英文文献及翻译

ABSTRACT

An impact crusher with a rotor and one or more impact members interconnected to form an adjustable impact member system，a first impact member being mounted pivotally around a first horizontal axis by way of at least one drive means，on the second horizontal axis of which a further impact member，pivotal by way of at least one drive means，is provided，in which context the horizontal axis pivotally supporting the impact member is provided in the region of that end of the first impact member which is remote from the horizontal axis and the second impact member comprises one or more levers.

IMPACT CRUSHER

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Our present invention relates to an impact crusher of the type in which a rotor is Provided with crushing elements which cooperate with impact members which cooperate to form a crushing gap and to an impact member assembly suitable for use with such a rotor. Moro Particularly the invention relates to an impact crusher comprising a rotor and two or more impact members interconnected to form an adjustable impact member system，a first impact member being mounted pivotally around a first horizontal axis by way of at least one drive means，and having a second horizontal axis on which a second impact member，pivotal by way of at least one drive means，15 provided.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

An impact crusher for crushing material of various consistencies is known for example from DE 23 31 729 Al in which the impact plates are interconnected in articulated manner to form a coherent composite pivotal impact member，each of the interconnected impact plates deriving adjustable support individually from the housing. The impact plates may have impact surfaces which are at angles to one another or arc stepped along the path of the material as it 15 entrained from the inlet side of the machine.

The principles of such machines have also been developed in the Chemical Engineers Handbook，Perry and Chilton，5th edition，McGraw Hill Book Company，New York，1973，at Chapters，pages 19 ff.

This known impact crusher，just like impact other crushers of the same genus，suffers from the substantial drawback that the upper impact member，provided downstream of the machine inlet yields outwardly due to foreign objects which cannot be crushed entering the machine，so that the crushing gap between the rotor and the lower impact member is decreased to such an extent，due to the upper impact member pivoting outwardly，that a risk arises of foreign objects getting wedged between the rotor and the impact member,leading to possible damage to the rotor and/or the impact member，so that the continued operability of the installation can no longer be ensured.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

It is the principal object of the present invention to provide an improved impact crusher such that the damage which can be caused by the entry of a noncrushable foreign object can be minimized. Another object of the invention is to provide an improved impact crusher which is free from the drawbacks of earlier devices or apparatuses of this type and particularly the drawbacks mentioned above.

Still another object of this invention is to provide improved impact assembly for a rotor-type crusher or breaker whereby drawbacks which could have resulted in down time can be avoided.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

These objects are attained，in accordance with the invention in an impact crusher of the type in which a rotor and two or more impact members are provided along the path of the crusher members of the rotor to form an adjustable impact assembly. A first impact member is pivotally mounted at a first

horizontal axis and a second impact member is pivotally mounted on the first impact member by a second horizontal．

axis and respective drive means is provided for controlling the displacement of the impact members．

According to the invention，the horizontal axis pivotally supporting the second impact member is provided in the 5 region of that end of the first impact member which is remote from the first horizontal axis and the second impact member comprises one or more levers．

It is an important feature of the invention that due to the specific arrangement of the point of engagement for the 10 support and the point of articulation of the lower impact member to the lever，the crushing gap between the lower impact member and the rotor is enlarged in the event of the upper impact member yielding due to foreign object interference．

Because of the geometrical relationships with regard to the cylinder hinge point and the axes of the impact members，the edge of the lower impact member closest to the rotor is moved automatically in such a manner during opening of the impact member, for which purpose a housing member is 20swibeled around the pivotal axis，that the edge does not collide with the rotor or the beater bars，thus preventing damage．

Different drive means，preferably hydraulic cylinders，25 may be emp10yed in Order to adjust the two impact members．

More particularly，the impact crusher can comprise:a housing; an impact crusher rotor rotatable in the housing about a horizontal rotor axis; and at least one impact member assembly in the housing adjustable relative to the rotor，the assembly including: a first impact member having impact surfaces juxtaposed with the rotor and pivotally mounted in the housing for movement about a first horizontal pivot axis to shift the surfaces toward and away from the rotor，a first drive means articulated to the first impact member for angularly displacing the first impact member about the first horizontal pivot axis，a second impact member having impact surfaces juxtaposed with the rotor and pivotally mounted in the housing for movement about a second horizontal pivot axis on the first impact member at a location remote from the first horizontal pivot axis to shift the surfaces of the second impact member toward and away from the rotor，at least one lever swingable about the second horizontal pivot axis and operatively connected with the second impact member for pivotally displacing same about the second horizontal pivot axis，and second drive means articulated to the lever for angularly displacing the second impact member about the second horizontal pivot axis．

