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商业楼宇

摘要：

提供商业楼宇电气设计指南和一般参考。它涵盖了负荷特性;电压考虑电源和配电设备;控制器;服务，拱顶，电气设备室;布线系统;系统的保护和协调;照明;空间电空调，运输，通信系统的规划，设备自动化;扩张，现代化建设和康复;所占用的特殊要求;和电能管理。虽然向面向工程师的权力与商业建设的经验有限，它可以是一个负责所有商业楼宇电气设计工程师的援助。这个建议的做法是不打算成为一个完整的手册，但是，它可以直接工程师到文本，期刊和商业楼宇的引用，并作为行动指南，通过无数的法规，标准和做法，由出版，其他专业协会和政府机构。

关键词：商业大厦，电力系统，负荷特性

介绍

1.1范围：此建议的做法可能会成为最大的价值面向工程师的权力与商业建设的经验有限。它也可以是一个负责所有商业楼宇电气设计工程师的援助。

但是，它不打算应用许多优秀的工程技术文本和常用手册，也不是不足够的详细设计手册。它应被视为对商业楼宇的电气设计指南和一般参考。

1.2商业楼宇

“商业，住宅，建筑物和体制”作为本章，包括工业建筑和私人住宅以外的所有建筑物。它包括办公和公寓楼，宾馆，学校，教堂，海洋，航空，铁路，巴士站，百货公司，零售商店，政府大楼，医院，养老院，精神和惩教机构，影剧院，体育场馆，以及其他直接服务市民的建筑物。建筑物或部分建筑物内的工业园区，这是作为办公室或医疗设施或类似的非工业用途使用，属于这个建议的做法的范围。

今天的商业楼宇，因为他们的规模日益扩大和复杂性，已成为越来越多后，充足和可靠的电力系统的依赖。可以更好地理解现代商业建筑的复杂性，由检查系统，设备和1.2.中所列的设施。

1.3电气设计元素

尽管在各种各样的商业，住宅和机构的建筑物，一些电气设计元素共同所有。下面列出的这些元素，将在这一节中详细讨论一般在此建议的做法，其余部分的动力，照明和辅助系统的设计中考虑的主要设计元素包括：

1）大小，质量，特点，需求，巧合还是载荷和载荷因素的多样性

2）服务，分配和利用电压和电压调节

3）灵活性和扩展的规定

4）可靠性和连续性

5）人员和财产的安全

6）初始和维持费用

7）操作和维修。

8）故障电流和系统的协调

9）动力源。

10）配电系统

11）法律规定的和可选的待机/应急电源系统

12）节约能源，需求和控制

13）符合法规要求

14）相关的网站的特别要求：抗震要求，高度，声级，安全性，接触物理元素，火灾隐患，危险地段，功率调节，不间断电源（）系统

1.4安全

生命和财产保全的安全性在电力系统的设计，最重要的因素有两个。因为市民入住，通途，都会占用密度高的商业大厦。在很多商业楼宇，系统操作人员的技术能力非常有限，可能不会有任何具体的电力方面的培训。

各种规则提供最低保障的生命和财产的规则和规例。电气设计工程师往往会提供大于规则，根据他或她的做出最好的判断，同时也考虑到利用和经济保障。

人员的安全，可分为两类：

1）为维护和操作人员的安全

2）为广大市民的安全

维护和操作人员的安全是通过适当的设计和设备选型方面来完成，钥匙环环相扣，断路器和熔断器分断能力，使用高速的故障检测和电路开启装置，间隙，接地方法和设备识别。

为广大市民的安全要求，所有的电路决策和破电路设备，以及其他电气设备。这是通过使用前端设备，控制和机柜，正确的接地，故障水平的限制，安装的障碍和其他隔离（包括特殊的通风格栅），适当的间隙，足够的绝缘，类似的规定，在此建议的做法概述。

