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英语论文文献综述精编版

英语论文文献综述精编版
英语论文文献综述精编版

英语论文文献综述精编

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How to Write a Literature Review ?

I. The definition of Literature Review

文献综述(Literautre Review)是科研论文中重要的文体之一。它以作者对各种

文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础,就某个专题的历史背景、前人的工

作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。通过阅读文

献综述,科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信

息,了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。

II. The purposes of literature review And Its Components

A. The Purposes

On the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.

On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focused research question.

B. Its Components

There are six parts in a complete Literature Review.

标题与作者(title and author)

摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)

引言(introduction)

述评(review)

结论(conclusion)

参考文献(references)

III. Classification of Source Materials

How can we locate the materials relevant to our topics better and faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.

A: Background sources:

Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries and encyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field.

Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are

encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia

Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference

works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and

Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may

also find Encyclopedia on the web.

B: Primary sources

Those providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field, biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure

you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few

results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields too

many results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.

C: Secondary sources

Those providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, book reviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors or writers and their works, etc. Secondary sources will inform most of your writing in college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources, but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use and will help you interpret those primary sources. To use theme well, however, you need to think critically them. There are two parts of a source

that you need to analyze: the text itself and the argument within

the text.

D: Web sources

The sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellent resource for your materials. However, you need to select

and evaluate Web sources with special care for very often Web

sources lack quality control. You may start with search engines,

such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excite, etc. It’s a good idea to try

more than one search engine, since each locates sources in its own

way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for

the authorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be

critical when you use information. The currency of website

information should also be taken into account. Don’t use too out

information dated for your purpose.

IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literature review

A. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sources

If you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work and the other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never

attempt to write a paper on a topic without reading the original

source.

B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesis

Remember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments. Do not reject a source because it makes an argument

against you thesis.

C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depth

Probably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention

William Littlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few

sources cover the topic in depth. Choose those.

D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged experts

If you have a choice between an article written by a freelance

journalist on Task-based Teaching and one written by a recognized

expert like David Nunan, Choose the article by the expert.

E. Choosing the most current sources

If your topic involves a current issue or social problem or

development in a scientific field, it is essential to find the

latest possible information. If all the books on these topics are

rather old, you probably need to look for information in periodicals. V. Writing a literature Review

A. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:

1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.

2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.

3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.

4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.

5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for

the current theories and controversies.

6. Criticism of the work in the area.

B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:

1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.

2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.

C. Some tips for writing the review:

1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.

2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first

and the most related references last.

3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.

4. Start writing your review early.

VI. 文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和注意事项

主要部分细节提示:

引言(Introduction)

引言是文献综述正文的开始部分,主要包括两个内容:一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围和内容。提出问题时,作者要给出定义性解释、交代研究背景、简单介绍不同文献的看法和分歧所在并介绍该文献的写作目的;介绍该综述的范围和主要内容时,作者应使用简明扼要的语句加以概括。

引言的内容和结构具有以下特点:

(1)综述的引言通常包括定义性解释、研究背景、现存问题或分歧、综述的目

的、内容和范围;

(2)使用一般现在时介绍背景知识,使用现在完成时叙述他人成果,使用一般将

来时或一般现在时简介本文内容;

(3)句子结构力求简洁明了,多用简单句,并列成份较为常见;

(4)以第三人称主语为主,间或使用第一人称复数充当主语。

述评(Review)

述评是文献综述的核心所在,是对引言的展开和深入。根据引言所提出的问题和限定的范围,作者要对大量有关文献进行系统的整理、归纳、对比和分析,在此基础上列出与主题有关的所有重要学术观点,然后分别加以论述,以便读者获得全面的了解。回顾前人研究,以时间为序,由远及近。以有叙有议的方式体现述评的功能,叙前人研究,议其结果、探其原因、究其不足。

分析评论,特别是表达作者自己的观点时,要客观、谨慎,因此多使用模糊性语言和表推测的语言形式。

综述的结论(Conclusion)

结论不仅是作者对全文的总结,也是作者发表个人意见的部分,一般有标题Conclusion 或Summary,较短的综述如果没有小标题,则往往有As mentioned above,To sum up,To conclude,Inshort,In all 等短语引出结论。结论的内

容包括:对述评的归纳、对各种问题的评论性意见、对未来研究的建议或展望。二.注意事项

⒈搜集文献应尽量全面。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提,否则,随便搜集一

点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的文献综述,甚至写出的文章根本不成为综述。

⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同,有的

文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异,因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和

