建筑外文文献及翻译
外文文献：
Study on Human Resource Allocation in Multi-Project Based on the Priority and the Cost of Projects
Lin Jingjing , Zhou Guohua
SchoolofEconomics and management, Southwest Jiao tong University ,610031 ,China Abstract----This paper put forward the affecting factors of project’s priority. which is introduced into a multi-objective optimization model for human resource allocation in multi-project environment . The objectives of the model were the minimum cost loss due to the delay of the time limit of the projects and the minimum delay of the project with the highest priority .Then a Genetic Algorithm to solve the model was introduced. Finally, a numerical example was used to testify the feasibility of the model and the algorithm.
Index Terms—Genetic Algorithm, Human Resource Allocation, Multi-project’s project’s priority .
1.INTRODUCTION
More and more enterprises are facing the challenge of multi-project management, which has been the focus among researches on project management. In multi-project environment ,the share are competition of resources such as capital , time and human resources often occur .Therefore , it’s critical to schedule projects in order to satisfy the different resource demands and to shorten the projects’ duration time with resources constrained ,as in [1].For many enterprises ,the human resources are the most precious asset .So enterprises should reasonably and effectively allocate each resource , especially the human resource ,in order to shorten the time and cost of projects and to increase the benefits .Some literatures have discussed the resource allocation problem in multi-project environment with resources constrained. Reference [1] designed an iterative algorithm and proposed
a mathematical model of the resource-constrained multi-project scheduling .Based
on work breakdown structure (WBS) and Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition method ,a feasible multi-project planning method was illustrated , as in [2] . References [3,4]
discussed the resource-constrained project scheduling based on Branch Delimitation method .Reference [5] put forward the framework of human resource allocation in multi-project in Long-term ,medium-term and short-term as well as research and development(R&D) environment .Based on GPSS language, simulation model of reso urces allocation was built to get the project’s duration time and resources distribution, as in [6]. Reference [7] solved the engineering project’s resources optimization problem using Genetic Algorithms. These literatures reasonably optimized resources allocation in multi-project, but all had the same prerequisite that the project’s importance is the same to each other .This paper will analyze the effects of project’s priority on human resource allocation ,which is to be introduced into a mathematical model ;finally ,a Genetic Algorithm is used to solve the model.
2.EFFECTS OF PROJECTS PRIORITY ON HUMAN RESOUCE ALLOCATION
AND THE AFFECTING FACTORS OF PROJECT’S PRIORITY
Resource sharing is one of the main characteristics of multi-project management .The allocation of shared resources relates to the efficiency and rationality of the use of resources .When resource conflict occurs ,the resource demand of the project with highest priority should be satisfied first. Only after that, can the projects with lower priority be considered.
Based on the idea of project classification management ,this paper classifies the affecting factors of project’s priority into three categories ,as the project’s benefits ,the complexity of project management and technology , and the strategic influence on the enterprise’s future development . The priority weight of the project is the function of the above three categories, as shown in (1).
W=f(I,c,s…) (1)
Where w refers to project’s priority weight; I refers to the benefits of th e project; c refers to the complexity of the project, including the technology and management; s refers to the influence of the project on enterprise .The bigger the values of the three categories, the higher the priority is.
3.HUMAN RESOURCE ALLOCATION MODEL IN MULTI-PROJECT
ENVIRONMENT
3.1Problem Description
According to the constraint theory, the enterprise should strictly differentiate the bottleneck resources and the non-bottleneck resources to solve the constraint problem of bottleneck resources .This paper will stress on the limited critical human resources being allocated to multi-project with definite duration times and priority.
To simplify the problem, we suppose that that three exist several parallel projects and a shared resources storehouse, and the enterprise’s operation only involves one kind of critical human resources. The supply of the critical human resource is limited, which cannot be obtained by hiring or any other ways during a certain period .when resource conflict among parallel projects occurs, we may allocate the human resource to multi-project according to project’s priorities .The allocation of non-critical independent human resources is not considered in this paper, which supposes that the independent resources that each project needs can be satisfied.
Engineering projects usually need massive critical skilled human resources in some critical chain ,which cannot be substituted by the other kind of human resources .When the critical chains of projects at the same time during some period, there occur resource conflict and competition .The paper also supposes that the corresponding network planning of various projects have already been established ,and the peaks of each project’s resources demand have been optimized .The delay of the critical chain will affect the whole project’s duration time .
3.2 Model Hypotheses
The following hypotheses help us to establish a mathematical model:
(1)The number of mutually independent projects involved in resource
allocation problem in multi-project is N. Each project is indicated with
Q i,while i=1,2, … N.
(2)The priority weights of multi-project have been determined ,which are
respectively w 1,w 2…w n .
