英语科技论文常用句型结构

英语科技论文常用句型结构

2.6.1 表达不同功能的常用句型

1）定义

定义是对一事物的本质特征或一个概念的内涵与外延的确切简要的说明，常见的表达方式和句型有：

The term macromolecule(means … 、sinnifies ... is considered to be … 、is taken to be … 、refers to …)

(In this article、In this paper、In this essay、In this context、In computer science、For this purpose) network (will be taken to mean … 、will be used in the 、will be considered to be …、will refer to … 、will be used in…)

为了说明上述表达方式的用法，现举例如下：

Paradigm refers to models of inquiry that guides scientific work.

在对某些事物进行定义时，还可使用以下固定形式。

(the words to be defined) is a kind of (class) which (distinguishing features)

从以上例子中可以看出，一般定义的组成部分是：概念+属性+种差，例如：

A solar cell（概念）is a device（属性）which converts the energy of sunlight into electric energy（种差）。

2）分类

在科技论文中，作者有时需要对描述、说明的对象按其性质、大小、作用等分成若干种类，然后依次阐述。常见的表达分类的句型有：

(break down 、divide 、subdivide 、be classified)+ … （总体）+into/as …（部分）

具体用法举例如下：

· Classification breaks down the general topic into its related parts in a logical way.

· This classification system divided carbides into two distinct categories.

· Substances can/may be classified as gases, liquids and solids.

The models (fall into、can be divided into、may be classified into、are of) two(major 、general(groups、classes、categories)、broad)

There are two(major、general(groups、classes of … 、categories)、broad)

Two(major、general (groups、classes、categories)、broad)

There are two (major 、general (groups、classes、categories)、broad) of…

3）比例关系

常见表达比例关系的句型有：

· Most objects are big in proportion to the size of an atom but small in proportion to the size of the sun.

·The ration between students of science to students of engineering is 3:2.

· There is a relationship between the cross-sectional area of a rope and its strength. Its strength is directly proportional to its cross-sectional area.

· Pressure is inversely proportional to volume.

· Air and fuel are mixed in a proportion of 15 to 1.

· Three colours: red, green and blue will, if they are mixed together in the right proportion, give us white light.

· Ion the final printed version, graphs and diagrams are usually reduced in scale by a factor of two or three.

· The model is made to scale.

· As the demand for power increases, the supply is proportionally increased.

· A good coolant is formed by mixing water and soluble oil in a ratio of 10:1 to 20:1.

· The acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the force acting on it.

· Intensity of an electric field is relative to current.

· The density of air varies directly as the pressure, with temperature being constant.

· The electric current varies directly with the voltage.

· The resultant modulated wave has the same frequency as the carrier, but the carrier wave amplitude varies in direct relation to the modulating wave.

4）用途和功能

常见表达用途和功能的句型有：

· Definitions as given here apply only to the subject treated in this standard.

· To some extent these methods are only applicable to long series of production.

· Although both the planer and the shaper are adapted to the machining of flat surfaces, they differ widely in construction and in method of operation.

· While these methods are correct, they are not adaptable to the viscous flow problem.

· Orbital and planetary cutting machines are particularly useful for cutting off tubular work.

· The binary scale is perfectly used for the “off-on” pulses of electricity.

· This two-body approximation holds for the motion of planets about the sun.

· These motors are fit for machines requiring constant-torque and adjustable speed.

· Filmcrotrons can fit into smaller, flatter places.

· This method is not fitted to the operation.

· Rimmed steels are more suitable for drawing and forming.

· V belts are well suited for short-centre drives.

· Solenoid valves lend themselves readily to multiple porting.

5）行为与结果

常见表达行为与结果句型有：

This(causes…、gives rise to…、leads to…、results in…、brings about…)

The result obtained(agrees with…、is in agreement with…、is in line with…、is consistent with…、fits into…)

· The burning match is inverted, and as a result the flame becomes bigger.

· Gases and solids sometimes dissolve in liquids to form solutions, thereby forming solutions.

·As a result of combustion of coal, carbon dioxide is given off.

6）目的

科技论文中，常常要提及研究工作或实验的目的，常用的句型有：

The (chief aim、main purpose、primary、object of the e xperiment is…、major objective、principal goal)

The experiment been conducted(in the hope(of… 、that…)、with a view to (do)… 、in order to (do) … 、to the end that … 、so that…)

Performing the study we (hope、intend to (do)… 、expect)

·To obtain better reception, an aerial should be filtered.

·To find the required radio station, the tuner should be turned.

· This article aims at discussing new developments in component material and techniques.

· The designer aims to prevent turbulent steam flow through the turbine nozzle.

·It is the aim of particular branches of production engineering to create the desired state of machined components.

· The experiment was designed to test the new drug.

· The experiment is intend to show that different materials conduct heat at different speeds.

7）问题的相关性

常见表达问题的相关性句型有：

This is a problem(concerned with… 、concerning… 、related to… 、relating to … 、bearing on … 、dealing with…)· A secondary mechanism for thermal conduction in solids is associated with lattice vibrations.

· It is obv ious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its industry and agriculture.

· The operator’s knowledge is mainly concerned with the hardware and not with the software.

· Inorganic chemistry is linked closely to geology, mineralogy, and metallurgy; organic chemistry to physiology, biochemistry, and biology in general.

· Both that transfer and boundary layers are strongly dependent on the nozzle shape and size.

· The density of a soil is directly related to its bearing capability.

· Units of mass and weigh are relative to/ relevant to the choice of a standard weight.

· Today one of the chief uses is in connection with “ethyl gasoline”.

· Magnetic properties of metal have to do with reactions to magnetic or electric forces.

8）举例

常见表达举例的句型有：

· This can be illustrated by…

·A specific case can be provided to show…

·An example of this involves…

· This can be demonstrated the through…

·Another typical example is…

·One example will suffice…

9）状态的转换或变化

常见表达状态的转换或变化句型有：

(change 、transfer 、convert 、transform 、translate )…（变化前）(to、into) (变化后)

· The silicon controlled rectifier is able to change alternating current to direct current.

