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增词译法

增词译法
增词译法

第三章词法翻译

四、增词译法(Amplification)

英汉两种语言,由于表达方式不尽相同,翻译时有可能要在词量上加以增减。增词法就是在翻译时按照意义上(或修辞上)和句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实通顺的表达原文的思想内容。

不是无中生有的随意增词,而是增加原文中虽无其词但有其意的词。

一、根据句法上的需要增词

(一)增补原文答句中的省略部分

1. Is this your book Yes, it is.

这是你的书吗是我的。

(Yes, it is. = Yes, it is mine.)

2. Do you love him Yes, of course I do.

你爱他吗我当然爱他。

(Yes, of course I do. = Yes, of course I love him.)

(二)增补原文句子中所省略的动词

1. He remembered the incident, as had his wife.

他记得这件事,他的妻子早就记起来了。

2. I believed it too. But I don’t now.

过去我也是相信的。可是现在,我不相信了。

3. We don’t retreat, we never have and never will.

我们不后退,我们从来没有后退过,将来也决不后退。

4. I fell madly in love with her, and she with me.

我狂热地爱上了她,她也狂热地爱上了我。

5. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.

读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,写作使人准确。

6. An eagle and a fox had long lived together as good neighbors; the eagle at the summit of a high tree, the fox in a hole at the foot of it.

一只鹰和一只狐狸长期友好的住在一起,鹰住在一棵高高的树顶上,狐狸住在树下一个洞里。

7. Many people can bear adversity, but few contempt.

很多人能够忍受逆境,但很少人能忍受被人轻视。

(三)增补原文比较句中的省略部分

1. The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were their own mistress.

仆人们愿意服侍她,就像他们愿意服侍他们的女主人一样。

2. Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.

从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好。

3. The Chinese way of co-operations is more inventive than others.

中国的合作方式比别国的合作方式更有特色。

(四)增补原文含蓄条件句中的省略部分

1. We didn’t admit it (escape) was impossible. To do so would have been to surrender one of our few hopes.

我们并不认为越狱是不可能的。如果承认越狱不可能,那就等于把仅存的一点希望也放弃了。

2. At the time of Kennedy’s assassination, Kissinger felt that a second term would have led either to greatness or to disaster.

肯尼迪遇刺时,基辛格认为,如果肯尼迪再任一届总统的话,大概不是立大功,就是闯大祸。

3. In agreeing to what was already the status quo, he would have had far more to gain than to lose.

假如他已经同意接受现状的话,对他来说就会是得多失少了。

4. He could accept a passive opposition from his loyalists, but an open one would have dire consequences.

忠于他的那些人在消极反对他,这点他可以接受。但是如果他们公然反对,那后果就可怕了。

二、根据意义上、修辞上或逻辑上的需要增词

(一)增加动词

1. In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he still had to work on the drafting of the final communique.

晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会和观看乒乓球表演之后,他还得起草最后公报。

2. In spite of yesterday’s rainstorm the crops lay lush and green in the early light.

尽管昨天遭受了暴风雨的袭击,庄稼在晨曦中还是显得郁郁葱葱。

(二)增加形容词

1. With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism!

中国人民正在以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊!

2. There are friends and friends.

朋友有多种。有益友,有损友。

3. All one needed was one lucky break and the doors would open.

一个人只要交上一次好运,从此幸运的大门就会打开。

(三)增加副词

1. The crowds melted away.

人群渐渐散开了。

2. As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.

他一坐下来就讲开了,滔滔不绝地讲个没完。

3. In the fairy tales, all too often it was the same one: the prince meets the princess;

they fall in love; marry each other and live happily together.

在童话故事里,总是老一套:王子和公主始而相遇,继而相爱,最后结婚并幸福的生活在一起。

4. Poor people, when they are suffering from acute hunger and severe cold, are not more unhappy than rich people: they are often much happier.

当穷人受着饥饿与严寒,他们并不见得比富人更不快乐。相反地,他们通常比富人快乐得多。

5. But they still came, by car, by donkey and on foot. Thousands came from other Arab countries.

但是他们仍然源源不断前来,有的乘汽车,有的骑毛驴,有的步行。成千的人丛别的阿拉伯国家赶来。

6. They lingered long over his letter.

他们久久地反复玩味着他的来信。

(四)增加名词

I. 在不及物动词后面增加名词

1. to wash before meal / to wash after getting up / to wash before going to bed

饭前洗手 / 起床后洗脸 / 睡前洗脚

2. Mary washed for a living after her husband died.

玛丽在丈夫去世后靠给人洗衣服维持生活。

3. Day after day he came to his work---sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.

他每天来干活—扫地,擦地板,收拾房间。

4. Then Li eutenant Grub launched into the old recruiting routine, “See, save and serve! …”

于是,格拉布上尉开始说起招兵的老一套了:“见见世面,攒点钱,为国家出点力。…”

