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Thousands of years ago the ancient peoples found out that days were longer in summer than in winter, and nights were shorter. They knew that this had a great deal to do with the changes of the seasons and the growth of plants and animals. They determined through generations of painstaking observation that the day was shortest in the Northern Hemisphere on the 22nd of December, after which it gradually grew longer until the 21st of June, when the day was the longest in the year and the night was the shortest. After that, the day would begin to shorten again gradually. In the beginning, the actual dates of these two days had to be calculated for each individual year, and depended on what kind of calendar was being used.

The first calendar to fix these days on definite dates of the year was the solar calendar, which had 365 days in a year an d—every four year s—a “leap-year”with one extra day.

To an observer on earth, the sun seems to move farther and farther away from the equator to the north until on June 21st it seems to reach its furthest point north. Then it seems to “pause”for one day before it turns around and goes back. Then it goes further and further south until on December 22nd it appears to “pause” again for one day before swerving back north again. These two days are called the Summer Solstice and the Winter Solstice respectively.

Now we know that all this is caused by the movement of the earth around the sun. as the earth journeys around the sun, it spins on its own axis. This can be illustrated by a simple experiment. If you push a sharp stick through a rubber ball and twirl it with two fingers, the ball spins around I much the same way the earth is spinning at this very moment. The points where the stick comes through the ball correspond to the North and South Poles. If you twirl this ball at night directly in front of a bright light, you will notice that half the ball is lighted up while the other half is in the shade. That is just like our night and day. If you keep the stick strictly vertical to the light and twirl it at an even speed, any spot on the ball’s surface will be in the light and in the shade the same length of time.

If the earth were spinning just like this rubber ball, there would only be day and night on earth, but no seasons, and days would always be the same length as night s—12 hours each. But that is not how the earth spins. It spins with its axis tilted. Its axis is always at the angle to the plane of its orbi t—and angle of about 23.5 degrees.

It is this tilting that accounts for our four seasons and the lengthening and shortening of days and nights. For this reason also, the Equator (an imaginary line drawn around the earth at equal distance from the two poles) is not always directly under the sun’s rays. For six months the earth is tilted towards the sun, and the Northern Hemisphere gets more than its share of sunlight every day. Days are longer than nights, and what is more, the sun’s rays come down more perpendicularly instead of slanting down.

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Unit 4 Conversion（转换法）Drills 4.1.1a. 16. 绝不允许违反这个规则。 17．我无意让这件事是你厌烦。 18．激光视近年来最为轰动的成就之一，因为激光可以应用于许多科学领域，也适合于各种实际用途。 19．关切保护公共财物，应不限于仅防止盗窃与破坏。 20．我们反对一切侵略战争。 21．屠杀共和党人的事件，以及随之颁布的取缔报刊和结社权利的九月法令，都是他一手干出来的。 22．难怪老一辈的许多人见了这个就会想起三十六年前的往事。 23．必须明确承认国与国之间平等的原则。 24．这一发现开创了空气静力学这一门学科。 25．这样的岩石最适宜储存地下水。 26．这家商店有多种鞋帽可供选购。 27．总统竭力主张大大扩大导弹和空间计划。 28．要不是我能干重活，早就给辞退了。 29．两位领导人就中美关系和国际事务认真、坦率地交换了意见。 30．海洋法条约的谈判，经过六年的审议，实际上已与上周结束了。 31．演讲者号召人们打到帝国主义，消灭人剥削人的制度，解放中国和受压迫者。 32．从事诸如武装进攻、海上封锁和向武装恐怖分子集团提供援助之类的行动，都被认为是一种侵略。 33．第三代电子电路是沿着晶体管的发展趋势发展起来的。 34．本文结尾讨论了使用数学力学模型来研究地质构造成因的重要性。 35．这个王宫综合了不同时期的不同建筑风格。 36．这表示承认你个人的资格及贵国为国际合作所做的贡献。 37．每个国家需要什么来保卫自己的安全，只有它自己才能做出做好的决定。 38．人群一看见贵宾的车队，就关乎起来了。 39．要交流世界各国文化，就必须学习外语。 40．使用原子武器显然违反国际法。 41．他们慢慢地顺着北冰洋沿岸航行，一路仔细观察。 42．该国再三企图把这条原则说成是宣传花招。 43．晶体管是最近才发展起来的。 44．我们只有充分发挥人的主动性，才能更好地利用机器来改造自然。 Drills 4.1.1 b (1)加注S（主）或O（宾）并翻译。 1.我回忆布朗先生。O 2.林肯遇刺。O 3.他的记忆力很差。S 为纪念他而立的碑。O

