新标准大学英语4翻译答案及3-10单元作文

Unit One

7 Translate the paragraphs into Chinese.

If you ask me, real life is not all it’s cracked up to be. Twelve years at school and three years at university, teachers banging on about opportunities in the big wide world beyond our sheltered life as students, and what do I find? Try as I might to stay cheerful, all I ever get is hassle, sometimes with people (especially boys, god, when will they grow up?), but mostly with money. It’s just so expensive out here! Everyone wants a slice off you. The Inland Revenue wants to deduct income tax, the bank manager wants repayments on my student loan, the landlord wants the rent, gas, water, electricity and my mobile bills keep coming in, and all that’s before I’ve had anything to eat. And then some bright spark calls me out of the blue, asking if I’m interested in buying a pension. At this rate, I won’t even last till the end of the year, let alone till I’m 60.

依我看，现实生活并没有人们想象的那么好。我们上了12年的中、小学，又上了3年的大学，这期间老师们一直在没完没了地谈论在备受呵护的学生生活之外的那个广阔天地里的各种机会，可我遇到的又是什么呢？无论我怎么想保持心情愉快，可麻烦事总是接踵而来：有时是和人发生矛盾（尤其是跟男孩子，天哪！他们什么时候才能长大？），但通常是为钱发愁。这个地方什么东西都很贵！人人都想从我身上赚点钱：税务局要收个人所得税，银行经理要我偿清学生贷款，房东催我交房租、燃气费、水费、电费，手机账单也不断地寄来。所有这些还没算上吃饭的钱。更可气的是，不知从哪里冒出一个自作聪明的家伙给我打电话，问我要不要买养老金。照这样下去，我甚至都支撑不到年底，更别提活到60岁领养老金了。

8 Translate the paragraphs into English.

我认为，选修第二专业并不适合每一位本科生。我大学本科主修英语专业，大一时就开始辅修经济学了。无疑，我是班里最用功的学生。我竭尽全力想同时达到两个不同专业的要求，但还是有不及格的时候。因为经济学需要良好的数学基础，我不得不花大量时间钻研数学，因而忽略了英语学习。第二学期,《英国文学》及《宏观经济学》两门课不及格给我敲响了警钟，这可是我一生中第一次考试不及格，这大大打击了我的自信心。虽然我不是一个容易向命运低头的人，在暑假结束的时候，我还是决定放弃经济学，以免两个专业都难以完成。当我只需修一个专业的时候，一切似乎又回到了正轨。

If you ask me, taking a second major isn’t good for every undergraduate. In my freshman year as an English major, I took economics as my minor. By all odds, I was the most hard-working student in my class. But try as I might to meet the requirements of the two different subjects, I still couldn’t do well enough to pass all the exams. Given that the study of economics required a good command of mathematics, I had to spend so much time on math that I neglected my English. Failing English Literature and Macroeconomics in the second term sounded the alarm for me. This was the first time I did not pass a course in my life, which had greatly sapped my confidence. Although I was not a man who would easily bow to fate, as the summer break came to a close, I decided to give up economics for fear that I would fail both subjects. Now that I had only one subject to attend to, everything seemed to be on the right track again.

Unit 2

6 Translate the paragraph into Chinese.

Indubitably the vast majority of books overlap one another. Few indeed are those which give the impression of originality, either in style or in content. Rare are the unique books – less than 50,

perhaps, out of the whole storehouse of literature. In one of his recent autobiographical novels, Blaise Cendrars points out that Rémy de Gourmont, because of his knowledge and awareness of this repetitive quality in books, was able to select and read all that is worthwhile in the entire realm of literature. Cendrars himself – who would suspect it? – is a prodigious reader. He reads most authors in their original tongue. Not only that, but when he likes an author he reads every last book the man has written, as well as his letters and all the books that have been written about him. In our day his case is almost unparalleled, I imagine. For, not only has he read widely and deeply, but he has himself written a great many books. All on the side, as it were. For, if he is anything, Cendrars, he is a man of action, an adventurer and explorer, a man who has known how to “waste” his time royally. He is, in a sense, the Julius Caesar of literature.

不容置疑的是，大多数书都互相重复，在文体或内容上让人感到具有独创性的书实在是少之又少。在整个文学库藏中，只有极少数作品——或许不到50本——是独具一格的。在最近出版的一部自传体小说中，布莱斯·桑德拉尔指出，古尔蒙之所以能够选择并通读文学领域中一切值得读的书籍，就是因为他知识渊博，并且了解书的这种重复性。桑德拉尔本人就是一个博览群书的人，没有人会怀疑这一点。他阅读了大部分作家的原作。不仅如此，一旦他喜欢上一个作家，他就会阅读这个作家写的每一本书，包括他的书信以及所有有关他的书籍。我猜想，在当今世界上，几乎没有人能像他一样，不仅读得广、读得精，而且还著述颇丰。可以说这一切都是在业余时间完成的。因为桑德拉尔是一个十足的行动家，一个四处跋涉的冒险家和探险家，一个懂得如何“肆意浪费”时间的人。从某种意义上说，他是文学界的凯撒大帝。

7 Translate the paragraphs into English.

张磊是在毕业工作后才开始意识到读书的乐趣的。反思自己的大学教育时，他感慨不已：他的一些同学都沉浸于从图书馆或书店找到的各种有趣的书籍，而他却只读了一些教科书，其中连一本真正值得一读、让他爱不释手的书都没有。他可以说是被剥夺了通过书了解作家奇妙世界的特权。如今，他嗜书如命，废寝忘食，好像要把大学期间没机会读的好书全都读一遍。到目前为止他已经利用业余时间读了几百本小说、传记和游记。他意识到书不仅能向他展示一个充满希望的前景，帮他消除现实生活中的压力和疲劳，而且能够帮他澄清一些误解，找到生活的真谛。

It was not until after he had graduated from university and started to work that Zhang Lei became aware of the pleasure of reading. Reflecting on his undergraduate studies, he lamented that he, unlike some of his classmates who had immersed themselves in various interesting books they were able to lay hands on from the library or bookshops, had only read textbooks, none of which was really worthwhile, or could be read in one sitting. He was deprived of the privilege of gaining access to the writers’ fantastic worlds through the windows their books have opened, so to speak. Now he has become an avid and omnivorous reader. It is as if he wants to read all those marvelous books he hadn’t had a chance to read in his university days. By now, in his spare time, he has read several hundreds of books, including novels, biographies and travel notes. He realizes that books can not only reveal to him the vista of a hopeful future and help him withstand stresses and strains, they can also help him clear up some misconceptions and discover the true meaning of life.

