and Iceland, to heat buildings.

oA number of countries now use geothermal reservoirs that contain water or steam above 1800centigrade to generate electricity.

oMost heat reservoirs with a temperature above 1800centigrade cannot be used for energy because they are usually too close to recent volcanic activity.

oThe sinking of land above heat reservoirs and other environmental problems arise when water is pumped into a heat reservoir under high pressure.

oExperiments are under way to determine if geothermally heated waters could be used as a source of certain minerals that have been dissolved out of hot rocks deep within Earth.

oA number of issues, including how to extract heat from reservoirs that do not have a natural supply of water, will significantly limit the use of geothermal energy for the foreseeable future.

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