《翻译英译汉》word版

翻译——英译汉 英译汉部分要求翻译单句, 而不是段落或篇章。考生首先要读懂句子,了解句子的语法结构、使用的固定词组、习惯用法及词与词之间的语义关系, 然后, 再正确分析原文的语言现象和逻辑关系,进行透彻的理解, 最后, 力图用简洁明了的汉语表达出原文的意思。因此, 考生有必要掌握一些基本的翻译技巧。 一、翻译技巧一 一般的英译汉考题不会只是简单句。我们在做题时, 首先要从语法入手, 找寻和确定句子大的框架结构, 通过分析把句中的从句和插入部分先排除掉, 明确句子结构有助于我们正确理解整句话的意思。 (一)重点分析句子结构 其实, 就英语的句子结构而言, 是有规律可循的。除去省略句、倒装句、感叹句和 一些特殊句子外, 英语句子的结构可归纳为三类: 1. to be句型: 主语 + be + 表语 Miss Jones is a manager. 琼斯小姐是位经理。 2. to do句型: 主语 + do + (宾语) + (状语) He teaches English in this school. 他在这所学校教英语。 3. there be句型: There be + 主语 + 状语 There are beautiful wildflowers in the hills. 山中有美丽的野花。 (二)确定语法现象和惯用结构 英译汉考题中常见的重点语法有: 时态、语态、主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、 同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句、动词不定式、动名词、分词、虚拟语气、倒装句、强调句等。考生要非常熟悉这些语法现象, 才不至于对句子产生误解。例如: ?Anyone who is interested in it can go with us. 对这事感兴趣的人可以跟我们去。(who引导定语从句修饰主语anyone) ?The problem discussed at yesterday’s meeting is very important. 昨天会上讨论过的那个问题非常重要。(过去分词短语作后置定语修饰主语the problem) ?You could have done better if you had been more careful. 要是细心一点的话，你就会做得更好。(if 引导虚拟语气的条件状语从句) ?Hardly had I said that when she entered the room. 我刚说完，她就进来了。(倒装句, 否定词hardly位于句首, 助动词had 放在主语I之前 ) ?It was not until last night that I noticed this matter. 直到昨晚我才注意到这件事。(强调句: It was not until+强调成分+that句子其 余成分)