UNIT 3

6 Translate the paragraph into Chinese.

Sometimes the h emline indicator, as it’s called, can even precede and predict a change in the mood of the stock market long before it actually happens. In September 2007, at the New York fashion shows, which were displaying their styles for spring 2008, the trend was for much longer dresses and skirts, many to mid-calf or even down to the ankles. Some people felt this showed that the hemline mid-calf or even down to the ankles. Some people felt this showed that the hemline indicator was no longer reliable, and that designers no longer dictated what people would wear. During the London and New York fashion shows in September 2008, hemlines continued to drop. But sure enough, in the fall of 2008, the stock market indexes fell dramatically when the banking crisis hit the US, Europe and then the rest of the world. Hemlines were no longer following the stock market –they were showing the way and indicating future economic trends.

有时候，所谓的裙摆标志甚至能够预示股市的行情。2007年9月的纽约时装展展示了2008年春季流行式样，潮流转向了长衣、长裙，裙摆长及小腿中部，甚至到了脚踝。有人觉得这表明裙摆标志靠不住了，服装设计师已经丧失了对时装的主宰权。2008年9月，在伦敦和纽约时装展中，裙摆的高度继续降低。果然，2008年秋天金融危机袭击欧美，并波及全球，股指急剧下跌。这时，裙摆不再被动地追随股市的变化，而是预示股市行情及未来的经济趋势。

7 Translate the paragraphs into English.

一个人的穿着似乎能影响他的行为方式。譬如，在校内要穿校服是中小学生所必须严格遵守的规矩之一。倘若在学生着装整齐划一和行为的统一规范之间不存在一种象征性关联的话，校服便不可能如此盛行。

然而，多年的学校生活让学生在内心里对随处可见的校服产生了抵触情绪，校服毕竟压制了个性的表达。为了弥补这种损失，学生常常会在周末穿流行的休闲装。直到上了大学，他们才会享受真正的着装自由，而服装上的无序与大学培养创造力、鼓励自由表达思想及展露才华密切相关。可惜这样的好景不会太长，经过一段相对短暂的自由之后，他们在毕业工作之后将再次经历着装规范的压力。

What you wear seems to dictate your behaviour. Take primary school and high school students for example. One of the hard and fast rules they have to observe is that they must wear uniforms at school. There is no doubt that school uniforms would not have achieved their currency without a symbolic correlation between the uniformity of clothes and the students’ conformity to some common code of conduct.

However, after years of school life, there is always a backlash secretly nursed in the students’ mind against the ubiquitous uniform which suppresses the expression of individuality. To compensate for this loss, students usually wear more casual and popular clothes on weekends. It is not until they start university, however, that they can really enjoy the freedom of dress, an anarchy associated with the cultivation of creativity and the encouragement of free expression of ideas and talents. But this situation won’t obtain for long. After a relatively short time of liberty, they may experience again the revived pressure of dress code.

Composition: write a passage about fashion trends in China.

Example:

Over the past 60 years, garments in China have become brighter, with a more complex range of colours and styles, and fashions have become more personalized choices as the economy develops and people seek to express their individualism through the clothes they wear.

In the 1950s and 1960s, traditional garments and Western styles were often set aside, and Soviet styles were influential for a time. The fashions during this period were to wear Sun Yatsen-style suits in plain blue, black or grey for men and women’s clothes had simple modest styles. Most clothes were hand-made by tailors or made at home. During the period of the Cultural Revolution military uniforms were popular. Few people wore jewellery, but wearing badges of Chairman Mao were normal.

As China’s economy improved in the 1980s red and yellow became popular colours for women, and men wore Western suits or jackets and trousers. Ready-made clothes became common, often altered by local tailors. The 1990s saw dramatic changes as people felt that they could dress distinctively: Wider ranges of ready-made clothes were available and people began to follow the fashions of international brands. Some Chinese designers remained anonymous because many garments were produced by large state-run enterprises or joint-venture companies.

Today in China, there is a great diversity of fashion trends, and Chinese fashion designers meet consumer demands which are raised through the influence of fashion, through celebrities and the media. There are now many young entrepreneurial designers in China who sell direct to customers or you can find their garments, with their own labels, in department stores and boutiques. Their designs combine the use of traditional themes and styles with modern materials and innovations. In this period, China is the world’s largest manufacturer of clothing and also the largest consumer. In large urban department stores and small boutiques and shops there is a huge range of high-end fashion garments and also of inexpensive clothes.

As China exports many garments, we might speculate that Chinese fashion designers and Chinese fashion themes – both traditional and modern – will be a significant influence on what the world wears in the coming period.

Unit 4

6 Translate the paragraphs into Chinese.

Today, while most of us marry for romantic reasons, marriage at its core is still a financ ial union. So much of what we want –or don’t want – out of life boils down to dollars and cents, whether it’s how hard we choose to work, how much we consume or how much we save. For some people, it’s working 80-hour weeks to finance a third home and country club membership; for others, it means cutting back on office hours to spend more time with the family.

