2015年北京第二外国语学院翻译硕士英语翻译基础考研真题,考研大纲,考研经验

2015年北京第二外国语学院翻译硕士英语翻译基础考研真题

英语翻译基础

一、

汉译英15分

1、《中庸》Doctrine of the Mean

2、音译transliteration

3、颐和园the Summer Palace

4、目的语target language

5、不可再生资源non-renewable resource

6、中国科学院Chinese Academy of Sciences

7、地方人民检察院Local People's Procuratorates

8、领土完整territorial integrity

9、货到付款cash on delivery（COD）

10、对外贸易经济合作部the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation

11、洋务运动Westernization Movement

12、中国国际广播电台China Radio International(CRI)

13、改革重点the key points of the reform

15、宪法修正案amendments to the Constitution

英译汉15分

1、（EMS）express mail service特快专递

2、（GNP）gross national product国民生产总值

3、（OPEC）Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries石油输出国家组织

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4、mission commander指挥官

5、The third party involvement第三方介入

6、（IFF）International Football Federation国际足球联合会

7、Non Aligned Movement不结盟运动

8、House of Representatives众议院

9、（IAEA)International Atomic Energy Agency国际原子能组织

10、Direct dial to phone直拨电话

11、（IQ)intelligence quotient智商

12、computer assisted design计算机辅助设计

13、Federal Bureau of Investigation联邦调查局

二、段落英译汉60分

人物传记类，讲述一个部落放牛郎成长为二十世纪最后一位伟大的解放者。三段，无生词。

三、段落汉译英60分

科技类。Internet给现代生活的改变。三段，较易。正常语序，注意英语一般以物为主语，被动。

英译汉已改了，以前是经济学人那种风格的新闻评论，今年改成了一篇人物志，是奥巴马关于曼德拉的演讲，同样还是很简单，我翻得很快，出来后和官方翻译一对比水平还是有差距的.原文：It is hard to eulogize any man--to capture in words not just the facts and the dates that make a life,but the essential truth of a person--their private joys and sorrows;the quiet moments and unique qualities that illuminate someone’s soul.How much harder to do so for a giant of history,who moved a nation toward justice,and in the process moved billions around the world.Born during World War I,far from the corridors of power,a boy raised herding cattle and tutored by the elders of his Thembu tribe,Madiba would emerge as the last great liberator of the20th century.Like Gandhi,he would lead a resistance movement--a movement that at its start had little prospect for success.Like Dr.King,he would give potent voice to the claims of the oppressed and the moral

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necessity of racial justice.He would endure a brutal imprisonment that began in the time of Kennedy and Khrushchev, and reached the final days of the Cold War.Emerging from prison,without the force of arms,he would--like Abraham Lincoln--hold his country together when it threatened to break apart.And like America’s Founding Fathers,he would erect a constitutional order to preserve freedom for future generations--a commitment to democracy and rule of law ratified not only by his election,but by his willingness to step down from power after only one term.

Given the sweep of his life,the scope of his accomplishments,the adoration that he so rightly earned,it’s tempting I think to remember Nelson Mandela as an icon, smiling and serene,detached from the tawdry affairs of lesser men.But Madiba himself strongly resisted such a lifeless portrait.(Applause.)Instead,Madiba insisted on sharing with us his doubts and his fears;his miscalculations along with his victories.“I am not a saint,”he said,“unless you think of a saint as a sinner who keeps on trying.”

6.3动态与静态

相对而言，汉语叙述呈动态，英语叙述呈静态。这主要表现在：在表示动作意义时，

汉语倾向于多用动词，英语则倾向于多用名词（特别是抽象名词）和介词短语，同时还大

量使用形容词、副词以及表示状态的弱式动词（如be，have，become，grow，feel，go，

come，get，do等）和虚化动词（如have a look；take a walk；make an attempt；pay a visit；

do harm to sb；do shopping；do some reading等）等各种手段来表示动作意义。另外，英语

句子的谓语动词常常十分简单，除少数由“and”、“but”、“or”等并列连词连接两至

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三个动词外，每个句子往往都只能有一个谓语动词，其他动词则必须经过变形才能在句中

使用，如使用动词的非谓语形式、将动词名词化等等，从而使整个叙述呈现静态。

由于汉英之间存在着这种动态和静态的区别，因此翻译时就不能生搬硬套，削足适

履，而应根据译入语各自的特点进行适当调整，使译文尽量符合译入语的表达习惯。这种

调整主要体现在词类转换上，这种情况前面已有介绍，这里再举数例，旨在进一步说明英

汉互译中动态和静态互相转换的现象，因为词类的转换常常还会不可避免地伴随着句式的

改变。一般而言，英译汉时常常要将原文中表示动作意义的静态叙述转换成汉语的动态叙

述；汉译英时则相反，需将动态叙述转换为静态叙述。

6.3.1英语介语译成汉语动词

英语多用介词表示动作意义，而汉语则少用介词，多用动词。因此，英译汉时，多要

将介词转换成汉语的动词，从而使静态叙述转换成动态叙述。例如：

1）A small plane from Kunming carried us over the mountains and sent us to Jinghong.

