翻译理论与实践
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汉译英举例与探讨
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词的选择
他们对我真好。
好了，这下可麻烦了。
这个问题好回答。
人人尽说江南好，游人只合江南老。
楚王好细腰。
她身材苗条，形容娇好。
论事业，他是个好丈夫；论脾气，她是个好妻子。
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英译
They are really kind to me.
Well, we are in for trouble now.
This question is easy to answer.
Everybody says Jiangnan is a place quite fair, Wanderers will wander no more after being there.
The king of Cu liked the slender waist person.
She is slim and beautiful.
He is a successful husband in his business and she is a tender wife in her nature.
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我们试了一下，果然很灵。
灵前摆着花圈。
他虽然上了年纪，手脚倒还灵。
这匹老马很有灵性，能领会主人的意图。
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英译
We tried it out and it really worked.
Wreaths were laid in front of the coffin.
Though getting on in years, he is still nimble.
The horse is quite intelligent who can sense what the rider wants.
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词的选择
听到这噩耗，她失声痛哭。
别整日哭哭啼啼，那样会伤了你的身体。
夜久语声绝，如闻泣幽咽。
执手相看泪眼，竟无语凝噎。
收到儿子的信，这位老汉高兴得流下泪来。
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英译
She burst into tears on hearing the news.
Please don’t weep and wail all day long. It will hurt you.
Her voice fades away as the night deepens; It seems to linger in the air---her weepings.
Holding hands, we gaze at each other’s tearful eyes, And burst into sobs with words congealed on our lips.
The old man cried for joy when he received the letter from his son.
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词的选择
人人都笑我。
对于他的威胁，她一笑置之。
她暗笑他的不懂事。
这位老人总是和蔼可亲，笑容可掬。
那小女孩格格地笑着，走开了。
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英译
Everybody laughs at me.
She smiles at his threats.
She sniggers at his childishness.
The old man is amiable and always beaming to others.
The little girl went away, giggling.
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词的选择
我的表不准，每天快十多分钟。
时间过得真快！
情人节快到了。
这把刀很快。
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英译
My watch doesn’t keep good time. It gains more than ten minutes a day.
How time does fly!
Valentine’s Day is near. Or:
Valentine’s Day is at hand. Or:
Valentine’s Dayis drawing near.
The knife is really sharp. (*The knife is swift.)
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词义引申
引申是语言的普遍现象，词义引申指不拘泥于词的字面意义或词典提供的语义、释义，而根据上下文作必要的调整和变动。不同的文体，引申的范围、内容、方式不尽相同。文艺作品中的引申，往往涉及作品的历史背景、社会习惯、风土人情、语气感情等；在技术类文体中，引
申的出发点是现象、事实或与主题相关的概念，引申往往从逻辑推断入手，考虑专业特点和语言习惯，符号逻辑思维的特点。
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具体——抽象
在一定语境的基础上，可以从词义的虚实、抽象与具体、概念大小、词义搭配等角度进行引申。
一般说来，英语词义内涵比较广泛，词的用法比较灵活，一词多义、一词多用的现象非常普遍，这也有助于表达比较概括、笼统的意义。但英语有过分使用抽象表达法的倾向。不少文体学家提倡具体于抽象相结合的选词法。与英语相比，汉语用词倾向于具体，常常以实的形式表达虚的概念，以具体的形象表达抽象的内容。
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具体→抽象
枯藤、老树、昏鸦，
小桥、流水、人家，
古道西风瘦马，
夕阳西下，
断肠人在天涯。（马致远）
Dry vines, old trees, evening crows ——
Small bridge, flat banks, water flows——
Old road, slim horse, west wind blows——
And as the sun westward sets,
Forlorn love, far away, no one knows!
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具体→抽象
他的话让我出了一身冷汗。
I was extremely terrified by his words. （具体 → 抽象）
他万万没想到在他前进的路上竟然会出现这么多的拦路虎。
He had never expected that so many obstacles would stand in his way. （具体 → 抽象）
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吃一堑，长一智。
A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit.
在最后一个例子中，汉语的“堑”与译文中的“pit”在词义上无论如何也是无法对应的，然而出于修辞角度，选用“pit”与“wit”同韵。
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汉语虽然较缺乏抽象词语，但形象性词语（如比喻、成语、谚语、歇后语）等却相当丰富。汉语常常借助这类生动具体的词语来表达英语抽象笼统的意义。
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具体-抽象
他这一阵心头如同十五个吊桶打水，七上八下，老是宁静不下来。（周而复：《上海的早晨》） His mind was in a turmoil these days and he was quite unable to think straight.