“A lot of the debates people have about money are code for how we want to live our lives,” said Betsey Stevenson, assistant professor of business and public policy at the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School, who researches the economics of marriage and divorce. “A lot of the choices we make in how we want to live our lives involve how we spend our money.”

Making those choices as a team is one of the most important ways to preserve your marital assets, and your union, experts say. But it’s that much easier when you already share similar outlooks on money matters – or when you can, at the very least, find some middle ground.

如今，尽管我们大多数人是因相爱而结婚，婚姻从根本上讲仍然是金钱上的结合。不管是工作的努力程度，还是决定消费多少或储蓄多少，我们生活中想要得到的——或不想得到的——许多东西归根结底都跟钱有关。对一些人来说，他们想要的就是一周工作80小时来支付第三套房的房款和乡村俱乐部的会员费；而对另一些人来说，他们想缩短上班时间，花更多的时间陪伴家人。

“有关钱的许多争论是提示我们想如何生活的密码，而生活方式的许多选择则与如何花钱密切相关。”宾夕法尼亚大学沃顿商学院的商业及公共政策助理教授贝齐·史蒂文森如是说，他研究婚姻和离婚经济学。

专家们说，夫妻共同做出这些选择是维护婚姻资产及婚姻关系的最重要的方法之一。当然，如果夫妻双方一开始就在钱的问题上看法相似，或者至少能够在钱的问题上相互妥协，那么事情就好办多了。

7 Translate the paragraphs into English.

谈及目前经济萧条所带来的影响，学生活动的减少就是一个很好的例证。为了活跃校园生活，大学愿意划拨一部分资金来资助学生社团活动，但由于今年学校的预算大幅减少，对社团的资助也相应缩减了不少。显然，学生社团要恢复以前的活力就必须想办法克服自身的经济困难。有人主张招募更多会员，因为会员费的增加可以帮助他们度过难关。

当然，如果有更多的会员交年费，而且缩减一些日常开支，我们还是能省下一些钱来组织活动的。但是，问题的关键在于社团活动的费用与参加活动的人数是成正比的，因此这种方法恐怕不太可行。要推进社团活动，同时又不使经费超支，我们必须群策群力，拿出别的筹钱方法，而不是仅仅依赖学校拨款和会员费。

When it comes to the effects of the current economic downturn, the decrease of student activities

is a good case in point. To enliven campus life, the university is always willing to carve out some money for activities organized by student clubs and societies, but such sponsorships have been pared down this year because of huge budget cut. Apparently, student organizations need to weather their own financial crisis if they want to recover from their current state of inactiveness. Some suggest enrolling more club members, on the ground that the consequent increase of membership fees may help them get out of the difficulty.

No doubt, if we have more members paying the annual fee, and if we cut back on our daily expenses, we can spare some money to organize activities. But the bottom line is that the expenses of these activities are in proportion to the number of participants. I’m afraid this won’t be of much help. To boost student activities and to avoid going into the red, we still need to pool our ideas and come up with some other ways of raising money, in lieu of just relying on university grants and membership fees.

Guided writing

Write a passage based on the advice you planned in Activity 4. Make sure you use a range of structures.

Example:

I’m sorry to hear about your problems with your credit card. From what you were telling me, you think it’s a real mess and you are worried sick. I can understand what you are pro bably feeling, but look, it’s no use worrying about it –it’s an unpleasant but common experience – but the point is to take some action to solve the problem. I suppose you’ve thought of contacting your parents to get help? Oh, I see … you can’t tell them because it happened once before, and … yes, I see. Well, let’s not go down that road. You could take out a loan to cover the debt, but in view of the previous problem I don’t think you should do that. Why not? Well, because if you get into further trouble, you’ll need another loan to pay the first loan which was supposed to pay the debt, and all the loans will involve paying interest, so it will accumulate. You’d better get a job and use the money to pay the debt. In the future, don’t use the card without w riting down the amount and keep looking at your record to see if you are approaching the credit limit. Whatever happens, don’t exceed this limit because the bank will charge you interest. Try to use the card as little as possible.

Unit 5

7 Translate the paragraphs into Chinese.

Women can’t even fill out a form without telling stories about themselves. Most application forms now give four choices for titles. Men have one to choose –“Mr.” – so their choice carries no meaning other than to say they are male. But women must choose among three, each of them marked. A woman who checks the box for “Mrs.” or “Miss” communicates not only whether she has been married but also that she has conservative tastes in forms of address, and probably other conservative values as well. Checking “Ms.” declines to let on about marriage (whereas “Mr.” declines nothing since nothing was asked), but it also marks the woman who checks it on her form as either liberated or rebellious, depending on the

attitudes and assumptions of the one making the judgment.

I sometimes try to duck these variously marked choices by giving my title as “Dr.” – and thereby risk marking myself as either uppity (hence sarcastic responses like “Excuse me!”) or an

over-achiever (hence reactions of congratul atory surprise, like “Good for you!”).

