高考英语阅读理解推理判断题的解题

高考英语阅读理解推理判断题的解题技巧

推理判断题

这类题属于主观题，是层次较高的设题。它包括判断和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。所以，推理题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案：即对原文某一句话或某几句话所作的同义改写(paraphrase)或综合。

常见的题干有：

1) It can be inferred from the text that.

2) We can conclude that.

3) When the writer talks about..., what he really means is that.

4) Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

判断题考查学生在理解文章的基础上，对不同观点进行评价和判断的能力。推理题考查学生由文章的字面信息推出未知信息或隐含信息的能力。

1) 判断有据, 推论有理, 忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意。

2) 全面分析所有相关信息，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。

3) 善于揣摩作者思路，尽可能与作者的思路吻合。

4）不可直接选取文中的原句。

例1：Annealing

Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly. If metal is heated and then cooled very quickly, for example by dipping (浸) it in water, it will be very hard but also very brittle-that is, it will break easily. Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily. It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as it is wished, by annealing it. The metal is heated, and allowed to cool slowly for a certain length of time. The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes. Annealing can also be used on other material, such as glass.（1990NMET）

①Why do people put hot metal in water?

A. To make it hard.

B. To make it soft.

C. To make it cool.

D. To make it brittle. [分析]答案为A，此题属推断归纳题。文中第二句说如果把金属加热，然后迅速放到水里冷却，也就会变得非常硬，但也变得脆。hard 是工艺的主观目的。brittle是伴随的客观结果，故选A而不选D。B项明显错

误；C项是手段不是目的，因此，都可排除。

②In annealing, the required hardness of metal depends on __.

A. the quantity of water used

B. the temperature of the metal

C. the softness of the metal

D. the timing of the operation

[分析]答案为D,此题属概括归纳题。timing 是时间的选择。本答案的依据是5和6两句，"The metal is heated,…length of time.","The longer…the softer it becomes."cool 的时间是可以控制的，时间越长越soft,即硬度就越低。由此我们可得出结论：在退火过程中，金属的硬度是受到冷却的时间长短影响的。

③As suggested by the text, how can glass be made less brittle?

A. It can be heated and then cooled quickly.

B. It can be cooled and then heated slowly.

C. It can be heated and then cooled slowly.

D. It can be cooled and then heated quickly.

[分析]答案为C此题属推理判断题。文中提到"metal"。最后一句说退火工艺同样可用于象玻璃一类的其他材料。文中我们已知"annealing"就是先"heat"后"cool slowly"。由此推断C是正确的。

例2：At one time, computers were expected largely to remove the need for paper copies of documents (文件) because they could be stored electronically. But for all the texts that are written, stored and sent electronically, a lot of them are still ending up on paper.

It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime. "I feel in my bones this revolution is causing more trees to be cut down," says Ted Smith of the Earth Village Organisation.

Perhaps the best sign of how computer and Internet use pushes up demand for paper comes from the high-tech industry itself, which sees printing as one of its most promising new markets. Several Internet companies have been set upto help small businesses print quality documents from a computer. Earlier this week Hewlett-Packard Co. announced a plan to develop new technologies that will enable people to print even more so they can get a hard copy of a business document, a medical record or just a one-line e-mail, even if they are nowhere near a computer. As the company sees it, the more use of the Internet the greater demand for printers.

Does all this mean environmental concerns(环境问题) have been forgotten? Some activists suggest people have been led to believe that a lot of dangers to the environment have gone away. "I guess people believe that the problem is taken care of, because of recycling(回收利用)," said Kelly Quirke, director of the Rainforest Action Network in San Francisco. Yet Quirke is hopeful that high-tech may also prove helpful. He says printers that print on both sides are growing in popularity. The action group has also found acceptable paper made from materials other than wood, such as agricultural waste.（2003年全国卷）

④The growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to___________．

A．the rapid development of small businesses B．the opening up of new markets

C．the printing of high quality copies D．the increased use of the Internet

[分析]本文话题为办公用纸与环保，讲述了计算机与网络的发展并没有如人们先前所预料的那样帮助我们实现无纸化办公，相反地，随着打印技术的发展，用纸量日益增大．于是还得依靠科技，寻找双面打印与开拓农业废料提供造纸原料等出路了．文中涉及科技发展、生产需求与环保之间的关系，内涵十分深刻，平时“两耳不闻窗外事”的人是很难一下读明白的．本题考查对于文中提供的事实与线索进行逻辑推理的能力．

近年来纸张用量增加的原因何在?第2段中做出解释：It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-con-nected computers，．．．when e-mail is introduced，the printers start working overtime．．．The growing demand for paper看来正是a result of use of Internet-connected computers．本题答案为D．其余3个选项内容虽然也都在短文不同地方有所涉及，但均非题干所问纸张用量增长的直接原因，可逐一排除．

中，C项干扰性最大，第3段中所提及的Several Internet companies have been set up to help small businesses print quality documents from a computer 与选项C十分接近，因而对他们构成迷惑，这是因为考生没有能够认识到这一事实出现在本段中，只是为了说明how computer and Internet use pushes up demand for paper comes from the high-tech industry itself，然而the printing of high quality copies本身并非纸张需求增长的原因．

“阅读理解”解题过程中，需要在通篇理解大意的基础上找到与本题相关的线索，弄清各项事实之间的联系，辨别选项内容之间的细微差别，排除干扰，找准最佳答案．[答案] D

⑤Environmentalists believe one possible way of dealing with the paper situation is_________．A．to encourage printing more quality documents B．to develop new printers using recycled paper

C．to find new materials for making paper D．to plant more fast-growing trees

[分析]本题问及环保人士(environmentalists)对于用纸所引起的环保问题的解决途径所持看法．结尾段中谈到：The action group (= the environmentalists) has also found acceptable paper made from materials other than wood，such as agricultural waste，也就是本题选项中的C项to find new materials for making paper．

通过查读可以发现，选项D在文中根本没有涉及，选项B将文中细节内容做了一点改变，形成干扰．

考虑B项，文中为：the problem is taken care of，because of recycling．．．；．．．printers that prin to on both sides are growing in popularity(结尾段)；两处内容综合衍生而成选项B．但并未说有使用recycled paper的new printers，本项应排除．

D项所说的plant more fast-growing trees则在文中完全没有提到．[答案] c

⑥Hewlett-Packard Co．has decided to develop new technologies because ________．A．people are concerned about the environment B．printers in many offices are working overtime

C．small companies need more hard copies D．they see a growing market for printers [分析]题干中的HP Company(这家公司在打印机和电脑厂商里也可算是闻名遐迩了)是对我们寻找答案极为有用的线索，循此很快可以找到第3段里，该公司develop new technologies 的原因(也是目的)在于：enable people to print even more．．．．本段结尾则一语道破：As the company sees it，the more use of the Internet the greater demand for printers．显然只是要让人们更多地打印，牟利之心昭然若揭，其技术发展的原因与环保无关(排除A项)；与超时办公也无直接逻辑联系(排除B项)；对于hard copies有需求的也不仅仅是small companies(排除C 项)；本题正确答案为D．

例3：A visitor visits an island where two tribes live. One tribe always tells the truth and the other always lies. The truth tellers live on the western side of the island, and those who lie live on the eastern side. The visitor wants to determine whether the native beside him is a truth teller or not by asking only one question. He asks the native,” Go and ask the native in the distance which side of the island he lives on.” When the messenger returns, he says, "H e said he lives on the western side of the island."Is the messenger a truth teller or not? How can the visitor be sure?

⑦According to the messenger's answer, the visitor can conclude that_______________

A. The messenger lives on the western side of the island because he tells the truth.

B. the messenger lives on the eastern side of the island because his answer may be a lie.

C. it's hard to determine whether the messenger is a truth teller or not.

D. the messenger probably lives in the western side of the island because his answer may be true. [分析]推测有关信使（近处的当地人）情况的。我们知道，讲真话的部落住在岛的西部，撒谎的部落住在岛的东部。这个信使去问远方的当地人住在岛的哪一边（东部还是西部）。远方的当地人只能有两种情况，要么住在岛的西部，要么住在岛的东部。如果他住在岛的西部，他就是一个讲真话的人，他就会如实回答他住在西部。如果他住在岛的东部，他就是一个撒谎的人。他本来住在东部，但在回答时，必须要说谎，他只能回答他住在西部。所以远方的当地人不管是住在东部还是西部，他的回答只有一个：“我住在西部”。如果信使告诉参观者

远方的当地人住在西部，信使无疑是说了真话，那么信使一定是住在岛的西部。反之，如果信使告诉参观者远方的当地人住在东部，那么信使就说了假话，信使肯定住在东部。故此题答案是A。

⑧The native in the distance says he lives on the western side of the island. According to his answer, which conclusion of the following is wrong?