II. 在形容词前增加名词

1. This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.

这部打字机真是价廉物美。

2. A new kind of aircraft---small, cheap, pilotless---is attracting increasing attention.

一种新型飞机正越来越引起人们的注意—这种飞机体积小,价格便宜,无人驾驶。

3. He is a complicated man---moody, with a melancholy streak.

他是一个性格复杂的人—喜怒无常,忧郁寡欢。

III. 在抽象名词后增加名词

1. The government was taking measures to improve the backwardness in that area.

政府正在采取措施改善那个地区的落后状态。

2. The teacher was trying hard to ease the students’ dissatisfaction.

那个老师正在努力安抚学生的不满情绪。

3. In the summer of that year, the administration publicly urged an easing of tensions with China.

那年夏天,政府公开主张缓和同中国的紧张关系。

4. His arrogance made everyone dislike him.

他的傲慢态度使谁都不喜欢他。

5. The vague restlessness since boyhood remained.

从小就有的那种模糊的不安定的感觉依然还存在。

6. There had been an ease of international tension.

国际紧张局势过去曾有所缓和。

7. Preparations for the conference were plagued by many problems.

会议的筹备工作受到许多问题的干扰。

IV. 在具体名词后增加名词

1. He felt the patriot rise within his breast.

他感到一种爱国热情在胸中激荡。

2. He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and finally declared his own son guilty.

他让法官的职责战胜了父子的私情,最终判决他儿子有罪。

(五)增加表示名词复数的词

1. Flowers bloom all over the yard.

朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。

2. The lion is the king of animals.

狮是百兽之王。

3. The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.

群山已在山谷里开始投下蔚蓝色的长影。

(六)增加概括词

1. The heads of the Soviet Union, the United States, England and France had a secret meeting last month.

苏、美、英、法四国首脑上个月进行了一次秘密会晤。

2. The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets.

论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的新成就。

3. We have achieved rapid progress in industry, agriculture, commerce, education and culture.

我们在工业、农业、商业、教育文化等各方面都取得了迅速发展。

(七)增加解释性或修饰性的词语,使符合汉语表达习惯

1. Condit came out with his political smile.

康迪特走出来时,脸上带着政客惯有的笑容。

2. She is thirty-two and mother of two.

她今年三十二岁,已经有了两个孩子。

3. Facts are to the scientists as words are to the poets.

事实之于科学家,就如同文字对于诗人一般重要。

4. Ideally, we can have twice as much office space as we have now.

最理想的情况是,我们能有比现在大两倍的办公室空间。

5. I believe the eight dead juornalists are policy.

我相信那八个新闻记者的死亡是有计划的谋杀。

(八)增加反映背景情况或信息的词

1. He won the men’s singles at Wimbledon.

他赢得了温布尔登网球锦标赛的男子单打冠军。

2. A car stopped in front of the Hilton.

一辆小汽车停在希尔顿酒店门前。

3. They bought a new Ford last week.

上星期他们买了一辆新的福特汽车。

增词译法和减词译法

Chapter 1 增词译法和减词译法 1.1 增词译法(amplification/adding words) ?英汉两种语言,由于表达方式不尽相同,翻译时既可能将词类转换,有时候也可能将词量增减。 ?增词法就是在翻译时按意义上或修辞上或句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实、通顺地表达原文思想内容。这当然不是无中生有地随意乱加,而是增加原文中虽无其词却有其义的一些词。 1.1.1 ? e.g. I’m really busy this morning: 2 classes, a meeting, and an intervie w. ? e.g. There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats, no ―ordinary Chinese‖ with paper flags and flowers. 1.1.2 ? e.g. With what enthusiasm the Beijingers are studying foreign languages! ? e.g. What a day/life! 1.1.3 ? e.g. How the little girl looked after her old mother! ? e.g. As he began talking, words poured out. 1.1.4 1.1.4.1 ? e.g. Be sure to wash before meal. ? e.g. Day after day she does the same: washing, sweeping, and cooking. 1.1.4.2 ? e.g. The radio is indeed cheap and fine. 1.1.4.3 1.1.4.4 e.g. In the summer of 1969, the government publicly urged an easing of tensions with China. 1.1.4.5 ? e.g. He felt the patriot rise within his breast. ? e.g. He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty. 1.1.5 1.1.5.1 ? e.g. Every summer, tourists go to the coastal cities. ? e.g. Rows of new houses have been set up. 1.1.5.2 ? e.g. The lion is the king of animals. ? e.g. The mountains were covered with snow. ? e.g. The crowd made a way for him. 1.1.6 ? e.g. I bought a new bike yesterday.