女人一填表就会暴露自己的个人经历。现在大多数的申请表会给出四种称谓选择。男人只有一种选择，即“先生”（Mr.），这除了表明他们是男性之外没有其他任何含义。女人则必须从三种称谓中选一个，而任何一种都是标记性的。如果一位女士勾选了“太太”（Mrs.）或者“小姐”（Miss）的称谓，那么她不仅暴露了自己的婚姻状况，而且还表明她在称谓方面很保守，或许在其他价值观念方面也很保守。如果她选择“女士”（Ms.）这一称谓，那么说明她拒绝透露自己的婚姻状况（而男士选“先生”这个称谓时则没有故意隐瞒任何事情，因为本来就没有要求他透露婚姻信息）。另外，在表格中勾选“女士”这一称谓的人会被标记为思想解放的人或叛逆者，这就要看评判她的人持什么样的态度和看法了。

我有时会选择“博士”头衔，以避开这几种带标记的称谓选项。但这么做又会给自己带来风险，标明自己要么骄傲自大（于是乎招来讥讽的反应，比如“对不起，我不知道你是博士！”），要么是一个成功欲过强的人（那么对方的反应就是祝贺式的惊奇，比如“你真行！”）。

8 Translate the paragraphs into English.

我们对理想丈夫或理想妻子的假设显示出我们的性别期待以及我们对性别期待的反应。如果大多数年轻姑娘希望她们的未婚夫强悍、能干、可靠，那么小伙子们也就别无选择，只能把自己训练得强悍、能干、可靠，这样才能赢得女孩子的芳心。如果他们的做法与性别期待背道而驰，那么他们很可能会在悲叹自己的光棍生涯中度过下半辈子。根据同样的不成文法则，如果多数年轻男子希望他们的未婚妻温柔体贴、耐心、忠贞，认为这些比什么都重要，那么姑娘即便不是这种人，也会假装自己将来会成为贤妻良母。

深入研究一下这种性别期待，我们就会发现这是受生理和社会因素制约的。无疑，女性为孕育婴儿做好了生理准备，而男人则完全不适合这项工作。男人只有努力挣钱养家，才能让一家人过上好日子。

Our presumptions about what ideal husbands or wives are like reveal a lot about our gender expectations as well as our responses to them. If most girls want their fiancés to be tough, capable and reliable, there is no option left for young men other than to be trained as tough, capable and reliable if they want to win girls’ heart. If they act to the contrary, they will most probably bemoan their bachelor’s status for the rest of their lives. Following the same unwritten rule, if most boys expect their fiancées to be caring, patient and faithful more than anything else, girls are prone to let on that they will become faithful wives and loving mothers even if they are not the type.

Looking into such gender expectations, we may find that they are based on both physiological and social factors. It goes without saying that women are physically prepared to bear children, whereas men are utterly unfit for the job. Therefore, a family is better off when its male members devote their time to providing food and other necessities for it.

4 Write a short passage about the role of women in China today. Refer to relevant research, and include passive structures.

Example:

The role of women in China has been greatly transformed in the last 60 years, from a somewhat submissive role in a male-dominated society to a position of strong legal equality and great progress. Historical and comparative studies show that women in China have made huge steps compared to the past or to women in other countries today. However, despite this huge progress it is still widely recognized that there are issues to be faced by women both at home and at work. Studies reveal that women have multiple roles as wage-earners and at home for cooking, cleaning, caring for children or the elderly. In their professional work, there is of course equality in the same pay for a comparable job, but some research demonstrates that the main issues are about promotion possibilities and about getting higher-status jobs. At the same time, many women take the initiative and become self-employed. Women from rural areas are going to towns and cities to find work: Often they become home helpers or go into small businesses in restaurants, cafes, market stalls and so on. As research confirms, these women represent the spirit of development in recent years to take the initiative and, as Americans say, “Go for it!”

Unit 6

4 Translate the paragraph into Chinese.

The historian is not required to have the special skills which enable the expert to determine the origin and period of a fragment of pottery or marble, to decipher an obscure inscription, or to make the elaborate astronomical calculations necessary to establish a precise date. These so-called

basic facts which are the same for all historians commonly belong to the category of the raw materials of the historian rather than of history itself. The second observation is that the necessity to establish these basic facts rests not on any quality in the facts themselves, but on an a priori

de cision of the historian. In spite of C. P. Scott’s motto, every journalist knows today that the most effective way to influence opinion is by the selection and arrangement of the appropriate facts. It used to be said that facts speak for themselves. This is, of course, untrue. The facts speak only when the historian calls on them: It is he who decides to which facts to give the floor, and in what order or context. It was, I think, one of Pirandello’s characters who said that a fact is like a sack –it won’t stand up till you’ve put something in it. The only reason why we are interested to know that the battle was fought at Hastings in 1066 is that historians regard it as a major historical event. It is the historian who has decided for his own reasons that C aesar’s crossing of that petty stream, the Rubicon, is a fact of history, whereas the crossing of the Rubicon by millions of other people before or since interests nobody at all. The fact that you arrived in this building half an hour ago on foot, or on a bicycle, or in a car, is just as much a fact about the past as the fact that Caesar crossed the Rubicon.

历史学家不需要掌握特殊的技能去确定陶瓷或大理石残片的起源与断代、去解读一段意义隐晦的铭文的含义、或是为确定一个准确的日期而进行繁复的天文计算。这些所谓的基本事实对所有的历史学家来说都是一样的，它们是历史学家可用的原始素材，而非历史本身。我要说的第二点是，是否需要确定这些基本的事实并不取决于这些事实本身，而是取决于历史学家事先做出的判断。尽管 C. P. 斯科特的那句箴言深入人心（译者注：斯科特的箴言Comment is free, but facts are sacred.“事实不可歪曲，评述大可自由”），但是现在每一名新闻记者都知道要影响大众舆论，最有效的方式就是对特定的事实进行选择和剪接。人们以前常说事实不言自明。这种说法显然是错误的，历史事实只是在历史学家用到时才会不言自明。哪些事实可以现身说法，以及这些事实以什么样的顺序或是在什么样的情景中出现，都是由历史学家来决定的。我记得皮兰德娄笔下的一个人物曾经说过：事实就像一个麻袋——不塞点东西进去就立不起来。我们之所以对1066年发生在黑斯廷斯的战役感兴趣，其唯一的原因就是历史学家把这一战役看作是一个重大的历史事件。历史学家依照自己的推断，认为凯撒穿越那条小河——卢比孔河——是一个史实，但没有人对在他之前或是之后几百万其他人穿过这条河的举动感兴趣。你半个小时之前或徒步、或骑车或开车来到这座大楼，这件事和当年凯撒渡过卢比孔河一样都是一个关于过去的客观事实。