短路保护是所有电力系统的基本安全要求。服务，馈线和分支电路，需要足够的打断能力。选择性，电路故障自动隔离，表示良好的工程实践。故障保护，这是第9章中所涵盖的，应设计和整个系统的协调。物理设备损坏或篡改，和暴露未受保护的设备，电气，化工，机械损伤保护是必要的。

1.4设计注意事项

电气设备通常占有总建筑空间的比例相对较小，在设计上，它可能是更容易比电气机械领域或结构元素服务领域发生改变。电气领域的分配空间常常给建筑和相关专业的审议。在空间竞争的搜索，电气工程师是负责履行适当的电气安装的要求，而同时保证在布局和安置方面的电力系统的灵活性。

商业建筑考虑的是在确定建筑物至关重要。美观的考虑可能会在设备选型中发挥了重要作用，尤其是照明设备。电气工程师提供好的做法，规范的要求，和环境因素使然不受侵犯，

可能有谈判的设计标准，以适应设计团队的其他成员的愿望。

1.5设计的协调

有关专业的联营公司，如建筑师，机械工程师，结构工程师，其中涉及地下服务，土木工程师，电气工程师。他们还必须关注的建设者和建筑物的业主或经营者，作为客户，可采取积极关注在设计。更多的时候，电气工程师将直接与整体设计活动，通常是建筑师，项目经理的协调;必须配合安全工程师，消防工程师，也许是环境编译引擎，以及其他有关人士的主机如空间规划者和室内装饰，所有的人有发言权，在最终的设计。电气设计师必须熟悉当地的规则，知道在设计和建设有管辖权的机关。例如，它可以有一个电力项目，在最后时刻举行的不便和尴尬，因为没有获得适当的许可，为街道收的许可证，允许安装公用事业上的网站或环境许可证网站发生器。

当地承包商通常是熟悉当地法令和工会工作规则和避免陷阱是可以有很大的帮助。执行电气设计中，它是必不可少的，在开始时，准备了所有的设计阶段，必须考虑到的清单。主要项目包括临时用电，访问该网站，并检讨别人。某些电器的工作中可能出现的非电气部分的规格。例如，家具和电动马达和马达控制器连接，可覆盖在规格的机械部分。行政控制的目的，电气工程，可划分成若干合同，其中一些可能是总承包商的控制下，其中一些可能会被授予电业承办商。在与设计师将关注的项目是：初步成本预算，最终成本估计，计划或图纸，技术规范（这是工作的书面陈述），材料，手册，工厂检查，化验，临时用电。设计师也可以参与提供信息电气考虑拥有和经营成本，摊销，投资回报率，以及相关的项目，影响项目的财务理由。

1.6灵活性

灵活性意味着电力系统的发展和壮大，以及变化的适应性，以满足不同的要求，在建筑物的使用寿命。往往是一个设计师正面临着可能是未知的负载提供公用事业。例如，许多办公楼的建造与租户的空间设计不完整。在某些情况下，设计师将提供只有别人的核心工具，用于连接提供服务的工作领域。在其他情况下，设计师可能会奠定了基本制度，并作为租户需求的开发，填补细节。通常情况下，租客提供所有他或她自己的工作空间设计。

因为它通常是困难和昂贵的增加竖管和馈线的能力，它是重要的，最初将提供足够的能力的规定。应包括额外的导线或滚道的空间，在设计阶段后可能会增加额外负荷。这方面的考虑，尤其重要的是越来越多地使用电子设备和空调的商业建筑。的成本和困难，取得新的馈线和较大的开关，这将需要现代化或扩大建设时，空间很可能被认为是在最初的设计。应用的主要馈线装机容量的50％的负荷增长幅度预计扩张，往往是有道理。每个项目都值得仔细考虑适当的负载允许的增长幅度。

特大型或备用水道，电缆，母线槽，和设备的使用电布线系统的灵活性增强。作出这些规定的成本通常是在初始安装相对较小。

空喉轴和孔，通过地板可为今后的工作在相对较低的成本。应考虑到最初为将来的扩展提供卫星电壁橱。通过地板的开口应与防火填充材料，容易去除，以防止火灾和烟雾楼层之间的传播。电脑室和灵活性，经常提供可拆卸面板的活动地板，高架地板下面板坯之间的布线空间提供接入。

