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大学英语段落写作思路

段落是围绕并发展主题句的一组意思连贯而且完整的句子的组合。段落基本上由三个部分构成：第一部分是一句或两句主题句（topic sentence）点出段落的中心思想；第二部分是若干个展开句（developing sentence）———说明、支持或阐述中心思想；第三部分是结尾句（concluding sentence）———作出结论。每一段落只能有一个主题来表达该段的中心思想，其余句子都用来说明、支持这一主题，最后用结尾句得出结论。请看下面一段文字。

Slavery in the United States existedal most unchanged for 250 years．During this time most slaves were not allowed to marry or to raise a family．Usually they were not allowed to learn to read．It was very dangerous for a slave to travel，since even free blacks could be kidnapped and sold at any time．Under these conditions，it was almost impossible for them to organize to help each other．

本段第一句为主题句，第二、三、四句为展开句，最后一句为结尾句。

我们可以把段落的组织结构用下图来表示：

一、如何写好段落的主题句

主题句是对段落中心思想的概括，具有统率全段的作用，它可以位于段落的开头、中间或结尾。但通常应位于段落的开头。写主题句时应该注意以下几点：

1确定主题的方向和范围。

一个段落只能有一个主题。例如：“the advantages of watching television”这个主题就完全可以用一段文字来叙述。但如果题目扩展为：“the ad-vantages and disadvantages of watching television”，那么就需要用两段文字分别加以论述。因为其中含有两个主题，即“advantages”和“disadvantages”。

段落主题的大小一定要适当，比如“solar energy”这个主题对一段文字来说过大，单个段落根本无法说明清楚。若将其缩小为“the solar water heater installed at building 39”就更适合段落主题了。

缩小主题范围的方法很多，其中一种就是挑选涉及范围较广的主题的某个具体方面，或用时间、地点对其加以限制。如：

主题过大→较大→具体

public transportation→the subway system→the subway line in Beijing

gardening→vegetable gardening→grow ing carrots

animals→dogs→the dog I bought yesterday

2主题必须是段落内容的浓缩，它必须具备展开，即进一步说明的可能。

如果过于具体，则很难对之加以论述。如：“The Sony word processor

costs 40．”就过于具体。若改成“The Sony word processor is an efficient machine．” 就比较好。

3．一个主题定好后，即选定几个关键词（key words）来组成主题句。

这些关键词必须能够充分表达主题的方向和范围。例如：我们确定的主题的方向是一段讲述“发现控制癌症新方法”，那么我们就会选其关键词“control cancer”和“new way”，因此，该段的英文主题句可写为：“A new way of controlling cancer has been developed．”或“There is a new way of controlling cancer．”

4．主题句应尽量使用简洁明了的句子，以便直接而清晰地表明中心思想或主题。

如果使用较复杂的句型或复合结构，有时倒会造成理解上的困难。试比较下列几句同一意义的主题句：

句1：In the United States，the system offorced labor，which was known as slavery lasted almost 250 years．

句2：In the United States，the system offorced labor lasted almost 250 years．

句3：Slavery lasted almost 250 years in the United States．

句1有一个修饰forced labor的定语从句，显得很累赘；句2删去了这个定语从句，不但不影响主题句的意义，反比句1简洁多了；句3的措词造句，既简洁又清晰，一目了然。

再看另一个例子：

句4：Pride and Prejudice was a book which in my opinion I enjoyed reading verym uch．（复杂而又冗长）

句5：I enjoyed reading Pride and Prejudice very much．（直接又清晰）

句5较句4简明。而且，表示人物思想感情的句子，用人作主语要比以物作主语更加有力和富于感情色彩。

二、如何写好段落的展开句

展开句是用来支持或说明主题句的句子。写作时应该注意以下几点：

1避免写出与主题句不相关的句子。

段落中的每一句都必须紧紧围绕主题句，即保持统一性，也就是我们通常所说的“切题”。例如：

We never had enough time to eat lunch in high school：half of the time I'd get a stomachache from hurriedly wolfing down the food．The food was lousy，anyway，and the kitchen was in poor condition．We complained to the administration，but it didn't do any good．