5 Translate the paragraphs into English.

为保证校园的安全，校方最近发布了一项新的规定，禁止小商贩进入校园。校长呼吁学生在这件事上与学校合作。学生们表示强烈反对，几百名学生在学校的BBS上表达了他们的愤怒。他们说，因为校园离市中心很远，校内商店里的货品又不多，把小贩赶出校园就无异于把学生扔到孤岛上。有些人提出，正是在这样的事情上，学校应该听取学生的意见和需求。有些学生认为，这项规定能让校园更安全的想法是错误的。

学生的反应让校长感到震惊，为弥补过失，他宣布学校将重新考虑这项规定。他对学生说，他们完全有权力过上方便、舒适的生活，但校园的安全也同样重要。他还提议在校园里建一个大超市，在宿舍楼附近开一些便利店 (convenience store)，这样就能大大方便学生们的生活。

To make the campus safer, the university authorities recently released a new regulation that forbids any vendors from entering the campus, and the president called on the students to cooperate with the university on this matter. But the students’ opposition was strong, and hundreds

of them expressed their anger on the university BBS. They said that to keep vendors off campus was like deserting students on an isolated island, as the university was far away from the downtown and the shops on the campus did not provide enough commodities. Some claimed that it was precisely for matters of this kind that the university should listen to students’ opinions and needs. Some students thought the university had got it wrong in believing that this regulation will ensure safety on campus.

Shocked by students’ reacti on, the president tried to make amends for this mistake by announcing that the university will look into this new regulation again. He told students that they were entitled to live a convenient and comfortable life, but safety was just as much an important concern as that. He proposed to build a big supermarket within the campus and some convenience stores near dormitory buildings, which would certainly make students’ life much easier.

5 Write a biased argument comparing and contrasting the different ways of learning history. Example:

Sleepy students or active learners?

On the one hand a room of bored schoolchildren stifling their yawns as the teacher drones on about the dreary past; on the other a bunch of happy youngsters bursting with questions about their heritage. The way history is presented makes all the difference – the difference between a dreaded subject and a subject one looks forward to eagerly. We can deaden our pupils with dull textbooks and lengthy notes, or we can stimulate their minds and interest with hands-on experience. Taking history out of the classroom and into the real world where it belongs is essential to make it real to learners. Field trips to nearby places of historical importance and exciting re-enactments of the events of our amazing past are the keys to unlocking the treasures of China to the next generation. So close those books and open the doors to creative history teaching and learning.

Unit 7

5 Translate the paragraphs into Chinese.

In so many ways, we now share our home – and our homes – with so many others. From Australia to Zambia, we wear baseball caps and watch Hollywood movies. Markets in Morocco sell radios made in Singapore, and we all watch television and enjoy the same type of programmes. Are people obliged to do this, or do they simply want to?

Yet at heart, while we have learnt – or have been taught? – to like and aspire towards the same things, we recognize a streak of individualism in ourselves, a consciousness of difference, of our own uniqueness. And when life on Earth gets overwhelming, people retreat into themselves, into their homes.

The word home is an emotive one. It’s a deliberate choice to call the organization to protect the US from terrorism the Department of Homeland Security. Home doesn’t mean jus t bricks and mortar, translated into house or housing in so many languages. Home is where we hunker down, take off our shoes and switch off from the outside world. It’s an inward-looking place, where we should feel safe. Our homes also show our individual sides, through the pictures on the wall, the favourite chair, the souvenirs from visits beyond our homes, our expression of choice, which

remain unchanging day to day, symbols of a moment’s pause in an

ever-changing world.

我们在许多方面和许多人共享我们各自的家园——以及我们大家的家园。从澳大利亚到赞比亚，人们都戴棒球帽，看好莱坞电影。在摩洛哥的市场上可以买到新加坡生产的收音机。我们都看电视，并且都喜欢看同一类节目。人们是必须这样做，还是就喜欢这样做呢？

虽然我们已经学会了（或被教会了？）喜欢或追求同样的东西，但在内心深处，我们都意识到我们都有一种个人主义的特质，意识到自己与众不同，意识到自己的独特。当世上的生活变得令人无法承受的时候，人们就隐退到自己的内心世界里，隐退到各自的家中。

“家”这个词充满了强烈的感情色彩。保护美国人不受恐怖袭击的那个部门名叫the Department of Homeland Security（国土安全部），这种称呼是经过仔细推敲的。“家”在很多语言中都被译成“房子”或“住宅”，但它不仅仅意味着砖头和灰浆。家是我们可以放松休息的地方，在家里我们可以脱下鞋子，不再受外面世界的烦扰。家是一个让我们倾听心声的地方，是一个可以让我们感觉安全的地方。通过挂在墙上的照片、我们最喜欢的椅子、外出旅游时带回来的纪念品，家显示出我们个性的方面，我们的取舍。这些东西每天一成不变地放在那儿，象征着这个变幻不定的世界中的片刻停顿。

6 Translate the paragraphs into English.

在毕业典礼上，一家知名IT 公司的经验丰富的CTO 托马斯〃克拉克给140名渴望在IT行业干出一番事业的计算机科学专业的学生提出了一些重要建议。在他看来，信息技术不仅仅是组装机器和装置。在这个领域，创新起着关键的作用。所以IT 工作者自然要承受巨大的压力，因为他们每天都要想出一些新点子。

但是克拉克也指出，IT 行业的最终目标是利润。如果你想在这个领域获得成功，你应该牢记创新并不等同于个人主义。值得注意的是，很多有天赋的年轻人由于狂妄自大，交流能力差，没能发挥他们的潜力，因此没有取得成功。克拉克强调说，你必须学会和不同部门的人合作，这样你才能创造出能被市场接受的产品，你的才华才能绽放。

In the graduation ceremony, Thomas Clark, a veteran CTO of a renowned IT company, offers some important advice to 140 computer science majors who aspire to pursue a successful career in IT. In his opinion, information technology is not just about assembling machines and devices; it is a domain where innovation plays the key role. So naturally IT workers have to endure great pressure in their work as they need to come up with new ideas on a daily basis.