文献、资料来源：《》

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附件1：外文资料翻译译文 抗侧向荷载的结构体系 常用的结构体系 若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重，那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。确实，较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点。 这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地。实际上，正是因为有了这种宏观的构思，新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展，可能更重要的是：几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了。 如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈，高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类： 1.抗弯矩框架。 2.支撑框架，包括偏心支撑框架。 3.剪力墙，包括钢板剪力墙。 4.筒中框架。 5.筒中筒结构。 6.核心交互结构。 7. 框格体系或束筒体系。 特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式，同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力，大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系。而且，就较高的建筑物而言，大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列。 将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质。其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展，以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构。这并

不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反，有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了，然而，如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导，那么，得以发展的就只能是好的结构，并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何，要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计，两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论，但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低，中高度的建筑中常用的体系，它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系，或者和其他体系结合起来使用，以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑，可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系，这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS，STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地，由于柱梁节点固有柔性，并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点，所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然，在设计的后期阶段，实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强，在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色，它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑，并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。

外文文献—动画

Animation Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions to create an illusion of movement. The effect is an optical illusion of motion due to the phenomenon of persistence of vision, and can be created and demonstrated in several ways. The most common method of presenting animation is as a motion picture or video program, although there are other methods. Early examples An Egyptian burial chamber mural, approximately 4000 years old, showing wrestlers in action. Even though this may appear similar to a series of animation drawings, there was no way of viewing the images in motion. It does, however, indicate the artist's intention of depicting motion. Early examples of attempts to capture the phenomenon of motion drawing can be found in paleolithic cave paintings, where animals are depicted with multiple legs in superimposed positions, clearly attempting to convey the perception of motion. Five images sequence from a vase found in Iran A 5,000 year old earthen bowl found in Iran.It has five images of a goat painted along the sides. This has been claimed to be an example of early animation. However, since no equipment existed to show the images in motion, such a series of images cannot be called animation in a true sense of the word. A Chinese zoetrope-type device had been

土木工程外文文献及翻译

本科毕业设计 外文文献及译文 文献、资料题目：Designing Against Fire Of Building 文献、资料来源：国道数据库 文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2008.3.25 院（部）：土木工程学院 专业：土木工程 班级：土木辅修091 姓名：武建伟 学号：2008121008 指导教师：周学军、李相云 翻译日期： 20012.6.1

外文文献: Designing Against Fire Of Buliding John Lynch ABSTRACT: This paper considers the design of buildings for fire safety. It is found that fire and the associ- ated effects on buildings is significantly different to other forms of loading such as gravity live loads, wind and earthquakes and their respective effects on the building structure. Fire events are derived from the human activities within buildings or from the malfunction of mechanical and electrical equipment provided within buildings to achieve a serviceable environment. It is therefore possible to directly influence the rate of fire starts within buildings by changing human behaviour, improved maintenance and improved design of mechanical and electrical systems. Furthermore, should a fire develops, it is possible to directly influence the resulting fire severity by the incorporation of fire safety systems such as sprinklers and to provide measures within the building to enable safer egress from the building. The ability to influence the rate of fire starts and the resulting fire severity is unique to the consideration of fire within buildings since other loads such as wind and earthquakes are directly a function of nature. The possible approaches for designing a building for fire safety are presented using an example of a multi-storey building constructed over a railway line. The design of both the transfer structure supporting the building over the railway and the levels above the transfer structure are considered in the context of current regulatory requirements. The principles and assumptions associ- ated with various approaches are discussed. 1 INTRODUCTION Other papers presented in this series consider the design of buildings for gravity loads, wind and earthquakes.The design of buildings against such load effects is to a large extent covered by engineering based standards referenced by the building regulations. This is not the case, to nearly the same extent, in the

商业建筑外文文献翻译)