茗烟又嘱咐道：“不可拿进园去，叫人知道了，我就‘吃不了兜着走’了。”（曹雪芹：《红楼梦》） “Don’t take them into the Garden,” Ming-yen warned him. “If they were found I’d be in serious trouble.”
唉，那是客臣的井蛙之见喽，所谓“情人眼里出西施“啦。（郭沫若：《屈原》）Alas, that was owing to my ignorance, that is what is called partiality.
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译出褒贬
任何一种语言在表达时都有可能被作者赋予一定的感情色彩，词的感情色彩一般分为褒、贬，或积极、消极，以及中性。有些色彩是显性的，很容易辨认，如：
坚忍不拔：firm and indomitable
顽固不化：incorrigibly obstinate
足智多谋：wise and resourceful
诡计多端：treache
rous
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须注意的事项
然而有些感情色彩是呈隐性的，需要依靠上下文才能看出，翻译时应注意准确传达出来，如：
在整个改革开放过程中都要反对腐败。
若用“oppose”来译“反对”，显得有些平淡，若改译成“combat”或“fight against”，意义更为积极，能更准确地反映原文的积极语气。
中国的经济是一个大问题，忽视不得。
经济过热，确实带来了一些问题。
第一个“问题”不宜用“problem”，否则给人感觉中国的经济出了严重问题，因为“problem”常用于消极意义。应用“issue”或“question”。
第二句中的“问题”，则的确是“problems”。
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练习
专家普遍认为积极的财政政策对于最近几年的经济快速增长势头起了很大作用，2003年，这一政策的实施除了应向社会保障，农村教育及基础设施倾斜以外，还应从政府投资转向民间投资。
这些价值观和孔子宣扬的一些思想有很多相同之处，孔子的思想强调的是中庸适度。但是我尊重孔子的思想，并不是要把他的思想搬到现代社会。
湖区水位提高可能要危及竹子的生长。这意味着以竹子为食物的大熊猫也将受到威胁。
不幸的是，中国似乎是在学西方的样，如为了事业不结婚的人越来越多，不要小孩的越来越多，离婚的越来越多，年老的父母单独生活的越来越多。
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It is generally agreed among exports that the proactive fiscal policy has considerably contributed to the rapid economic growth in recent years. The year 2003 will see the further implementation of such a policy, which will give added weight to the development of the social security system, rural education and the infrastructure, and a shifting of focus on investment sources from the government to the private sector.
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These values have much in common with some of the virtues of Confucianism, the Chinese philosophy that stresses moderation. However, although I respect the spirit of Confucianism, I have not tried to adapt this ancient philosophy to modern society.
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Higher water levels in the lake area may endanger the growing of bamboos, which means giant pandas that feed on these plants will suffer, too.
Unfortunately, China seems to be following the west’s lead: the rising number of career singles and childless families, the soaring divorce rate and more and more the elderly parents living alone.
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词语的增减
增词法与减词法是翻译中非常常用的技巧。无论增减，一般出于两方面的考虑：一是语义上的，增减实义词；二是表达上的，包括增减功能词或为了词义搭配。所增减的内容绝不能是原文的主要信息，增减的目的在于使译语读者更准确的理解源语，使译文更为通畅，地道。
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语义性增词
班门弄斧
to show off one’s proficiency with an axe before Luban, the master carpenter.
比较：to show off with an axe before Luban.
解放前（后）
before （after）the liberation of old China
比较：before the liberation
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语义性增词
看粮食，要看中国的农业；看农业，首先要看市场。
To have a better understanding of the food situation in China, we must take a full view of her agriculture, and to know the agriculture, we must have a look at the food market first.
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语义性减词
这本小说内容有趣，文字浅显，立即畅销全国。
The novel has gained immediate nationwide popularity as it is at once interesting in content and easy in language.
他小时候家里很穷，没什么衣服可穿，也没什么东西可吃。
When he was young, his family was so poor that he had no more enough food to eat and clothing to wear.
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表达性增减
最近几年，学开车的人越来越多。
In recent years, the number of people who learn driving has increased.