But Clark also points out that the ultimate goal of IT business is profit. If you want to succeed in this business, you need to keep in mind that innovation is not synonymous with individualism. It is noticeable that because of arrogance and poor communication skills many gifted young men didn’t realize their potential, thus failed to achieve success. Clark emphasizes that you must learn to cooperate with people from different departments, and only thus can your talent blossom by creating products that will be accepted by the market.

4 Write a description of homes and housing in China. Use some of the sentences you wrote in Activities 1-3.

Make sure you use the skill of making generalizations.

Example:

With China’s la rge population and the growth of its cities in recent years, housing is in great demand and there has been a huge building boom. Broadly speaking, the older housing stock has been demolished as it is not of good quality and needs to be replaced by high-rise buildings which can accommodate more people. A high percentage of urban residents own their own flats. This is typically the case with a married couple with a child. In most cases, young unmarried people continue to live at home with their parents. Later when they get married they may buy their first home or move to their rented place. As soon as they can they will purchase a better flat. At the top end of the market there are villas on gated estates and fully fitted high-quality apartments with many facilities. In the middle range there are more ordinary apartment buildings where the majority live. Economically affordable blocks which are subsidized by the government meet the needs of families with lower incomes. There is also a large rental sector. Some companies which use migrant labour supply dormitory accommodation for their workers.

Unit 8

4 Translate the paragraphs into Chinese.

But architecture as a process and a means has other meanings. So much of architecture has the best intention of creating pleasure or a sense of satisfaction, even if it doesn’t always succeed. It may be the moderate pleasure of combining form with function. The shanty towns in Rio or Mumbai demonstrate an organic architecture which has no overall layout or prescribed plan, and no obvious logic, but its function is to protect and shelter the inhabitants who would otherwise live in discomfort on the streets.

Presumably, even the architects who designed the tower blocks of flats in the war-damaged cities of Britain in the 1960s and 1970s aspired to combine the economy of space to the maximum effect and for the benefit and pleasure of the people who were going to live there. There was nothing malign about their intentions, even though they were over-optimistic about the simplic ity of imposing a new relationship between the space and the occupiers. In the end, it wasn’t the

neo-brutalism of the style or the materials – square forms made of reinforced concrete, often located with little or no regard to the environment, and rising 20 or 30 floors into the cloudy British skies – which brought criticism and scorn on this modernist architecture. It was the absence of gardens, shops and a sense of community which challenged and finally defeated this idealistic attempt to define a new way of living in cities.

然而，作为一种工业流程和手段，建筑艺术还有其他的意义。就算不一定能做到，那么多的建筑艺术还是一心一意要给人创造愉悦感或满足感。这种愉悦感可能是形式和功能的完美结合所带来的那种适度的愉悦。里约热内卢和孟买的棚户区向我们展示了一种有机建筑，它们没有总体布局，没有既定的规划，也没有什么明显的逻辑，但它们可以为居民遮风挡雨，为他们提供安身之所。如果没有这些棚屋，他们就得露宿街头，过着颠沛流离的生活。

或许20世纪60、70年代那些为被战火摧残的英国城市设计公寓塔楼的建筑师们也想最大限度地节约空间，同时保障入住居民的利益，并给他们带来居住的愉悦感。他们的愿望是美好的，但是他们过于乐观，以为可以简单地在空间和居住者之间强行建立起一种新的关系。最终，

让这种现代主义建筑备受批评和蔑视的并不是风格和材料上的新野性主义——用强化混凝土浇铸的方形建筑，选址几乎不顾及对环境的影响，二三十层拔地而起，直插英国阴云密布的天空，而是因为这种建筑没有花园，没有商店，没有社区的感觉，正是这一点使得那些建筑师重新定义都市生活的理想主义尝试遭遇挑战，并最终彻底失败。

5 Translate the paragraphs into English.

新的国家博物馆建成之后，一些市民和建筑师对于在一群极其美丽精巧的古建筑中建造一座现代建筑感到愤怒。其高昂的维护费用和古怪的形状也引发了大量的批评。显然，许多人对在这个古城中涌现的时髦的现代建筑感到不舒服。不过，也有不少艺术家和市民觉得这些批评没有看到该建筑的美和艺术上的成熟。

在一个公众日益崇拜西方技术和风格的时代里，这座建筑所引发的争论促使许多人开始思考这座城市里古建筑的未来。古建筑复杂而奢华，大规模建造过于昂贵。而现代西方建筑常常很难跨越文化的障碍。或许应该采取更为温和的方式，事先制定一个总体的规划，让古建筑得到妥善保护，让现代建筑成为这个城市和谐的一部分。

When the new National Museum was completed, some citizens and architects were indignant at the appearance of a modern building amidst the most beautiful and exquisite ancient buildings of the city. There was also an outburst of criticism of its high cost of maintenance and its strange shape. Obviously, some people felt uncomfortable with such fashionable modern buildings being erected in the city. But on the other hand, many artists and citizens believed that these criticisms failed to do justice to the beauty and artistic maturity of the new museum.