一架从昆明起飞的小飞机载着我们飞越群山，把我们送到了景洪。

2）At six,my friend and his wife were in the tunnel on their way into New York for a seven

o’clock appointment.

六点钟，我的朋友偕同其妻，已坐在了开往纽约的地铁里，赶赴七点钟的约会。

3）“Here,you little beggars,”Dobbin said,giving some sixpences amongst them,and then

went off by himself through the rain.(W.Thackeray,Vanity Fair)

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“这儿来，小鬼头儿！”都宾说着，拿出好些六便士的小银元分给他们，自己冒着

雨独自走去。（杨必译）

4）So instead of descending the road to that station we crossed it by the traffic lights and

went through the narrow lanes to my apartment building.

这样，我们不是沿着去车站的马路走，而是在红绿灯附近横过马路，再穿过几条狭

窄的小巷，来到了我的公寓大楼。

例1至4中，原句通过使用介词短语充当定语或状语，使叙述呈现静态，译成汉语后，

原句中的介词短语多被转换成了动词短语，在译句中和其他动词一道构成连动式或兼语式

谓语，从而使叙述呈现动态。

6.3.2英语名词，尤其是抽象名词，译成汉语动词

英语多用抽象名词，从而使叙述呈静态，译成汉语后这些抽象名词多需转换成动词，从而使叙述呈现出动态。例如：

5）One growing issue is the rapid reduction in the retirement age.

一个日益受到关注的问题是退休年龄迅速降低。

6）Motorola is the pre-eminent supplier of equipment to a global industry with some 100

million users.

摩托罗拉公司向一个拥有近一亿用户的全球性行业提供装备，业绩十分突出。

7）Environmental degradation and population growth,with consequent increase in demand

for water,have contributed to a shortage of good quality fresh water.

环境退化和人口增长，以及随之而来的对水需求的不断增加，使优质淡水的短缺资料来源：育明考研考博官网https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9511065003.html,

变得更为严重。

8）It so happened in a department store that an old couple,after careful selection and much

hesitation,fumbled600yuan from their pockets for a quality down quilt,smiling with content when the package was handed over the counter.

在一家百货公司，碰巧有一对老夫妇，他们经过左挑右选，犹豫再三，终于从口

袋里笨拙地摸出六百块钱来，买了一床优质鸭绒被，当鸭绒被从柜台那边递过来时，两人满意地笑了。

例5至8中，原文使用抽象名词表示动作意义，使叙述呈现静态，译成汉语后，将抽象名词转换成了动词，构成句子的谓语或主谓结构，从而使叙述由静态转为动态。

6.3.3英语形容词译成汉语动词

英译汉时，有些英语形容词需要转换成汉语的动词，从而使叙述从静态转换成动态。例如：

9）Weak loan demand and low interest rates at home have prompted a scramble among

Japanese banks to foist credit on Asian(especially Chinese)borrowers.

日本国内贷款需求疲软，利率偏低，这已促使日本银行纷纷将贷款硬塞给亚洲

（尤其是中国的）借款者。

10）There should be more publicity to encourage urban dwellers to give up their stereotype

thinking that housing is social welfare right guaranteed by the State.

应该加大宣传力度，鼓励城市居民放弃老套刻板的思维模式，认为住房是由政府

保障的社会福利权利。

11）The rocketing price of housing has tremendously dampened the enthusiasm of potential

house buyer.

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房价飙升（猛涨），严重挫伤了潜在购房者的积极性。

例9至11中，原句用形容词充当定语，使叙述呈现静态，译成汉语后，将形容词转换成

动词，充当句中的谓语或构成主谓结构，从而使叙述由静态转为动态。

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6.3.4英语非谓语动词译成汉语谓语动词

英语中有很多非谓语动词，可在句中充当除谓语之外的各种成分，而汉语没有这种形式，因此英译汉时，需要将各种非谓语动词转换成汉语的其他成分，并使叙述从静态转换

成动态。例如：

12）Everyone recognizes the importance of speaking English well.In school one of the chief things to learn and to practice may be the reading and writing of English,but in everyday life we convey our thoughts to other people by speaking far more often than by

writing.