A. He may live on the eastern side of the island.

B. He may live on the western side of the island.

C. He may be telling the truth.

D. He can't be telling the truth.

[分析]推测远方的当地人的情况。从短文提供的信息来看，我们无法判定远方的当地人是住在岛的东部还是岛的西部，两种情况都是可能存在的。此题要注意情态动词的语气。A.“他可能住在岛的西部”;B.“他可能住在岛的东部”;C.“他可能讲了真话”。上述A、B、C三种情况都是可能的。D.“他不可能讲真话”，语气太绝对。推测错误。故答案为D。

例4：When the young waitress near my house started saying hello to me every day, I was very happy. She was at least fifteen years younger than I. One day she signed me to come near. When I walked over, she asked,”Are you single?" “Why, yes." I answered, smiling at her happily.“So is my mother." she said, “Would you like to meet her?"

⑨The writer talked about the waitress' age because he thought___________.

A. she was young

B. it a pleasure to make friends with her

C. she was beautiful

D. it strange for her to fall in love with him

⑩The waitress said hello to the writer every day because___________.

A. she lived near his house

B. he often went to visit her mother

C. she wanted to be friendly with him

D. she loved him very much

[分析]这是两道推测原因的题目。女服务员每天向作者示好，作者产生误解，以为女孩对他有意。考虑到他们年龄相差悬殊，作者认为女孩爱上他有点奇怪。故第⑨题答案是D。女孩问作者是否单身，并提到她母亲也是单身，并邀请他与她母亲见面，可见，女孩每天向他问好，目的是想取得他的好感，进而搓和他和她母亲。第⑩题答案是C。

高考英语二轮复习阅读理解专题指导（事实细节题）

事实细节题

所谓细节题，是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。一般包括直接理解题（在原文中可直接找到答案。常用who, what, when, where, why和how等提问或用与此相类似的词填空。说明文和叙述文的思考题有相当于部分是此类题）及语义转化题（需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论。）抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键，也是做好其它类型问题的基础。这类题型的题干常为：

1) When/Where did the story happen?

2) Which of the following statements is (not) correct?

3) Which of the following statements is (not) mentioned in the passage?

4) Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?

5) All the statements are true except.

该题型几乎都可以在文章中直接找到与答案有关的信息，或是其变体。所以，搜查信息在阅读中非常重要，它包括理解作者在叙述某事时使用的具体事实、数据、图表等细节信息。在

一篇短文里大部分篇幅都属于这类围绕主体展开的细节。做这类题一般采用寻读法，即先读题，然后带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行分析对比，找出答案。弄清细节、准确获取信息，也是把握文章中心思想的前提。

细节专题一：排序题

此类试题的考查形式是在选项中列举一些具体的事实，然后对上面的事实进行排序。要求考生根据动作发生的先后顺序、时间顺序以及句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生、发展的正确顺序。考生可以先找出最早的一个时间和事件，把它作为事件发生的具体点，然后使用排除法将范围一一缩小，从而快速地选出正确答案。

例1：In the 19th century England people liked to go to the seaside. In those days, ladies wore long bathing dresses, and men wore bathing suits. Women did not walk about on the beach(沙滩)in their bathing dresses. They hired a bathing machine. A bathing machine was used for changing in, and for taking the bather down to the sea. It cost 2 pence(便士) to hire a machine and an attendant(侍者). When she had paid, the bather climbed up the back steps and got into the bathing machine . Then she changed into her bathing dress. When she had changed, the machine was pulled down to the sea. The bathing machine stoped in the water and the bather went down the front steps into the water. If she did not want to get into the sea, the attendant pulled her in.（1996NMET）

①In 19th century people who used the bathing machine usually did the following things. Which is the right order for doing them?

a. Changing into bathing clothes

b. Getting out of the bathing machine

c. Paying 2 pence

d. Getting into the bathing machine

e. Being taken down the beach

f. Getting into the water

A. e, d, a, b, f, c

B. c, d, a, e, b, f

C. c, d, e, a, b, f

D. d, a, e, b, f, c

[分析]答案B 题目要求找出利用bathing machine游泳的程序，显然，租用一个bathing machine是要先付钱的，所以c就是第一个动作，下水f 应该是最后一个动作了。这样用排除法就可以排除A和D 项。再看B和C项，从第一段倒数第三句可知先a后e，故选B。细节专题二：计算题

计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容，此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题可以是对年代的计算、月份的计算或比例的计算等。文章中经常会出现许多数字，它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先来理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确的答案了。

例2：Degree

We offer a wide choice of bachelor’s degrees (学位) for international students, which includes: Arts, Communication Studies, Social Sciences, etc. Bachelor of Music and Bachelor of Education are only for New Zealand citizens, for further information: deg@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/7f9177068.html,.

Tuition Fees(学费)

Tuition fees are different from department to department, generally from $5,000 to $6,000 a year. For further information: tui@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/7f9177068.html,.

Accommodation(住宿)

You can have a room in a 4-bedroom flat, which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further information: acc@waikato. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/7f9177068.html, Health

The Student Health Service provides excellent medical services for students. The Medical Centre is open five days a week, including student holidays with four doctor's and nurses to meet your

medical needs. For further information: heal@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/7f9177068.html,.

Sports

The Centre is a great place to have sports activities. Trained exercise teachers can help you work out a training plan and keep you active. The sports hall has volleyball, basketball and indoor football courts and a swimming pool as well. There are also a large number of sports clubs at Waikato. For further information: sport@ https://www.sodocs.net/doc/7f9177068.html,（2005安徽卷）

②You have to pay at least ______ a year if you study at the University of Waikato.

A. $5,250

B. $8,000

C. $9,000

D. $11,000

[分析]B此题为计算题。我们从所选的这些事实来看，文章中所说的Tuition Fees 每年需要from $5,000 to $6,000，而a 4-bedroom flat, which will cost about $100 a month，一年需要$1200,另外的other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person经过计算可以知道一年需要$1800，加起来一年至少需要$8000。

细节专题三：图形题

在有图形试题的阅读理解中，有的图形出现在阅读理解文章中，有的出现在选项中，这些图片的出现增加了试题的直观性，同时也暗含着和文章内容相关的信息。在解答此类试题的时候，一定要把握图形中所暗含的信息，特别是有些事实是通过图片来叙述的，我们可以采用按图寻找正确答案的方法。

例3：The Channel Islands are a group of British-owned islands lying in the English Channel(海峡), 10 to 30 miles off the French coast, and 70 to 90 miles from the English coast. There are ten islands with a total land area of 75 square miles and a total population of 123,000. The three largest islands, Jersey, Guernsey, and Alderney, have long been known for the fine breeds(品种)of cattle that are raised on them and named after them.

In earliest known history the islands were considered part of Normandy, which was part of France, but the ruler of Normandy became king of England in 1066, and from then on the islands were looked upon as British land. English control was unbroken until World War II, when the Germans held the islands for five years.

Although people on the islands speak both languages and they are considered English, their customs are more French than English.（2000年北京春季）

③Which of the following maps gives the right position of the Channel Islands?

Br = Britain Fr = France Ch = Channel Islands

[分析]C这是一道识图题。从第一段：The Channel Islands are a group of British-owned islands lying in the English Channel(海峡), 10 to 30 miles off the French coast, and 70 to 90 miles from the English coast.可以推断选项C正确地表达了The Channel Islands的位置

细节专题四：其它类型

例4：Tristan da Cunha, a 38-square-mile island, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to the Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510miles southwest of its nearest neighbor, St. Helena, and 1,950miles west of Africa. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral（葡萄牙海军上将）of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred.

Coming in a close second –- and often wrongly mentioned as the most distant land －is Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 miles west of South America.

The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around the 5th century, supposedly by people

who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures, called moai, for which the island is most famous.

On Easter Sunday, 1772, however, settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name. Today, 2,000 people live on the Chilean territory （智利领土）. They share on street, a small airport, and a few hours of television per day.（2003年全国）

④It can be learned from the text that the island of Tristan da Cunha _____________.

A．was named after its discoverer B．got its name from Holland settlers

C．was named by the British government D．got its name from the Guinness Book of Records [分析]本篇选材涉及地理，为我们介绍了两座最为偏远的小岛(farthest／most distant inhabited islands)，一为吉尼斯大全(Guinness Book of Records)所认定的Tristan da Cunha；另一为复活岛(Easter lsland)．文中出现了比较多的专有名词．

本题问及Tristan da Cunha小岛的命名．如能通过浏览把握本文篇章结构，则可看出，关于该岛的内容都在第1段：运用寻读(SCANNING)技巧可以找到与本题相关的线索(关键词name)出现在该段结尾句里，通读全句可以得出答案：Discovered by the Portuguese admiral of the same name (as the island)．．．，与选项A一致．[答案] A

⑤Which of the following is most famous for moai?

A．Tristan da Cunha. B．Pitcairn Island.．C. Easter Island. D．St. Helena.

[分析]本题涉及关于moai( = stone figures)的一个细节问题：其所在地．4个选项均为岛名，因此不能依此线索查找．要按题干中所问，从第3段里找到moai所在的岛；但这里仅提到the island，循此线索往上追寻：(3段结尾)the island = (3段开头)the mountainous 64-squaremile sland = (2段中)Easter lsland，即为答案．[答案] C

⑥Which country does Easter Island belong to?