The impact crusher according to the invention is characterized by a particularly high operational reliability and，therefore，a particularly long useful life due to the advantageous arrangement of the point of engagement for the support of the lower impact member．

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

The above and other objects，features，and advantages will become more readily apparent from the following description，reference being made to the accompanying drawing in which: FIG.1 is a diagrammatic transverse section through an impact crusher according to the invention; 5,890,666；

FIG.IA is the impact crusher of FIG.1，shown with pivotal housing in open position；

FIG.2 is a section taken along the line 2-2 of FIG.1；

FIG.3 is a detail view of the connection of the levers with extensions of the second impact member．

SPECIFIC DESCRIPTION

The impact crusher illustrated in FIG.1 comprises a housing member 9 adapted to swing open

around a pivotalaxis 8 in order to open the impact crusher，and includes a rotor 10 adapted to be rotationally-driven，equipped with crushing elements，not shown in the drawing. Two impact members 1 and4，equipped with a multitude of impact elements 11 are provided in a manner facing the rotor 10．

The impact member 1 disposed above the impact member 4，is pivotally mounted around a horizontal axis 2 by way of at least one cylinder 3 or a different drive element engaging in a hinge point 3a.Ai an end of the impact members in the region remote from the axis2，i.e. at a lower end，a further horizontal axis 6 is provided for pivotally mounting the impact member 4.The gap between the impact members l，4 and the rotor 10 can be denoted as crushing chute. The impact member 4 comprises one or more levers 4a on which one or a plurality of cylinders 5 or other drive elements engages/engage at the associated hinge point 5a. The crushing gap 7 is formed by the impact member 4 and the rotor 10．The material to be crushed，reaching the impact crusher in the direction of the arrow 22，is pre-crushed in the upper region of the crusher and is further crushed by the upper impact member l，being finally crushed to the pre-set particle size by the lower impact member 4 in the crushing gap 7．From FIG.2，it will be apparent that two hydraulic cylinder drivers 5 are provided on each side of the impact member 1 and are connected to respective levers 4a and from FIG.3 it can be seen that each lever 4a which is rigid with the member 4 is on an extension 4b of that impact member to the respective side of the impact member 1．

The impact surfaces of the impact members 1 and 4 are provided at 12 and 13 on the impact members and the pivot axis 8 for the housing part 9 carrying the axis 2 is so arranged with respect to the articulation points 5a and the axis 6 that，when the housing part 9 is swung open in the counterclockwise direction and the drives 3 and 5 are correspondingly actuated，there will be no collision between the impact members 1 and 4 and the rotor 10 or the crushing elements thereon．

We claim：

1．An impact crusher comprising: a housing; an impact crusher rotor rotatable in said housing about a horizontal rotor axis; and at least one impact member assembly in said housing adjustable relative to said rotor，said assembly including: a first impact member having impact surfaces juxta posed with said rotor and pivotally mounted in said housing for movement about a first horizontal pivot axis to shift said surfaces toward and away from said rotor，a first drive means articulated to said first impact member for angularly displacing said first impact member about said first horizontal pivot axis，a second impact member having impact surfaces juxtaposed with said rotor and pivotally mounted in said housing for movement about a second horizontal pivot axis on said first impact member at a location remote from said first horizontal pivot axis to shift said surfaces of said second impact member toward and away from said rotor，lever means swingable about said second horizontal pivot axis and operatively connected with said second impact member for pivotally displacing same about said second horizontal pivot axis，and second drive means articulated to said lever for angularly displacing said second impact member about said second horizontal pivot axis，said lever means comprising a respective lever formed on said second impact member on extensions thereof along said 20 second horizontal pivot axis on opposite sides of said first impact member，each of said levers being pivotally connected with a respective second drive means at a respective articulation point．

2．The impact crusher defined in claim 1 wherein said hinge points and said second horizontal axis being so located 25 so that，upon movement of said first impact member away from said rotor，a gap between said second impact member and said rotor increases．