党的十六大强调了对私有财产的保护。
The 16th Party Congress stressed the importance of protecting private property.
不应有的误解
unnecessary misunderstanding
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语义性增词
经济全球化和贸易自由化的进程，可以有两种发展趋势。一种是推动他们朝合理方向发展，一种是任凭他们按照不合理的规则运行。我们应该选择并推进前一种趋势，警惕并抑制后一种趋势。
There are two possible development scenarios for the process of economic globalization and trade liberalization. One could drive it to move along a rational track; the other may cause it to operate aimlessly. Without any doubt, we should opt for and facilitate the former scenario, and guard against the latter.
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毫无根据的诽谤
groundless slander
不切实际的幻想
impractical illusion
贫富差距不断加大。
The gap between the rich and the poor is continuously widening.
这个国家的失业现象严重。
There is serious phenomenon of unemployment in this country.
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将国与国之间的争端诉诸武力，并不是最好的解决办法。
Recourse to arms is not the best solution method to a quarrel between countries.
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需要注意的是，必须结合上下文进行增减处理。
据悉，自1986年起，美国华人经济已跃居全美少数民族之首，遥遥领先于日裔，韩裔等其他少数民族。美国华人家庭的年均收入已超过美国白人家庭。
It is said that since 1986 the US citizens of Chinese descent have leapt to a good lead over other racial minorities, Japanese Americans and Koreans Americans, for instance. The average Americans Chinese family’s yearly income has now come to exceed that of the average American family.
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词的
省略
词的省略也是汉译英时常见的现象。与词的增补情况相反，原文中有些词语从译文的角度来看往往是多余的，可以或必须删去，决不能只字不漏地生搬硬套过来，不然会引起文理不通、意思含糊等弊病。词的省略的目的正是为了使译文符合英语的表达习惯和修辞特点。
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减词（省略）
省略词语决不意味着可以随意删节原文的词句，而必须同样遵守一些原则。（1）在译文中看来是可有可无的，或是多余的；（2）其意思已经包含在上下文里；（3）其含义在译文中是不言而喻的。汉译英中所省略的词语分以下几类：
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省略原文中表示范畴的词语
汉语里有一些名词，如“任务”、“工作”、“情况”、“状态”、“问题”、“制度”、“事业”、“局面”等等通常有具体的含义，自然应照译，但是它们用来表明范畴时，则失去了具体含义，一般可以省略不翻译。如“分析问题”中的“问题”一词，就有具体含义，非翻译不可；而“人民内部矛盾问题”中的“问题”则是表明范畴，不必翻译，只要译作contradictions among the people就行了。在这里“矛盾”就是一种“问题”，而“问题”一词仅仅表明这种“矛盾”所属的范畴。
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在党的领导下，中国人民已经完成了解放事业。
Under the leadership of the Party, the Chinese people have succeeded in their liberation.
前怕龙后怕虎的态度不能造就干部。
“Fearing dragons ahead and tigers behind” will not produce cadres.
我们党结束了那个时期的社会动荡和纷扰不安的局面。
Our Party has put an end to the social unrest and upheaval of that time.
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省略可能影响译文修辞效果的词语
汉语中，有时为了语言生动、简练，常用具体形象词语或成语作比喻；有时为了加强语气，可以连续使用好几个短句。在翻译这类句子时，某些词语往往省去不翻译，或加以简化和压缩。不然译文势必拖泥带水，松散无力，反而失掉原文的特色。所谓简化和压缩无非是：1）翻译主要的和不可缺少的词语，略去次要的或不言而喻的词语；2）将具体词语抽象概括为笼统的概念词。
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匪军所至，杀戮人民，奸淫妇女，焚毁村庄，掠夺财物，无所不用其极。（《毛泽东选集》四卷，1325页）
Wherever they (the bandit troops) went, they massacred and raped, burned and looted, and stopped at nothing.
原文采用排比手法，连续用了四个动宾词组，读起来铿锵有力，达到了强调的修辞效果。但是此句若翻译成：They massacred the people, raped women, burned villages and looted property，就大大减弱了原句的气势。因此译文中采用及物动词的独立用法（即
不带直接宾语），收到了行文有力的效果。
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省略
不调查、不研究、提起笔来硬写，这就是不负责任的态度。It is sheer irresponsibility to pick up the pen and “force ourselves to write ” without investigation or study.