(3) The total number of the critical human resources is R ,with r k standing
for each person ,while k=1,2, …,R
(4) Δk
i = ???others toprojectQ rcer humanresou i k 01 (5) Resources capturing by several projects begins on time. t E i is the
expected duration time of project I that needs the critical resources to
finish some task after time t ,on the premise that the human resources
demand can be satisfied .tAi is the real duration time of project I that
needs the critical resource to finish some task after time t .
(6) According to the contract ,if the delay of the project happens the daily
cost loss due to the delay is △c i for pr oject I .According to the project’s
importance ,the delay of a project will not only cause the cost loss ,but
will also damage the prestige and status of the enterprise .(while the
latent cost is difficult to quantify ,it isn’t considered in this article
temporarily.)
(7) From the hypothesis (5) ,we can know that after time t ,the time-gap
between the real and expected duration time of project I that needs the
critical resources to finish some task is △t i ,( △t i =t A i -t E i ). For there
exists resources competition, the time –gap is necessarily a positive
number.
(8) According to hypotheses (6) and (7), the total cost loss of project I is C i
(C i = △t i * △C i ).
(9) The duration time of activities can be expressed by the workload of
activities divided by the quantity of resources ,which can be indicated
with following expression of t A i =ηi / R i * ,.In the expression , ηi refers
to the workload of projects I during some period ,which is supposed to
be fixed and pre-determined by the project managers on project planning
phase ; R i * refers to the number of the critical human resources being
allocated to projects I actually, with the equation R i *
=∑=R
k ki 1
δ existing. Due to the resource competition the resource demands of projects with
higher
Priorities may be guarantee, while those projects with lower priorities
may not be fully guaranteed. In this situation, the decrease of the
resource supply will lead to the increase of the duration time of activities
and the project, while the workload is fixed.
3.3 Optimization Model
Based on the above hypotheses, the resource allocation model in
multi-project environment can be established .Here, the optimization
model is :
F i =min Z i = min
∑∑==N
i i N i Ci 11ω =min i i N
i i N i c t ??∑∑==11ω (2) =min ∑∑==N i i N i 11ω )
E i R i ki i t - ??∑=1δη i c ? 2
F =min Z 2=min ()i t ?=min )
E i R i ki i t -
??∑=1δη (3) Where wj=max(wi) ,(N j i 3,2,1,=?) (4)
Subject to : 0∑∑==≤R k ki N i 11δ=R (5)
The model is a multi-objective one .The two objective functions are
respectively to minimize the total cost loss ,which is to conform to the
economic target ,and to shorten the time delay of the project with highest
priority .The first objective function can only optimize the apparent
economic cost ;therefore the second objective function will help to make
up this limitation .For the project with highest priority ,time delay will
damage not only the economic benefits ,but also the strategy and the
prestige of the enterprise .Therefore we should guarantee that the most
important project be finished on time or ahead of schedule .
4.SOLUTION TO THE MULTI-OBJECTIVE MODEL USING GENETIC
ALGORITHM
4.1The multi-objective optimization problem is quite common .Generally ,each
objective should be optimized in order to get the comprehensive objective optimized .Therefore the weight of each sub-objective should be considered .Reference [8] proposed an improved ant colony algorithm to solve this problem .Supposed that the weights of the two optimizing objectives are αand β ,where α+β=1 .Then the comprehensi ve goal is F* ,where F*=αF1+βF2.
4.2The Principle of Genetic Algorithm
Genetic Algorithm roots from the concepts of natural selection and genetics .It’s a random search technique for global optimization in a complex search space .Because of the parallel nature and less restrictions ,it has the key features of great currency ,fast convergence and easy calculation .Meanwhile ,its search scope is not limited ,so it’s an effective method to solve the resource balancing problem ,as in [9].
The main steps of GA in this paper are as follow:
(1)Encoding
An integer string is short, direct and efficient .According to the
characteristics of the model, the human resource can be assigned to be a
code object .The string length equals to the total number of human
resources allocated.
(2)Choosing the fitness function
This paper choose the objective function as the foundation of fitness
function .To rate the values of the objective function ,the fitness of the
n-th individual is 1/n。
(3)Genetic operation
It’s the core of GA .This process includes three basic operators: selection
operator, crossover operator, and mutation operation.
1)Selection operation is to select the good individuals among the
group .The probability of a string to be selected as a parent is
proportional to its fitness .The higher the string’s fitness is, the
greater the probability of the string to be selected as a parent will be.
2)Crossover operator
The so-called crossover is that the paten chromosomes exchange
some genes to yield two offspring strings in some rule .We can use
uniform crossover ,that the two chromosomes exchange the genes on
the same positions with the same crossover probability to yield two
new individuals.