3．The impact crusher defined in claim 1 wherein said housing includes a movable housing part pivotally connected to a stationary housing part for opening of said crusher and said first axis is provided

on said movable housing part．

4．The impact crusher defined in claim 1 wherein said housing includes a movable housing part pivotally connected to a stationary housing part for opening of said crusher and said first horizontal axis is provided on said movable housing part，said points of articulation and Said second horizontal pivot axis being arranged relative to a pivot axis of movable horizontal Dart that collision between said second impact member with said rotor is precluded during opening of said crusher by swinging of said movable housing part．

5．An impact assembly for an impact crusher having a rotor rotatable in a housing about a horizontal rotor axis，Said impact assembly cooperating with said rotor to form an adjustable crushing gap，said impact assembly including: a first impact member having impact surfaces juxtaposed with said rotor and pivotally mounted in said housing for movement about a first horizontal pivot axis to shift said surfaces toward and away from said rotor，a first drive means articulated to said first impact member for angularly displacing said first impact member about said first horizontal pivot axis，a second impact member having impact surfaces juxtaposed with said rotor and pivotally mounted in said housing for movement about a second horizontal pivot axis on said first impact member at a location remote from said first horizontal pivot axis to shift said surfaces of said second impact member toward and away from said rotor，lever means swingable about said second horizontal pivot axis and operatively connected with said second impact member for pivotally displacing same about said second horizontal pivot axis，and second drive means articulated to said lever for angularly displacing said second impact member about said second horizontal pivot axis，said lever means comprising a respectiVe lever formed on said second impact member on extensions thereof along said second horizontal pivot axis on opposite sides of said first impact member，each of said levers being pivotally connected with a respective second drive means at a respective articulation point．

6．The impact assembly defined in claim 5 wherein said hinge points and said second horizontal axis are located so that，upon movement of said first impact member away from said rotor，a gap between said second impact member and said rotor increases．

摘要

一个带有转子的撞击破碎单元还有一个或更多破碎单元互相连接而形成一个比较完整的破碎系统，一个第一个破碎单元通过至少一种调节方式很好的绕第一个水平轴线旋转，在第二水平轴线处另外一个破碎单元通过至少一种调节方式进行绕轴线旋转，这两种方式是通过支持碰撞构材的水平轴线来提供的，在第一个破碎单元的末端的区域内与水平桥线还有第二个破碎单元像个很大的距离。

冲击式破碎腔的发明

我们现在发明的设备与一种内部由撞击部分的转子有关，其中，撞击部分与破碎单元相互配合，而破碎单元与那个充分利用的转子之间相互配合且有一定的间隙。更特别的发明与一种冲击式碎石机有关，还有两个或者更多碰撞构材相互连接而形成一

个可以调节的碰撞系统，第一个碰撞通过至少一种方式在水平桥线处开始工作，一种在碰撞构材第二水平桥线转动通过至少一种调节方式来提供。

发明的背景

一个压坏各种不同稠度材料的冲击式碎石机可以由DE 23 31 729 A1举例说明，在这个例子中，碰撞板以关节连接形成一个相互密合着的集成物，每一个相互连接的碰撞板都是由可调节的支撑的相互连接的碰撞板来控制。

当它从机器的入口边沿被承载的时候，碰撞钣可能已经碰撞拐角处的小表面或者在材料的表面形成细长的划痕。这样机器在化学工程师手册中的原理，Perry和Chilton,已经做了5版的印刷，McGraw Hill 图书公司，纽约，在1973章，在19页。

这种众所周知的碎石机，就像其他的相同规格的碎石机一样，存在在实质上的障碍那就是顶部破碎构材，能够提供顺流的物流，来提供机器进料口的物料，当不能够压破进入转子和较低的碰撞构材之间的机器，这样在转子和碰撞构材之间的空隙可以被很好的减少。由于外部地依枢轴转动一个保险在转子和碰撞构材之间发生得到楔住，来对象的，上面的碰撞构材，导致对转子及碰撞构材，这样继续性的操作可能出现的错误和伤害将被忽略。