科学性较好的文献。

⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析,因此在撰写时应分清

作者的观点和文献的内容,不能篡改文献的内容。

⒋参考文献不能省略。有的科研论文可以将参考文献省略,但文献综述绝对不能省略,而

且应是文中引用过的,能反映主题全貌的并且是作者直接阅读过的文献资料。

5.文献综述不应是对已有文献的重复、罗列和一般性介绍,而应是对以往研究的优点、不足和贡献的批判性分析与评论。因此,文献综述应包括综合提炼和分析评论双重含义。

6.文献综述要文字简洁,尽量避免大量引用原文,要用自己的语言把作者的观点说清楚,从原始文献中得出一般性结论。

7.文献综述不是资料库,要紧紧围绕课题研究的“问题”,确保所述的已有研究

成果与本课题研究直接相关,其内容是围绕课题紧密组织在一起,既能系统全面地反映研究对象的历史、现状和趋势,又能反映研究内容的各个方面。

8. 文献综述的综述要全面、准确、客观,用于评论的观点、论据最好来自一次文献,尽量避免使用别人对原始文献的解释或综述。

VII. A Sample of Literature Review

A Study of Chinese Vogue Expressions and Translations

Although we can see the obtained achievements in researching on Chinese vogue expressions, papers on the translation of contemporary Chinese vogue expressions are scarce and rare, not to mention the discussion of translation methods and untranslatability of Chinese vogue expressions, which is a great regret in the field of vogue expressions. Few representative papers on Chinese vogue expressions translation are listed as follows: A Study of Shooting Star Language Translation(Wang Jian, Zhou Yongping, 2005:92~94); Cultural Reflection on Vogue Words Translation (Su Yu, Wang Ting, 2011:50 ~ 51); The optimization of

“Zero Translation” in Translating Vogue Words (Shi Rui, 2010:102~105).

Hence, the numbers of researches on contemporary Chinese vogue expressions translation are expected to be increased and the comprehensive and detailed researches on this field are also expected to

appear. Since 1990s, scholars have already paid attention to Chinese vogue expressions, but the research at that time is still in the stage of tentative exploration. Some representative papers are: City Buzzwords and Social-Cultural Analysis (Sun Manjun,1996:101~107) discusses the development and changes of buzzwords in the current society facing transformation as well as the relation between buzzwords and background of social culture and psychological changes of urban people; Metaphorically Semantic Generalization of Vogue Expressions (Liu Dawei,1997:35 ~ 38) talks about the semantic generalization of metaphors of vogue expressions; Study on Creativity and Homoplasy of Language from Vogue Expressions (Xia Lihong, 1999:16~18) treats the development process of vogue expressions from the characteristics of creativity and homoplasy, believing that vogue expressions are

originally the “creativity” used in a certain range, and finally surpass the original range of use because of the interaction among people and the homoplasy of aesthetic interests. Due to the characteristics of timeliness, periodicity and randomness, some vogue expressions can not be included in common dictionaries, therefore, language scholars carried out the work of compiling vogue expressions dictionaries, such as Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Vogue Expressions (Xiong Zhongwu, 1992), andBeijing Modern Buzzwords (Zhou Yimin, 1992).

After entering 21st century, increasingly great number of Chinese vogue expressions emerges and penetrates into different aspects of social life; accordingly, related researches on Chinese vogue expressions become comparatively richer. Researching on Chinese vogue expressions has already become the hot topic of linguistic and cultural circles. The Linguistic will contribute to the filed of Chinese vogue expressions and make references forothers who are interested in contemporary Chinese vogue expressions and their Translations. References

[1] Blackmore S. The Meme Machine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999

[2] Collins COBUILD English-Chinese Learner’s Dictionary. Beijing: Foreign

Language Teaching and Research Press,2007. 226

[3] Einar, H. The Analysis of linguistic Borrowing. Language, 1950 (26):210~231

[4] Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Beijing: Foreign Language

Teaching and Research Press,

[5] Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. Beijing: Merriam-Webster, 2009. 223

[6] New York Times, Jul. 4, 2010

[7] Nord, Christiane. Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functional Approach

Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001

[8] Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 2009. 268

[9] Romaine, Suzanne. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics.

Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994

[10]陈原. 社会语言学. 北京:商务印书馆,2000

[11]陈原. 新词语. 北京:语文出版社,2000:1

[12]丁加勇. 论流行语语义的不确定性及其发展前景. 华中科技大学学报,2004,(6):160~164

[13]郭熙,中国社会语言学. 南京:南京大学出版社,

[14]韩李. 当代汉语流行语探析. 河南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2007,(3):181

[15]黄平飞. 浅论流行语——透过央视春晚来看流行语.科教文汇(下旬刊),2009,(3):237

[16]姜红. 试论当代中国的社会流行语. 安徽农业大学学报(社会科学版),2005,(11):108~112

[17]劲松.流行语新探.语文建设,1999,(3):22~26

[18]李娜. 近十年流行语研究述评. 鞍山师范学院学报,2007-06,9(3):35~[39]赵丽薇,袁晓雪. 流行语的运用方式及使用规范探究——以春晚语言类节目为例. 调查与研究,2010,(8): 15~16

References

李丽君. 英语学术论文及留学文书写作[M]. 北京:清华大学出版社, 2002. 田贵森, 段晓英.英语专业毕业论文写作教程[M]. 北京:北京理工大学出版社.

2006.