· The analog-to-digital converter is a device which changes an analog quantity into a digital quantity, such as voltage to a decimal or binary quantity.

· The sine-cosine potentiometer is especially used to transform polar coordinates into rectangular coordinates.

· A cam is used for transforming rotation motion into reciprocating motion.

10）比较

常见表达比较的短语有：as a comparison, by comparison, by contrast, in contrast, by way of contrast等。如：

· Now compare the work done lifting the car with the work done puling it up the inclined plane.

· The arithmetic-logical unit is also responsible for choosing and comparing the appropriate information with a program.

·By comparison, very little is known about the internal structure of the earth.

比较这个功能范畴所含的内容，还可再细分为以下几种小的类型：

I. 区分

· The object of this experiment is to separate a solid from the fluid.

· We must distinguish sliding friction from rolling friction.

· We know one substance from another by their physical and chemical properties. One should not confuse balancing forces with forces of action and reaction.

II．不同于

A be (different 、distinct from

B 、distinguished)

表达A与B不同时还可用：

· Hydraulic presses differ from mechanical presses in their way of functioning.

· Nuclear power stations are distinguished from ordinary power stations only by the source of heat.

· Iron unlike rubber, is a good conductor of electric current.

III．相当于

· One turn of the hand-wheel is equivalent to 2 mm stroke.

· For finishing electrodes, the foil thickness corresponds to the spark gap.

IV．优越于

A (has 、possesses advantage over

B 、offers)

A优越于B还可用以下句型表达：

· Synthetic rubber is in many ways superior to natural rubber.

· Thread machines are used in preference to lathes for certain threading operations.

· A. C is preferred to D. C for long-distance transmission of electricity.

· Gear shaping has certain advantages over other methods.

V．相似

· Turret lathes have many features similar to those of modern engine lathes.

· The testing of the HB carburetor is very similar to that of the HA carburetor.

· Although the purpose of the microscope is quite different from that of the telescopes, the two instruments resemble one another in some ways.

· This curve bears little resemblance to a sine curve.

11）故障

· If the separator is out of order, check and treat as required.

· There was something wrong with the instrument, they had to repeat their experiment once again.

· Because computers are man-made machines, they sometimes malfunction and have to be repaired.

· In most instances when the computer fails, it is due to human errorand is not the fault of the computer at all.

· The aeroplane was forced to land thanks to engine failure.

·In case of an oil-pump failure, the moving parts will become overheated.

·Trouble develops in the engine when pressures are to high.

· If there should be a power broken down, the emergency generator is switched on.

12）达到标准或程度

· As far as the quality is concerned, the product is (comes) up to the standard.

· After repeated trials the new calculators eventually made the grade.

· Certification marks are used on products to indicate that they meet (reach/attain) certain standards, or come from a certain geographic location.

·A high degree of accuracy can be achieved by cold-working the metal.

· It is claimed that setting can be made to an accuracy of 0.02mm.

· The aircraft is capable of reaching a speed of 800 miles per hour.

13）得到应用

· The principle finds an important application (use) in the hydraulic press.

· Continuous sand-mixers have also found their place in high production core-making.

· Having been tested for several times, this new-type product will be put(go) into mass production.

· Before putting the power signal generator into operation, check whether the AC supply voltage corresponds with the value adjusted in the unit.

· Once the machine are tested, they may be put into service (use).

· Closed-circuit color TV did not come into use until very recently.

14）符合标准或要求

I．符合标准

· The machines of the near future must be light in weight and answer to (meet) the highest technical standards.

· About 98 percent of the chemical products turned out in that petrochemical plant are fit for the national standard.

· Such valves and fittings shall be in accordance with BS759.

· The instrument has been inspected and is in full conformity with the standard.

· As far as accuracy and sensitivity of operation are concerned, the automatic control is quite up to the standard.

· The noise of the device conforms with (comply to)“the National Noise Standard of Working Places of the Worker”.

II．符合要求

· The application of the metric system in the design shall be in accordance with the requirements of DOD-STD-1476.

· The tenderer shall submit a basic tender which complies fully with the requirements of the tender documents.

· All structural steel, plate and sheet conform to the requirements of certain specifications.

15）方式与手段

· Temperature can be measured by means of (by using/with/through) a thermometer.

·With the help (aid) of the newly disclosed instrument the optimal surface condition can be detected.

· Control of the power output is achieved by varying the fuel supply.

· Better combustion is obtained with a hemispherical combustion chamber.

· Removal of excess heat is accomplished with a radiator.

·By this means, the light rays travel back and forth across the axis of the fiber in a sinusoidal manner.

· Electric generators convert the mechanical energy of rotation into electricity by way of magnetism.

· A driver will easily raise an automobile weighing several tons with the assistance of a jack.

· The electrons move in a more orderly (very similar) fashion in a particular direction.

· Plants are also useful sources of energy thanks to their storing the sun’s radiation in chemical form.

· These hollow bodies are connected to each other in a detachable (reverse/violent) manner.

· The actual optimal thrust direction varies with time in quite a complex (different/normal/following) way.

16）满足条件与要求

I．满足条件

·The technical design details of the industrial packing should meet all conditions (demand/need) of the level of protection specified.

· In order for most lasers to operate, the three basic conditions must be satisfied.

II．满足要求

· Nonconformance is the failure of a unit of product to conform to (cover/fulfil/meet/satisfy) specified requirements for any quality characteristic.

17）物体相对位置关系

· The feed motion in lathes is the movement of the cutting tools in reference to the work.

· The satellite will keep a fixed position above the equator and will not move relative to the Earth’s surface.

· A suitcase laying on a berth of a moving railway car is at rest with respect to the car, but moves in relation to the earth.

· This will tell the pilot the exact position of the building in (with) respect to the airplane.

18）与……一致

A be (compatible 、in conformity 、consistent 、in good agreement with

B 、in accord 、in line 、uniform)

表达A与B一致还可用以下句型：

· The conclusion accords with current archaeological and anthropological theory.