发明的对象

资讯科技是现在的发明主要对象，它提供一个改良的冲击式碎石机以致于能由非可压破的外来对象的入口路所引起的损坏能最小。

发明的另一个对象是提供一个在没有这一个型的较早方法，它的不利点很少还有组织的改良冲击式碎石机，而且特别地不利点在上面提到。

仍然这发明的另一个对象是提供改良的碰撞,总成给一个转子型的破碎机或白金断电器那里不利点能避免可能造成的时间的浪费。

发明一览

这种冲击式碎石机已经被研法，在一个转子和二个或较多的碰撞构材提供向前转子的破碎机构材的小径形成一个可调节的碰撞系统。一个第一个碰撞构材在绕一个第一个水平桥线和一个第二个碰撞构材进行旋转运动，在瞬间在绕第一个碰撞上构材水平桥线进行旋转运动而且分别的运动方式被为控制碰撞构材的变位提供。

依照发明，绕轴性地支撑构材被装置在第一个碰撞从第一个水平桥线和第二个相隔远距离的构材那一个端的区域中的第二个碰撞的水平桥线挤入，构材包含一或较多

的杠杆系。

资讯科技是发明的一个重要概况，由于衔合的测点特定布置为对杠杆的支承和较低的碰撞构材的组合，测点在较低的碰撞构材和转子之间，进行碰撞构材的间隙在上面扩大屈从的取决于外来的对象紧度。

因为和中心的几何学的关系，到汽缸铰测点和碰撞构材的桥线，接近转子的较低碰撞构材的棱，在碰撞构材的开期间被以一个这样的自动地移动, 对于一个设计的基础建构材在绕轴性的桥线的周围是棱以阻止转子或打浆机碰撞，这样可以避免损坏。

不同的运行轨迹，可能为了调节二个碰撞构材，而引用了油压缸。

更特别，冲击式碎石机能包含:一个盖子

在一个水平可旋转的转子桥线附近的遮盖物体中的一个冲击式碎石机转子还有至少对转子的在遮掩物体可调整组合件中的一个碰撞构材总成，总成包括: 一个构材以转子和绕轴性地并置碰撞表面的第一个碰撞展开在遮掩物体中的让它关于一个第一的水平枢桥线的运动变档表面向和远离转子。

一个第一个运行轨迹方法为角移置，第一个碰撞构材有关一个构材以转子和绕轴性地并置，碰撞表面的第二个碰撞展开的第一水平的枢桥线，对第一个碰撞以关节连接构材，在盖子上为在第一的关于一个第二个水平的枢桥线的运动遮掩物体从第一的水平枢桥线在相隔很远的一个定线，挤入构材变档第二个碰撞的表面构材远距离转子，至少一打开可摇摆的，大约在第二个水平的枢桥线，而且工作地以第二个连接为对称轴地移置挤入构材，相同的有关第二个的事水平的枢桥线，和第二个运行方法为角移置，关于第二个水平的枢桥线的第二个碰撞构材以关节连接到杠杆。

依照发明的冲击式碎石机，可表示的特色被一特别地高可靠性操作代替，因此，一个特别长的有寿命由于衔合的测点对于较低的碰撞构材的支承有利的布置。

作摘要抽制的摹状

上述的和其他的对象以为特色，而且优点将会从制造的那个陪伴抽制的下列摘要，基准变得更不迟疑表观在: 图1经过一个依照发明的冲击式碎石机是一个图表的横断面;

图1 是在开着的位中有牛鼻子性的住宅兴建被显示的图1的冲击式碎石机;

图2 是一个沿着 FIG.1 的第 2 行2-2轮流的区间;

图3 是第二个碰撞构材有扩建的杠杆系的联接一个细节视图。

特定的描述

冲击式碎石机在图1中举例，其中包含一个为了要开冲击式碎石机，而且含一个转子 , 在一个绕轴性的桥线周围被适当的安置开着的遮掩物体的构材，来适应回转地-被装备的被动，打破得支离破碎的不被在抽制中显示的元件。

两个碰撞构材1和4,以面转子的样子的多数被提供装备碰撞元件。

绕轴性地被处理在碰撞构材上面的碰撞构材，至少在一个水平桥线的周围用展开的方式单汽缸或一个不同的轨迹元件，移动性的的在铰测点3a中.自动变速箱碰撞构材的一个端在相隔很远的区域中，也就是从桥线的一个较进一步的水平桥线为对称轴地展开碰撞构材提供的较低端。在碰撞构材， 4和转子10之间的间隙能用来当做压坏泻槽指示。