A．Britain. B．Holland. C．Portugal. D．Chile.

[分析]本题考查复活岛今日的归属问题．题干提问中使用的现在时态也是不容忽视的．问的是“现在”情况，不是过去．第4段中间提到Today，．．．Chilean territory，与答案D吻合．另外3个国家中，有的与此岛并不相干(A．Britain；C．Portugal)；有的则只是历史上的过客(B．Holland)．最大干扰项为B项．这些误选者显然只注意了短文结尾段中的On Easter Sunday，1722，however，settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name，却忽略了其中的时间因素，同样，也没能对于紧接此后的Today，2，000 people live on the Chilean territory予以足够关注，对于时态变化所传递的信息差异意识不够导致了这些考生在理解上的偏差，因而失误．[答案]D

例5：When she looked ahead. Florence Chadwick saw nothing but a solid wall of fog. Her body was numb. She had been swimming for nearly sixteen hours. Already she was the first woman to swim the English Channel in both directions. Now at the age of 34, her goal was to become the first woman to swim from Catalina to the California coast.

On that fourth of July morning 1952, the sea was like an ice bath and the fog was so dense. She could hardly see her support boats. Sharks cruised toward her figure, only to be driven away by rifle shots. Against the frigid grip of the sea, she struggled on, hour after hour, while millions watched on national television.

Alongside Florence in one of the boats, her mother and here trainer offered encouragement. They told her it wasn?t much farther. But all she could see was fog. They urged her not to quit. She never had… until then. With only a half mile to go, she asked to be pulled out.

⑦What does “she never had…”in the third paragraph mean?

A. She had never been so desperate.

B. She had never thought of giving it up.

C. She had never seen such thick fog.

D. She had never swum across the strait before.

[分析]根据上下文they urged her not to quit,以及with only a half mile to go, she asked to be pulled out. 可以推断出，她当时并没有想放弃，只不过是后来情况变化了。答案：B

例6：Decision-thinking is not unlike poker--- it often matters not only what you think , but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think . The mental process（过程）is similar . Naturally , this card game has often been of considerable interest to people who are , by any standards , good thinkers .

The great mathematician John von Neumann was one of the founders of game theory . In particular , he showed that all games fall into two classes ; there are what he called games of …perfect information?, games like chess where the players can't hide anything or play tricks ; they don't win by chance , but by means of logic and skills . Then there are games of …imperfect informatio n?, like poker, in which it is impossible to know in advance that one course of action is better than another.

One mistaken idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse, business, politics, life itself are games which we must normally play with very imperfect information. Business decisions are often made with many unknown and unknowable factors（因素）, which would ever puzzle best poker players . But few business people find it comfortable to admit that they are taking a chance , and many still prefer to believe that they are playing chess , not poker.

⑧An important factor in a game of imperfect information is _______.

A. rules

B. luck

C. time

D. ideas

[分析]短文第二段有这样一段说明：……游戏可分为两类，一种是被称为“perfect information”的游戏，双方无法隐瞒或进行欺骗，他们不是靠碰巧获胜（…they don’t win by chance）。另一种则是“imperfect information”的游戏，如打牌，游戏者不可能预先知道他出的这一道牌是否比另一道好。从作者的这种表达可以推断出，“imperfect information”游戏获胜的一个因素就是运气。因此选B。

推理判断题

推理判断题的考查每年都占阅读理解试题的一半左右。推理判断试题属于高层次阅读理解题，很多考生对此类题型的解答感到很吃力，没有把握。下面笔者结合近年高考试题，谈谈推理判断题的解题技巧，希望对大家复习备考有所帮助。

一、推理题常见的提问形式

常以infer，imply，suggest，conclude，learn，intend，mean，describe，purpose等词提问。或提问中含有表示推测的情态动词，如can，could，might，would等和其他表示可能性的动词，如probably，most likely等。

二、推理题的解题思路

如何做好推理判断题？笔者以为，考生做题时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”。

首先，要求考生在阅读时，要抓住文章的主题和细节，分析文章结构，根据上下文内在联系，挖掘文章的深层含义。在进行推理时，考生一定要仔细阅读短文，千万不可脱离原

文而仅凭个人的看法，主观臆断。

其次，对于暗含在文章中的人物的行为动机、事件的因果关系及作者未言明的倾向、意图、态度、观点等要进行合乎逻辑的判断、推理、分析，进一步增强理解能力，抓住材料实质性的东西。

再次，在解答推理性问题时，应清楚所要解答的问题是针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。

针对细节的推断可运用scanning方法，迅速在阅读材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。

针对主题思想作推断时，其解题的主要依据是文章的主题思想，然后再分析句子之间的逻辑关系，区分观点与例证(opinion and fact)、原因与结果(cause and effect)、主观点与次观点(main idea and supporting idea)。

三、推理题的解题方法

1. 抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理

做此类试题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。

例2006徽春季D篇

69. The text suggests that not getting enough sleep might make you _____.

A. suffer from poor health

B. feel tired and nervous

C. dream more often

D. breathe quickly

解析解题时抓住第一段After a busy day of work and play, the body needs to rest. Sleep is necessary for good health. During this time, the body recovers from the activities of the day. The rest that you get while sleeping makes it possible for your body to prepare itself for the next day. 中Sleep is necessary for good health.去理解。利用逆向思维，我们很容易推断出这一结论：一个人睡眠不足会对他的健康有害(suffer from poor health), 所以答案为Ａ。

2. 整合全文（段）信息进行推断

做推理题时，有时需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳结论。

65．Which of the following is the immediate cause of the sinking of the Bismarck？

A．The British air strikes．

B．The damage done by the Hood．

C．Gunfire from the British warships．

D．Luetjens’decision to run for France．

解析德国军舰Bismarck号素有“不沉舰”的美称，然而最后还是“葬身海底”。造成这种下沉的直接原因是什么？短文中未直接陈述。这就需要我们利用短文中的信息综合起来去推断。

德军舰第一次与英军舰交火后，But in the fight，the Bismarck was slightly damaged．可见，英军舰Hood号给德军舰Bismarck号造成的损坏不足以使它下沉。故B不对。第一次

交火后，德军舰Bismarck号上的指挥官Luetjens命令军舰驶向法国进行维修（Her commander decided to run for repairs to France，which had at that time been taken by the Germans．），这更不是使它下沉的直接原因。D也不对。5月26日，英国空军发现Bismarck并向Bismarck 开火（Trying to slow the Bismarck down so that their ships could catch up with her，the British fired at her from the air．The Bismarck was hit．），Bismarck被击中。正如文中所讲，英国空军主要是想拦截Bismarck号，使它减速，以便后面的英舰赶上。这表明英空军对Bismarck 开火也不足以使Bismarck下沉，A也不对。On the morning of May 27，the last battle was fought．Four British ships fired on the Bismarck，and she was finally sunk．5月27日四艘英国战舰赶到并一齐向Bismarck开火（Four British ships fired on the Bismarck），最后使她下沉（She was finally sunk）。这就是直接原因，故正确选项为C。

3. 利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断

几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定褒贬性，这种褒贬性反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态及作者的写作意图，因此利用好文章的语境褒贬性就能在把握主旨文意的基础上对文章进行准确的逻辑判断。认真阅读原文并找出反映语境褒贬性及变化的标志性词汇或句子，对我们掌握文章主旨文意，了解主人公的心理特点及发展变化，从而正确地进行逻辑推断很有好处。

59．The writer’s purpose in writing this story is ________．

A．to tell an interesting experience

B．to show the easiest way out of difficulty

C．to describe the trouble facing a newly married woman

D．to explain the difficulty of learning to cook from books

从原文中…As I was not experienced in cooking , I thought if a dozen was good , two dozen would be better , so I doubled everything .…I had been defeated , I put the dough in the rubbish bin outside so I wouldn’t have to face Doug laughing at my work , …I don’t know who was more embarrassed(尴尬)by the whole thing Doug or me. 可看出文章叙述了一位新婚主妇按烹调书做发面失败的尴尬经历。但是全文充满了一种讽刺幽默的笔调, 文章最后一句带俏皮感，说明主人公心情并不沉重，而是感到有点好笑，所以答案应选A。作者写作目的是自述一次有趣的经历。选项B肯定为错误答案，因为它与本文首句(The easy way out isn’t always easiest)不合; D反映作者写作目的是解释从书本上学烹饪的困难，也不对，因为作者并未详细介绍主人公从书本上学烹饪是如何力不从心的; 主人公并不会天天面对这种烦恼，选项C为错误答案。虽然全文语境含贬义，但文章的言外之意需要读者对作者写作意图做深层挖掘,若不然就会被误导而作出错误判断。

4. 根据文章的结论推断作者的态度

作者态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。

例Why isn’t your newspaper reporting any good news？All I read about is murder，bribery（行贿），and death．Frankly，I’m sick of all this bad news．