· The meal contents found from this agree quite well with those valuated by a microscopic method.

· Results show that calculations are in good agreement with experimental data.

· The following examples illustrate the agreement of the rule with experiment.

· Here the direction of the motion of a body and the earths axis of rotation coincide, so there is no Coriolis force.

· The direction of the momentum coincides with that of the motion velocity of the body.

· Succeeding experimental or approved modifications shall conform to the sequence established above.

· The noise coefficient corresponds roughly to calculations obtained on the basis of the manufacturer’s data sheet.

· The calculated components may not match exactly te original design of the oscillator.

19）作出结论

· From the above experiment we can arrive at (come to) the conclusion that air has weight.

· Careful studies of interaction between chemical elements have led to a number of conclusions about atom and its properties.

· Another conclusion also follows from the fact that super fluid motion does not transfer heat.

· We cannot draw (reach) any definite conclusion from the available data.

· It can be concluded that baud rate is very important to the telephone engineer.

2.6.3 论文主要结构中的常用句型

1）论文引言中常用的句型

引言中作者通常提出问题并说明论文的研究目的。

I. 提出问题

Although much research has been devoted to A, 、While much work has been done on A, 、Although many studies studies have been published concerning A, 、While many researchers have investigated A, 、Although much literature is available on A.(little

research has been done on B. 、little attention has been paid to B. 、little information is available on B. 、little work has been published on B. 、few researchers have studied B. 、few studies have investigated B.)

在这一步骤中，作者通过指明过去相关研究中尚未处理或解决的问题或所派生出的新问题，常用句型的时态是一般现在时和现在完成时。

II．研究目的

作者在叙述自己的研究性质的目的时，可采用两种方式，即论文导向和研究导向。

（1）论文导向。当研究论文的主要目的是分析某个问题，提出某种论证或介绍新的方法或技术时，通常采用论文导向方式。论文导向方式中，作者把论文本身当作强调的内容。这时要使用paper, report, thesis或dissertation这样的特征名词，直接提及研究论文本身，而且此类句子通常采用一般现在时态。常用的句型有：

The purpose of this paper is、The aim of this report is、The objective of the present paper is(to obtain quantitative about the particles size distribution.、to model the dynamic behavior in the super-or near-critical CO2 extraction.)

（2）研究导向。若研究论文主要提出某些实验或调查结果，则作者通常可以把研究活动作为重点，即采用所谓的研究导向方式。在采用研究导向方式时，study, research, investigation或experiment等特征名词被用来强调研究活动本身。这类句子是表达已经过去的事情，所以使用一般过去时态。常用的句型有：

The purpose of the experiment reported here was、The aim of this study was 、The objective of this research was (to determine the preferred viewing distance for work at a visual display unit.、to examine the apparent osmotic behavior of some contemporary commercial reverse osmosis membranes.)

In the research described here, In this study, In the present investigation, In this research, In the experiments reported here, (we determined a new method for reducing variance in common case.、vertical nutrient mixing in late summer in a test area 20 kilometers off the coast was examined.

描述研究目的时，最简单的句型是用this paper, this study, this project, this research等词作主语，后面用实意动词作谓语，如investigate, discuss, examine, test等，宾语为研究内容。即

This paper、This study、This project、The present study、This research、Our project、This survey、This thesis ( concerns、tests、investigates、reports、discusses、describes、explains、calculates、examines、analyses、proposes、demonstrates、evaluates、evaluates、measures)…

3）理论分析的常用句型

在正文部分的假设、理论分析、数理模型的建立以及计算过程中，常常要推导并描述公式，作者应了解和掌握描述公式的基本句型。科技论文理论分析部分中资料大部分表达数字与逻辑关系，这类表述是不受时间影响的普遍事实，所以表示理论分析的常用句型使用一般现在时态。

Substituting M(in、into) N, we(obtain、have … 、get)

(Substituting M、Substitution of M) in (into) N (gives 、yields 、produces 、results in)

·Let us now consider the case the dynamic link parameters are unknown.

·Suppose that Xt is a solution of the SDE (1).

·Let d and v be scalings for the length and the velocity.

· If m=1.2, then we have the following equations:

· Given that m =1.2, we obtain…

·The equation for A/Aˊcan be written(expressed)as…

·The relationship between m and n is as follows:

·A is inversely proportional to B, as shown below.

·If the same material is used, the above equation reduce to…

·We will now reduce Eq. (3)to a simpler form.

·On substituting this equation into Eq. (16)and solving for

·The mass velocity G is defined as (given by)…

·We will now integrate Equation (2) in order to derive the solution.

·We can now derive the solution to Equation(2).

4)图表文字说明中的常用句型

图表中的内容要用文字来说明。在文字说明中，如果提及图表，表格用“Table+序号”表示，如“Table 1 shows…”。其他各种类型的图都可以用“Figure+序号”表示，如“From Figure 2 we learn…”。“Figure”这个词可以简缩为“Fig.”，但必须做到前后统一，如用缩写，便都用缩写。

文字说明中的动词要用一般现在时态，选用的动词要慎重，因为不同的动词表示研究结果的可靠性不同，同时也表示作者不同的判断、推理和态度。

用于文字说明中的动词有show, provide, give, present, summarize, illustrate, reveal, display, indicate, suggest 等。例如：

·Table 1 shows the majority of the participants have previous knowledge of the elements of a safe well.

·Table 2 provides details of the test results.

·Figure 4.2 gives the results of the experiment.

·Both of these questions received very high ratings(see Table1).

·The results show that 92% used information on water testing in local news outlets(Figure2).

动词的语态可以灵活使用，这样能使句型多样化，上述句型也可变为被动语态。

用as 引导分句时要选用合适的介词。例：

· As shown in Table3, …

· As can be seen from the data in Table1, …

· As shown by the data in Table1, …

· As described on page24, …

5）介绍研究成果的常用句型

作者对他的研究结果的评论或说明通常包含下列内容之一。

（1）根据本人的研究结果作出推论。如：

These results suggest that untrained octopuses can learn a task more quickly by observing the behavior of another octopus than by reward-and-punishment methods.