合词合句译法

第十节合词译法 无论是西方作家.还是中国作家,都喜欢连用同义词以强调其表达的意思。西方作家常用的是成对词,而中国作家常用的是一条前后两个部分为同一意思的四字成语,或两条同义成语。既然这些同义词表达的是同一个意思.我们就可以他们合起来翻译也就是采用合词译法.请看下面的翻译实例。 1) You’ll supply financial power, and we’ll supply man power. Isn't that fair and square? 你们出钱,我们出人,这难道还不公平吗? 2) In our workshop there is a hard and fast rule against smoking. 我们车间有严格的规定,不许吸烟。(或:我们车间严禁吸烟。) 3) He is dead and gone. 他的确死了。 4) His father is a man who forgives and forgets. 他父亲非常宽容。 5) Her son was wise and clever, but her daughter was silly and foolish. 她的儿子非常聪明,可她的女儿却很笨。 6) She shook and trembled with fear. 她吓得不停地发抖。 7)He is a man of culture and learning. 他是个很有学问的人。 8) We must reach our goals and aims. 我们必须到达目的。 9)He suffered aches and pains.他遭受百般疼痛。 10) It's a ways and means of propaganda. 这是种宣传方法。 11) It’s right and proper to try it. 试一试是完全正确的。 12) The room is cozy and comfortable.这个房间非常舒适。 13) She was surprised and taken aback.她着实吃了一惊。 14) Really and truly? 千真万确? 15) I hate all these hustle and bustle. 我讨厌这种拥挤不堪的场面。 16)要不然时叫他趁早回心转意,有多少好处。〔曹雪芹《红楼梦》,第四+六回)Otherwise, the sooner she changes her mind the better for her. 17)其中又见林黛玉是个出类拔萃的,便更与黛玉亲敬异常。(曹雪芹《红楼梦》,第四十九回) Noticing too that Daiyu stood out from the rest, she treated her even more affectinately. 18)紫鹃笑道“我说的是好话,不过叫你心里留神,并没叫你去为非作歹。何苦回老太太,叫我吃了亏,又有什么好处!” 〔曹雪芹《红楼梦》第五+七回) "I meant well,“ was the smiling answer. “ I just wanted you to look out for yourself, not t o do anything wrong. What good will it do if you report me to the old lady and get me into trouble?" 19) 这里赵姨娘正说着,只要贾环在外间屋子里,更说出些惊心动魄的话来。(曹雪芹《红楼梦》,第八十四回) As Concubine Zhao was storming, Jia Huan in the outer room made an even more startlin g statement. 20) (他们)都是些狐群狗党!(曹雪芹《红楼梦》第九十回) They're a pack of curs! 21)(宝玉和黛玉)真是言和意顺,似漆如胶.(曹雪芹《红楼梦》,第五回)On all matters, indeed, they were in complete accord. 22)那宝钗却又行为豁达,随分从时,不比黛玉孤高自许,目无下尘,故深得下人之心;就是小丫头们,亦多和宝钗亲近.(曹雪芹《红楼梦》,第五回)

英汉翻译 之 合译法

英汉翻译之合译法 合译法多用于英语简单句的翻译,特别是两个或两个以上的英文句子共用相同的主语的时候,汉语一般不喜欢重复某一名词,或重复使用某一代词作主语,这这种情况下,往往将原文数句合译为一句。 This novel is of no great literary merit. It is merely a pot-boiler. 这部小说纯属胡编乱造,没有多大文学价值。 I wasn’t an enemy, in fact or in feeling, I was an ally. 无论在事实上,还是在情感上,我都不是他们的敌人,而是他们的盟友。 Confucius was a believer in moral action and in what we today call human development. He advocated the establishment of harmony within the social order. 孔子信仰道德的行为,信仰我们今天所说的人的发展,提倡在社会秩序内建立和谐。 Young people don’t hesitate to attempt one thing after another. Eager to experiment, they welcome new ideas. They are restless and alive and never satisfied. They seek perfection. 年轻人总是不停地探索,急于实验,乐于接受新的思想。他们充满活力,永不满足,追求尽善尽美。 有时候是为了行文紧凑、简练的原则而将两句或数句合并为一句来翻译; I was slow to understand the deep grievance of women. This was because, as a boy, I had envied them. 我迟迟未能理解女人的深切苦楚,因为我小时候曾羡慕过她们。 A man in a newish suburb feels that he has one foot in the city and one in the country. As this is the kind of compromise he likes, he is happy. 住在新郊区的人,觉得一只脚在城里,一只脚在乡下,非常开心,因为这种城乡妥协之地是他喜欢的。 Towards evening, the attack of the French slackened in its fury. They had other foes besides the British to engage, or were preparing for a final onset. 将近傍晚,法军的攻势逐渐松懈,或许因为它们除了英国人之外还有别的交战敌人,或许正在准备发动最后的一次总攻击。 Although the size of the task waiting to be carried out is daunting and there are many hurdles to be overcome, it would be wrong to end my address on a note of pessimism. Many countries have already made considerable progress in this regard. 尽管等待我们去完成的任务规模之大令人畏惧,尽管有许多障碍有待克服,但是以悲观的调子来结束我的发言是错误的,因为许多国家在此方面已经取得了长足的进步。 合译时,可充分发挥汉语标点符号的作用; Nine of the 13 children have never held a meaningful job, nor do they care to. Only one of