3)Mutation operator
Mutation adds to the diversity of a population and thereby increases
the likelihood that the algorithm will generate individuals with better
fitness values .The mutation operator determines the search ability of
GA ,maintain the diversity of a population ,and avoid the
prematurity .There are several mutation is quite easy .
4)Standard for the terminal of GA
Without human control ,the evolution process of the algorithm will
never end .The population size affects the final result and the
operation speed .If the size is greater ,the diversity of the population
can be added ,and the best result can be obtained
easier .However ,the efficiency is reduced .Recently ,in most GA
progress , the biggest evolvement algebra is determined by
human-beings to control the course the algorithm.
5.NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
We use a numerical example to illustrate the effectiveness of Genetic Algorithm . Assume that there are three projects with the same network ,and the priority weights have been put forward .There is only one critical path in each project . The data we have known are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Data of the Three Projects
The steps of Genetic Algorithm to solve the model are as follow:
Step1: An integer string is adopted .Encode with [0,1,2] for there are three projects .The length of the chromosome is 16 ,the total number of human resource to be allocated .
Step 2: The initial population size is 50.
Step 3: Doing genetic operation .Adopt Roulette Wheel and Elitist tactic to determined selection operator .The offspring can be yielded by uniform cross-over .The mutation operator can be determined by uniform mutation .We assume that the mutation probability equal to 0.001 .
Step 4: Adopt the maximum population size is 100 when terminated.
After the computer simulation, we can obtain the Pare-to results with different importance weights of the two objective functions, as shown in Table 2 : Table 2 The Solution Result of the Model
From table 2 we can learn that , when αand βchange ,the result is different .However we can obtain a series of Pareto results.
6.CONCLUSION
Human resource allocation in multi-project environment is a complicated problem .This paper analyzes the importance of project’s priority in resource allocation and establishes a human resource allocation model based on priority and cost of projects .Finally, genetic Algorithm is adopted to solve the model.