This author’s attitude towards the newspaper reporting is to ______ ．

A．complain B．apologize

C．amuse D．inform

解析作者一是向读者说明这份报纸上只登载坏新闻，如凶杀、行贿受贿和死亡等；二是在字里行间流露出自己的抱怨情绪（对坏新闻厌恶透了），故应选A。

5. 根据上下文的逻辑得出结论

逻辑结论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。做这类题时，应把握作者的写作思路，预测下文可能发展的内容。文章可按事件发展的经过描写，也可按因果关系, 对比关系来描写。

例We are in the computer age．We often see computers at work．They are especially useful in automatic control，data processing（数据处理）and solving complicated problems．And they are finding their way into the home．The part played by computers is becoming even more important with each passing day．

More and cleverer computers will continue to appear．They will run faster，have more functions and work much more skillfully．They will take over more tasks from us，helping to change the face of our world．Some people even think that sooner or later computers will replace us．

However．．．

Which of the following statements will best continue the third paragraph？

A．Computers will soon stop developing．

B．Many people like computers very much．

C．Computers are as clever as man．

D．I do not think computers will replace us completely．

解析本文采用了对比关系法来描写，前面描写了计算机的长处，但作者用However 一词预示着将引出相反的观点，故答案为D。

6. 结合已有的知识进行推断

知识推断是根据文章中所阐述的细节，运用自己掌握的基础知识进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原义的结论的一种推断方法。知识推断题一般都是针对细节。解答此类题，不仅需要我们有一定的社会基础知识，而且还需要对细节以及有关背景知识有一个充分的理解。

53. After reading the story what can we infer about the hospital?

A. It is a c hildren?s hospital.

B. It has strict rules about visiting hours.

C. The conditions there aren?t very good.

D. The nurses and doctors there don?t work hard.

解析本文讲述了一位母亲采用拖地计谋混进病房探视女儿的故事。由常识可知医院内拖地并非医生护士的工作，选项D不对。C项与文中的It’s a fine hospital意思相矛盾。A项依据不充分，女儿未必都是儿童。正确答案是B。文中I told her about the hospital rules, and she will not expect us until tomorrow. 则暗示此规章在探视时间上是严格规定的，而且在实际生活中我们都知道医院探视病人是有严格的制度的。

猜测词义题

在阅读中我们经常会遇到许多生词。这时许多同学立即翻阅词典，查找词义。这样做不但费时费力，而且影响阅读速度、影响对语篇的整体把握。事实上，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系。我们可以利用语境（各种已知信息）推测、判断某些生词的词义。近年来全国统一高考中加大了对考生猜词义能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜词技巧，对突破高考阅读理解、提高我们的英语语言能力都有非常重要的意义。

常见的题干有：

1) Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word？

2) The word... could best be replaced by.

3) In the... paragraph, the word... means (refers to).

4) According to the passage,... probably means.

5) The author uses the word... to mean.

猜测词义时，一般可利用以下四个方面的线索：

一是针对性的解释

针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或高深的词汇等所做的通俗化的解释。这些解释提供的信息明确具体，所使用的语言通俗易懂，利用它们来猜测词义就非常简单。

1.根据定义（definition）猜测词义

如果生词有一个句子（定语从句或是同位语<同位语前常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say, i.g. 等>或是同位语从句）或段落来定义,或使用破折号，冒号，分号后的内容和引号括号中的内容加以解释和定义，那么理解这个句子或段落本身就是推断词义。定义常用的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。

例1.Do you know what a “territory”is ? A territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims（声称）as its own.（2005年湖北卷）

[分析]由定义可推知，这里territory指的是：“动物的地盘”。

例2.In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today．（2005年浙江卷）

[分析]由同位语an endangered wild cat我们很快猜出生词ocelots的义域：一种濒临灭绝野猫。

例3. Here is The Pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ,wild boar ,and reindeer with surprising sauces . （2004年福建卷）

According to the passage ,The Pines is a .

A．place in which you can see many mobile homes

B．mountain where you can get a good view of the valley

C．town which happens to be near the Banff National Park

D．restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food

[分析]通过whose引导的定语从句，我们可以推测到：The Pines 是一家餐馆的名字，由此不难推出理解题的答案为：D。

2.根据举例猜测词义

恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。

例4. The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NA TO, and the World Bank.（2004年辽宁卷）

[分析]根据such as 后面列举的一系列例子，我们应该能推断出句中的issue 是指“议题”。

二是内在逻辑关系

根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指应用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑联系推断生词词义或大致义域。

1.根据对比、比较关系猜测词义

在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词的反义词猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。表示对比关系的句子结构：while 引导的并列句。同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。表示比较关系的词和短语主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。

例5.A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.

What does the underlined word “hassle”(paragraph 1) probably mean? （2002年NMET）A.a party designed by specialists B.a plan requiring careful thought

C.a situation causing difficulty or trouble

D.a demand made by guests

[分析]根据对比关系，这里hassle 和a basket of fun 是相反的意义，很容易判断理解题的答案为C。

例6.Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.

该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk和loquacious 之间的比较关系，其意义相近。由此我们可推断出loquacious的意思是“健谈的”。

2.根据因果关系猜测词义

在句子或段落中，若两个事物现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。

例7.feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”（2005年上海卷）

The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “ ” . A．full of respect B．too confident and rude C．lacking in experience D．too shy and quiet [分析]根据since 引导的原因状语从句的内容（“既然你是我的上司”），我们可以推断这里presumptuous的意思是：“冒失的，放肆的”意思，后半句的意思是：我告诉你怎么做会是一种放肆/冒失的行为。对应的理解题答案为：B。

例8.Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots,or young leaves.（2005年江西卷）

根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以判断Pruning的意思是：“修剪（树枝等）”的意思。

3.根据说明、并列、同等同义近义、、反义等关系猜测词义

在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境所表面的关系猜测词义。

例9.William Shakespeare said. “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（纱线），good and ill

together.”（2005年江苏卷）

The underlined word “mingled” in the last paragraph most probably means .

A．simple B．mixed C．sad D．happy

[分析]句中good and ill together 更具体地说明了a mingled yarn的意义，据此我们不难推测mingled的意思是：“混合的，交织的”。

例10.Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is “yes”, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers. （2004年湖北卷）

[分析]根据and three other medical centers 这种并列关系，我们很容易推断出：Johns Hopkins 是一家医疗中心。

例11.There is no reason to insult and defame the man simply because you do not agree with him.

[分析]根据与insult“侮辱”的同等关系猜测defame为“诋毁”，“中伤”或“诽谤”

例12.The game Americans call soccer is known around the world as football.

[分析]运用与football的同义关系推断为“足球”。

例13.The house stood at the end of a quiet neat street. The little dwelling,however,looked neglected and cheerless.

[分析]运用与The house近义关系可以推断dwelling与住所有关

例14.Most women in China ---educated and illiterated, urban and rural, the young and old-----work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers. [分析]后面的urban and rural, the young and old之间都有反义关系，运用这个关系可以推断illiterated为“未接受过教育的，即文盲”

三是通过构词法

在猜测词义过程中，我们还可以依靠构词法方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。

1.根据前缀猜测词义

例15.Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools?

根据词根educational （教育的），结合前缀co-（共同，一起），我们便可以猜出co-educational 的意思是：“男女同校教育的”意思。（2005年江西卷）

2.根据后缀猜测词义

例16. It's a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point．（2005年广东卷）

后缀-ise/ize意思是“使成为…；使…化”，结合词根commercial（商业的），不难猜出uncommercialized 的意思是：“未被商业化的”。

3.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义

例17.Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well –designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（别扭的）hand positions.（2005年北京卷）

Well-designed 或许是个生词，但我们分析该词的结构后，就能推测出其含义。它由well （好，优秀）和design （设计）两部分组成，合在一起便是“设计精巧的”意思。

例18. We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft (手艺) no longer exists. （2004年浙江卷）

根据合成词中的mass （大量的）和produce （生产），我们可以推测mass-produce的意思

是：“大批量生产；规模生产”的意思。

4.猜测词性变换新词含义

例19.The other teams, disappointed, were on the bus heading home. （2004年山东卷）

head本为名词，表头。由the bus和home的语境逻辑可以推断，该句head为动词，表方向，结合全句可译为“开往、驶向”。

例20.I had first known she was wrong, that her anxiety had clouded her judgment. （2004全国卷Ⅱ）

cloud本为名词，表云。分析语境逻辑可知，忧虑会影响一个人的判断，因此该句clouded 应译为使难以……。

四是根据生活常识

运用自身的生活经验及生活常识，根据上下文能读懂的部分，可以正确猜出词义。下面文字中划线单词的词义你能猜出来吗？

例21.Birds fly with their wings, and they pick up their foods, and then eat them with their beaks and they use their claws for tearing, seizing, pulling or holding objects.

例22.Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold.