合译法

Combination(合译法) 所谓合译法,是指把原文中两个或两个以上的词合译成一个词,将两个或两个以上的简单句合译为一个句子,或将一个复合句在译文中用一个单句来表达。英汉两种语言在句法结构上存在很大差异。英语重“形合”,连接词较为发达,句子结构层层包孕,句子在空间上呈大树型结构,长句较多。汉语重“意合”,句子与句子之间缺乏必要的连接词,积词成句,积句成章,流水句较多,呈线性排列,一句接一句,短句较多,句子结构呈竹竿型分布。另外,英语的后置修饰语有时很长,而汉语的修饰语一般前置,不宜过长。因此,为了符合汉语表达习惯, 也为了更清楚地表达原文意思,在翻译时需要对原来的句子结构进行调整,即适当改变原文结构。与分译法把原文的某个成分从原来的结构中分离出来,译成一个独立分句相反,合译法是将不同的句子成分组合在一起,用一个单句来表达,使其更符合汉语的表达方法。由于英语句子一般比汉语句子长,英译汉时切分用得较多,但是较口语化的英语句子也比较短,英译汉时有时也得用合并,故合译法多用于英语简单句的翻译,特别是两个或两个以上的英文句子共用相同的主语的时候,汉语一般不喜欢重复某一名词,或重复使用某一代词作主语,在这种情况下,往往将原文数句合译为一句。 Combination in E-C Translation (合译法在英译汉中的应用) A.Words (词的合译) This technique is used to integrate two words of close meaning into one expression. 词的合译是指把两个或两个以上的同义词合译成一个词,使译文清楚整齐。Examples: 1. You will supply financial power, and we’ll supply man power. Isn’t that fair and square? 译文:你们出钱,我们出人,这难道还不公平吗? 2. His father is a man who forgives and forgets. 译文:他的父亲非常宽容。 3. Her son was wise and clever, but her daughter was silly and foolish. 译文:她的儿子非常聪明,可女儿却很笨。 4. He suffered aches and pains. 译文:他遭受百般疼痛。 5. He is a man of culture and learning. 译文:他是个很有学问的人。 Try to translate: 1. He was kindly, generous and obliging. 2. He was jealous and envious of his brother. He resented that his younger brother was so successful. 参考译文: 1. 他乐善好施。 2. 他嫉妒他弟弟,痛恨弟弟取得了这么大的成功。 B.Phrases (固定词组的合译) 英语和汉语各自有一套独特的语言表达系统。在英语中,词的粘合力和搭配力较强,一个动词往往可以同多个名词或多个介词搭配,一个介词也往往与多个名词搭配,构成不

被动句的译法与合译拆译

被动句的译法 (Passive-voice sentences) Expository writing: Instructions Manuals Scientific readings 1)译成被动句 2)译成主动句 试译下列句子: 1. The compass was invented by Chinese long ago. 很久以前,中国人发明了指南

针。 2. The solution to the problem was finally found. 这个问题的解决办法终于找到了。 3. That question needn’t be brought in. 不必把这个问题牵涉进来。 4. Those who died for the country will be remembered forever by the people. 那些为国捐躯的人们将被人民永久缅怀。 5. He was very naughty and

would be beaten almost every day. 他很顽皮,几乎天天挨揍。6. Where were you educated? 你在哪里受的教育? 英语中被动语态使用范围很广。凡说不出施动者、不必说出施动者、不愿说出施动者或为了便于上下文连贯等,往往都用被动语态。 汉语中虽也有被动语态,但使用的频率远不如英语高,范围也不如英语广。

英语中,思维习惯强调客观。而汉语强调主观,表达多用主动句。 因此,在英译汉时,许多英语被动句常译成主动句,但有时也可保持被动语态。 “被”字句主要是说明主语有所遭受,不是自愿的,因此只能表示不愉快,不幸,不愿意一类的行为。 例如:“花被他们拿走了。”其含义有“不情愿”的意思。而“花他们拿走了。”含义有“本来就让他们来那”的意思。

文化词语译法答案

14.2 12. 蠢得像猪 13. 有其父必有其子 Like father, like son: a person usually behaves in exactly the same way as his or her father. 14. 隔墙有耳 Walls have ears: even the most secret and private conversation may become known to other people. 15. 骑墙/保持中立/采取观望态度 sit on the fence: not to make any clear choice or decision between two possibilities or opposing groups of people.