During the construction process of the allocation model, we have put forward some hypotheses in order to simplify the problem .However, when the enterprises practically allocate the resources, hey will face more complexity, which is the focus of our future study.
中文翻译：
在项目优先权和成本的基础上对多项目中人力资源配置的
研究
林晶晶，周国华中国西南交通大学经济和管理学院，610031
摘要---本文提出项目优先次序的影响因素，为多项目环境配置人力资源引入一个多目标优化模型。这一模型的目标是使得由于项目时间限制的延误损失的成本最低和具有最高优先顺序项目的延迟最小。然后用遗传算法求解该模型。最后，用一个数值例子证明该模型和算法的可行性。
关键字---遗传算法;人力资源配置;多项目、项目的优先权;
1 、引言
越来越多的企业面临的挑战是多项目管理，这已经成为项目管理研究的焦点。多项目环境中，诸如资金，时间和人力等资源的共享和竞争经常发生。因此合理安排项目的进度，以满足不同资源的需求并缩短项目造成的资源约束。对于许多企业来说，人力资源是最宝贵的资产。所以企业应合理有效分配每个资源，尤其是人力资源，用以缩短时间减少项目的成本和增加效益。
一些文献中曾讨论的存在资源约束的多项目环境中资源分配问题。设计一个迭代算法，并提出了资源约束的多项目调度的数学模型。基于工作分解结构（ wbs ）和dantzig -wolf的分解方法，人们曾演示过一个可行的多项目规划方法。讨论基于分支定界的方法的资源受限项目的调度。提出在长期、中期和短期的多项目及研究和开发（ R ＆ D ）环境中人力资源配置框架。在gpss语言的基础上，为了获得该项目的持续时间和资源的分配而建立仿真模型的资源配置。用遗传算法解决了工程项目的资源优化问题。这些文献虽然合理优化了多项目的资源配置，但它们都有相同的先决条件即该项目的重要性是一样。本文将引进数学模型用以分析项目优先权在人力资源配置中的作用。最后，用遗传算法求解这一模型。
2. 项目优先权对人的资源分配的作用和影响项目优先权的因素
资源共享是是多项目管理一个主要特点。共享资源的分配涉及到资源使用的
效率和合理性，当资源发生冲突时，应该首先满足最高优先权项目的资源的需求。
在此之后，较低优先权的项目才予以考虑。
基于项目分类管理的思想，本文将归类项目的优先次序的影响因素分为三
类。正如项目的利润一样，复杂的项目管理和技术以及战略都影响着企业的未来
发展。优先权的重量级取决于该项目上述三大类因素。公式为：W=f(I,c,s…)
(1)
其中w是指项目的优先权重；i指该项目的利润，; c指项目中技术和管理
的复杂性; s指该项目对企业的影响。三类因素的价值越大，其优先级越高。
3 、在多项目环境下的人力资源分配模型。
3.1、问题描述
根据约束理论，企业应严格区分瓶颈资源和非瓶颈资源来解决瓶颈资源的
约束问题。本文将着力研究被分配在多项目中有限且关键的人力资源，而这些多
项目都有明确的期限和时代优先权。
为了简化问题，我们假设存在平行的几个项目和一个共享的资源库，且企业
的运作只涉及一种重要的人力资源。关键人力资源的供应是有限的，在一定期限
内是不能通过雇用或凭借任何其他方式获得的。当资源之间的冲突在并行项目中
发生时，我们可能会根据项目的优先次序分配人力资源。本文不考虑非关键独立
的人力资源的配置问题，这是假定这些独立的资源可以满足每个项目的需求。
工程项目通常在一些关键链需要大量的关键技术熟练的人力资源，而这些资
源是由其他人力资源所不能取代。在某时期内，当项目的几个关键环节同时需要
同一种关键性人力资源时就会发生资源的冲突和竞争。本文还假设认为，各个项
目已经建立相应的网络规划，并且每个项目的资源需求的高峰期已得到优化。关
键环节的延误将会影响整个项目的持续时间。
3.2 模型假设
以下假说帮助我们建立一个数学模型：
(1) 介入多项目的资源分配问题的相互独立项目的数量是N。每个项目Q用表
示，而i=1,2，… N。
(2) 确定了多项目优先权重量，各自是w
1， w
2
…w
n
。
(3) 重要人力资源的总数是R ，用r k 代表每个人，而k=1,2， …， R
(4)δk i = ???其他中的人是分配到0r Q 1k i
(5)几个项目共用的资源从时间t s 开始。t E i 是人力资源的需求可以得到满足的前
提下项目i 的预计持续时间，项目i 在t s 后需要关键资源来完成某些任务。
(6)根据合同，如果该项目延误则由延误对项目i 造成的每日成本损失为△C i 。根据该项目的重要性，工程延误后不但会造成成本的损失，而且还会损害企业的威望和地位。 （而潜在的成本是难以量化的，这在本文中暂时不做考虑）。
(7)从假说（ 5 ） ，我们可以知道在时间t s 后，项目i 真正持续时间和预期持
续时间的时间差距为△t i ,( △t i =t A i -t E i )。由于存在着资源的竞争，时间的差
距必然是一个正数。
(8)根据假说(6)和(7)，项目i 总的成本损失是C i (C i = △t i * △C i )。
(9)活动持续时间可以用活动的工作量除以资源的数量表达，用下面的表达式表示为t A
i = ηi /R *i 。在这个表达式中， ηi 指在某一时期项目i 的工作量，它应
该是固定和预先确定的。R *
i 是指在项目经理对项目的规划阶段被实际上分配给
项目i 中的关键人力资源的数量。于是存在方程R i * =∑=R k ki 1δ。由于资源的竞争，具有较高优先权项目的资源需求可能得到保障，而那些较低的优先权的项目可能无法得到充分保障。在这种情况下当工作量是固定的，减少了资源的供应将导致活动和项目持续时间的增加。
3.3优化模型
基于上述的假设确立多项目环境的资源分配模型。这里的优化模型表示为： F i =min Z i = min
∑∑==N i i N i Ci 11ω =min i i N
i i N i c t ??∑∑==11ω (2)
=min ∑∑==N i i N i 11ω )
E i R i ki i t - ??∑=1δη i c ?