刘振聪. 英语学术论文写作[M]. 北京:中国人民大学出版社. 2009

毕业论文中参考文献的格式规范

毕业论文中参考文献的格式规范 一 .参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识: 参考文献类型文献类型标示 专著M 论文集C 报纸文章N 期刊文章J 学位论文D 汇报R 规范S 专利P 电子参考文献类型标识 数据库DB 计算机程序CP 电子公告EB 二.① 主要责任者(专著作者、论文集主编、学位申报人、专利申请人、汇报撰写人、期刊文章作者、析出文章作者)。多个责任者之间以“,”分隔,注意在本项数据中不得出现缩写点“.”(英文作者请将作者名写全)。主要责任者只列姓名,其后不加“著”、“ 编”、“主编”、“合编”等责任说明。②. 文献习题名及版本1 / 3

(初版省略)。③ 文献类型 及载体类型标识。④ 出版项(出版地、出版者、出版年)。⑤ 文 献出处或电子文献的可 获得地址。⑥ 文献起止页码。⑦ 文献规范编号(规范号、专利号……)。 三.电子文献的载体类型及其标识 对于非纸张型载体的电子文献,当被引用为参考文献时需在参考 文献类型标识中同时标 明其载体类型。本标准建议采用双字母表示电子文献载体类型:磁带(magnetic tape)— —MT,磁盘(disk)——DK,光盘(CD-ROM)——CD, 联机网络(online)——OL,并以下列 格式表示包括了文献载体类型的参考文献类型标识: [文献类型标识/载体类型标识] 如:[DB/OL]——联机网上数据库(database online) [DB/MT]——磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) [M/CD]——光盘图书(monograph on CD-ROM) [CP/DK]——磁盘软件(computer program on disk) [J/OL]——网上期刊(serial online) [EB/OL]——网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 2 / 3

毕业论文英文参考文献与译文

Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of

英文文献综述样本 威尼斯商人

毕业论文 (或毕业设计) 文献综述 文献综述题目 (中文小二号黑体居中或英文Times New Roman小二号加粗居中或日文明朝体小二号加粗) 学生姓名指导教师 二级学院专业名称 班级学号 年月日

(标题Times New Roman三号加粗) The Literature Review of The Mystery of Antonio’s Sadness in The Merchant of Venice (正文用Times New Roman小四,1.5倍行距,各段首行空4个字符,书名用斜体加粗) Written sometime between 1596 and 1598, The Merchant of Venice is classified as both an early Shakespearean comedy (more specifically, as a "Christian comedy") and as one of the Bard's problem plays; it is a work in which good triumphs over evil, but serious themes are examined and some issues remain unresolved. In The Merchant of Venice , Shakespeare wove together two ancient folk tales, one involving a vengeful, greedy creditor trying to exact a pound of flesh, the other involving a marriage suitor's choice among three chests and thereby winning his (or her) mate. Shakespeare's treatment of the first standard plot scheme centers around the villain of Merchant, the Jewish moneylender Shylock, who seeks a literal pound of flesh from his Christian opposite, the generous, faithful Antonio. Shakespeare's version of the chest-choosing device revolves around the play's Christian heroine Portia, who steers her lover Bassanio toward the correct humble casket and then successfully defends his bosom friend Antonio from Shylock's horrid legal suit. Antonio, as the title character, is sad from the beginning to the end of the play but never names the cause of his melancholy even when his friends ask him. Antonio plays the role as an outcast in the play. Shakespeare uses Antonio’s sadness simply as the device to set the tragic tone in the comedy or make Antonio be one of his melancholic characters in his works? Or Antonio is the representative of the complicated human nature? Antonio's unexplained melancholy is a significant element in understanding the play. 1. Studies on The Merchant of V enice(Times New Roman + 四号+首缩进4字符,下同) Karl Marx once cited that Shakespeare is the greatest playwright in the world.

毕业论文-文献综述

科技师学院 本科毕业论文文献综述 人像摄影构图常见问题及解决方法 院(系、部)名称:教育学院 专业名称:教育技术学 学生姓名:文诗 学生学号:1910100204 指导教师:庞海明 2014年3月10日 科技师学院教务处制

摘要 一好的摄影作品能够给人以赏心悦目的视觉感受,能将拍摄者的思想情感直观的呈现给观众。诚然,摄影是一门视觉艺术,它源于客观现实,但它并不是对客观现实的简单复制。而是要通过一定的构图手段呈现出比客观现实更加富有表现力的摄影画面。人像的拍摄是当今大众生活中最普遍的拍摄题材,是人们记录生活、表现生活的重要工具。随着社会的进步,人们对拍摄的人像摄影作品的审美要求也越来越高,很多拍摄者已经不再满足于把人像摄影当做随意的消遣,而是追求更加生动耀眼、富有魅力又独具特色的人像照片。这就要掌握一定的人像摄影构图技巧,只有画面的容与形式完美结合,才能充分的表达作者的思想和意图。通过调研和实践,对日常生活中普通拍摄者和初学者在人像摄影构图中的常见问题,进行总结和分析。参考国外文献,了解国外人像摄影构图的发展趋势,结合国形势,综合分析解决人像摄影构图常见问题的方法和技巧,并论述提升人像摄影构图效果的建议,以及各种人像摄影构图方法的选择和应用。 关键字: 人像摄影;摄影构图;方法分析

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