句子的已知部分和我们的常识告诉我们：beaks是“喙”；claws是“爪子”；wither表示“枯萎”。结合以上指导解下列两道阅读理解题：

A

Ever since news of widespread food recalls caused by a carcinogenic dye broke, there has been confusion（混淆）over possible links to the country of the same name, but Sudan officials say there is no connection whatever.

Sudan 1 is a red industrial dye that has been found in some chilli powder, but was banned in food products across the European Union (EU) in July 2003.

Since the ban was put in place, EU officials have been striving to remove some food products from the shelves. So far 580 products have been recalled.

Last week Sudan?s Embassy in the United Kingdom asked the Food Standards Agency (FSA) for cl arification of the origin of the dye?s name.

Omaima Mahmoud Al Sharief, a press official at Sudan?s Embassy in China, explained the purpose of the inquiry was to clear up any misunderstanding over links between the country and the poisonous dye.

"We want to keep an eye on every detail and avoid any misunderstanding there," she said. "Our embassy to Britain asked them how the dye got that name and whether the dye had something to do with our country. But they told us there was no relationship."

The FSA, an independent food security watchdog in Britain, received a letter from the

Sudanese embassy last week.

"They asked us why the dye is named Sudan, however, we also do not know how it got the name," she said. "People found the dye in 1883 and gave it the name. Nobody knows the reason, and we cannot give any explanation before we find out."

Sudan dyes, which include Sudan 1 to 4, are red dyes（颜料）used for colouring solvents （溶剂）, oils, waxes, petrol, and shoe and floor polishes. They are classified as carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

1. What does the underlined word mean in paragraph one?

A. Causing cancer.

B. Having side effect.

C. Containing poison.

D.Poisonous.

2. How did the Sudan 1 get its name?

A. The dye is often produced in Sudan.

B. The dye has something to do with the country named Sudan.

C. Nobody is sure of the origin of the name.

D. Many foods produced in Sudan contain the dye.

3. We can infer from the passage that.

A. the Sudan government is paying much attention to the food safety

B. Sudan 1 is often used to be added to the food

C. people didn’t realize the danger of Sudan 1 until 2003

D. many food shops will be closed down

4. Which of the following is the best title?

A. Keep away from Sudan 1

B. No Sudan 1 dye links to the country

C. How Sudan 1 dye got its name?

D. Pay attention to the food safety

B

The Man of Many Secrets — Harry Houdini — was one of the greatest American entertainers in the theater this century. He was a man famous for his escapes — from prison cells, from wooden boxes floating in rivers, from locked tanks full of water. He appeared in theaters all over Europe and America. Crowds came to see the great Houdini and his “magic” tricks.

Of course, his secret was not magic or supernatural powers. It was simply strength. He had the ability to move his toes as well as he moved his fingers. He could move his body into almost any position he wanted.

Houdini started working in the entertainment world when he was 17, in 1891. He and his brother Theo performed card tricks in club in New York. They called themselves the Houdini Brothers. When Harry married in 1894, he and his wife Bess worked together as magician and assistant. But for a long time they were not very successful. Then Harry performed his first prison escape, in

Chicago in 1898. Harry persuaded a detective to let him try to escape from the prison, and he invited the local newspapermen to watch.

It was the publicity(宣传) that came from this that started Harry Houdini’s success. Harry had fingers trained to escape from handcuffs and toes trained to escape ankle chins. But his biggest secret was how he unlocked the prison doors. Every time he went into the prison cell, Bess gave him a kiss for good luck — and a small skeleton key, which is a key that fits many locks, pass quickly from her mouth to his.

Harry used these prison escapes to build his fame. He arranged to escape from the local prison of every town he visited. In the afternoon, the people of the town would read about it in their local newspapers, and in the evening every seat in the local theater would be full. What was the result? World-wild fame, and a name remembered today.

5. According to the passage, Houdini?s success in prison escapes depends on _______.

A. his special tricks and supernatural powers

B. his unusual ability and a skeleton key

C. his magic tricks and unhuman powers

D. his wisdom and magic tricks

6. In the fourth paragraph, the underlined word “this” refers to _______.

A. his first prison escape

B. the year 1898

C. the publicity

D. Harry Houdini?s success

7. It can be inferred from the passage that Houdini became famous _______.

A. in 1894

B. before he married

C. at the age of 17

D. when he was about 24

8. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

A. A Skeleton Key

B. A Man of Many Secrets

C. World-wild Fame

D. Great Escape

A篇【答案与解析】

1. A词义猜测题。根据They are classified as carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. 可知这个词与癌症有关，故可推出carcinogenic意为"致癌的"。

2. C细节题。根据People found the dye in 1883 and gave it the name. Nobody knows the reason, and we cannot give any explanation before we find out.可知还没有人知道"苏丹红"名称的由来。

3. B推断题。根据EU officials have been striving to remove some food products from the shelves. So far 580 products have been recalled.可知某些食品因含有"苏丹红"而被召回。故可推断"苏丹红"经常用作食品添加剂。

4. B主旨大意题。根据there has been confusion over possible links to the country of the same name, but Sudan officials say there is no connection whatever. 可知本文主要讲"苏丹红"与苏丹这个国家是否有联系的问题，故B最佳。

B篇【答案与解析】本文介绍了Harry Houdini特技成功的经历和方法。

5. B。细节题。根据第4段第2句：Harry把手、脚都训练得很灵活来摆脱手链脚铐及第4句后半部分：妻子通过接吻传给他万能钥匙，可推知此题答案为B。

6. A。单词理解题。根据语境，this指上文所表演的事情：第一次越狱成功。由此可推知此题答案为A。

7. D。推断题。第3段第1句：他步入娱乐圈时是1891年，17岁；倒数第2句：第一次成功是1898年，时隔七年，应是24岁，可推知此题答案为D

8. D。主旨题。由文章第1段第2句：He was a man famous for his escapes —from prison cells,

from wooden boxes floating in rivers, from locked tanks full of water，可知Harry 因逃脱出名，后面列举的例子谈的是他从监狱成功地逃出，所以答案为D。

主旨大意题

主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。常见的设题方式有：

1标题类常见的标题型题干：

1)The best title/ headline for this passage might be_____________.

2)The text (passage) could be entitled ______________.

3)What is the best title for the passage?

4)Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage?

2 大意类常见的主题型题干：

5) This passage chiefly deals with____________.6) What?s the topic of the article?

7) What is the subject discussed in the text?

8) With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned?

3 目的主旨大意题

The author?s main purpose in writing the passage is______.

The passage is meant to _____ The purpose of this article is _______

这类题通常围绕一个中心思想展开，不少文章一开头便展示出文章的中心思想，第一段常常是内容的梗概，同时又表达了中心思想，但是不少文章的中心思想贯穿全文，并没有用一句话明确表达出来，这就要求学生学会归纳概括。每个段落往往也由一个主题句或几个陈述句构成，它们在句中的位置不同，有时在开头, 首先点明本段大意; 有时在结尾, 总结本段大意。做这类题，首先要找出文章的主题句。找出文章的主题句，也就明确了文章要讲什么，再通过速读全文，就可以把握文章的中心思想了。另外在许多文段中，没有可以概括全段意义的主题句，必须根据文章中所提供的事实细节，进行全面分析，然后归纳成一般概念。但必须注意，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。

A.主题句呈现的形式

1）文首开门见山, 提出主题, 随之用细节来解释, 支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想. 最常见的演绎法写作方式.

例1.The panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television newscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops.

例2.Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising, so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive.

2).文尾，在表述细节后, 归纳要点, 印象, 结论建议或结果, 以概括主题. 这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式

例3.A human body appears to be rather soft and delicate, compared with that of a wild animal, but it is actually surprisingly strong. In deed, its very softness and looseness is an advantage; it makes man good at moving about movement of all living things of his own size, because he can do so many different things with his limbs. Man?s games show how he can control his own body. No other land creature can swim as skillfully as man; more has such varied grace; very few lives as long as he; none is so strong in its natural resistance to disease. Therefore man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of damage and death that threaten him.

3).文中，通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展.

例4.Nothing is as useful as a flashlight in a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand a camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.

4).首尾呼应，为突出主题, 作者先提出主题, 结尾时再次点出主题, 这种首尾呼应的写作方式较为多见. 但前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复, 后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。

例5.（首段）Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes, “It was seeing people with snakes bites that led me to the career.“she said…

&O1472;（尾段）“The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes.”Shu said.

5).无主题句，即主题句隐含在全文中, 没有明确的主题句. 必须根据文篇中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。

例6.Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.

Q: What is the main idea of the passage?＿＿＿＿

A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer.

B. Bingham is a diligent student.

C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.

D. A good lawyer needs good education.

[分析]此文没有主题句。全篇共四句，只陈述了四个细节(detail)性的事实。因此就答案本身看，个个都对。读者只能将所有的details综合起来，进行逻辑推理，才能构成一个没有言明的主题思想(unstated main idea)。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham接受教育的情况，即作者想告诉我们的是：Joshua Bingham接受过良好的教育，所以答案是Ｃ

除了以上主题句呈现的常见形式外还要注意标志词

文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。如：on the whole, as a result, in short, therefore, thus…..I agree with the opinion that….;Given all these points above, I would support the idea that….; For all the reasons mentioned above, I would prefer….