2F =min Z 2=min ()i t ?=min )
E
i R
i ki i t - ??∑=1δη (3) Where wj=max(wi) ,(N j i 3,2,1,=?) (4)
Subject to : 0∑∑==≤R k ki N i 11δ=R (5)
该模型是一个多目标形式的。这两个目标函数一个是为符合经济目标以尽量减少总的成本损失，另一个是以缩短有最高优先权项目的延迟时间。由于第一个目标函数只能优化明显的经济成本，因此第二个目标函数将有助于弥补此限制。对于有最高优先权的项目，时间延迟将会损害的不仅有经济利益，而且也会损害企业的策略和威望。因此，我们应保证最重要的项目应按时完成或提前完成。
4 、用遗传算法求解多目标模型
4.1多目标优化问题是相当普遍。一般来说，应该优化每一个目标，以便获得全面的目标优化。因此每个分目标的比重，应该予以考虑。人们所提出的一种改进的蚁群算法解决这个问题。假定两个优化目标的权重各是α和β，有α+β=1。全面的目标是F *，有F *=α*F 1+β*F 2。
4.2遗传算法的原则
遗传算法起源于自然选择和遗传学的概念。在一个复杂的搜索空间中，遗传算法是一个寻求全局优化的随机搜索技术。因为平行的性质和较少的限制，它有着传播充分、，收敛速度快，且易于计算的主要特点。同时由于遗传算法不局限于的搜索范围，因此它是一个解决资源平衡问题有效的方法。
本文中遗传算法的主要步骤如下：
（ 1 ）编码
整数串是短期，直接和有效的。根据该模型的特点，每个人力资源可以安排为一个代码对象。字串长度等于人力资源配置的总数。
（ 2 ）选择的合适的函数
本文选择目标函数作为合适函数的基础。为估计目标函数的价值， N个人的合适性为1/n。这是遗传算法的核心。这个过程中包括三个基本的算子：选择算子、交叉算子和变异算子。
1）选择算子，是选择小组中的优秀个体。一个字符串被作为母体选中的概率与它的合适性是成正比的。字符串越合适被选中的概率也就越高。
2）交叉算子
所谓交叉是指交叉的染色体交换一些基因，而在一些规则下产生两个字符串。我们可以使用统一的交叉，这两个染色体交换基因后，在相同的交叉概率下产生出两个新的个体。
3）变异算子
变异增加了人口的多样性，从而增加了产生更好合适性价值个人的可能性。变异算子决定遗传算法的搜索能力，多样性人口保持能力和避免早产儿的能力。几种整数串的简单的统一变异方法确实存在。
4) 遗传算法的终端标准
在没有人控制的情况下，该算法的演化过程将永远不会结束。人口规模影响着最终的结果和运算速度。如果人口规模越大，则人口的多样性会增加，并且最佳结果也能更易获得。但其效率会降低。最近，在大多数遗传算法的发展过程中，由控制算法的人控制了最大的演化代数。
5)数值例子
我们使用一个数值例子来说明遗传算法的成效。我们假定在同一网络中有三个项目，且每个项目的优先权重也已经提出。每一个项目只存在一个关键路径。数据如表1所示：
表1 三个项目的数据
解决模型遗传算法的步骤如下：
步骤1 ：采取整数串将[0,1,2]输入这三个项目。染色体的长度是16即将被分配的人力资源的总数是16。
步骤2：最初的人口大小是50。
步骤3：采取赌轮和精英的策略确定选择算子做遗传操作。后代可以产生均匀交叉，变异算子可以由统一的突变决定。我们假设突变的概率为0.001。
步骤4：采用最高的人口规模是100时终止。
计算机模拟后，我们可以获取两个目标函数不同重要性权重的帕累托结果。如表2所示：
表2 模型的解答结果
从表2我们可以了解，当α和β的变化，结果是不同的。但我们可以取得了一系列的帕累托结果。
6 、结论
人力资源配置，在多项目环境是一个复杂的问题。本文分析项目的优先权在资源配置中的重要性，并在优先次序和项目成本的基础上建立了人力资源分配模型。最后，用遗传算法求解模型。在分配模式下施工过程中，我们提出了一些假设以简化问题。然而，当企业实际分配资源时，他们将面临更多的复杂性，这正是我们未来研究的重点。
建筑类外文文献及中文翻译
forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.
机械设计设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
机械设计 摘要：机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。它是一种用来转换或传递能量的装置，例如：发动机、涡轮机、车辆、起重机、印刷机、洗衣机、照相机和摄影机等。许多原则和设计方法不但适用于机器的设计，也适用于非机器的设计。术语中的“机械装置设计”的含义要比“机械设计”的含义更为广泛一些，机械装置设计包括机械设计。在分析运动及设计结构时，要把产品外型以及以后的保养也要考虑在机械设计中。在机械工程领域中，以及其它工程领域中，所有这些都需要机械设备，比如：开关、凸轮、阀门、船舶以及搅拌机等。 关键词：设计流程设计规则机械设计 设计流程 设计开始之前就要想到机器的实际性，现存的机器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度，或者成本上得到改善。新的机器必需具有以前机器所能执行的功能。 在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不要受到任何约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即在绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于阻断创新的思路。通常,还要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在这个计划最后决定中,使用了某些不在计划之内的一些设想。 一般的当外型特点和组件部分的尺寸特点分析得透彻时，就可以全面的设计和分析。接着还要客观的分析机器性能的优越性，以及它的安全、重量、耐用性，并且竞争力的成本也要考虑在分析结果之内。每一个至关重要的部分要优化它的比例和尺寸，同时也要保持与其它组成部分相协调。 也要选择原材料和处理原材料的方法。通过力学原理来分析和实现这些重要的特性，如那些静态反应的能量和摩擦力的最佳利用，像动力惯性、加速动力和能量；包括弹性材料的强度、应力和刚度等材料的物理特性，以及流体润滑和驱动器的流体力学。设计的过程是重复和合作的过程，无论是正式或非正式的进行，对设计者来说每个阶段都很重要。 最后，以图样为设计的标准，并建立将来的模型。如果它的测试是符合事先要
英文文献及翻译(计算机专业)
NET-BASED TASK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Hector Garcia-Molina, Jeffrey D. Ullman, Jennifer Wisdom ABSTRACT In net-based collaborative design environment, design resources become more and more varied and complex. Besides com mon in formatio n man ageme nt systems, desig n resources can be orga ni zed in connection with desig n activities. A set of activities and resources linked by logic relations can form a task. A task has at least one objective and can be broken down into smaller ones. So a design project can be separated in to many subtasks formi ng a hierarchical structure. Task Management System (TMS) is designed to break down these tasks and assig n certa in resources to its task no des. As a result of decompositi on. al1 desig n resources and activities could be man aged via this system. KEY WORDS : Collaborative Design, Task Management System (TMS), Task Decompositi on, In formati on Man ageme nt System 1 Introduction Along with the rapid upgrade of request for adva need desig n methods, more and more desig n tool appeared to support new desig n methods and forms. Desig n in a web en vir onment with multi-part ners being invo Ived requires a more powerful and efficie nt man ageme nt system .Desig n part ners can be located everywhere over the n et with their own organizations. They could be mutually independent experts or teams of tens of employees. This article discussesa task man ageme nt system (TMS) which man ages desig n activities and resources by break ing dow n desig n objectives and re-orga nizing desig n resources in conn ecti on with the activities. Compari ng with com mon information management systems (IMS) like product data management system and docume nt man ageme nt system, TMS can man age the whole desig n process. It has two tiers which make it much more flexible in structure. The lower tier con sists of traditi onal com mon IMSS and the upper one fulfills logic activity management through controlling a tree-like structure, allocating design resources and
机械专业外文翻译(中英文翻译)