（2）作者解释研究结果或说明产生研究结果的原因。如：

These findings are understandable because the initial annealing temperature dictates the state of conformational structures.

（3）作者对此次研究结果与其他研究者曾发生的结果作比较，例如提出自己的结果是否与其他研究者的结果一致。

These results agree with Gerner’s analysis, in that Q max varies inversely with length and to the third power of the pipe width.

（4）作者对自己的研究方法或技术的性能与其他研究者的方法或技术的性能进行比较，这种比较常出现在工程类研究论文中。例如：

The recognition rate of our system is significantly higher than that reported for Token’s system.

（5）作者指出自己的理论模型是否与实验数据符合。如：

The measured temperatures along the heat pipe are all highly consistent with the predictions of the theoretical model.

从以上句型中可以看出学术论文在陈述研究成果时，通常使用一般现在时态。

当评论的内容为对研究结果可能的证明时，句子的主要动词之前通常加上may或can等一般现在时态的情态动词。例如：· The layer structural or some other mixed complex material may be the most suitable refrigerants for the Ericsson magnetic refrigerator.

·The results can be explained by a giant magnetic entropy change.

·One reason of this advantage may be that the Hank visual programming language can avoid some of the syntactic problems associated with textual programming languages.

·A possible explanation for this is that the hank visual programming language can avoid some of the syntactic problems associated with textual programming languages.

·This may have occurred because the calculation did not consider the initial cooling requirements to precool the semitrailer body and the solar radiation load.

·These results agree well with the findings of Cassdio, et al.

·These data are consistent with earlier findings showing that the best alloying addition is trivalent Ga.

·The recognition rate of our system is significantly higher than that reported for Token’s system.

当作者指出由自己的理论模型所得到的预测与实验数据之间的吻合程度时，通常得使用一般现在时态，说明模型预测与实验数据是不是一致不受时间影响。若此类句子中现现以that开头的从句，则从句中亦使用一般现在时态。如：· The data confirm closely the prediction of the model.

·The data indicate that the model is reliable and accurate.

· The theoretical model fits the experimental data well.

· The theoretical model agrees well with the experimental data.

· The experimental measurements are very close to the predicted values.

·There is a high level of agreement between the theoretical predictions and the experimental data.

6）讨论部分的常用句型

在学术论文的讨论部分中，作者通常对研究结果进行概述、分析、解释等，因为陈述的是作者的见解和结论，所以句型多用一般现在时态。

I．概述结果

The results (indicate 、prove 、show that 、suggest 、reveal)

·These results provide substantial evidence for the original assumptions.

·These experimental results support the original hypothesis that …

· Our findings are in substantial agreement with those of Davis.

·The present results are consistent with those reported in our earlier work.

· The experimental and theoretical values for the yields agree well.

· The experimental values are all lower (higher) than the theoretical predictions.

· These results contradict the original hypothesis.

· These results appear to refute the original assumptions.

· Overall, our study revealed a variety of patterns at the community and population levels, none of which seem to indicate obvious decline in southeastern Ohio’s oak-hickory forests.

· The results given in Figure 4 validate (support) the second hypothesis.

II．表示研究的局限性

· It should be noted that this study has examined only…

· This analysis has concentrated on …

· The findings of this study are restricted to …

· This study has addressed only the question of…

·The limitations of this study are clear …

· We should like to point out that we have not…

· However, the findings do not imply…

· The result of the study cannot be taken as evidence for …

· Unfortunately, we are unable to determine from this data…

7）结论部分的常用句型

结论部分的语言除要严肃、连贯、精练、确切以外，还要具有高度的概括性。

结论部分与其他各部分不同的是，现在时态（特别是一般现在时和现在完成时）使用频率很高，这是因为结论部分总结研究者到目前为止做了哪些工作，得出了什么结果，这些结果对现在来说有什么影响、意义和价值，能够应用于什么地方，解决什么问题等。例如：

· Two factors to influence mold filling have been studied …

· Through the example of a 60-storey building, it has demonstrated that a simplified approach can be used …

· Overall, our study has revealed a variety of patterns at the community and population levels.

用主动语态时，常常用this paper, this investigation, this study, this survey, the results, the analysis或we，I等作主语。

This study 、This investigation 、、The result (clearly demonstrates that、discovers that、reveals that、has described、has described、has shown、has proposed、discusses、represents)…

作者有时对自己研究结果采取慎重的态度，不那么肯定地说“结果说明了……“、”证明了……“等，这时往往对动词加以修饰，表示作者不太肯定或慎重的态度，或用以缓和语气。

用情态动词是常用的技巧。最常用的情态动词有will, can, may，及其过去式would, could, might等，表示“可能”之意。例如：· Evaluation of decline symptoms in smaller size classes might provide additional useful information to be used in understanding the oak regeneration problem.

· Clanges occurring due to insects and pathogens may be a natural and necessary phenomenon.

·Participation in a science fair beyond the local level and supportive help from parents and other adults may also improve the effectiveness of student science projects.

8）致谢部分常用句型

大多数科技论文用“Acknowledgement”作为致谢内容的题目。致谢在英语中有一些常用的表达方法。用于表示致谢的句型既可用主动词态，也可用被动语态。从下列的句型看，常用时态为一般现在时和现在完成时。

I．感谢赞助单位或个人

·Support for this program/project/study is provided by…

·Funding for this program is provided by …

·I thank … for giving financial support for this study.

·Additional support is provided by …

·Research for this paper was partially supported by …

·This research was funded by…

II．感谢提供资料的单位或个人

·Data were supplied/provided by…

·Permission to quote from material protected by copyright has been granted by…

· I thank… for the permission to quote from material protected by copyright.

III．感谢提出建议和帮助的个人

·I thank… for comments on the manuscript.

· In addition, I am grateful to… for their valuable suggestions, and to … for her patience and good cou nsel.