B.实例说明

例1（文章请看推理判断例2，2003年全国高考）

①What would be the best title for the text?

A．Computers and Printers B．E-mail and the Business World

C．Internet Revolution and Environment D．Modern Technology and New Markets

[分析]本题考查对于全文主旨大意的把握并要求考生据此选择最佳标题．

全文的关键词应该是Internet和Environment，因此答案为C．

其余选项中的computers，printers，e—mail，business world，technology，market都在文中提到了，但其作用只是为了阐明主题所需，答题时不可以点代面．

例2：As prices and building costs keep rising,the "do-it-yourself"(DIY)trend（趋势）in the U.S.continues to grow."We needed furniture（家具）for our living room,"says John Ross,"and we just didn't have enough money to buy it.So we decided to try making a few tables and chairs."John got married six months ago,and like many young people these days,they are struggling to make a home at a time when the cost of living is very high.The Rosses took a 2-week course for $ 280 at a night school.Now they build all their furniture and make repairs around the house.Jim Hatfield has three boys and his wife died.Hs has a full-time job at home as well as in a shoe making https://www.sodocs.net/doc/7f9177068.html,st month,he received a car repair bill for $ 420."I was deeply upset about it.Now I've finished a car repair course,I should be able to fix the car by myself."John and Jim are not unusual people.Most families in the country are doing everything they can to save money so the can fight the high cost of living.If you want to become a "do-it-yourselfer",you can go to DIY calsses.And for those who don't have time to take a course,there are books that tell you how you can do things yourself.（1998NMET）

②.What would be the best title for the text?

A.the Joy of DIY

B.You Can Do It Too!

C.Welcome to Our DIY Course!

D.Ross and Hatfield:Believers in DIY.

[分析]根据首句As prices and building costs keep rising,the "do-it-yourself"(DIY)trend（趋势）in the U.S.continues to grow.和尾句And for those who don't have time to take a course,there are books that tell you how you can do things yourself.可以知道答案为B

例3：A university graduate described as a “respectable and intelligent”woman is seeking professional help after being convicted of （证明有……罪）shoplifting for the second time in six months.

Ana Luz, recently studying for her PhD,has been told she could end up behind bars unless she can control the desire to steal from shops .

Luz ,who lives with her partner in Fitzwilliam Road ,Cambridge ,admitted stealing clothes worth ￡9.95 from John Lewis in Oxford Street ,London ,on March 9.

Phillip Lemoyne ,prosecuting（起诉）,said Luz selected some clothes from a display and took them to the ladies’toilet in the store .When she came out again she was wearing one of the skirts she had selected ,having taken off the anti-theft security alarms（防盗警报装置）.

She was stopped and caught after leaving the store without paying ,Mr Lemoyne said.

He added that she was upset on her arrest and apologized for her actions.

Luz,28, was said to have been convicted of shoplifting by Cambridge judges last October ,but Morag Duff, defending ,said she had never been in trouble with the police before that .

高考英语阅读理解推理判断题

专题07 阅读理解推理判断题 推理判断题主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。做这类题时，考生应在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。 提问整篇文章或某句某段的含蓄意思时，问句中都含有infer, imply, indicate, suggest (推断，暗指)等词。对付这类题时我们不仅要弄懂文章字面的意思，更重要的是要知道文章潜在的含义，和作者所给的提示。同时要对文章的含义和作者的暗示作合理的猜测和推论。关键是：意思要靠推断得出，而不是原文照搬。这就要把握住文章的主题思想和每段的内容；明确作者的观点及其写作该文的目的；分析文章里所给的有关信息；注意词汇在词典的定义和词典以外的含义；最后运用自己的知识进行由表及里的逻辑推理，挖出文章的伏笔，得出正确的推论。 这种问题的提问方式通常有： 1.From paragraph 4 we can infer that. / What can be inferred from the passage? / From the last paragraph we can infer that . 2.We can infer from the text that…/ What can we learn from…? / We can conclude from the passage that… 3.The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that. 4.The author implies that by the year 2080, . 5.To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should. 6.The author mentions the fact that…to show. 7. This passage would most likely be found in _________? 8.The author’s attitude toward …is _________? 9. The tone of the passage can best be described as _________? 这些提问方式的答案一般在短文中不可能直接找到，必须根据提问中的某些关键字眼与短文中相应的有关内容加以逻辑推理或演算，从而得出某些作者并未说明却已在字里行间所暗含的意思及观点。具体的说，考生应当注意以下几点： 1.首先要注意一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知，遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原则。千万不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替

高中英语阅读之推理判断题的解题技巧资料

高考阅读理解专题：推理判断题的解题技巧 推断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题，做这类题目时，考生要严格依据作者所陈述的细节、事实以及作者的措词、态度和语气，找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词句，然后利用自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断，从而得出符合逻辑的结论。 近年的高考题中常出现以下五种推理判断题: 1. 这类题干中通常含有learn( ), infer( ), suggest( ), imply( ), conclude （）, indicate( )等标志性词语, 常见的提问方式有： 1)．We can know from the passage that ________． 2). We can infer from the (first/last) passage that ________． 3)．The passage/author implies/suggests that ______． 4)．It can be concluded from the passage that ________． 5)．The underlined sentence indicates that ________ 2. 解题技巧 ①针对细节推断: 在原文中找到相关的信息源--- 对具体内容分析-- 推理判断得出结论 实例1：Did you ever hear a strange sound coming from the wall? Did it sound like a clock? If so, it may have been made by a beetle. Long ago people thought the ticking meant that someone was about to die. Thus the beetle is called “the deathwatch beetle." 1. It can be inferred from the text that the sound of this beetle ________. A. pleased people. B. surprised people. C. frightened people. D. excited people. ②针对主题思想:以主题为核心----- 分析逻辑关系----- 得出结论 实例2：In the California study, children with TVs in their rooms but no computer at home scored the lowest while those with no bedroom TV but who had home computers scored the highest. While this study does not prove that bedroom TV sets caused the lower scores, it adds to accumulating findings that children shouldn’t have TVs in their bedrooms. 1. What can we learn from the last two paragraphs? A. More time should be spent on computers. B. Children should be forbidden to watch TV. C. TV sets shouldn't be allowed in children's bedrooms. D. Further studies on high-achieving students should be done. 1. 题干中通常含有attitude, view ,opinion,, in the author’s opinion/mind等标志性词语。提问方式: 1)．The author seems to be in favor of/against ______． 2)．The author may probably agree with/support ________． 3)．What's the author's opinion about...? 4)．In the author's opinion...?

高考英语阅读理解推理判断题的解题技巧

推理判断题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到的或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实。这类旨在考查考生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，属深层理解题。此类试题的设计常常包括infer, imply, suggest, conclude等词。 这类题的设问方式主要有： (1)We can infer from the passage that ______. (2)What can be inferred from the passage? (3)Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? (4)It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that ______. (5)The author suggest in this passage that ______. (6)The writer implies that ______. (7)It can be inferred that ______. (8)It can be concluded from the passage that ______. (9)On the whole, we can conclude that ______. (10)From the text we can conclude that ______. (11)After reading the passage we may conclude that ______. (12)What conclusion can be drawn from the passage? (13)The author is inclined to think that ______. (14)When the writer talks about..., what he really means is that______. (15)What's the writer's attitude towards...? (16)What's the author's feeling towards...?

阅读理解专题-推理判断题

2015年阅读理解专题--推理判断题 一.考纲解读： 设题角度: (1)细节推断题 (2). 推断隐含意义 (3). 推断作者观点或态度 (4). 推断写作目的 (5). 推断文章出处 (6). 推断上下文内容等 4.设问方式:It can be inferred from the text that . From the text we know/learn (about) that …is most likely . The writer’s attitude toward… is______. The writer’s purpose of writing this passage is to _____. The passage implies that _____. In writing the passage, the author intends to _____. The passage is most likely to be taken from______. Where would this passage most probably appear? The next paragraph would most probably deal with _______ 二. 技巧点拨 1. 细节推断题。 根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件、具体信息等.一般可根据短文提供的信息,或结合生活常识来推断①要吃透文章的字面意思，捕捉有用的提示和线索②对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工,进行深层处理，符合逻辑地推理。③要忠实 于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知。 【题例1】In September, 1940, my mother, sister and I went to Swansea, where my father's ship was getting ready to sail, we brought him a family photograph to be kept with him at all times and keep him safe. (2011·湖南卷B篇)（1.5分钟） 61. We can infer that the mother and children went to Swansea ______. A. to meet a friend B. to see the father off C. to take a family photo D. to enjoy the sailing of the ship 【题例2】Understanding why members of her family and her friends would be there, AT asked why her dance teacher had traveled so far to see her compete(比赛). “She's always been my role model. I've danced with her since I was six. She's been through so many difficulties and came through them all. I've learned to get over bad life's experiences and learned how to move on because of her.”(the fourth paragraph) (2012·全国大纲卷 E篇)（2分钟） 57. Shelley takes her dance teachers as a role model mainly because she is ______. A. determined B. friendly C. strict D. experienced 2. 隐含意义题 这类题目往往要求考生根据文章的某个句子、段落或全文所提供的事实进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到的或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事情。这类试题的题干中常含

