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小编发布托福TPO46阅读本文+答案，希望帮助考生对照文本更好的研究真题，充分备考，争取理想成绩，实现留学梦想。

1. The Origins of Writing

It was in Egypt and Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) that civilization arose,

and it is there that we find the earliest examples of that key feature of

civilization, writing. These examples, in the form of inscribed clay tablets

that date to shortly before 3000 B.C.E., have been discovered among the

archaeological remains of the Sumerians, a gifted people settled in southern

Mesopotamia.

The Egyptians were not far behind in developing writing, but we cannot

follow the history of their writing in detail because they used a perishable

writing material. In ancient times the banks of the Nile were lined with papyrus

plants, and from the papyrus reeds the Egyptians made a form of paper; it was

excellent in quality but, like any paper, fragile. Mesopotamia’s rivers boasted

no such useful reeds, but its land did provide good clay, and as a consequence

the clay tablet became the standard material. Though clumsy and bulky it has a

virtue dear to archaeologists: it is durable. Fire, for example, which is death

to papyrus paper or other writing materials such as leather and wood, simply

bakes it hard, thereby making it even more durable. So when a conqueror set a

Mesopotamian palace ablaze, he helped ensure the survival of any clay tablets in

it. Clay, moreover, is cheap, and forming it into tablets is easy, factors that

helped the clay tablet become the preferred writing material not only throughout

Mesopotamia but far outside it as well, in Syria, Asia Minor, Persia, and even

for a while in Crete and Greece. Excavators have unearthed clay tablets in all

these lands. In the Near East they remained in use for more than two and a half millennia, and in certain areas they lasted down to the beginning of the common era until finally yielding, once and for all, to more convenient

alternatives.

The Sumerians perfected a style of writing suited to clay. This script

consists of simple shapes, basically just wedge shapes and lines that could easily be incised in soft clay with a reed or wooden stylus; scholars have dubbed it cuneiform from the wedge-shaped marks (cunei in Latin) that are its hallmark Although the ingredients are merely wedges and lines, there are hundreds of combinations of these basic forms that stand for different sounds or words. Learning these complex signs required long training and much practice; inevitably, literacy was largely limited to a small professional class, the scribes.

The Akkadians conquered the Sumerians around the middle of the third millennium B.C.E., and they took over the various cuneiform signs used for writing Sumerian and gave them sound and word values that fit their own language. ■ The Babylonians and Assyrians did the same, and so did peoples in Syria and Asia Minor. ■ The literature of the Sumerians was treasured throughout the Near East, and long after Sumerian ceased to be spoken, the Babylonians and Assyrians and others kept it alive as a literary language, the way Europeans kept Latin alive after the fall of Rome. ■ For the scribes of these non-Sumerian languages, training was doubly demanding since they had to know the values of the various cuneiform signs for Sumerian as well as for their own language.

■

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