外文翻译 英文原文 Belt Conveying Systems Development of driving system Among the methods of material conveying employed，belt conveyors play a very important part in the reliable carrying of material over long distances at competitive cost．Conveyor systems have become larger and more complex and drive systems have also been going through a process of evolution and will continue to do so．Nowadays，bigger belts require more power and have brought the need for larger individual drives as well as multiple drives such as 3 drives of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case for the conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine)．The ability to control drive acceleration torque is critical to belt conveyors’performance．An efficient drive system should be able to provide smooth，soft starts while maintaining belt tensions within the specified safe limits．For load sharing on multiple drives．torque and speed control are also important considerations in the drive system’s design. Due to the advances in conveyor drive control technology，at present many more reliable．Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems covering a wide range of power are available for customers’ choices[1]. 1 Analysis on conveyor drive technologies 1．1 Direct drives Full-voltage starters．With a full-voltage starter design，the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear drive．Direct full-voltage starters are adequate for relatively low-power, simple-profile conveyors．With direct fu11-voltage starters．no control is provided for various conveyor loads and．depending on the ratio between fu11-and no-1oad power requirements，empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full load．The maintenance-free starting system is simple，low-cost and very reliable．However, they cannot control starting torque and maximum stall torque；therefore．they are
土木工程毕业设计外文文献翻译修订版
土木工程毕业设计外文文献翻译修订版 IBMT standardization office【IBMT5AB-IBMT08-IBMT2C-ZZT18】
外文文献翻译 Reinforced Concrete （来自《土木工程英语》） Concrete and reinforced concrete are used as building materials in every country. In many, including the United States and Canada, reinforced concrete is a dominant structural material in engineered construction. The universal nature of reinforced concrete construction stems from the wide availability of reinforcing bars and the constituents of concrete, gravel, sand, and cement, the relatively simple skills required in concrete construction, and the economy of reinforced concrete compared to other forms of construction. Concrete and reinforced concrete are used in bridges, buildings of all sorts underground structures, water tanks, television towers, offshore oil exploration and production structures, dams, and even in ships. Reinforced concrete structures may be cast-in-place concrete, constructed in their final location, or they may be precast concrete produced in a factory and erected at the construction site. Concrete structures may be severe and functional in design, or the shape and layout and be whimsical and artistic. Few other building materials off the architect and engineer such versatility and scope. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. As a result, cracks develop whenever loads, or restrained shrinkage of temperature changes, give rise to tensile stresses in excess of the tensile strength of the concrete. In
土木工程外文文献翻译
专业资料 学院： 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 抗侧向荷载的结构体系 常用的结构体系 若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重，那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。确实，较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点。 这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地。实际上，正是因为有了这种宏观的构思，新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展，可能更重要的是：几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了。 如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈，高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类： 1.抗弯矩框架。 2.支撑框架，包括偏心支撑框架。 3.剪力墙，包括钢板剪力墙。 4.筒中框架。 5.筒中筒结构。 6.核心交互结构。 7. 框格体系或束筒体系。 特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式，同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力，大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系。而且，就较高的建筑物而言，大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列。 将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质。其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展，以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构。这并
不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反，有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了，然而，如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导，那么，得以发展的就只能是好的结构，并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何，要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计，两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论，但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低，中高度的建筑中常用的体系，它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系，或者和其他体系结合起来使用，以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑，可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系，这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS，STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地，由于柱梁节点固有柔性，并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点，所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然，在设计的后期阶段，实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强，在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色，它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑，并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。