·For help in the technical assistance, I thank…

·We thank the following people for their helpful comments on drafts of this paper:…

· In addition, I wish to thank … for his valuable suggestions.

· For their encouragement, support, and research assistance, I would like to thank the following individuals who have contributed substantially to the completion of this study/paper/work.

IV．感谢不知名的审稿人

·The anonymous reviewers have also contributed considerable to the publication of this paper.

· In addition, I would like to thank the anonymous reviewers who have helped to improve the paper.

V．感谢其他人

·I also owe an obligation to…

·Also I wish to thank … for their many courtesies.

·Thanks is also extended to… who …

·I wish to thank… for his …

英语论文写作方法

一.关于本专业毕业论文地选题 二.英语专业本科生毕业论文选题可以在三个大地方向中进行，即英语文学，语言学和 翻译学.各个大方向中又可以选择小地方向，具体解释如下：.英语文学：选择英语文学地毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行：国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究. 在进行国别文学研究选题时，一般选取英国文学或美国文学中地某一经典作家（如海明威），某一经典作品（如《双城记》），某一写作手法（如象征手法地运用）或某一文学思潮（如浪漫主义运动）作深入研究.但在选择作家或作品时最好选择在文学史上作为经典地作家或作品.有个别流行作家或作品极富盛名，容易引起学生地兴趣，如《飘》或《荆棘鸟》，学生有强烈愿望选择它们作为研究对象.在不可避免上述情况时，应该尽可能地挖掘作品内在地深刻含义，不能流于肤浅地分析. 文学批评理论地选题一般不太适合英语专业本科生，因为该理论知识地学习在英语专业研究生阶段，本科生一般不具备文学批评理论地知识结构.这个方向地选题可以有关某一文学批评理论,一文学批评术语地阐释或某两种或以上地文学批评理论地比较. 比较文学研究就是将两个以上地作家或作品进行比较.这两个作品或作家可以是同一国别地（如“雪莱与拜伦地诗歌比较”），也可以是不同国别地（如《牡丹亭》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》）.语言学：选择语言学地毕业论文选题可以在两个大地方向进行：普通语言学和应用语言学. 普通语言学地研究就是对于英语语言地任何一个方面地研究，如对一种词性、或一种时态、或拼写、语调等等方面地研究（如“一般现在时及其交际功能”）. 应用语言学包括教学法地研究和其它一些新兴地应用语言学分支地研究.师范专业或本身从事教师职业地学生选择教学法方向地较多.在这个方向选题，也要避免过大范围地选题，而应对一个具体问题进行研究，最重要地是要结合教学实践或实验.这个方向地好地选题有：“个性与英语教学”，“方言对英语学习地影响” 等. .翻译学：翻译学地选题一般可以在两个方向上进行：翻译理论以及翻译活动. 对翻译理论地研究就是探讨某一种翻译理论等等.相比之下，对翻译活动地研究更多一些，这些选题可以是对一种语言现象地翻译、或一种修辞格地翻译地研究（如“汉语成语地英译”）.应该注意地是，在对翻译活动作研究时，往往需要某种翻译理论支撑，总结规律，并对这一活动作出评价，要避免仅仅时例子地罗列. 二.英语专业毕业论文格式要求学位论文包括前置、主体、附录等三个部分. （一）前置．英文封面：由论文英文题目、解释、作者、指导老师姓名和职称、时间组成. ．目录：由论文地中、英文摘要、篇、章、条、款以及参考书目、附录等序号、题名和页码组成，排在英文封面之后另页. ．中、英文内容摘要：摘要是论文地内容不加注释和评论地简短陈述，宜以最简洁地语言介绍论文地概要、作者地突出论点、新见解或创造性成果以及实验方法、数据或结论，是一篇完整地短文，可以独立使用，中文摘要一般在字左右关键词：关键词是用以表示全文主题内容信息地单词或术语.为便于文献检索，学位论文应注明三至五个具有代表意义中、外文“关键词”，这些关键词就是论文地中心词，以显著地字符另起一行，分别排在中、外文摘要地左下方.各关键词之间用“分号”隔开.外文关键词应与中文关键词相对应. （二）主体部分主题部分包括引言（）、正文()、结论()、参考文献().主体部分必须由另页右页开始. ．引言：主要说明研究工作地目地、涉及范围、相关领域地前人研究成果和知识空白、研究设想、研究方法等方面地概述、理论意义和实用价值等. ．正文：论文地正文是核心部分，占主要篇幅.一般论文选题需要从几个方面来论述或论证.要求论据充分，论点明确.行文必须实事求是，客观真切，准确完备，合乎逻辑，层次分明，简练可读.正文部分要有分级标题，章、条、款、项地序号编码

英语论文写作指导 (仅供参考)

英语论文写作课复习资料(仅供参考) Lecture 1 General introduction 1. The basic concept of academic research paper writing The concept: “Research ”---something new, something of significance, something that can promote scholarship, science and technology, productivity and human growth, for the betterment of the well-being of mankind. 2. Characteristics of academic paper A. Scientific--- based on scientific theories and objective data, and the problem is approached with a scientific attitude and methodology．The conclusion is backed up by reliable evidence, the analysis or exposition is logically sound. B. Scholarly --- more or less theoretical and concerned with academic matters．The subject under discussion or investigation and the conclusion to be drawn are academically significant. C. Original --- a new perspective or method, develops new arguments or conclusions，or even makes a breakthrough in a certain field． The graduation paper is a special form of academic paper characterized by being scholarly，scientific and original to the greatest extent possible． 3. The style of academic writing A. Formal because it is written in standard language and in formal style devoid of contractions，ellipses，slangy words，vulgarisms，etc. B. Substantial because it deals with academically important and serious issues and is of substance and length． C. Well-documented because it rigidly follows the rules of citation and documentation with all borrowed ideas or facts fully acknowledged in the notes and bibliography． 4. The requirements of an academic paper. 1) A scientific attitude，a rigorous study style, a creative mind, and a great courage to explore unknown academic areas, discovering or solving problems in the academic or scientific fields. 2)Basic knowledge of academic research--- its nature, value, and significance，essential features, techniques and methods，etc．To learn more about the academic circle and the society by searching through all sorts of reference materials originating in academic and social studies. 3) To know about scholarship, such as how to find subjects to investigate, how to collect and evaluate source materials, how to develop their own ideas. 5. Components parts of an academic paper 1) English title and Chinese title of your paper 2) Abstract both in English and in Chinese and key words 3) Key words in English and Chinese 4) Contents