人人都知道说上一口流利的英语有多重要。在学校，我们学习和练习的主要内容之一是读写英语，殊不知在日常生活中我们与人交流思想时说比写的机会要多得多。

13）In order to resolve these problems,the Chinese and American experts agreed that youth

organizations should call on the whole of society to create favorable conditions for the healthy growth of young people,as well as to encourage them to meet the urgent needs of

society and to challenge the assumption that young people are apathetic and uncaring.为了解决这些问题，中美两国专家一致认为，各青年团体应该动员整个社会，既要鼓励青年急社会之所急，又要向那种认为年轻人冷漠无情、对社会漠不关心的思想

进行挑战，为他们的健康成长创造有利条件。

14）Thirteen years after launching its quality campaign,Motorola regains a model of how to

use TQM to reinvigorate a corporation.

开展质量管理活动十三年，摩托罗拉公司已重新建立起了一个运用全面质量管理振

兴企业的管理模式。

例12至14中，原句利用动词的各种非谓语形式，在句中充当介词宾语、状语、定语或

宾语补足语等各种成分，而在汉译文中这些非谓语形式或变成了整个句子的谓语，或构成

主谓结构或动宾结构，或与其他动词一道共同构成连动式或兼语式谓语，而这样使用时，不必像英语那样改变形式，而可以直接运用于句子之中。

6.4替代与重复

英语与汉语的另一个重要差异就是，英语重替代，汉语重重复。英语中除了修辞需要

以外，很少在句子中重复同一个词或结构，而在汉语中重复现象比比皆是，这与中国文化

讲究平衡与对称的美学心理有关。我们在英汉互译时必须特别注意这一点。英语中的替代

结构主要有：代词（包括人称代词、指示代词、不定代词和关系代词等），替代词so，替

代动词do等。英译汉时，下列词汇与结构往往用重复法译出：

（一）英语往往用代词来替代上文刚出现过的名词，而汉语则更习惯于重复名词。例如：1）The concepts of electric energy and power are intimately associated with the corresponding ones considered in basic mechanics.

电能和电功率的概念与基础力学中所思考的相应的概念有密切联系。（《中国翻

译》1990年，第2期，第22页）（译文有所改动）

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2）On its maiden voyage the duck zigzagged around the pond at a speed of thirty knots,

which was three times faster than the maximum speed which the boats and ducks of the

day had yet attained.

在首次航行中，鸭子以每小时30海里的速度在池塘里曲折前进，这个速度比当时的船和其它鸭子所能达到的最高速度还快三倍。

3）In the universe of atoms,as a resource is consumed it becomes more expensive to produce.

在由原子构成的宇宙中，若一种资源被消耗掉了，生产这种资源所需要的费用将会更加昂贵。

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4）Even when historians write about a natural process beyond human control,such as the

ups and downs of climate,or the spread of disease,they do so only because it helps us to understand why men and women have lived (and died)in some ways rather than others.

历史学家之所以记述非人力所能控制的自然过程，如气候的变迁或疾病的传

播，仅仅是因为这些自然过程可以帮助我们理解世界上的男人和女人为什么这样而不是那样地生活（和死亡）。

上面四例中，原文都是利用各种代词代替前文刚提到的概念或事物，尽量避免重复，汉译文则重复译出这些概念，从而使表达更符合汉语的行文习惯。

反之，汉语中重复的词或结构往往可以用英语的代词译出。例如：

5）我们的民族是一个伟大的民族。

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Ours is a great nation.

6）我们提倡和平共处的原则，这项原则目前在世界上已越来越得人心了。

We have advocated the principle of peaceful co-existence,which is now growing more and more popular in the world.(连淑能：p.178)

7）何首乌藤和木莲藤缠络着，木莲有莲房一般的果实，何首乌有臃肿的根。

Milkwort intervove with climbing fig,which had fruit shaped like the calyx of a lotus,while the milkwort had swollen tubers.

8）我们先到梅雨亭。梅雨亭正对着那条瀑布；坐在亭边不必仰头，便可见它的全体了。（朱自清）

First we reached Plum Rain Pavilion.This stands opposite the waterfall,and seated beside it you need not raise your head to see the whole cascade.

（二）英语中的代动词及代动词词组，如do ；do so ；do it ；do that ；do this ；do the same 等，往往用重复法译成动词。例如：

9）We all know that dogs and cats do not have histories while human beings do.众所周知，狗和猫没有历史，而人类则有。

10）Nonetheless it protested against the confinement by struggling to get out and in doing

so its wings and legs drove the cranks which conveyed motion to a paddle-wheel on each

side.