16. 前后颠倒/本末倒置/倒果为因put the cart before the horse: to do or say things in the wrong order. 17. 乱七八糟/杂乱无章/七嘴八舌/众说纷纭 at sixes and sevens: in a state of confusion. 18. 翘辫子/死 19. 昙花一现的事物 a flash in the pan: something that only lasts for a very short time; a success or something that has not happened before and is unlikely to happen again. 20. 一贫如洗/穷到极点 as poor as a church mouse: very poor;

翻译技巧:加词法和减词法

翻译技巧(二):加词法和减词法 加(增)词法 英汉两种语言,由于表达方法不尽相同,有些词在英语中可以省略而不会影响全句意思的完整表达,但译成汉语后就可能出现意思不够明确的语言现象;还有些词虽然在原文中意义明确而完整,但译成汉语后文字却不甚通顺流畅。在这种情况下,就需要使用增词译法。增词法就是在翻译时按照意义、修辞或句法上的需要,在原文的基础上添加必要的单词、词组、分句或完整句,从而使得译文在语法、语言形式上符合译文习惯和在文化背景、词语联想方面与原文一致,使得译文与原文在内容、形式和精神等三方面都对等起来,更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。 S y n t a c t i c a l A m p l i f i c a t i o n(从句法结构上考虑的增词) This kind of amplification includes: amplification by supplying such kinds of words as verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, category words, generalization words, and the plural forms of nouns. (1) 增加量词(classifier) 英语中数词与可数名词往往可以直接连用,不用加量词。而汉语往往要加量词。 It was a nova! 这是一颗新星! The sun rose thinly from the sea. 一轮红日从海边淡淡升起。 A stream was winding its ways through the valley into the river. 一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷,汇到江里去了。 (2) 增加表达复数的词(convey the concept of plurality)

翻译技巧合译法

Chapter 5 Combination(合译法) Part V Exercises 参考译文: A. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.(词的合译) 1. 千真万确? 2. 她大吃一惊。 3. 这房间非常舒适。 4. 我们必须达到目的。 5. 这么做是对的。 6. 他在地震中安然无恙。 7. 这里严禁抽烟。 8. 他确实死了。 9. 我疲惫不堪。 10. 我们应该坦诚相待。 11. 他害怕得发抖。 12. 他们都认为这么做是公平的。 13. 这是一些宣传方法。 14. 这些吃的绰绰有余了。 15. 我讨厌这种拥挤的场面。 B. Translate the following sentences into English.(词组、习语的合译) 1. His room is always in a mess. 2. He is determined to turn over a new leaf. 3. Many people went hungry at that time. 4. He suddenly made some startling statements. 5. His report is nothing but some old stuff. 6. Don’t take this for miraculous cures. 7. There is no need for you to humble yourself. 8. He is a careless guy. 9. This is only a wishful thinking. 10. She always speaks in a low voice. 11. The picture is extremely enchanting. 12. I am not asking you to do anything wrong. 13 How can you kick down the ladder? 14. Great changes have taken place here. 15. He returned home with great joy. 20. Who told you to make such a fuss over nothing? C. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.(句子的合译) 1. 他会想念许许多多往事,许许多多朋友,也会想起玛丽。 2. 这个人很惨,身无分文,因为他所有的积蓄被窃。 3. 门没有上锁,詹妮走进去坐了下来,极度的衰弱几乎使她无力挪动她那红肿的双脚。 4. 她在家很忙,又要照顾孩子,又要下厨。

增词译法

第三章词法翻译 四、增词译法(Amplification) 英汉两种语言,由于表达方式不尽相同,翻译时有可能要在词量上加以增减。增词法就是在翻译时按照意义上(或修辞上)和句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实通顺的表达原文的思想内容。 不是无中生有的随意增词,而是增加原文中虽无其词但有其意的词。 一、根据句法上的需要增词 (一)增补原文答句中的省略部分 1. Is this your book? Yes, it is. 这是你的书吗?是我的。 (Yes, it is. = Yes, it is mine.) 2. Do you love him? Yes, of course I do. 你爱他吗?我当然爱他。 (Yes, of course I do. = Yes, of course I love him.) (二)增补原文句子中所省略的动词 1. He remembered the incident, as had his wife. 他记得这件事,他的妻子早就记起来了。 2. I believed it too. But I don’t now. 过去我也是相信的。可是现在,我不相信了。 3. We don’t retreat, we never have and never will. 我们不后退,我们从来没有后退过,将来也决不后退。 4. I fell madly in love with her, and she with me. 我狂热地爱上了她,她也狂热地爱上了我。 5. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man. 读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,写作使人准确。 6. An eagle and a fox had long lived together as good neighbors; the eagle at the summit of a high tree, the fox in a hole at the foot of it. 一只鹰和一只狐狸长期友好的住在一起,鹰住在一棵高高的树顶上,狐狸住在树下一个洞里。 7. Many people can bear adversity, but few contempt. 很多人能够忍受逆境,但很少人能忍受被人轻视。 (三)增补原文比较句中的省略部分 1. The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were their own mistress. 仆人们愿意服侍她,就像他们愿意服侍他们的女主人一样。 2. Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own. 从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好。 3. The Chinese way of co-operations is more inventive than others. 中国的合作方式比别国的合作方式更有特色。