2019高考英语阅读理解-推理判断题(含解析)

2019高考英语阅读理解-推理判断题（含解析） 一、阅读理解 1.根据短文理解，选择正确答案。 Here are six steps to better studying. Pay attention in class Do you have trouble paying attention in class? Are you sitting next to a loud person? Tell your teacher or parents about any problem that is preventing you from paying attention. Take good notes Write down facts that your teacher mentions or writes on the board. Try to use good handwriting so you can read your notes later. It's a good idea to keep your notes organized by subject. Plan ahead for tests and projects Waiting until Thursday night to study for Friday's test will make it hard to do your best. One of the best ways to make sure that doesn't happen is to plan ahead. Write down your test dates. You can then plan how much to do after school each day, and how much time to spend on each topic. Break it up When there's a lot to study, it can help to break things into several parts. Let's say you have a spelling test on 20 words. Instead of thinking about all of the words at once, try breaking them down into five-word groups and work on one or two different groups each night. Ask for help You can't study effectively if you don't understand the material. Be sure to ask your teacher for help. If you're at home when the confusion occurs, your mom or dad might be able to help. Sleep tight So the test is tomorrow and you've followed your study plan—but suddenly you can't remember anything! Don't panic. Your brain needs time to digest all the information you've given it. Try to get a good night's sleep and you'll be surprised by what comes back to you in the morning. （1）We know from the passage that a loud person is ________. A. a student who always answers questions loudly in class B. someone who likes to talk with others in a loud voice C. a student who likes speaking with others in class D. a person who makes a lot of noise in public places （2）If you don't understand what you have learnt, you can ________. A. read your notes over and over again B. turn to people around you for help C. put aside the material for later review D. ask your teacher to explain it the next day （3）By saying “Sleep tight”, what does the author mean?

2019届高考英语二轮复习阅读理解推理判断题专练(三)观点态度类

2019届高考英语二轮复习阅读理解推理判断题专练（三）观点态度 类 (2017·河南、河北七所名校联考) When it comes to writing work emails, there are many rules to follow. In the past, people always wanted to come across as someone who's calm and professional, which workplace manners experts say means they wanted to hold back their love for emoticons (表情符号) while on the job. But language is always changing, and a recent national survey in the US found that 76 percent of Americans said that they had used emoticons in digital communication at work. The most popular emoticon is the happy face. Lindsey Pollak, a US career coach who works with Millennials (千禧一代), has also noticed that emoticons have gone from being inappropriate for the workplace to being accepted. The reason behind this, according to her, is largely due to the changing of people in a particular age group of the workforce. Millennials are now the biggest generation in the American workforce. “A few years ago, emoticons were absolutely seen as very young and very personal，” Pollak said. “Over the past few years... I've seen emoticons become more acceptable. I see them more frequently not just from Millennials but from all generations at the workplace.” “People tend to use emoticons to just add that little bit of extra change in the tone when there's something awkward or potentially offensive, or when they might take in things in the wrong way，”　explains Lauren Collister, a sociolinguist. In life and work, many of us have used emoticons to send positive atmosphere or soften statements. Pollak, however, warns against being too casual at work. Her advice is to be aware of who the audience is. “Frankly, I wouldn't use a happy face with any CEO in the US. I wouldn't use a happy face with the people of a certain level no matter how commonplace and acceptable it has become，” she said. “You can make or break a relationship with one email these days.” 【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文，向我们介绍了表情符号在工作邮件中的使用越来越 流行的原因以及人们对此要注意的方面。 1．What does the author say about past working people? A．They were calm and professional. B．They used more serious emoticons.

行测-演绎推理题型分析及解题技巧总结

1、演绎推理题型分析及解题技巧总结 所谓推理，是指由一个或几个已知的判断推导出另外一个新的判断的思维形式。一切推理都必须由前提和结论两部分组成。一般来说，作为推理依据的已知判断称为前提，所推导出的新的判断则称为结论。推理大体分为直接推理和间接推理。 只有一个前提的推理叫直接推理。例如：有的高三学生是共产党员，所以有的共产党员是高三学生。 一般有两个或两个以上前提的推理就是间接推理。例如：贪赃枉法的人必会受到惩罚，你们一贯贪赃枉法，所以今天你们终于受到法律的制裁和人民的惩罚。 一般说，间接推理又可以分为演绎推理、归纳推理和类比推理等三种形式。 1、演绎推理及其分类 所谓演绎推理，是指从一般性的前提得出了特殊性的结论的推理。例如：贪赃枉法的人是必定会受到惩罚的，你们一贯贪赃枉法，所以，你们今天是必定要受到法律的制裁、人民的惩罚的。这里，“贪赃枉法的人是必定会受到惩罚的”是一般性前提，“你们一贯贪赃枉法”是特殊性前提。根据这两个前提推出”你们今天是必定要受到法律的制裁和人民的惩罚的”这个特殊性的结论。 演绎推理可分为三段论、假言推理和选言推理。 1、三段论 (1)所谓三段论是推理中最普通的一种形式。它由三个简单判断组成，其中两个是前提，一个是结论。例如：不法分子都害怕法律的制裁（大前提）；杀人犯是不法分子（小前提）；所以杀人犯害怕法律的制裁（结论）。 (2)三段论的推理一般有三个特点： ①有三个判断； ②每个判断都有两个概念，整个推理共有三个不同的概念，每个概念都出现两次； ③在前提中都有一个概念起媒介的作用。 在逻辑学中，阐述三段论时，概念和判断都有一定的名称。即，在作结论的判断中的谓项称为大项（P）；作主项的称为小项（S）；在结论中不出现，在前提中起媒介作用的称为中项（M）。一般，包含大项的判断称为大前提，包含小项的判断称为小前提。 (3)我们在运用三段论时，还要遵守三个原则： ①一个三段论必须（也只能）有三个概念，特别是中项必须是同一概念，否则就会产生错误（通常把这种错误说为“偷换概念”）。例如：茅盾著作不是几天可以读完的；《白杨礼赞》是茅盾著作；所以，《白杨礼赞》不是几天可以读完的。 这里，在大前提中的“茅盾著作”指所有茅盾著作构成的总体，而小前提中的“茅盾著作”则是茅盾许多著作中的一种具体的著作，两者含义不同，已经不是三个概念，而是变成了四个概念，致使推理产生了错误。 ②中项在前提中至少周延一次。周延是在一个判断中对于主项和谓项是否全部断定，如全部断定就是周延，否则就是不周延。如果违反这条规则，就会犯“中项不周延”的错误。例如：劳模都参加了这次代表大会；刘波参加了这次代表大会；所以，刘波是劳模。 在这个推理中，大前提里，中项并没有全部断定，因为参加代表大会的并不一定都是劳模。在小前提里，中项也没有完全断定，因为出席代表大会的肯定不是只有刘波一个人。由于在大小前提中，中项都是不周延，所以，这个推理犯了“中项不周延”的错误（逻辑错误）。 ③在大前提中不周延的概念，在结论中也不能周延。否则就会造成“不当周延”的错误。例如：书记是做人的思想工作的；她不是书记；所以，她不是做人的思想工作的。在这个推理

2018版高考英语二轮(专用)训练题：推理判断题

专题限时集训(四) 阅读理解 训练4 推理判断题(Ⅰ) (对应学生用书第141页) A【导学号：38144027】 (2017·浙江金丽衢十二校联考二) I had prided myself on being unattached to any device before I got a smartphone. It's not a very fancy smartphone，but I was lost.It was used during commercial breaks，the line at the bank，the three minutes it takes for the popcorn to pop... I broke the most sacred technology rule I had with my kids —not in the bedroom.I didn't just take my smartphone in the bedroom.I charged it there. Soon，that device was the first thing that I grabbed after waking —checking the weather，the news，my e-mails，my messages，all before going to the bedroom or letting out the dog. Eventually，it moved from my purse to my pocket.I knew its weight and I knew when it was missing. There is a lot of downtime as a parent.I used to keep a book with me for these times; now I keep the smartphone.I opened apps without conscious thought－tap，tap，refresh，refresh...Even looking up when I was watching a game on a sports field became a challenge. Recently，I was waiting for my younger child's soccer game to start，trying to answer e-mails，text my husband，and update a website.The phone lost its signals before my updating the website. I drove home and made a beeline for the laptop.My oldest child sat across from me. I asked the standard Mom-question half-heartedly，half-listening as she responded.She was talking about some music opportunity，something she was excited about.I glanced up from my screen and saw her looking right at me. I started apologizing，but she smiled：“My friends are much better at multitasking online.”