碰撞构材包含一个或多个汽缸或其他的驰车道元件的多数在缔合了的铰答应/ 衔合的较多杠杆系4a 通磨利5a。

破碎间隙是由碰撞构材和转子共同造形的。

被压破到达指针的方向，冲击式碎石机的材料在破碎机的上面区域中被预先压破，并且被最后打破得破碎的间隙较低的碰撞构材，压破到前固定粒径的上面碰撞构材，使它能够将材料更进一步压破。

从图2中它将会是表观的，两个油压缸驾驶提供在碰撞构材的每个边沿上而且被连接给分别的杠杆系4a，而且从图3它能见到，由于构材是刚的，每杠杆4a在那一个碰撞构材的扩展部分4b上分别到碰撞构材的边沿。

碰撞构材的碰撞表被提供在和在碰撞构材和枢桥线上，给携带桥线的遮掩物体部分，是这样的关于组合测点5a和桥线安排，以致于当遮掩物体部分被移动的时候，开着的在反时针方向和运行轨道中，而且对应地被促使将会有的不在碰撞构材1和4和转子，或在那破碎的元件之间上面的冲撞。

我们宣称：

1．冲击式碎石机包含:

顶盖

在说关于一个水平的转子桥线的盖子的可旋转的一个冲击式碎石机转子;

还有至少盖子可调整相配合的一个碰撞构材总成到叫做转子，总成包括: 一个构材为关于一个第一的水平枢桥线的运动，所提到的盖子中以文中的转子和

对称性地并置，碰撞表面展开变档的第一个碰撞，称为表面向和远离说的转子。

一个第一个运行轨迹方法以关节连接称为第一个碰撞构材，为角移置有关说第一的水平枢桥线，称为第一个碰撞构材；

一个构材以文中转子和对称性地并置，碰撞表面的第二个碰撞展开在文中的遮掩物体中，对于从说的第一的水平枢桥线，首先是碰撞在远距离的一个定线的构材，关于一个第二个水平的枢桥线的运动，称为第二的碰撞构材即是表面向和远离的转子，杠杆的用途是可移动的大至说了第二的水平枢桥线，而且为对称性地移置工作地和所说的第二个碰撞构材连接，相同的大约说第二的水平枢桥线，和第二个运行轨迹方法以关节连接说杠杆为角移置，所说第二的碰撞构材称为第二的水平枢桥线，杠杆说意谓包含一个分别的杠杆造形，关于前面说了在延伸上的碰撞构材，第一碰撞构材和第二水平的枢桥线通过反对每一个边沿相互连接，说的杠杆系对称性地在一个分别的组合测点与一个分别的运行轨迹的一起连接方法。

2．冲击式碎石机在要求1中定义在何处说明了铰测点，而且说明了以便于第二个水平桥线如此定位，另外还说明的第一个碰撞构材的运动之后远离说的转子，说明一个间隙在第二的碰撞构材之间，而且说明转子增大。

3．在那冲击式碎石机要求1定义在何处，说明盖子部份地对称性地含一个可动的遮掩物体连接到一个不动的遮掩物体上，破碎机的开部分而且说明第一个桥线被提供遮掩物体的部分物件。

4．冲击式碎石机在要求1中定义在何处，说明遮掩物体部份地对称性地含一个可动的盖子连接到一个不动的盖子上，说明的破碎机的开部分，而且说第一个水平桥线被提供通说了可动的盖子部分，说了组合的测点而且说了被在用转子的破碎机的开期间，在藉由说可动的盖子部分摇摆，被预先排除说第二的碰撞构材之间与一个可动水平的飞镳枢桥线相关的安排那一个冲撞的第二水平的枢桥线。

5．一个有关水平的转子桥线，有一个转子可旋转在一个盖子中的冲击式碎石机的一个碰撞总成，说了碰撞总成以说的转子合作造形间隙，说了碰撞总成包括的一个可调节的压毁：一个构材以说的转子和对称性地并置，碰撞表面的第一个碰撞展开在说的盖子中，让关于一个第一的水平枢桥线的运动变档说了表面向和远离所说的转子，一个第一个运行轨道方法以关节连接说明第一个碰撞构材为角移置，其他说明第一个碰撞构材说明首先水平的枢桥线, 一个构材以所说的转子和对称性地并置碰撞