The debate caused by this museum forces many people to contemplate the future of those ancient buildings of the city in an age when the public increasingly worship the modern Western technology and styles. With their extravagance and complexity, it is costly to build ancient buildings on a large scale. At the same time, beautiful modern buildings of Western styles cannot always transcend the cultural barrier. Maybe a more moderate approach should be adopted. A careful overall plan should be made beforehand to ensure that the ancient buildings are properly preserved and the modern buildings become a harmonious part of the city.

5 Write a description of the buildings you chose in Activity 3. Use strong or exaggerated language to emphasize your ideas.

Example:

From afar the Shanghai World Financial Centre is a glittering pillar of glass, soaring into the sky in one incredibly simple but elegant line. The mind-blowing building, opened in 2008, has 101 floors and a unique aperture at the top, a trapezium opening like a window into space.

One of the most memorable experiences of a trip to Shanghai is to travel up to the highest observation deck（观光大厅）in the world at an astonishing 500 m or so, and to step out on to the glass floor giving a heart-stopping view under your feet and a breathtaking view over the great city.

The building, housing offices, shops, a museum and the world’s most elevated hotel, is a miracle

of construction, an absolutely stunning display of modern technology and craftsmanship.

Unit 9

5 Translate the paragraphs into Chinese.

You’ve heard of the Long March? Well, that is a stroll in the park, compared to what it’s like to learn Chinese.

So, if 1.3 billion Chinese don’t have a problem with their own language, why do dumb foreigners like me find it so hard to learn?

First of all, learning thousands of characters is a chore, and there’s nothing for it but to learn them by heart.

Even using a dictionary has its own set of problems. For example, how do you look up the meaning of a character? I’ve spent hours trying to match what I think is the radical with the list in the middle of my Chinese-English dictionary, then hunting down the character matched with its pinyin (Roman alphabet) equivalent, then turning to the dictionary entry itself, and looking for the character and eliminating all those with inappropriate meanings until I find the right one. It takes a lot of patience, it can be very disappointing, and my disgraceful strike rate is scarcely 20 characters an hour.

Language experts estimate that you “only” need to learn 5,000 characters to be literate. (I just love that “only”!) They also say it’s desirable to see and revi se a character about seven times in different contexts in order to retain it and use it productively. So you do the math.

你听说过万里长征吗？和学汉语相比，那简直就是在公园里漫步，不值一提。

那么，既然13亿中国人在学汉语时没有什么问题，为什么像我这样的笨老外会觉得汉语这么难学呢？

首先，学习几千个汉字就是一件苦差事，除了把它们牢记在心之外，没有别的办法。甚至在查字典的时候也会碰到一堆问题。比如说，你怎么才能在字典里查到一个字的意思呢？为此我曾经花了很多时间。首先我要确定这个字的偏旁部首，然后在我的汉英词典中的部首表里找到这个部首，然后再按照偏旁部首找到标有拼音（罗马字母）的这个字，然后再查找字典的词条找那个字，把那些意思不对的统统排除，直到找到那个正确的字为止。这个过程需要很大的耐心，会让人灰心丧气。说起来很丢人，我自己查汉字的速度每小时还不到20个字。据语言专家估计，你“只”需要掌握5,000个汉字就能读写汉语了。（我太喜欢这个“只”字了！）他们还说要记住一个字并且能够灵活运用，最好要在不同的语境下看到并温习这个字大概7次。要花多少时间，你自己算吧。

6 Translate the paragraphs into English.

20年来，一直有人认为简体字是激进的汉语改革的产物，不能保留传统文化的精华。在他们看来，那么多中国人读不懂繁体字是一件可耻的事情。有些人甚至认为简体字是一个有缺陷的语言系统，用简体字使中国人变笨了，中华文明已经到了紧要关头，必须用繁体字才能拯救我们的民族文化。

但是这些提倡恢复繁体字的人并不能提出足够的理由来支持他们的观点。他们还忘记了重要的一点：繁体字太复杂，在中国古代，这在受过良好教育和没受过教育的人之间造成了巨大的鸿沟，而简体字则让上亿的中国人识了字，并在一定程度上模糊了受过教育的精英和普通大众之间的界限。如果我们重新启用繁体字,可能会侵害到大多数人受教育的权利，破坏中国社会的团结。

In the last couple of decades, there have always been people who believe that simplified characters are a product of the radical reform of Chinese language, and fail to retain the essence of our traditional culture.

From their point of view, it’s disgraceful that so many Chinese cannot read traditional characters. Some even argue that simplified characters are a defective system of language and using them makes Chinese people dumb, and that our civilization has reached a critical stage where we have to go back to traditional Chinese characters to save our national culture.

But those in favour of traditional characters are unable to provide sufficient evidence for their assertions.

They also forget an important point: In ancient China the complexity of traditional characters created a rift between the educated and the uneducated, while the simplified characters had helped hundreds of millions of people become literate, and to a certain extent blurred the boundaries between the educated elite and the ordinary public. If we went back to traditional characters, it would be very likely to infringe on the majority’s right to education and damage the uni ty of Chinese society.

3 Write a humorous personal essay about a learning experience. Use self-deprecating humour and exaggeration.

Example:

“Coming down the pool with us?” I seemed to be asked this question a thousand times in my first few weeks of university. It was hard to think of good excuses to turn down these kind invitations. People would probably not believe I was allergic to water. If I said my parents had drowned when I was young, people might avoid me as psychologically troubled, and anyway when my parents eventually turned up for graduation it would look odd. The one thing I could not tell them was I could not swim. In my part of the world there were practically no swimming opportunities and no one thought about it, but here it seemed to be assumed every normal person could swim. But I could not.

I decided to learn. How hard could it be? Fish did not look particularly intelligent to me, so if they could do it, surely I, a university student, could. I took lessons. One of the first terrors of learning to swim is that you have to take most of your clothes off. Suddenly, I didn’t like my white skinny self – especially not when next to my tanned muscular tutor. The first thing he did was to lie to me. He told me people naturally float. I didn’t. I s ank like lead to the bottom of the pool, and was only saved from a watery grave with a great deal of effort.