笔译技巧3 英汉互译中的增词法和减词法

英汉互译中的增词法和减词法 (一)语法增减词 A.英汉在语法上存在某些明显的差异; B.英语有冠词,汉语没有; C.英语多用代词,相较汉语; D.英语介词丰富,汉语介词很少; E.英语多用关联词语,汉语主要靠逻辑关系来铺排句子,强调意念的连贯性;F.汉语多用助词表示各种语气。 例如: a.I’ve been rich and I’ve been poor —and I tell you , rich is better. 富裕也罢,贫穷也罢,我都经历过。说实话,富裕当然胜过贫穷。(省略关联词和已出现过的作主语的人称代词) b.活到老,学到老。 One is never too old to learn .(增加人称代词) c.该地区已没什么城乡差别。 There is little difference between town and country in this region .(增加介词) d.Is more growth really better ? 经济发展得越快越好吗?(增加语气词) (二)词义增减词 A.很多情况下,英汉词汇的语义范围往往有宽窄之分,并非一一对应; B.如果英语词汇的语义范围比汉语宽,英译汉时要采取增词法,使原文隐含的 意思得以充分表达; C.如果英语词汇的语义范围比汉语窄,英译汉时要则要采用减词法。 例如: a.It is pointed out that the sheer(纯粹的,一味地)increase in quantity of products has imposed an enormous cost on society in the form(方式,形式)of pollution ,crowding , proliferation(激增)of wastes that need disposal , and debilitating(使虚弱,使衰弱)psychological and social effects. 一味地追求产品数量的增长 已经让社会付出了巨大的代价。 比如环境污染,交通拥挤,需特殊处理废物的激增, 以及由此造成的负面的心理及社会影响。(增词法) b.The only cure for envy in the case of ordinary men and women is happiness , and the difficulty is that envy is itself a terrible obstacle to happiness. 对于普通人而言,治疗嫉妒的唯一方法是快乐,然而困难在于,嫉妒本身就是快

翻译中结构的调整分译与合译

第三讲翻译中结构的调整:分译与合译 英汉两种语言句子结构特点不同:英语句子结构往往复杂,句子中的每一个成份均可有修饰语,而且修饰语可以不止一个,每个修饰语都可以很长;一个修饰语还可以被另一个修饰语修饰,因此句式结构显得复杂、冗长却又主次分明,用关联词将关系明确出来,条理清晰,被称为“树状形结构”(葡萄型); 而汉语句子往往按照自然事理的发展顺序和客观的因果关系而展开,修饰语少而短,句子由一个一个的分句构成,主谓结构不是很明显,句子结构较松散,且多用短句,分句与分句,短语与短语之间在意思上有联系,但鲜用关联词,句子意思的明确主要靠时间和逻辑顺序,被称为“波浪形结构”。因此,英汉互译时,关键就是改换句子结构。 分译法与合译法是两种相对应的翻译方法,相比较而言,在英译汉时,分译法比合译法更为常见。但有时候也会见到把英语的两个单句、复合句和并列句压缩糅合在一起翻译的情况。这样处理比较符合汉语语言的洗练简洁的特点,从而避免译文的拖泥带水和罗嗦的缺点。 一、分译法 所谓分译法,是把原文的一个单词或短语译成一个句子,或将原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子。因为英语重形合,习惯于复合长句或结构复杂的简单句,化零为整,而汉语重意合,习惯于短句,化整为零,所以分译法是英译汉较常用到一种翻译方法,用意合法将英语的复杂结构化整为零,译成并列的汉语散句或分立的单句,只有这样才能符合汉语的表达习惯,达到通顺易懂的要求。否则,若保持原文的复杂结构,往往让读者感到生硬、晦涩。 1.把原文的单词译成句子 原文中的形容词、副词、名词、动词和分词等,有时可以根据汉语的习惯用一个句子来表达,使意思表达得更加明白易懂。 The company seemed justifiably proud of its achievements in developing new technologies. 该公司似乎为它在开发新技术方面取得的成就而自豪,这是合乎情理的。 2.把原文的短语译成句子 英语中经常出现各种各样的短语,其中包括各种非谓语动词短语、介词短语、名词短语、形容词短语、副词短语等。它们在句子中除了不能单独作谓语外,其他什么成分都能充当。汉译时,这些短语往往需要单独处理。 High levels of trust directly affect the bottom line of companies by making them adaptable to change and able to produce more at lower costs. 高信任度直接影响着公司的盈利状况,它使得公司具有更好的适应性,以及更低的生产成本和更高的产量。(降低成本,提高产量) 可以使公司适应变化,并且降低成本提高产量,从而直接影响公司的盈利状况。 3.把原文的一个句子拆开,译成两个或多个句子 英语中有的简单句就可以分译成两个或多个句子。当然,更多的是长句的分译,即把一个由多个成分盘根错节地组合而成的长句分译成若干个较短的句子,使表达尽量符合汉语的行文习惯。 There are strong complaints in the U.S. that China has kept its currency-the Yuan-artificially low to fuel its aggressive export drive and rack up a huge surplus in bilateral trade at the expense of American jobs. 美国国内有人强烈指责中国为了刺激其强劲的出口势头,人为操控人民币疲软,造成双边贸易巨大顺差,使美国就业岗位减少。