表面的第二个碰撞展开，在说的盖子中对于通从说第一的水平枢桥线，首先说碰撞在远距离的一个定线的构材，关于一个第二个水平的枢桥线的运动变档说第二的碰撞构材说表面向和远离说的转子，杠杆意谓可摇摆的大约说了第二的水平枢桥线，而且为对称性地移置工作地和说的第二个碰撞构材连接大约相同，第二的水平枢桥线和第二个轨道方法以关节连接，每一处杠杆为角移置，第二个碰撞构材和第二的水平枢桥线组成一个分别的杠杆，杠杆方法在扩建上的说第二个碰撞构材身上造形，关于前面在一个分别的组合测点上，第一碰撞构材的第二水平的枢桥线通反对边沿对称性地一起连接，一个分别的第二个轨道方法的每一个所说的杠杆系。

6．碰撞总成在要求中定义在何处，说明铰测点而且说第二的水平桥线的定位方式，在说明的第一个碰撞构材的运动之后远离转子，一个间隙在第二的碰撞构材之间，而且说明转子增大。

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南京航空航天大学金城学院 毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 系部经济系 专业国际经济与贸易 学生姓名陈雅琼学号2011051115 指导教师邓晶职称副教授 2015年5月

Economic policy,tourism trade and productive diversification （Excerpt） Iza Lejárraga,Peter Walkenhorst The broad lesson that can be inferred from the analysis is that promoting tourism linkages with the productive capabilities of a host country is a multi-faceted approach influenced by a variety of country conditions.Among these,fixed or semi-fixed factors of production,such as land,labor,or capital,seem to have a relatively minor influence.Within the domain of natural endowments,only agricultural capital emerged as significant.This is a result that corresponds to expectations,given that foods and beverages are the primary source of demand in the tourism economy.Hence,investments in agricultural technology may foment linkages with the tourism market.It is also worth mentioning that for significant backward linkages to emerge with local agriculture,a larger scale of tourism may be important. According to the regression results,a strong tourism–agriculture nexus will not necessarily develop at a small scale of tourism demand. It appears that variables related to the entrepreneurial capital of the host economy are of notable explanatory significance.The human development index(HDI), which is used to measure a country's general level of development,is significantly and positively associated with tourism linkages.One plausible explanation for this is that international tourists,who often originate in high-income countries,may feel more comfortable and thus be inclined to consume more in a host country that has a life-style to which they can relate easily.Moreover,it is important to remember that the HDI also captures the relative achievements of countries in the level of health and education of the population.Therefore,a higher HDI reflects a healthier and more educated workforce,and thus,the quality of local entrepreneurship.Related to this point,it is important to underscore that the level of participation of women in the host economy also has a significantly positive effect on linkages.In sum, enhancing local entrepreneurial capital may expand the linkages between tourism and other sectors of the host country.

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英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,

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文献综述怎么写 1) 什么是文献综述? 文献综述是研究者在其提前阅读过某一主题的文献后，经过理解、整理、融会贯通，综合分析和评价而组成的一种不同于研究论文的文体。 2) 文献综述的写作要求 1、文献综述的格式 文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果，而文献综述介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样，但总的来说，一般都包含以下四部分：即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲，再根据提纲进行撰写工作。 前言，要用简明扼要的文字说明写作的目的、必要性、有关概念的定义，综述的范围，阐述有关问题的现状和动态，以及目前对主要问题争论的焦点等。前言一般200-300字为宜，不宜超过500字。 正文，是综述的重点，写法上没有固定的格式，只要能较好地表达综合的内容，作者可创造性采用诸多形式。正文主要包括论据和论证两个部分，通过提出问题、分析问题和解决问题，比较不同学者对同一问题的看法及其理论依据，进一步阐明问题的来龙去脉和作者自己的见解。当然，作者也可从问题发生的历史背景、目前现状、发展方向等提出文献的不同观点。正文部分可根据内容的多少可分为若干个小标题分别论述。 小结，是结综述正文部分作扼要的总结，作者应对各种观点进行综合评价，提出自己的看法，指出存在的问题及今后发展的方向和展望。内容单纯的综述也可不写小结。 参考文献，是综述的重要组成部分。一般参考文献的多少可体现作者阅读文献的广度和深度。对综述类论文参考文献的数量不同杂志有不同的要求，一般以30条以内为宜，以最近3-5年内的最新文献为主。 2、文献综述规定 1. 为了使选题报告有较充分的依据，要求硕士研究生在论文开题之前作文献综述。 2. 在文献综述时，研究生应系统地查阅与自己的研究方向有关的国内外文献。通常阅读文献不少于30篇，且文献搜集要客观全面 3. 在文献综述中，研究生应说明自己研究方向的发展历史，前人的主要研究成果，存在的问题及发展趋势等。 4. 文献综述要条理清晰，文字通顺简练。 5. 资料运用恰当、合理。文献引用用方括号[ ]括起来置于引用词的右上角。 6. 文献综述中要有自己的观点和见解。不能混淆作者与文献的观点。鼓励研究生多发现问题、多提出问题、并指出分析、解决问题的可能途径，针对性强。 7. 文献综述不少于3000字。 3、注意事项 ⒈搜集文献应尽量全。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提，否则，随便搜集一点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的综述。 ⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同，有的文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异，因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和科学性较好的文献。 ⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析，因此在撰写时应分清作者的观点和文献的内容，不能篡改文献的内容。引用文献不过多。文献综述的作者引用间接文献的现象时有所见。如果综述作者从他人引用的参考文献转引过来，这些文献在他人

