(完整版)考博英语作文参考范文五篇.doc

2018 年考博英语作文参考范文【五篇】

导读：本文 2018年考博英语作文参考范文【五篇】，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。

01 Schooling and Education

It is commonly believed in United States that school is where people go to get an education.Nevertheless ， it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go

to school. The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important.

Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling. Education knows no bounds. It can take place anywhere ， whether in the shower or in the job ， whether in a kitchen or on a tractor. It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning. The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio ，from a child to a distinguished scientist. Whereas schooling has a certain predictability ， education quite often produces surprises.

A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions.

People are engaged in education from infancy on. Education ，then ，is a very broad ， inclusive term. It is a lifelong process ，a process that starts long before the start of school ，and one that should be an integral part of one ’s entire life.

Schooling ， on the other hand ，is a specific ，formalized process ， whose general pattern varies little from one setting

to the next. Throughout a country ， children arrive at school at approximately the same time ， take assigned seats ， are taught by an adult ， use similar textbooks ， do homework ，take exams ，and so on. The slices of reality that are to be learned ， whether they are the alphabet or a understanding of

the working of government，have usually been limited by the

boundaries of the subject being taught. For example ， high school students know that there not likely to find out in their

classes the truth about political problems in their communities

or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with. There

are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of

schooling.

02 The Language of Music

A painter hangs his or her finished pictures on a wall ，and

everyone can see it. A composer writes a work ， but no one

can hear it until it is performed. Professional singers and players have great responsibilities ， for the composer is utterly dependent on them. A student of music needs as long

and as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor. Most training is concerned with technique ， for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer. Singers

practice breathing every day ， as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support. String players practice moving the fingers of the left

hand up and down ， while drawing the bow to and fro with

the right arm—two entirely different movements.

Singers and instruments have to be able to get every note

perfectly in tune. Pianists are spared this particular anxiety ，for the notes are already there ， waiting for them ，and it is the piano tuner’ s responsibility to tune the instrument for them.

But they have their own difficulties; the hammers that hit the

string have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion，and each overlapping tone has to sound clear.

This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts

student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound ， and they have to aim at

controlling these sound with fanatical but selfless authority.Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding. Great artists are those

who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that

they can enjoy performing works written in any century.

03 The Definition of “ Price ”

Prices determine how resources are to be used. They are

also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers. The price system of

the United States is a complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as

well as those of a myriad of services ， including labor ，professional ， transportation ， and public-utility services.

The interrelationships of all these prices make up the “ system ”of prices. The price of any particular product or

service is linked to a broad which everything seems everything else. ，complicated system of prices in

to depend more or less upon

If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define“ pricemany would”，reply that price is

an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a

product or service or ， in other words that price is the money

values of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction. This definition is， of course ， valid as far as it goes. For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction ， much more than the amount of money involved

must be known. Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount ， but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged ，the time and place at which the exchange will take place and

payment will be made ， the form of money to be used ， the credit terms and discounts that apply to the transaction ，guarantees on the product or service ， delivery terms ， return privileges ， and other factors.

In other words ，both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total“package ”being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order

that they may evaluate a given price.

04 Electricity

The modern age is an age of electricity. People are so used

to electric lights ， radio ， televisions ， and telephones that it is

hard to imagine what life would be like without them. When

there is a power

failure ， people grope about in flickering candlelight ， cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic lights to guide them ， and food spoils in silent refrigerators.

Yet， people began to understand how electricity works

only a little more than two centuries ago.Nature has apparently been experimenting in this field for million of years. Scientists are discovering more and more that the living world

may hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit humanity.

All living cell send out tiny pulses of electricity. As the heart beats ， it sends out pulses of record; they form an electrocardiogram ， which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart is working. The

brain ， too ， sends out brain waves of electricity ， which can be recorded in an electroencephalogram.

The electric currents generated by most living cells are extremely small–often so small that sensitive instruments are needed to record them. But in some animals ， certain muscle cells have become so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as muscle cells at all. When large numbers of

these cell are linked together ， the effects can be astonishing.

The electric eel is an amazing storage battery. It can seed a

jolt of as much as eight hundred volts of electricity through the water

in which it live. ( An electric house current is only one hundred twenty volts.) As many as four-fifths of all the cells in

the electric eel ’ s body are specialized for generating electricity ，and the strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughly to length of its body.