翻译难点 声色词的译法

声色词是拟声词(onomatopoetic words)和色彩词(color words)的合称。前者模仿人、动物、自然现象、机器或工具等物品或动作所产生的各种声响,后者表现客观世界展现在我们眼前的各种色彩。声色词具有独特的修辞效果,运用得当会使语言表达生动活泼、引人入胜。翻译这两类词语一定要注意英汉两种语言之间的差异,细心推敲,尽可能再现原文中所描绘的客观世界里的声音和色彩。 拟声词 一、英汉拟声词比较 英语和汉语中的拟声词都很丰富,但是大部分的拟声词在发音上相差甚远。这是因为拟声词是按照某种语言的语音系统对客观世界的声音加以模拟改造的结果,所以不可避免地带有该语言的发音特征。因此,英语和汉语中的拟声词之间既存在相同之处又存在不同之处。它们大体可以归纳为以下三点: A. 同一声音在英语和汉语中用不同的拟声词来表示: ***-a-doodle-do──喔喔喔 clip-clop──(马蹄)得得声 tick-tack──(钟表)滴答声 hoot(toot)──嘟嘟 dub-a-dub──(鼓)咚咚声 jingle-jangle──玎玲当啷 A horse neighs/whinnies/nickers.马嘶/马鸣/马萧萧。 A dog barks/yaps/yelps/bays/snarls/growls/howls.狗汪汪叫/犬吠。 A fly hums/buzzes/drones.苍蝇嗡嗡/哼哼叫。 A mosquito hums /buzzes/drones.蚊子哼哼/嗡嗡叫。 A pig grunts/squeals. 猪咕噜咕噜/哼哼叫。 B. 同一声音在英语和汉语中用相同的拟声词来表达: meow(或meou)──喵 hiss──嘶嘶(作声) dingdong──丁冬(声),叮当(声)

翻译方法和技巧之分译法、合译法

翻译方法和技巧之分译法、合译法 Division & Combination *翻译英语句子时,有时我们可把原文的句子结构整个保存下来或只稍加改变即可,但在不少情况下则必须将原来的句子结构作较大的改变。 *分译法和合译法是改变原文句子结构的两种重要方法。 *所谓分译法是指把原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子。 *所谓合译法是指把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句在译文中用一个单句来表达。 *一、分译法 *(一)把原文中的一个单词译成句子,使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。 * 1.副词 *They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all. 他们根本不回答,这是不足为怪的。 * 2.形容词 *Chairman Mao might have spoken with understandable pride of his policy of “self-reliance”. *毛主席在谈到他的“自力更生”政策时,也许有些自豪感,这是可以理解的。 *That region was the most identifiable trouble place. 那个地区是个麻烦的地方,这是大家很容易看到的。 * 3.名词 * A movie of me leaving that place would look like a shell leaving a rifle. *我离开那个地方的速度之快,要是拍成电影的话,会像出膛的子弹一样。 *He shook his head and his eyes were wide, then narrowed in indignation. 他摇了摇头,双目瞪地圆圆的。 *(二)把原文中的一个短语译成句子,使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。 * 1.分词短语 *She sat with her hands cupping her chin, staring at a corner of the little kitchen. *她坐在那儿双手托着下巴,眼睛凝视着小厨房的一角。 *Sunrays filtered in wherever they could, driving out darkness and choking the shadows. 阳光射到它所能透过的所有地方,赶走了黑暗,驱散了幽影。 * 2.名词短语