商业建筑外文文献翻译)
Commercial Buildings Abstract: A guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings is provided. It covers load characteristics; voltage considerations; power sources and distribution apparatus; controllers; services, vaults, and electrical equipment rooms; wiring systems; systems protection and coordination; lighting; electric space conditioning; transportation; communication systems planning; facility automation; expansion, modernization, and rehabilitation; special requirements by occupancy; and electrical energy management. Although directed to the power oriented engineer with limited commercial building experience, it can be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial buildings. This recommended practice is not intended to be a complete handbook; however, it can direct the engineer to texts, periodicals, and references for commercial buildings and act as a guide through the myriad of codes, standards, and practices published by the IEEE, other professional associations, and governmental bodies. Keywords: Commercial buildings, electric power systems, load characteristics 1. Introduction 1.1 Scope This recommended practice will probably be of greatest value to the power oriented engineer with limited commercial building experience. It can also be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial buildings. However, it is not intended as a replacement for the many excellent engineering texts and handbooks commonly in use, nor is it detailed enough to be a design manual. It should be considered a guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings. 1.2 Commercial Buildings The term “commercial, residential, and institutional buildings”as used in this chapter, encompasses all buildings other than industrial buildings and private dwellings. It includes office and apartment buildings, hotels, schools, and churches, marine, air, railway, and bus terminals, department stores, retail shops, governmental buildings, hospitals, nursing homes, mental and correctional institutions, theaters, sports arenas, and other buildings serving the public directly. Buildings, or parts of buildings, within industrial complexes, which are used as offices or medical facilities or for similar nonindustrial purposes, fall within the scope of this recommended practice. Today’s commercial buildings, because of their increasing size and complexity, have become more and more dependent upon adequate and reliable electric systems. One can better understand the complex nature of modern commercial buildings by examining the systems, equipment, and facilities listed in 1.2.1. 1.2.2 Electrical Design Elements In spite of the wide variety of commercial, residential, and institutional buildings, some electrical design elements are common to all. These elements, listed below, will be discussed generally in this section and in detail in the remaining sections of this recommended practice. The principal design elements considered in the design of the power, lighting, and auxiliary systems include: 1) Magnitudes, quality, characteristics, demand, and coincidence or diversity of loads and load factors 2) Service, distribution, and utilization voltages and voltage regulation 3) Flexibility and provisions for expansion
发动机类外文文献翻译(中文)
. 轻型发动机设计方案 摘要： 在过去的一些年里，新一代汽车发动机燃油效率并不是像我们预料中的那样会有所降低。其原因：汽车重量的增加。通过对汽车发动机整车重量以及部分重量的分析知：曲轴箱作为一个单一部件具有潜在的可减少重量的部件，这篇论文讲述的是通过利用轻型材料和现代的设计手段减少发动机重量的方法。 将轻型材料应用于曲轴箱设计构思中包含着广泛的设计理念，这种设计理念就是尽最大可能利用被选材料所具有的可能性去减少汽车重量，以下我将详细的谈论关于直列式和V-型发动机特殊方法的构思，发动机重量减轻也可以利用中小型发动机来代替又大又重的发动机，现代技术以被应用于现存的发动机设计构思中从而增加发动机功率重量比，使发动机性能得到提高因此它的市场价值也得到提高。 新型轻型发动机设计方案中有一个重要方面就是与传统发动机设计理念相比要尽量减小发动机零部件数量，因为这样对于减少整车重量有着非常重要作用。 介绍： 汽车在生态方面和将来继续充当普通交通工具的要求已经显著提高尤其在美国和欧洲。通过合法的要求使那些有压力的顾客在这方面得到缓解。必需考虑到这样的事实，对于燃油的消耗，排放，回收在利用这些中心问题要有一个回应。 在过去的一些年里，汽车发动机的发展取的了进步，使发动机功率得到了显著的提高同时在降低发动机燃油消耗和排放方面已经付出巨大的努力。通过应用直喷，废气涡轮增压和多气门技术于柴油发动机中，使发动机的性能得到显著提高。 新车取代与在它之前所有具有相类似功能车时，其新车发动机工作效率的提高并不是通过对原有车的有效改进。整个交通工具工作效率停滞不前甚至降低的原因是在过去的十五年里增加了15%~20%的车辆（图1）。尽管轻型材料的使用不断增长以及设计者有意识的向轻型结构方面设计但是重量减轻却被其他方面所弥补。读者可以通过以下方面得知：多余的汽车外形 安全方面的改进
土木工程类专业英文文献及翻译