考研英语写作议论文常见话题经典句型示例

考研英语写作议论文常见话题经典句型示例 1. When asked about..., most people say... But many other people regard...as... I personally think... 当被问及对......有什么看法时，大多数人认为......但是，还有很多人认为......我个人认为...... 2. When it comes to..., some people think that... Others argue that the opposite is true. There is probably some truth to both arguments, but... 涉及......这一问题，有的人认为应该......另一些人持相反意见。也许双方的观点都有一定道理，但是...... 3. It is widely acknowledged that...contributed to... Experts argue that China must introduce... But I doubt whether...alone will solve the problem。 人们普遍认为......专家认为中国必须推行......但我对仅仅......就能解决问题表示怀疑。 4. An increasing number of people are joining... In reaction to the phenomenon, some say... But do they realize that...can also lead to... 越来越多的人......进入了......针对这一现象，一些人认为......但是，他们有没有意识到......也能导致...... 5. One of the pressing problem facing our nation (China) today is...and... 我们国家(中国)如今面临的紧迫问题之一是...... 6. Perhaps the most dangerous phenomenon gripping the nation today is... 也许当今困扰国家的最危险的现象是...... 7. Never before in history has the issue of...been more evident than now。 历，......的问题从来没有比现在更加突出。 8. Perhaps it is time to reexamine the idea that... 也许现在是应该重新考虑......的时候了。 9. A growing number of people are beginning to realize that...is not the sole prerequisite for happiness。

SCI论文——英文写作的语言技巧总结

我觉得写文章之前要先有思路，你怎么去写怎么写的和别人不同，有新意。这里面的文章很大，我也说不透，只是参透了一二，和大家分享，望大家不要耻笑。我毕竟是个硕士研究生。 我觉得论文写很简单，主要是能够发表出去。下面我简单讲下我的思路。有相同或不同见解的留下言，共同交流，一起进步。 文章的第一步要有图，也就是说首先把图做的漂漂亮亮的，不管是SEM，TEM，Uv-vis，FTIR，还是效果图。图片放到你的文章里就是你的思路，图片放好了你的思路就出来了，这是就关键的过程，放图的过程中你要考你怎么写，你的文章新的地方在哪?;图做好了也放好了，就是写文章了，写文章也很快了，因为思路有了你的文章也构思好了。我在这里给出我写文章时的程序。对于文章主体部分，我觉得先写Results and discussion，写完了根据其内容下个Conclusion，然后根据Conclusion写Abstract(因为它们俩有些许的类似)，而后补充Experimental。论文发表qq1813831290最后也是最难写的地方Introduction，这个让审稿人一看就能知道你的文章的水平，所以写好Introduction是关乎论文是否收录的关键所在。我和外国审稿人专家关于审稿交流过意见，他们也是这样认为，他们也认为Introduction是整个文章的脸面，这是他们主要审的地方，在这里能看到你的创新点，创新点不够直接refuse;Introduction写的还可以的话，就看Results and discussion，这部分其实主要看的是图，你的图的清晰度质量，以及性能图。我审过一篇Journal of Hazardous Materials上面的文章，我也是这样审的。当然是咱们国内某名牌大学的文章，做的是催化，我也是做这个的不知为什么编辑发来让我审，我也感觉很莫名。后来编辑告诉我和我的文章有些类似还称我是专家，教授…… 下面我引用了一些总结的写作经验，我觉得很有用。大家认真看看，在此先祝福大家论文高中，硕果累累不减当年勇时： 1.前言部分 1.1如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性 通常在叙述了前人成果之后，用However来引导不足，比如 However,little information... little attention has been devoted to… little work... little data/little research or few studies/investigations/few attempts have been don on… or none of these studies

英语议论文写作结构分析及模板句型

英语议论文写作 一、文章结构 I.引言（Introduction）：引出话题 II.正文（Body）：阐明观点 a.阐述理由 b.分析利弊 c.提出举措 d.列举实例 III.结论/倡议（Conclusion）：重申观点/发出倡议 二、段落组织 每个段落紧扣一个主题展开。（段落的首句为本段的主题句） 写作范文： Nowadays, with more and more people going to work in the city in the hope of earning money, the phenomenon of left-behind children has become more and more common., which gives rise to a series of problems. First of all, neither will the kids who are left at home with their grandparents be well looked after because of their grandparents old age, nor will they have anyone to turn to for advice/guidance in times of difficulty. Besides, these kids have to help with the farm work, which takes up a lot of their time for study, so their study will have to suffer. What is worse is that some of them may even lose interest in study and so drop out of at an early age. As the problem is getting more and more serious, I do think it is necessary for the government as well as the parents to take some actions to improve the situation for the poor children. Children are the future of our nation, save them before it is too late! 三、常用表达方式 I.引言（Introduction）：引出话题 1.Nowadays, with the development of ___n.____, the phenomenon of _____n.____ is becoming more and more common, which gives rise to public concern./ which results in a series of problems. 2.As ______句子______, the problem/issue _____of + n.______/ ___that+同位语从句____ is getting more and more serious, which raises a storm of controversy./ which leads to heated debates. 3.Recently, there has been a growing tendency(趋势) ___that+同位语从句____, on which people’s opinions vary/differ (from person to person). 4.As the famous saying goes, ____名言警句____. 5.Recently, the problem ___of+n____ / ____that+ 同位语从句____ has been brought into