第五节 减词译法

第五节减词译法 一、减去对偶同义词中的某一个词 1. The treaty was pronounced null and void. 条约被宣布无效。 2. The most amazing and inspiring part of the tale came after that. 这之后才是故事最惊心动魄的部分。 3. The bold and courageous struggle of the working class and its Communist Party carried the day. 工人阶级及其共产党的英勇斗争取得了胜利。 4. The undersigned sellers and buyers have agreed to close the following transactions according to the terms and conditions stipulated below. 兹经买卖双方同意成交下列商品,特签订条款如下。 5. … since much of this arrives by mere accident, and many a man who commits evil is not totally bad and corrupt in his heart. 因为您的结论大部分是根据偶然事件得来的,而许多做过坏事的人在心灵深处并不是邪恶透顶的。 6. Neither party shall cancel the contract without sufficient cause or reason. 双方均不得无故解除合同。 二、减去连接词 A thousand years will pass and the guilt of Germany will not be erased. (Hans Frank Governor-General of Poland, before he was hanged at Nuremberg) 千年易逝,德国的罪孽难消。 ——驻波兰总督汉斯·弗朗克于纽伦堡 (一)减去表示时间的连接词 1. President Roosevelt’s white linen suit and white straw hat glared in the bright sun, as he sat in his open car beside the stand. 罗斯福总统坐在检阅台旁的一辆敞篷汽车里,他穿的白亚麻衣服和戴的白色草帽在灿烂的骄阳下闪闪发光。 2. They waited a long time before Mussolini suddenly stepped out on the balcony and raised a hand in salute. 人们等了很久,忽然墨索里尼走了出来,站在阳台上,举起一只手敬礼。 3. When I sing, I sing off-key. 我一唱歌就跑调。 4. As long last, on June 6, 1944, after the European war was basically decided and Hitler licked, the allies launched their long-delayed western front. 1944年6月6日,欧洲战局基本已见分晓,希特勒败局已定,盟军才终于迟迟开辟了西线战场。 (二)减去表示原因的连接词 1. He wanted to become a missionary because he thought that was the way you could do most for people. 他想当传教士,认为这样可以对人类做出最大贡献。 2. He didn’t come to the meeting as he was ill yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午他病了,没来开会。 3. I shall remember you for huddling me among the servants.

合译法

Combination (合译法) 所谓合译法,是指把原文中两个或两个以上的词合译成一个词,将两个或两个以上的简单句合译为一个句子,或将一个复合句在译文中用一个单句来表达。英汉两种语言在句法结构上存在很大差异。英语重“形合”,连接词较为发达,句子结构层层包孕,句子在空间上呈大树型结构,长句较多。汉语重“意合”,句子与句子之间缺乏必要的连接词,积词成句,积句成章,流水句较多,呈线性排列,一句接一句,短句较多,句子结构呈竹竿型分布。另外,英语的后置修饰语有时很长,而汉语的修饰语一般前置,不宜过长。因此,为了符合汉语表达习惯, 也为了更清楚地表达原文意思,在翻译时需要对原来的句子结构进行调整,即适当改变原文结构。与分译法把原文的某个成分从原来的结构中分离出来,译成一个独立分句相反,合译法是将不同的句子成分组合在一起,用一个单句来表达,使其更符合汉语的表达方法。由于英语句子一般比汉语句子长,英译汉时切分用得较多,但是较口语化的英语句子也比较短,英译汉时有时也得用合并,故合译法多用于英语简单句的翻译,特别是两个或两个以上的英文句子共用相同的主语的时候,汉语一般不喜欢重复某一名词,或重复使用某一代词作主语,在这种情况下,往往将原文数句合译为一句。 Combination in E-C Translation (合译法在英译汉中的应用) A. Words (词的合译) This technique is used to integrate two words of close meaning into one expression. 词的合译是指把两个或两个以上的同义词合译成一个词,使译文清楚整齐。 Examples: 1. You will supply financial power, and we 'll supply man po f w ai e r r.a I n s d n square ?' t that 译文:你们出钱,我们出人,这难道还不公平吗? 2. His father is a man who forgives and forgets. 译文:他的父亲非常宽容。 3. Her son was wise and clever, but her daughter was silly and foolish. 译文:她的儿子非常聪明,可女儿却很笨。 4. He suffered aches and pains. 译文:他遭受百般疼痛。 5. He is a man of culture and learning . 译文:他是个很有学问的人。 Try to translate: 1. He was kindly, generous and obliging. 2. He was jealous and envious of his brother. He resented that his younger brother was so successful. 参考译文: 1. 他乐善好施。 2. 他嫉妒他弟弟,痛恨弟弟取得了这么大的成功。 B. Phrases (固定词组的合译) 英语和汉语各自有一套独特的语言表达系统。在英语中,词的粘合力和搭配力较强,一个动词往往可以同多个名词或多个介词搭配,一个介词也往往与多个名词搭配,构成不同的动词短语和介词短语,在翻译时,无需逐词译出,可考虑用汉语的固定搭配,或者四字结构、四字成语去翻译,这样译文会更流畅,更符合汉语的行为习惯。 Examples: 1. All the ones we have seen here have four-star abilities with five-star ambitions . 译文:我们在此看到 的所有人都是些眼高手低之辈。

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