经典英文段落翻译__英译汉15篇

1.意大利著名旅行家马可。波罗曾这样叙述他印象中的杭州：“这是世界上最美妙迷人的城市，它使人觉得自己社在天堂。”在中国，也流传着这样的话：“上有天堂，下有苏杭。”杭州的名气主要在于风景如画的西湖。西湖一年四季都美不胜收，宋代著名诗人苏东坡用“淡妆浓抹总相宜”的诗句来赞誉西湖。在杭州，您可以饱览西湖的秀色，也不妨漫步街头闹市，品尝一下杭州的名菜名点，还可购上几样名特土产。 The famous Italian traveler Marco Pole was so impressed by the beauty of Hangzhou that he described it as “the mist fascinating city in the world where one feels that one is in paradise.” In China, there has been a century-old popular saying praising the city: In Heaven there is Paradise; on Earth there are Suzhou and Hangz hou.” Hangzhou’s fame lies mainly in its picturesque West Lake. As it is beautiful all the year round, the West Lake was compared by Su Dongpo, a celebrated poet of the Song Dynasty, to a beauty “who is always charming in either light or heavy makeup.” In Hangzhou, you will not only find the lake a perfect delight to the eye but also find it a joy to stroll along the busy streets, taste famous Hangzhou dishes and buy some special local products. 2.在设备制造期间，雇主的代表有权对根据合同提供的全部工程设备的材料和工艺进行检查、研究和检验，同时检查其制造进度。这一切应在工作时间内于承包商的工厂里进行。如果工程设备正在其它第三方工厂制造，承包商应为卖方代表获得他能在该工厂进行此类检查、研究和检验的许可。此类检查、研究或检验不应解除承包商在合同中的任何义务。 The Employer’s representative shall be entitled during manufacture to inspect, examine and test the materials and workmanship and check the progress of manufacture of all Plants to be supplied under the Contract. This shall take place on the Contractor’s promises during working hours. If the plant is being manufactured on other premises, the Contractor shall obtain permission for the Employer’s representative to carry out such inspection, examination and testing on those premises. 3. 雇主或项目经理提交给承包商的雇主的图纸，技术规格以及其它资料仍应为雇主的财产。除非是为了合同的需要，未经雇主同意，承包商不得使用、复制这些材料或将之传递给第三方。 承包商应对承包商的图纸中的任何错误或遗漏负责，除非他们可归因与雇主或项目经理提供的不正确的雇主图纸或其它书面资料。项目经理对承包商的图纸的批准不应解除本款规定的承包商的任何责任。 The Employe r’s drawings, specification and other information submitted by the Employer or the Project Manager to the Contractor shall remain the property of the Employer. They shall not, without the consent of the Employer, be used, copied or communicated to a third party by the Contractor unless necessary for the purposes of the Contract. The Contractor shall be responsible for any errors or omissions in the Contractor’s Drawings unless they are due to incorrect Employer’s Drawings or other written information supplied by the Employer or the Project Manager. Approval by the Project Manager of the Contractor’s drawings shall not relieve the Contractor from any responsibility under this Sub-Clause.

北外口译翻译技巧资料(英译汉)

英译汉 Chapter One 词义的选择、引申和褒贬 一．词义的选择 （一）根据词性 He likes physics. They are shining like gold. Like knows like. (二) 根据上下文联系 He is the last man to do it. He should be the last to blame. He is the last man to come. He is the last person for such a job. 二．词义的引申 （一）将词义做抽象化的引申 1．将表示具体形象的词译成该形象代表的属性 Every life has its roses and thorns.每个人的生活有甜有苦。 There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of them. 他们的性格既残暴，又狡猾。 2．将带有特征性形象的词译成该形象所代表的词 see-sawing between partly good and faintly bad 时好时坏这两种情况不断地交替出现 Their troops goosestepped into power. 他们的军队耀武扬威地夺取了政权。 （二）将词义做具体化的引申 The car in front of me stopped and I missed the green. 我前面的车停下来了，我错过了绿灯。 三．词义的褒贬 （一）英语中有些词本身具有褒贬意义 He was a man of high renown. 他是位有名望的人。 His notoriety didn’t come until his death. 他的恶名是他死后才传开的。 （二）中立意义的词在上下文中译出褒贬 The politician talked about his hopes and ambitions. 我们要求他谈了他的希望和抱负 He had lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds. 他欺骗了我，使我成了他进行罪恶勾当的工具。 练习: Information technology will be at the heart of global economic competition in the 21st century.

英语统考英译汉

在线自测题-英译汉 请把下列英语句子翻译成汉语 1.John and his brother differ in personality even if their differences in age are not significant. 2. We are getting ready for our English examination. 3. We must take some measures to control the pollution. 4. You'll find in English some words can be remembered more easily than the others. 5. People use science knowledge to understand and change nature. 6. The doctor told me to have more water. 7. There's a party at my house this Friday. 8. I need to buy some 50-cent stamps. 9. All that glitters is not gold. 10. I can't go with you today because I'm too busy. 11. You and your team can discover the answers to problems together. 12. I'll write to you as soon as I get there. 13. Stay here before I get back. 14. I've been so busy lately，I haven't had time to call anybody. 15. We have made little progress. 16. Transistors are small in size and light in weight. 17. It is certain that we shall produce this kind of engine. 18. Please call me back when you are free. 19.The more money I make, the happier I will be. 20. Ted and William have lived under the same roof for five years. 21. I'm thinking about a visit to Paris. 22. I'm certain he'll go to see the film, because he's bought a ticket. 23.He is thinking about moving to a new place. 24. In Foreign Language Department, a checking machine is used to correct the student’s test pape rs. 25. They sold the old house yesterday. 26. Hi. What can I get for your dinner, sir? 27. Without water, there is no life on the earth. 28.When I was young, I’d listen to the radio, waiting for my favorite songs. 29.I came here at least once a month. 30. She looks lovely when she is happy. 31. He keeps looking at himself in the mirror. 32. I do want to know what really happened. 33. You are clever enough to pass the exam. 34. Once all the information is completed, you sign here. 35. Okay,and I need a pen to fill out the address. 36.It’s always a pleasure to see many friends here in London. 37. The polluted air becomes poisonous and dangerous to health.