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步进电机的知识 什么是步进电机： 步进电机是一种把电脉冲转化为角位移的执行机构。通俗的说：当驱动程序收到一个步进脉冲信号，将驱动步进电机轴旋转一个固定的角度（步进角）。您可以通过控制脉冲个数来控制角位移，从而达到准确定位的目的;同时，你可以通过控制脉冲频率来控制电机的旋转速度和加速度，实现速度控制的目的。 步进电机的种类： 步进电机分为三种：永磁式（PM），反应式（VR）和混合式（HR）永磁式步进电机一般为两相，转矩和体积较小，步进角一步7.5度或15度;反应式一般有三相可以实现大转矩输出，步进角一般是1.5度，但噪声和振动大。在欧洲和美洲80个国家已被淘汰;混合式步进是混合了永磁式和反应的优势。它由两相和五相：一般两相的步距角是1.8度，而的五相步距角为0.72度。是使用最广泛的的步进电机。 步进电机允许的最高表面温度 步进电机温度过高首先会的磁性材料退磁，导致转矩降低甚至失步，电机表面温度允许的最大值取决于的磁性材料退磁点;一般来说，磁性材料退磁点在摄氏130度以上有些材料甚至高达摄氏200度高，所以步进电机表面温度在摄氏80-90度是正常的。 步进电机精度为多少？是否累积 一般步进电机的精度为步进角的3-5%，且不累积 如何确定步进电机驱动器直流电源 A.电压确定 混合式步进电机驱动器的电源电压范围较广（比如IM483的供电电压12?48VDC），电源电压通常根据电机的转速和响应要求来选择。如果要求较快的运行速度较高的响应速度就选用较高的电压，但注意电源电压的峰值不能超过驱动器的最大输入电压，否则可能会损坏驱动器。 B.电流确定 电源电流一般根据输出相电流I来确定。如果采用线性电源，电源电流一般可取I的1.1?1.3倍;如果采用开关电源，电源电流一般可取I的1.5?2.0倍。 步进电机的主要特性 在步进电机关机时要确保没有脉冲信号，当电机运行时 如果加入适当的脉冲信号，它会转过一定的角度（称为步距角是）。转速与脉冲频率成正比。 2龙式步进电机步距角7.5度，旋转360度，需要48个脉冲来完成。 3步进电机具有快速启动和停止的优良特性。 4只要改变脉冲，可以很容易地改变电机轴旋转的方向。 因此，目前的打印机，绘图仪，机器人设备以步进电机作为动力核心。 步进电机控制的例子 我们以四相单极步进电机为例： 四个相绕组引出四个相和两个公共线（连接到正极）。一相接地。会被激发，。我们使用四相八拍控制，即第1阶段第2阶段交替反过来，会提高分辨率。步距角0.9°，可以转移到控制电机励磁是为了转移如下： 如果电机反转的要求，传输的激励信号可以逆转的。2控制方案 控制系统框图如下