初中英语议论文写作指导

初中英语议论文写作指导 英语议论文的结构一般较为固定，通常包括以下三部分： 1. 在导语部分提出需要议论的议题; 2. 在正文部分对所提出的问题进行议论; 3. 在结论部分对以上的讨论进行总结和归纳。 写议论文要考虑论点，考虑用什么作论据来证明，怎样来论证，然后得出结论。它可以是先提出一个总论点，然后分别进行论述，分析各个分论点，最后得出结论;或者先引述一个故事，一段对话，或描写一个场面，再一层一层地从事实中分析出道理，归纳引申出一个新的结论;也可以在文章开头先提出一个人们关心的问题，然后一一作答，逐层深入;还可以把两个不同事物以对立的方式提出来加以比较、对照，然后得出结论。在具体写作中要注意下列几点： 1. 议题的提出要开门见山，不要拖泥带水。 2. 议论时可以采用不同的方法。如：可以摆出正反两方面观点，进行对比;也可引经据典论证作者自己观点的正确性，从而使读者接受自己的观点;亦可提出一种错误的观点然后论证其错误，最终提出正确的观点。正文部分是写作的重点，论证方法可用归纳法、推理法、比较法等。 3. 在结论部分必须表明作者的观点，对讨论的问题做出总结。 4. 注意连接词和过渡词等词语的使用，以增强文章的条理性和逻辑性。常用的过渡词和连接词包括：first, second, third, finally, in addition, furthermore, besides, what was worse, more importantly, in contrast, because, since, now that, therefore，consequently，in that case, as a result/consequence, in conclusion, to sum up等等 感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。

英文学术论文常用词句

英语学术论文常用词句 1. 常用词汇与短语 差别：gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup difference 存在，出现：occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present 多数，少数：the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handful 方法：approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools 发生率：Incidence, frequency, prevalence 发现，阐明，报道，证实：verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening ，isolation 改变：change, alteration, 高，增加：high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forced 各种，多种：in multiple types of, in various types of, in a variety of 关系，相关，参与：closely involved in, associated, 广泛的：in an extensive survey 执行：perform, carry out 降，少，缺：decrease, reduction, reduced, diminish, loss, suppression, deficient, low, weak, faint, light, absence, absent, undetectable, lack ,defective, negative,poor,impaired, greatly reduced or completely absent, frequently lost or down-expressed 角色，起作用：role, part （limited, potential, early, possible role） 可能性：feasibility 密切地：intimately 难理解的，似谜的：enigmatic (x remains enigmatic)

初中英语语法大全：英语五个基本句型

初中英语语法大全：英语五个基本句型1简单句、并列句、复合句 根据语法形式，即句子的结构，英语的句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。 1简单句 句型：主语+谓语 只包含一个主谓结构，而句子的各个结构都只由单词或短语表示。简单句有五种基本句型，详见第十七章。 They are playing baseball in the garden. 他们正在公园里打棒球。 Her brother and sister both are teachers. 她的哥哥和姐姐都是老师。 2并列句 句型：简单句+并列连词+简单句 （常见的并列连词有and，but，or） 并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词连结。 My friend was at home，and we talked for along time. 我的朋友在家，我们谈了好长时间。 Her father is a doctor and her mother is a teacher.

她父亲是个医生，她母亲是个老师。I liked the story very much but Li Ming wasn't interested in it.我非常喜欢这个故事，可是李明却对它不感兴趣。 Hurry up，or you'll be late. 快点，否则你就会迟到的。 3复合句 句型：主句+连词+从句；或连词+从句+主句（包含一个主句、一个或一个以上的从句，或只包含一个从句，但有两个或两个以上的主句的句子叫复合句。） 句子的成分 组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子主体部分（在英文中一般的句子必须有主语和谓语）。表语、宾语和宾语补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成分如定语和状语是句子的次要部分。下面我们分别讲述一下句子的各个成分： 1主语 主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。 We study in No.1 Middle School.（讲述“谁”～） 我们在一中学习。 The classroom is very clean. （讲述“什么”很干净） 这间教室很干净。 Three were absent.（数词作主语）

英文SCI论文写作时的语言表达技巧

英文SCI论文写作时的语言表达技巧 1. Introduction： A. 如何指出当前研究的不足并有目的地引导出自己研究的重要性？ 在叙述前人成果之后，用However来引导不足，提出一种新方法或新方向。如：However, little information(little attention/little work/little data/little research……)(or few studies/few investigations/few researchers/few attempts……)(or no/none of these studies……)has(have)been done on(focused on/attempted to/conducted/investigated/studied(with respect to))。如：Previous research (studies, records) has (have) failed to consider/ ignored/ misinterpreted/ neglected to/overestimated, underestimated/misleaded. Thus, these previous results are inconclusive, misleading, unsatisfactory, questionable, controversial. Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist…… 研究方法和方向与前人一样时，可通过以下方式强调自己工作：However, data is still scarce(rare, less accurate)or there is still dearth of……We need to(aim to, have to) provide more documents(data, records, studies, increase the dataset). Further studies are still necessary(essential)…… 强调自己研究的重要性，一般还要在However之前介绍与自己研究问题相反或相关的问题。比如：(1)时间问题；(2)研究手段问题；(3)研究区域问题；(4)不确定性；(5)提出自己的假设来验证。 如果你研究的问题在时间上比较新，你可大量提及时间较老问题的研究及重要性，然后(However)表明“对时间尺度比较新的问题研究不足”； 如果你的是一种新的研究手段或研究方向，你可提出当前流行的方法及其物质性质，然后(However)说对你所研究的方向方法研究甚少； 如果研究涉及区域问题，就先总结相邻区域或其它区域的研究，然后(However)强调这一区域的研究不足； 虽然前人对某一问题研究很多，但目前有两种或更多种观点，这种uncertainties或ambiguities值得进一步澄清； 如果自己的研究是全是新的，没有前人的工作可对比，你就可以自信地说“根据假设提出的过程，存在这种可能的结果，本文就是要证实这种结果”等等。We aim to test the feasibility (reliability) of the……It is hoped that the question will be resolved (fall away) with our proposed method (approach). B. 提出自己的观点：We aim to//This paper reports on//This paper provides results//This paper extends the method//This paper focus on……The purpose of this paper is to……Furthermore, Moreover, In addition, we will also discuss…… C. 圈定自己的研究范围：introduction的另一个作用就是告诉读者(包括reviewer)，你文章的主要研究内容。如果处理不好，reviewer会提出严厉的建议，比如你没有考虑某种可能性，某种研究手段等。为减少这种争论，在前言的结尾就必须明确提出本文研究的范围： (1)时间尺度； (2) 研究区域等。如涉及较长的时序，你可明确提出本文只关心某一特定时间范围的问题，We preliminarily focus on the older (younger)……如有两种时间尺度(long-term and short term)，你可说两者都重要，但是本文只涉及其中一种。研究区域的问题，和时间问题一样，也需明确提出你只关心某一特定区域！ D. 最后的原场：在前言的最后，还可以总结性地提出“这一研究对其它研究有什么帮助”；