然而，鸭子被放入后拼命挣扎着要出来，想要摆脱被囚禁的命运。就在挣扎时，它的翅膀和腿不断地驱动着安装在容器里的曲轴，曲轴便带动了两边的浆轮。

11）He thought that since ducks spend most of their days in water they should be made to

do it efficiently.

他想，既然鸭子大部分时间都在水里度过，那就应该让它们过得有效率。

12）A:Tell us who did it,and we’ll let you go right away.

B:I will never do that.

甲：告诉我们这是谁干的，马上就放你走。

乙：我永远也不会告诉你。

例10中，译文没有将“in doing so”直译成“就在这样做的时候”，而是将它重复译

出，这样更符合汉语的语言特点。例11中，原文为避免重复，用“do it”前面出现过的

“spend”，译文则将它具体化，译成“过”，而不是“让它们更有效率地做它”。第12例

译文重复“告诉”一词，一方面是为了明确意思，另一方面是为了加强语气。

反之，汉语中重复的动词或动词词组译成英语时通常要译为代动词或代动词词组。例如：

13）革命是解放生产力，改革也是解放生产力。（《邓小平选集》第三卷，第370

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页）

Revolution means the emancipation of the productive forces,and so does reform

14）你答应了帮助他就应当帮助他。

You should help him since you promised to do so.

（三）英语中的替代句型，如“so+do+主语”、“so+主语+do”、“so+be+主语”、“so+

主语+be”、“so+will+主语”、“so+主语+will”、“if so”等，通常用重复法译为汉语。

例如：

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15）“By the way,”he added,“have you any free time this afternoon?If so,why don’t you

have tea in the lighthouse?”

“顺便问一下，”他接着说道，“你今天下午有空吗？如果有空，为什么不去灯

塔里喝杯茶呢？”

16）Buying someone a bottle of the very best champagne when they don’t particularly like

champagne is pointless;so is giving them a negligee,or sweater,which you would like to see them in but which they are going to hate.

人家并不特别喜欢香槟，你却偏偏给他买一瓶优质香槟，这样做毫无意义；你送

他们一件休闲服或一件毛衣，想看着他们经常穿在身上，而他们却并不喜欢穿，

这样做同样毫无意义。

17）He buried her where she could see the mountains.The book of English poems lay with

her and so did the flowers from the woods.

他将她埋葬在她能看到群山的地方，那本英文诗集和她躺卧在一起，从树林里采

来的鲜花也和她躺卧在一起。

18）I decided to renovate the house,but it was many years before I found the strength to do

it.

我决定把房子重新翻修一下，但直到许多年以后，我才真正鼓起勇气对它进行翻

修。

例15中“if so”代指“if you have any free time this afternoon”，译成“如果有空”，

属于部分重复。例16中“so is…”指代“…is pointless”，这里采用重复法来翻译。例17中

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“so did…”指代“…also lay with her”，这里采用重复法译出，将原文的语法重复转变成

了修辞重复。例18中“to do it”指代“to renovate the house”，译文也采用了重复法进行翻

译。

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2015考研英语一阅读理解逐句翻译

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2015年考研英语一：翻译真题答案及来源分析 新东方在线唐静 2015年全国研究生入学考试今天拉开帷幕。今天是考研的第1天，下午进行了英语的考试，新东方在线考研辅导名师团队第一时间通过酷学网对考研真题进行直播解析，敬请持续关注。 以下是新东方在线考研名师唐静为2015考生带来的考研英语一翻译深度解析： 英语一翻译的文章来源于An Outline of American History，《美国历史纲要》，是一本历史学方面的专著。考研翻译曾经在1999年考过历史学方面的话题，当初考的是历史学科建立方面的争论，关于历史研究方法论的。今年的考题与1999年那篇历史学文章的试题相比，简单太多。但是与2014年考研翻译试题相比，难度倒是上升了不小。 真题如下，大家参考： Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration -one of the great folk wanderings of history-swept from Europe to America. 46) This movement, impelled (命题人改写为driven) by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent. 受到各种强大的动机所驱使，这场运动在荒野中开创了一个国家；本质使然，它也塑造了这片未知大陆的性格和命运。 47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these distinctly European cultural(命题人删除了这三个 词)traits. 有两股主要力量形成了美国：一是欧洲移民带来的各式思想、风俗和民族特征，二是这个新国家本身在融合上述特征之后带来的影响。Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world. 48) But, inevitably,(命题人删掉了这个词) the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. 但是，美国特有的地理条件、不同种族间的相互影响、以及在这片原始的新大陆上维持旧秩序的艰难，带来了巨大的变化。These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.

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