I had ten lessons. How I dreaded each one. A race horse on land, I became a one-legged hippo (河

马) in the water. I splashed and spluttered and made a fool of myself. If any fish had been by to see me, they would have cried with laughter. My tutor must have despaired of me and perhaps considered moving to the Gobi Desert so he could forget the entire experience.

But then suddenly the miracle happened. I was swimming, smoothly and naturally through the water. I had taken to swimming like … well, like a duck to water. I have never looked back. I just smile coolly when anyone asks me down the pool, nod and follow.

Fear not – you can learn to swim.

Unit 10

6 Translate the paragraphs into Chinese.

Those same 15 degrees of longitude also correspond to a distance traveled. At the Equator, where the girth of the Earth is greatest, 15 degrees stretch fully one thousand miles. North or south of that line, however, the mileage value of each degree decreases. One degree of longitude equals four minutes of time the world over, but in terms of distance, one degree shrinks from 68 miles at the Equator to virtually nothing at the Poles.

Precise knowledge of the hour in two different places at once – a longitude prerequisite so easily accessible today from any cheap pair of wristwatches – was utterly unattainable up to and including the era of pendulum clocks. On the deck of a rolling ship, such clocks would slow down, or speed up, or stop running altogether.

Normal changes in temperature encountered en route from a cold country of origin to a tropical trade zone thinned or thickened a clock’s lubricating oil and made its metal parts expand or contract with equally disastrous results. A rise or fall in barometric pressure, or the subtle variations in the Earth’s gravity from one latitude to another, could also cause a clock to gain or lose time.

与此类似，15度的经度也对应一定的航行距离。在赤道，地球的周长最长，15度的经度代表长达1,000英里的航行距离。但是在赤道以北或赤道以南，经度每增加1度，就意味着航行的距离就相应地缩短一点。在地球上的任何地方，就时间而言，1度的经度相当于4分钟，但就距离而言，1度的经度所对应的距离是从赤道开始，向北、向南逐渐递减的。在赤道上，1度的经度相当于68英里的航行距离，但在两极，其对应的距离几乎为零。

现在任何便宜的腕表都可以精确地告诉人们两个不同地理位置的地点在同一时刻的时间，这是计算经度的先决条件。但这在人类使用摆钟以及之前的时代是根本不可能的。在一艘颠簸的船上，这样的摆钟会走慢或走快，或者干脆就停了。

船只在从一个寒冷的国家出发开往一个热带信风区的途中，气温的任何变化都会使钟表的润滑油变稀或者变稠，并且导致金属零件膨胀或收缩，这两种情况都会造成灾难性的后果。气压的升降，或者从一个纬度到另一纬度地球重力的细微变化，都会使钟表走快或者走慢。

7 Translate the paragraphs into English.

去年8月，当一场热带飓风侵袭这个偏远渔镇的时候，一群在这儿工作的年轻志愿者竭尽全力帮助当地人。当时电讯几乎中断，这个镇子与外界的交通也瘫痪了。如果他们只是等待地方政府救援而不采取措施的话，那就太晚了。这些志愿者为失去房屋的人找到了庇护之所，

为伤者提供了基本的医疗救助。他们使镇上的居民避免了更大的灾难。

他们的努力也打消 (dispel) 了当地人对他们的怀疑。大多数人觉得这些志愿者帮助他们应对这场灾难，干得非常出色。这些志愿者也证明了自己是称职的。他们虽然不像那些渔民一样身体健壮，但是他们有坚强的意志和决心。他们在飓风面前显示出来的勇气表明，要衡量一个人的力量，你不仅要看他是否有强健的体格，还要看他是否有坚强的意志。

In the August of last year when a tropical hurricane hit this remote fishing town, a group of young volunteers who had been working here did all they could to help the local people. As telecommunications was on the verge of breaking down and the traffic between the town and the outside world completely paralyzed, it would have been too late if they did nothing but wait for the local government’s help. The volunteers found shelter for those who lost their houses, and provided basic medical service for the wounded. Their work had prevented this storm from having more disastrous effects on the residents.

Their efforts also dispelled local people’s doubts about them, as most of them felt that these volunteers had done a terrific job in helping them cope with the disaster. These volunteers had proved that they were worth t heir salt. Although they didn’t have a muscular body as the local fishermen, they had strong will and determination. Their bravery in the face of hurricane showed that when gauging one’s strength, you should look at not only their physical shape but also what is underneath.

4 Write a description of your personal challenge.

Example:

Once, when I was on holiday by the seaside, I wanted to see if I could manage to swim across the bay.

It didn’t look far, and at first the sea was very calm. Things began to go wrong when I noticed the sky was growing darker. I realized a storm was blowing in off the sea. I was a good swimmer and had won a few medals at school swimming galas, but I was beginning to realize this swim might be more than I could handle and it was not going to get any easier if the seas got rough. But that,

of course, is exactly what they did as the wind increased and the rain lashed down. I was also beginning to feel very cold and my muscles were starting to hurt. I could even feel a current moving me further out to sea. I was beginning to despair. I did not think I could cope with so many problems all at once. I was making less and less progress. Staying afloat was challenge enough. Just then I thought I heard a cry. I made a great effort and tried to swim in its direction. Yes, it was a human voice. For a moment the impossible became possible and I put all my strength into swimming alongside a small boat. Soon arms were reaching out to help me and pulling me over the side. I was safe.

Half an hour later I was on shore, wrapped in a blanket, drinking hot soup, and feeling very grateful and very, very stupid. Only total idiots start swimming a long way in unknown conditions and with no one with them.

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