英文论文写作常用的句型

英文论文写作常用的句型 1.xx 的特征在于: xx is characterized by… 2.xx 的2 个重要特征是：Two critical characteristics of xx are … 3.爱因斯坦指出xx 的特征如下：Einstein identified the following characteristics of xx… 4.Generally, … 一般来讲，原则上 … 千万不要用in principle，此原则非彼原 则也。 5.已经采用了：have adopted … 6.近年来：in recent years 7.over/during the past 10 years. 比如我们说SC 过去10 年间发展很快，用over，over 是一段时间的事儿；during 是事情发生在什么期间，有时间点的意思。 8.出于各种原因：for a variety of reasons 9.此外，另外：moreover, in addition 10.即： “…, namely …” 11.A 与B 的区别在于：A and B differ in the terms of … 12.谈及，关于：In terms of… 13.这些区别是因为：some of the difference stem from… 14.为了让：In order for xx to … 15.很大程度上依赖于rely heavily on … 16.基于… is based on… 17.不是…而是… not …, but rather … 18.这方面的例子有… “…, exemplified by …” 19.严格限制：impose the stringent restrictions on …; 受到这些限制：be subject to the restrictions. 20.产生这个问题的原因与… 有关：The problem arises in part from … [Tip]：多用although, however, while, moreover, in addition 这样的词儿，句子之间的逻辑关系显得很清楚，读paper 的人会觉得你的论文很清爽。

研究生英语论文写作指导

研究生英语论文写作指导 1．研究生英语论文评判标准 1）语体 论文应该采用正式语体。 相关知识链接：语体 通常，英语语体分为五个大类：超正式语体；正式语体；普通语体；随便语体，超随便语体。在科技文献（包括论文）中，一般采用正式语体。 正式语体的特点如下： a）人称特点：通常不采用第一或第二人称。 b）词汇特点：通常采用在正式场合使用的词汇，或在需要时采用专业技术用语，少用在日常用语中采用的通俗用语，尽量不用俚语。从以下例子中可以看出 正式语体与普通语体在选词方面的差异。Mr. John Smith delivered an interminable address at the conference.（正式）John Smith gave a very long speech at the meeting. （非正式）将两个例句在词汇方面进行比较，可以发现，前一个句子采用的词汇 （deliver, interminable, address, conference）比后一个句子采用的词汇（gave, long, speech, meeting）要正式得多。 c）结构特点：通常不用在日常用语中常见的简略表达形式，如:can’t, they’re，而应该用can not, they are。根据意义表达的需要，通常采用比较长的句式结构，

比较多的采用各种从句。而在非正式语体中，为了交流方便，常常采用比较简短的句式。 2）文体 论文应该采用议论文这样的文体。由于缺乏文体方面的知识，或忽视了文体区别，曾经有一些同学将在论文中错误地采用了说明文或分析劝导型文体。 相关知识链接：文体 记叙文（Narration）：记叙一系列的事件的发生。有时有一个主题陈述（thesis statement）。 说明文（Exposition）：说明一个事物或事理，主要目的是介绍信息（providing information, or informing somebody of something）。介绍事物的说明文通常在开篇部分对所说明的事物有一个总的概括介绍。一般采用写作中的描述手法（description）。描述总要循着某个规律，或从左到右，或由表及里，或由本质到现象，或由一般到具体，或由整体到部分，或进行比较对比（comparison or contrast），或进行因果分析（cause analysis）。说明事理的文章可有一个主题陈述。这个主题陈述虽然可能是有争议的，但是不能将这个文体与议论文混淆。作者并不去试图证明或反驳某个观点，只是通过陈述一些事实或事例来解释说明主题陈述。在罗列相关事实或事例时，作者不用遵循什么规律，只要能够达到说明主题陈述的目的就行。 议论文（Argumentation）：如同中文，议论文有论点，论据，结论。一般性的论文中，论点往往涉及一个常见话题（issue）。

英语学术论文写作常用句型

英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning 1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body 1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. 2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic. 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.

英语作文万能模板及万能句型汇总

xx英语作文万能模板及万能句型汇总 作文万能模板 一、阐述主题题型 要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述． １．阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义．２．分析并举例使其更充实．二、解决方法题型 要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径 １．问题现状２．怎样解决（解决方案的优缺点）Confronted with A，we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing，---------------（解决方法一）。For another -------------（解决方法二）。Finally，--------------（解决方法三）。Personally，I believe that -------------（我的解决方法）。Consequently，I'm confident that a bright future isawaiting us because --------------（带来的好处）。 三、说明利弊题型 这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度（利或弊）出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度（或对事物前景提出预测） １.说明事物现状２.事物本身的优缺点（或一方面）３.你对现状

（或前景）的看法 Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily life. Generally，its advantages can be seen as follows. First ----------------（Ａ的优点之一）。Besides -------------------（Ａ的优点之二）。 1 / 13 But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that ----------------（Ａ的第一个缺点）．To make matters worse，------------------（Ａ的第二个缺点）． 四、议论文的框架 （1）不同观点列举型（选择型） There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows：in the first place，___原因一_______.Furthermore，in the second place，___原因二_____. So it