高考英语阅读理解题型突破——判断推理类

09二轮专题1：阅读理解题型专项突破之三——推理判断 画川高级中学王文华 【命题特点】 这类题属于主观题，是层次较高的设题。它包括判断和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。所以，推理题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案：即对原文某一句话或某几句话所作的同义改写(paraphrase)或综合。 【常见考法】 推理题经常使用的提问方式有： It can be inferred/ concluded that___________. Which of the following conclusions can we draw according to the passage? In which of the following publication would this passage most likely be printed? The passage implies, but doesn't directly state that___________. The writer suggests that___________. What's the author's attitude toward___________? The writer probably feels that___________. The author uses the examples of... to show that___________. 判定推理是一种创造性的思维活动，但它并非无章可循。 推理判定题要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，把握文章的真正内涵。①要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础；②要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表入里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从非凡到一般，通过分析、综合、判定等，进行深层处理，符合逻辑地推理。不能就是论事，断章取义，以偏概全。③要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知。立足现在，猜测未来。不

2015考研英语阅读 推理判断题考点归纳

2015考研英语阅读推理判断题考点归纳 1、推理判断题的标志：infer，imply，suggest，All of the following/statements……NOT true/ correct/ mentioned EXCEPT 2. 应该每个选项都返回原文，找出出处 考生经常会在这种题型出错，其实主要就源于一个“懒”。 推理判断题经常四个选项是四个很长的句子，而且极有可能对应原文中截然不同的四个地方，考生就没有耐性一一定位。这是一种错误的方法，考生一定要每个选项都返回原文，找到相对应的考点。笔者接下来就考研经常在推理判断题中出现的考点做一个归纳总结。 A）正话反说： 这是考研的一个难点，即作者实际表达的意思和你读到的字面意思是相反的。很多考生没有真正理解文章意思，只停留在字面意思的理解，经常会选错答案。而正话反说又可以分为以下几类： Should：应该怎样？也就意味着实际上并没有那么干，也就是作者想表达的意思和字面意思相反。 It looks/sounds like/as if：看/听上去好像，实际并不是。如大纲样题（1997年真题第5篇）的首句“Much of the language used to describe monetary policy，such as ”steering the economy to a soft landing“ or ”a touch on the brakes“，makes it sound like a precise science.”下划线的字面意思直译“使之听上去好像一门精确的科学”，作者实际表达的意思货币政策并不是一门精确的科学。 虚拟语气：虚拟以所谓的反事实假设，即作者是既表达的意思和字面意思相反。如1996年第五篇的末句“And so it does - and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.”本句话字面意思直译是“如果理性成为创世论和进化论这场争 议的惟一评判标准，那么一切都会变得好了”，作者实际表达的意思就是理性既不是惟一评判标准，而今天情况也并不好。 让步论述：让步论述就是先假设作者观点负面成立，从而引发出一系列荒谬的、不合理的结局，倒过来再次论证作者自身观点的正确性。因为有假设能成立的过程，事实上并不能成立，因此字面意思和实际意思依然是相反的。如大纲样题（1997年第5篇）首段“Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen，a cracked rearview mirror and a faulty stee ring wheel.”如果把货币政策比成开汽车的话（前文论证过货币政策不能比喻成开汽车，这里就是假设其观点的负面成立），那么你就是开着一辆前挡风玻璃是黑的，后视镜是碎的，方向盘是坏的车（荒谬的不合理的结局）。倒过来论证货币政策不能比成开汽车。

阅读理解推理判断题的答题技巧

阅读理解推理判断题的答题技巧 主要考查学生对文章中隐含或深层的含意的理解能力。它要求考生根据文章内容做出合乎逻辑的推断，包括考生对作者观点的理解，态度的判断，对修辞、语气、隐含意思等的理解。题干关键词：infer(推断),indicate(象征；暗 示),imply/suggest(暗示),conclude(作出结论),assume(假定，设想)。 1.细节推理判断题 一般可根据短文提供的信息或借助生活常识进行推理判断，常见命题形式有： Itcanbeinferred/concludedfromthetextthat_____. Theauthorimplies/suggeststhat_____. Wemayinferthat_____. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisimpliedbutNOTstated? 2.预测推理判断题 根据语篇对文章接下来的内容或可能的结局进行猜测，常见命题形式有： Whatdoyouthinkwillhap penif/when…? Attheendofthispassage,thewritermightcontinuetowrite_____. 3.推测文章来源或读者对象 常见命题形式有：

Thepassageisprobablytakeoutof_____. Thepassagewouldmostlikelybefoundin_____. Wheredoesthistextprobablycomefrom? 4.写作意图、目的、态度推断题 作者的语气态度往往不会直接写在文章里，只能通过细读文章，从作者的选词及其修饰手段中体会出来。 询问写作目的的题，选项里常出现的词是：explain(解 释),prove(证明),persuade(劝说),advise(劝告),comment(评论),praise(赞扬),criticize(批评),entertain(娱 乐),demonstrate(举例说明),argue(辩论),tell(讲述),analyze(分析)等。 询问语气态度的题，选项里常出现的词是：neutral(中立的),sympathetic(同情的),satisfied(满意的),friendly(友好 的),enthusiastic(热情的),subjective(主观的),objective(客观的),matter-of-fact(实事求是的),pessimistic(悲观 的),optimistic(乐观的),critical(批评的),doubtful(怀疑 的),hostile(敌对的),indifferent(冷淡的),disappointed(失望的)。常见命题形式有： Thepurposeofthetextis_____. Whatisthemainpurposeoftheauthorwritingthetext? Bymentioning…,theauthoraimstoshowthat_____. Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowards…?

高三英语阅读理解-推理判断题解题策略+

高三英语阅读理解推理判断题命题方式与技巧点拨 高考英语阅读理解考纲关于阅读理解部分考纲要求： 阅读部分要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说 明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：（1）理解主旨要义；（2）理解文中具 体信息；（3）根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义；（4）做出判断和推理；（5）理解文章的基本结构；（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度。 高考英语阅读理解常见的设题形式有：细节理解题、推理判断题、词意猜测题、主 旨大意题。本节主要解决推理判断题解题策略。 推理判断题解题指导： ■考点突破 一、命题方式： 推理判断是指在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的 暗示，做出一定的判断和推理，从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程。主要考查 考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力以及考生的识别能力。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中 某一句话，也可能是某几句话，要求考生在遵循原文意义的基础上，对文章字面信息进 行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理，揭示其深层含义。 推理判断题的命题区间往往出现在以下几个方面： ◆文章或者段落的首尾部分。这一部分往往会引出文章的主题，总结全文或者全段 内容，通常也会设计推理判断题； ◆引言部分。议论文或者说明文中作者经常引用他人语言来支撑自己的观点，引用 的内容可能从正面或者反面来支持作者的观点，引文的字里行间隐含的渗透的内容往往 也是命题人设题的依据； ◆结论建议处。命题人往往在文章中出现the study suggests, the research indicates, the report shows 等类似结论、建议性表达方式时，此处通常是文章中提到的研究结果或者报 告的结论，命题人往往在此设置推理判断题 ◆表达观点态度处。在作者表达观点态度的地方往往设置推理判断题。文中出现 doubt, appreciate, hate, prefer ,against等表达观点态度的部分，以及一些带有感情色彩的特 殊句式，例如感叹句、反问句等。 1.细节推断 细节推断要求考生根据文章内容，推断具体的细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人 物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。考生 要把握文章的内在关系，理解文章的真正含义，然后作出判断。题干中常出现infer（推断），indicate（象征，暗示），imply（暗示），suggest（暗示）.conclude（作出结论），assume （假定，设想）等词。主要设题方式有： It can be inferred from the passage that________. The author strongly suggests that________ It can be concluded from the passage that________. The writer implies but not directly states that________

高考英语阅读理解之推理判断题

解密阅读理解之推理判断题 考点详解 推理判断题属于主观题，是层次较高的设题。它包括判断和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。所以，推理题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案：即对原文某一句话或某几句话所作的同义改写(paraphrase)或综合。常见的题干有： 1. It can be inferred from the text that… 2. We can conclude that… 3. When the writer talks about..., what he really means is that… 4. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? 从历年的高考阅读理解题分析来看，推理判断题所占的比例大概在7％-10％，一般可以归纳为五大题型：细节推断题、因果推断题、人物性格、预测想象推理题和写作意图推测题。下面就这五大类型的题目进行剖析： 题型一细节推断题： 常见的设问方式： It can be inferred from the passage/text that_________. The author mainly suggests that ________. It can be concluded from the passage that_______. The writer implies but not directly states _______. What does the author imply about newspapers? 细节判断题属于深层理解题，要求根据语篇内容，推断具体细节。做此类题目关键是要正确把握文章的内在关系，理解文章的真正含义，要忠实于原文，千万不能主观臆断，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。 干扰项特点：