本段的主题句为“We never had enough time to eat lunch in high school”，而展开句的第二句却谈起了糟糕的伙食“lousy food”，这显然与主题无关。

2正确使用过渡性词语，使段落具有连贯性。

过渡性词语是一些关系引导词，用来作为连接手段，能使文章通顺连贯。过渡性词语不仅能承上启下，还能转折上下文的语气，加强句子之间的逻辑关系，从而把整段文字连成一体。试比较以下两段文字：

A：There are reasons why I like to fish．I enjoy the pull of a big fish at the other end of the line．My enjoyment increases if the fish is in the deep waters of a lake．The hope of catching a big one lures me to the lesser known pool sand the cool waters near some hidden rock．I like the quiet under the open sky away from the weekend campers and vacationists．

B：I prefer the last reason．

There are three reasons why I like to fish．First，I enjoy the pull of a big fish at the other end of the line．Moreover，my enjoyment increases if the fish is in the deep waters of a lake．Second，the hope of catching a big one lures me to the lesser known pools and the cool waters near some hidden rock．Finally，I like the quiet under the open sky away from the weekend campers and vacationists．Of the three reasons，I prefer the last．

上面两段文字内容相同，不同的是A段因未使有过渡性词语，读起来显得缺乏条理，不流畅。而B段落使用了过渡性词语，表达得井井有条。

过渡性词语常用于句首、句中，常见的有以下几种：

（1）表示时间（time）或顺序（sequence）：

after，and so forth，at last，eventually，finally，first，first of all，lately，since，then，soon，later，recently．．．

（2）表示空间（space）：

above，across，against，around，before，behind，below，beneath，close to，next to，oppositeto，over，under，on．．．

（3）表示因果（cause and effect）：

accordingly，as a result，because，consequently，due to，hence，so，thus，therefore，in this way．．．

（4）表示比较（comparison）或对比（contrast）：

although，but，even so，however，in contrast，instead，likewise，nevertheless，like，on the contrary，similarly，whereas．．．

（5）表示举例（example）或例证（illustration）：

a case in point，for example，for instance，namely，that is，such as，as an illustration．．．

（6）表示强调（em phasis）

again，also，anyway，besides，furthermore，in addition，in fact，in particular，moreover，of course，indeed，truly．．．

（7）表示结论（conclusion）或总结（summary）：

as has been noted，in brief，in conclusion，in short，in summary，to conclude，tosum up，in the whole．．．

（To be continued）

3．尽量混合使用简单句、并列句和复合句，以避免句型单调。

请看下面两段文字：

A．The old man began to tell us the story of his life．He was fifteen．He ran away to the sea．He traveled to South America，China，and Australia．Then he was too old to work．He came to this country to live with relatives．Now he thinks all the time about the“good old days”．He was young then．

B．The old man began to tell us the story of his life．When he was fifteen，he ran away to the sea．He traveled to South America，China and Australia．When he was too old to work，he came to this country to live with relatives．Now he thinks all the time about the“good old days” when he was young．

在上述两段文字中，A段仅用了八个简单句，显得单调，无韵味。而在B

段中，简单句和复合句交叉使用，使句子结构更清晰，内容更有趣，读者读起来也不觉得乏味。

4.符合时间顺序（time order），使文章一目了然。

下面这段文章就是按事物发展的时间顺序来写的。它清楚地交待了“我”从一个孩子变成一个画家的发展过程。

Ever since I was a child，I had wanted to study art．Since my adolescence，I used to draw whenever I could．Ten years ago，when I was eighteen years old，I came to the United States．At first I studied only English．Then I went to art school．After graduation I began to win prizes from my paintings．Finally I became very rich．5．符合空间顺序（space order）。

描写事物时，应该按照事物发生的地点（location）及相互空间关系（spatial relationship）排列，从近及远，或从远到近，或从上到下，或从下到上，或由里及外，或由四周到中央，或从一边到另一边。例如：

In the western suburbs of the city of Wuhan，there stands a small town．That is my hometown．To the south of the small town，there is a little river，on the bank of which many trees are flourishing ．At some distance to the north，there rises a hill which is called Flower Hill，on which there are many big trees and beautiful flowers．这段文章就是采取从南向北、由近及远的写法，介绍了小镇的环境、风景等情况，使读者一目了然。