英译汉-中文译文资料

运用故障树分析方法分析Schoharie小河桥梁垮塌事件Keary H. LeBeau, P.E., S.M.ASCE1; Sara J. Wadia-Fascetti, M.ASCE2 1作者联系方式：邮箱地址：klebeau@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/8a2171241.html, 摘要：美国已经发生了一些桥梁坍塌导致人员伤亡的事件。其中一个失败的例子就是什科哈里溪特大桥(1987年)，激发了对桥梁管理有关政策和程序的改善。本文运用事故树分析的方法对桥梁坍塌事件做了详细地审查。故障树是用图形描绘了各种导致恶果的故障的路径。它会将船舶碰撞到火灾等一系列灾难性的事件考虑进去。故障树还提供了定量评估和比较不同的失效机制。分析结果显示，在现实根源中冲刷是桥梁坍塌的根本原因。特别是在类似桥型的桥梁管理知识上，允许存在只专注关键环节的漏洞。对过去的桥坍塌事件的认识提醒着现在的做决策的桥梁工程师和管理人员，要促进公众的安全和结构的保护。吸取经验教训，有助于在未来避免类似的灾难性事件的发生。 CE数据库关键词：桥梁；故障；复原；坍塌 介绍 纵观历史，灾难性的桥梁坍塌事件已经发生，造成人类生命的损失，商业的中断，巨大的维修费用。桥梁是我们国家基础设施的重要环节，必须加以保护，以便为公众提供安全性和可维护性。桥梁的设计应不断提高，维护和复原方案应该保护这些宝贵的资产。对过去发生的桥梁坍塌事件的深入审查，为今天的结构工程师和桥梁管理者提供了宝贵的知识和见解。 本文是介绍使用故障树分析方法分析过去发生的Schoharie小河大桥坍塌事件。除了直观简化地将桥梁作为一个系统，故障树定性描述了导致故障发生的不同路径，对其逻辑关系进行对比分析。建立故障树并对其进行评估来替代故障场景。 故障树模型的桥梁垮塌 故障树提供了一种塑造复杂系统的方法(在这种情况下，该系统是一个桥)，考虑系统不同组成部分之间的相互作用，为建立系统水平的失效概率评价模型提供了一种方法(Sianipar 和Adams 1997；约翰逊1999)。它确定故障路径和关键要素，如桥墩基础。一个故障树的优点是它能够通过图形化描述和布尔代数推出桥梁系统相互的逻辑关系。这座桥可以塑造它的全部，包括元素的相互作用、冗余、恶化的机制，如腐蚀和疲劳，以及环境因素。表1提供了故障树中使用的符号解释。 对桥梁管理的需求和目标而言，关键故障的路径的知识是有用的。物理推理的桥梁设计师运用失效机理的相对重要的信息，能够提高恢复现在桥梁和未来的桥梁的设计。此外，对桥梁状况进行评估时，易出故障的元素对现场监察者来说是很重要的。故障树的状态评估信息也可以决定维修桥梁时的优先次序。 虽然Schoharie小河大桥坍塌事件发生的十分突然，但是桥梁灾难性的瞬间坍塌时没有办法的。下面应用故障树分析法分析Schoharie小河大桥的坍塌来说明事件的恶化，最终导