PA VEMENT PROBLEMS CAUSED BY COLLAPSIBLE SUBGRADES By Sandra L. Houston,1 Associate Member, ASCE (Reviewed by the Highway Division) ABSTRACT: Problem subgrade materials consisting of collapsible soils are com- mon in arid environments, which have climatic conditions and depositional and weathering processes favorable to their formation. Included herein is a discussion of predictive techniques that use commonly available laboratory equipment and testing methods for obtaining reliable estimates of the volume change for these problem soils. A method for predicting relevant stresses and corresponding collapse strains for typical pavement subgrades is presented. Relatively simple methods of evaluating potential volume change, based on results of familiar laboratory tests, are used. INTRODUCTION When a soil is given free access to water, it may decrease in volume, increase in volume, or do nothing. A soil that increases in volume is called a swelling or expansive soil, and a soil that decreases in volume is called a collapsible soil. The amount of volume change that occurs depends on the soil type and structure, the initial soil density, the imposed stress state, and the degree and extent of wetting. Subgrade materials comprised of soils that change volume upon wetting have caused distress to highways since the be- ginning of the professional practice and have cost many millions of dollars in roadway repairs. The prediction of the volume changes that may occur in the field is the first step in making an economic decision for dealing with these problem subgrade materials. Each project will have different design considerations, economic con- straints, and risk factors that will have to be taken into account. However, with a reliable method for making volume change predictions, the best design relative to the subgrade soils becomes a matter of economic comparison, and a much more rational design approach may be made. For example, typical techniques for dealing with expansive clays include: (1) In situ treatments with substances such as lime, cement, or fly-ash; (2) seepage barriers and/ or drainage systems; or (3) a computing of the serviceability loss and a mod- ification of the design to "accept" the anticipated expansion. In order to make the most economical decision, the amount of volume change (especially non- uniform volume change) must be accurately estimated, and the degree of road roughness evaluated from these data. Similarly, alternative design techniques are available for any roadway problem. The emphasis here will be placed on presenting economical and simple methods for: (1) Determining whether the subgrade materials are collapsible; and (2) estimating the amount of volume change that is likely to occur in the 'Asst. Prof., Ctr. for Advanced Res. in Transp., Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ 85287. Note. Discussion open until April 1, 1989. To extend the closing date one month,
Manufacturing Engineering and Technology(机械类英文文献+翻译)
Manufacturing Engineering and Technology—Machining Serope kalpakjian；Steven R.Schmid 机械工业出版社2004年3月第1版 20.9 MACHINABILITY The machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors: 1、Surface finish and integrity of the machined part; 2、Tool life obtained; 3、Force and power requirements; 4、Chip control. Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone. Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below. 20.9.1 Machinability Of Steels Because steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining steels. Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels. Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in
建筑外文文献及翻译论文资料
外文原文 Study on Human Resource Allocation in Multi-Project Based on the Priority and the Cost of Projects Lin Jingjing , Zhou Guohua SchoolofEconomics and management, Southwest Jiao tong University ,610031 ,China Abstract----This paper put forward the affecting factors of project’s priority. which is introduced into a multi-objective optimization model for human resource allocation in multi-project environment . The objectives of the model were the minimum cost loss due to the delay of the time limit of the projects and the minimum delay of the project with the highest priority .Then a Genetic Algorithm to solve the model was introduced. Finally, a numerical example was used to testify the feasibility of the model and the algorithm. Index Terms—Genetic Algorithm, Human Resource Allocation, Multi-project’s project’s priority . 1.INTRODUCTION More and more enterprises are facing the challenge of multi-project management, which has been the focus among researches on project management. In multi-project environment ,the share are competition of resources such as capital , time and human resources often occur .Therefore , it’s critical to schedule projects in order to satisfy the different resource demands and to shorten the projects’duration time with resources constrained ,as in [1].For many enterprises ,the human resources are the most precious asset .So enterprises should reasonably and effectively allocate each resource , especially the human resource ,in order to shorten the time and cost of projects and to increase the benefits .Some literatures have