6.用定义（definition）来解释段落的主题。

当段落的主题要解释“what”时，可用下定义的方法来说明。通常，定义有两种。一种为广义的定义，即词典上的定义，是概括性的，而且比较正式。另一种

是狭义的定义，即个人的定义，因为这种定义凭个人的感觉，故有因时，因地，因人而异。一般表示定义的步骤有两个，即先分类———先论其概性，再详述特性———更详细地描述其特征。例如：A wristwatch is used to tell the time．（手表是用来报时的工具。）先分类然后再详述其特征，才能分辨清楚什么是wristwatch：A ristwatch is used to tell the time．It is worn ontwrist．．．

7．用因果推理（cause and effect）的方法说明段落主题。

当段落的主题要解释“why”时，可用因果推理的方法来说明。因与果之间关系主要有以下四种：

（1）一因一果，即一个原因产生一种结果。例如：Tom coughed badly because he smoked too much．

（2）一因多果，即一项原因产生多项结果。例如：Because I caught a cold yesterday，I sneeze all the time，my head hurts，and my eyes ache．

（3）多因一果，即多项原因产生一项结果。例如：He has been prom- oted because he is able and industrious．

（4）多因多果，即多项原因产生多项结果。例如：Because there was a flat tire and the emergency brake failed to hold，the robber's car fell down off the cliff and hit a big rock．

8．用比较和对比（comparison and contrast）说明段落主题。

当段落的主题是要指出两件事物的相同点（similarities）和不同点（differences）时，可用比较和对比的方法来说明，但比较或对比的两件事必须属于同一类别。用比较和对比说明，有两种形式：

（1）两项事物分别描述，即先列出所有比较的细节，然后列出对比的细节。例如：

A．Colour TV B．Black and White TV

a．appearance a．appearance

b．cost b．cost

c．picture c．picture

（2）两项事物同时逐点描述，即比较或对比细节交叉进行。例如：

A．appearance B．cost C．picture

a．color TV a．________a．_________

b．black and b．________b．_________

white TV

9．用举例或例证（example and illustration）说明段落主题。

一段文字仅有理论性的论点是不够的，还需要实例来支持或证明论点，以实例来说明主题。例如：

There are several advantages of learning to type．For example，typing is faster and less tiring than writing．Typed paper is neater，and it helps you get better grades．Besides，learning to type can help you find a summer or part-time job easily．10．用综合手段说明主题，即同时使用两种以上的写作法，这在写作中是十分常见的。例如：

Women are really poor drivers．Once，as I was driving up to an intersection，the car in front of me stopped short．I slammed on my brakes and narrowly avoided a collision．Since the light was green，I honked my horn in an attempt to get the lady to move．As shestarted to roll slowly forward，the light changed to yellow．She im mediately put on her brakes and stopped in the middle of the intersection．I stopped a short distance behind her to enable her to back up．The next thing I knew，the lady's car was moving backwards toward mine at about 60 miles per hour．Before I evenhad time to honk my horn again，she slammed into my car，giving me a painful whiplash injury．

这段文字使用了时间顺序、空间顺序和举例说明三种方法。

三、如何写好段落的结尾句

结尾句是总结段落主题的句子，其位置应在一段文章的结尾。写好结尾句应把握以下两点：

1.把握主题句中的关键词。例如：

Our old neighbourhood has been greatly changed．When I last visited there，about half the homes had been torn down to make way for a superhighway．The remaining buildings were plastered with billboards and surrounded by traffic signs and litter．Now the whole neigh-bourhood has become dirty，noisy，and full of cars．主题句中的关键词为：neighbourhood，changed。

2．回答主题句中所暗示的问题。

如上文的结尾句回答了主题句所暗示的问题：How is the neighbourhood different？

每一段除了要注意上述技巧外，还要注意段落里句子的时态、语态、人称、数等的正确运用。段首句的主语通常是文章中的主要角色，后面句子的主语应该与这个主语保持一致，时态也应前后呼应、一致。（End）

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