Commercial Buildings Abstract: A guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings is provided. It covers load characteristics; voltage considerations; power sources and distribution apparatus; controllers; services, vaults, and electrical equipment rooms; wiring systems; systems protection and coordination; lighting; electric space conditioning; transportation; communication systems planning; facility automation; expansion, modernization, and rehabilitation; special requirements by occupancy; and electrical energy management. Although directed to the power oriented engineer with limited commercial building experience, it can be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial buildings. This recommended practice is not intended to be a complete handbook; however, it can direct the engineer to texts, periodicals, and references for commercial buildings and act as a guide through the myriad of codes, standards, and practices published by the IEEE, other professional associations, and governmental bodies. Keywords: Commercial buildings, electric power systems, load characteristics 1. Introduction 1.1 Scope This recommended practice will probably be of greatest value to the power oriented engineer with limited commercial building experience. It can also be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial buildings. However, it is not intended as a replacement for the many excellent engineering texts and handbooks commonly in use, nor is it detailed enough to be a design manual. It should be considered a guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings. 1.2 Commercial Buildings The term “commercial, residential, and institutional buildings”as used in this chapter, encompasses all buildings other than industrial buildings and private dwellings. It includes office and apartment buildings, hotels, schools, and churches, marine, air, railway, and bus terminals, department stores, retail shops, governmental buildings, hospitals, nursing homes, mental and correctional institutions, theaters, sports arenas, and other buildings serving the public directly. Buildings, or parts of buildings, within industrial complexes, which are used as offices or medical facilities or for similar nonindustrial purposes, fall within the scope of this recommended practice. Today’s commercial buildings, because of their increasing size and complexity, have become more and more dependent upon adequate and reliable electric systems. One can better understand the complex nature of modern commercial buildings by examining the systems, equipment, and facilities listed in 1.2.1. 1.2.2 Electrical Design Elements In spite of the wide variety of commercial, residential, and institutional buildings, some electrical design elements are common to all. These elements, listed below, will be discussed generally in this section and in detail in the remaining sections of this recommended practice. The principal design elements considered in the design of the power, lighting, and auxiliary systems include: 1) Magnitudes, quality, characteristics, demand, and coincidence or diversity of loads and load factors 2) Service, distribution, and utilization voltages and voltage regulation 3) Flexibility and provisions for expansion

土木工程专业外文文献及翻译

（ 二 〇 一 二 年 六 月 外文文献及翻译 题 目： About Buiding on the Structure Design 学生姓名： 学 院：土木工程学院 系 别：建筑工程系 专 业：土木工程(建筑工程方向) 班 级：土木08-4班 指导教师：

英文原文： Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing Abstract The crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing Foreword Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the

建筑外文文献及翻译论文资料

外文原文 Study on Human Resource Allocation in Multi-Project Based on the Priority and the Cost of Projects Lin Jingjing , Zhou Guohua SchoolofEconomics and management, Southwest Jiao tong University ,610031 ,China Abstract----This paper put forward the affecting factors of project’s priority. which is introduced into a multi-objective optimization model for human resource allocation in multi-project environment . The objectives of the model were the minimum cost loss due to the delay of the time limit of the projects and the minimum delay of the project with the highest priority .Then a Genetic Algorithm to solve the model was introduced. Finally, a numerical example was used to testify the feasibility of the model and the algorithm. Index Terms—Genetic Algorithm, Human Resource Allocation, Multi-project’s project’s priority . 1.INTRODUCTION More and more enterprises are facing the challenge of multi-project management, which has been the focus among researches on project management. In multi-project environment ,the share are competition of resources such as capital , time and human resources often occur .Therefore , it’s critical to schedule projects in order to satisfy the different resource demands and to shorten the projects’duration time with resources constrained ,as in [1].For many enterprises ,the human resources are the most precious asset .So enterprises should reasonably and effectively allocate each resource , especially the human resource ,in order to shorten the time and cost of projects and to increase the benefits .Some literatures have