05 The Beginning of Drama

There are many theories about the beginning of drama in

ancient Greece. The on most widely accepted today is based

on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual. The argument for this view goes as follows. In the beginning ，human beings viewed the natural forces of the world-even the

seasonal changes-as unpredictable，and they sought through various means to control these unknown and feared powers.

Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results

were then retained

and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals. Eventually

stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites. As time passed some rituals were abandoned ，but the stories ，later called myths ， persisted and provided material

for art and drama.

Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music ， dance ，masks ， and costumes were almost always

used ， Furthermore ， a suitable site had to be provided for performances and when the entire community did not participate ，a clear division was usually made between the "acting area" and the "auditorium." In addition ， there were performers ，and ，since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites ，religious leaders usually assumed that task. Wearing masks and costumes ， they often impersonated other people ，animals ， or supernatural beings ， and mimed the desired effect-success in hunt or battle ， the coming rain ， the revival of the Sun-as an actor might. Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities.

Another theory traces the theater ‘ origins from the human interest in storytelling. According to this vies tales (about the hunt ，war ， or other feats) are gradually elaborated ， at first through the use of impersonation ， action ，and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption

of each of the roles by a different person. A c losely related

theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds.

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2. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents are the best teachers. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Obviously, the earliest teachers we have in our lives in most cases are our parents, and they are generally the most involved in the development and education of their children. Yet neither are all parents good teachers nor are those good parents the best teachers. First of all, not all parents are good teachers. As normal individuals, some parents more or less have bad habits. Even though parents almost instinctively devote themselves to cultivating their offspring, the outcome might turn out to be disappointment, for all children tend to unconsciously or subconsciously copy every thing from their parents. Another deficiency of parents as teachers is the fact that most parents are lack of common senses of education. All too often we observe some parents tend to pursue their cherished but failed dream by forcing their children to develop in a prearranged direction. Ironically, if their children did not follow the instructions, the children would be regarded as disobedient or allegedly rebellious. In fact, it is parents rather than their children that virtually disobey common senses. Moreover, some parents are qualified as good teachers, but not all of them are the best ones. When children are in the preliminary school, it is not surprising that parents are capable of teaching their children almost every subject even better than professional teachers in the school. But the situation will not last long. We live in a world where knowledge is accumulated by multiplying and at the same time becomes more and more specialized. Therefore, to be a professional in a certain field today takes much longer time than ever before. No parent is able to be professional in all fields, though they might be experts in one or more fields. Wise parents often release rather than charge their children as early as possible. They are aware of the possibility outside the family. Parents may, nevertheless, help their children much more than do good teachers. Most parts of children education are virtually beyond teachers' reaches. It is parents that supplement. Psychology studies have shown us that parents' love sometimes has astonishingly magic power to their children. Albert Einstein's mother and Forest Gump's mother are both good examples. On the other hand, parents might do their children harm more than do bad teachers as well. The natures of those children whose parents have divorced are often severely distorted. In a word, it is rather superficial to simply say that parents are the best teachers. [404 words] 4. It has been said, "Not everything that is learned is contained in books." Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why? Both experiences and books are very essential resources, and both of them have relevant merits. Experiences are the most direct resources we ever have. Almost our every basic skill came from experiences, such as walking, articulating, reading even thinking. Without experiences, some natural born abilities even might lose. Studies have shown that a baby who was robbed by animals into forest for 12 years lost his ability to talk in human language. Furthermore, it is generally accepted that each and every skill develops by experiences, and that's why people always say practice makes perfect. Books are valuable when knowledge is beyond the scope of our experiences. Perhaps the most obvious examples are those fluent writers. They write various stories, the scopes of which are far beyond any individual's experiences. Take Joyce Carol Oates for example, her productivity has been prodigious, accumulating in less than two decades to nearly thirty titles, including novels, collections of short stories and verse, plays and literary criticism. Although some of them appear to come from her own direct observations, her dreams, and her fears, much more is clearly from the experiences of others. Her fictive world remains strikingly akin to that real one reflected in the daily newspapers, the television news and talk shows, and the popular magazines of our day. Yet either experiences or books may give us wrong information. Our direct observations always are subject to our beliefs, hopes, fears, expectations, and our bias, which might make observations unreliable. People vary in their powers of observation, and the reliability of our observations is no better than the reliability of our memories, which as we know can be deceptive. Information printed in papers sometimes is unreliable either, it may be misprinted, or even deliberately distorted. For example, Definitions such as Marxism, Capitalism, Zionism are totally different in the Oxford Learner's Dictionary of Current English between the original edition and the sanctioned Russian edition. 1

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