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例句
这件事要抓紧快办。
This matter needs immediate action.
他一开口总是三句话不离本行。
He can hardly open his mouth without talking shop.
多年来那个国家一直有严重的失业现象。
For many years there has been serious unemployment in that country.
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练习
她的朋友们听到她家中的困难情况后，都主动伸出援助之手。
After her friends heard about her family difficulties, they offered her a helping hand.
每条河都有上游、中游、和下游。
Every river has its upper, middle and lower reaches.
人们利用科学去了解自然，改造自然。
People use science to understand and change nature.
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翻译练习
他们一听说有新任务，就坐不住了。
你想看这本书，就先看吧。
这件事咱们回头再祥谈。
在全面开创新局面的各项任务中，首要的任务是把现代化经济建设推向前进。
只要中国人民积极奋斗，这个宏伟的战略目标是能够达到的。
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参考译文
When they learnt that they’d been given a new task, they just couldn’t sit still any longer.
You may read the book first, since you are anxious to read it.
We shall discuss it in detail when we meet again.
Of the various tasks in bringing about an all-round new situation, the most important one is to push forward the modernization of China’s economy.
If the Chinese people work hard, they can definitely attain this grand strategic objective.
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翻译练习
我们必须认真帮助他们解决工作问题和学习问题。
我国少数民族有3000多万人。
我昨天没进城，一来是因为天气不好，二来是因为我不舒服。
他们是多年的邻居，一旦分别，不免依依不舍。
他把事情一五一十地都给父母讲了。
他们是亲密无间的朋友。
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参考译文
We must earnestly help them solve their problems of work and study.
The minority nationalities in our county number more than thirty million.
I didn’t go to town yesterday both because of the nasty weather and the fact that I was not feeling myself.
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参考译文
After being good neighbours for years, they can’t bear to part from each other.
He told his parents the whold story exactly as it has happened.
They are close (bosom) friends.
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练习
改革开放也使民族精神获得了解放。
我们的企业应着重提高国际竞争力。
中国的现代化建设离不开与世界各国的经济合作与贸易往来。
对于采取什么样的措施来控制人口这一问题早已不单是一个国家的问题了
，而是一个全世界都关注的问题。
由于全球气候变暖，海平面在一点点地上升。
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参考译文
Why do people support us? Because our economy has been developing.
The sea level is rising little by little in the consequence of global warming.
Reforms and the open policy have also emancipated the minds of the people.
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参考译文
We need to be enhancing international competitiveness.
China’s modernization is inseparable from her economic cooperation and trade ties with other nations.
The question of what is to be done to control population growth is no longer a matter of one country alone. It is a problem of international concern.
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第三周 物称与人称
英语较常用物称表达法，即不用人称来叙述，而让事物以客观的口气呈现出来。汉语则较注重主体思维，这种思维模式以“万物皆备于我”作主导，往往从自我出发来叙述客观事物，或倾向于描述人及其行为或状态，因而常用人称。当人称可以不自喻时，又常常隐含人称或省略人称。汉语重人称，英语重物称，这一特点主要表现在如何使用主语和动词这两方面。
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动词root, snow, father, creep, obey, witness, see, find, set, take
他惊吓得呆立不动了。
Fear rooted him to the spot.
屠户被众人局不过，只得连斟两碗喝了，壮了壮胆，把方才这些小心收起，将平日的凶恶样子拿出来。（《儒林外史》第三回）
Butcher Hu had to give in. Two bowls of wine bolstered up his courage, making him lose his scruples and start his usual rampaging.
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例句
他常常选择不同的时间和季节，多次重游各地名山，反复观察变换的奇景。
Famous mountains in various places would find him coming back for revisits during different seasons. There he was, marveling at the kaleidoscopic spectacles during the different hours of the day.
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例句
当下刘老老听见这般音乐，且又有了酒意，越发喜得手舞足蹈起来。
Now the music, on top of the wine, set Granny Liu waving her arms and beating time with her feet for sheer delight.
他忽然愤怒了。从愤怒里又发了杀机，圆睁着眼睛，大声向使女们叱咤道：
…… Fury took possession of him. And in his fury he felt the urge to kill. With eyes starting from his head, he roared at the maids….
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例句
老境却如此颓唐！他触目伤怀，自然情不能自已。
To think that he should now be so downcast in old age! The discouraging state of affairs filled him with an uncontrollable feeling of deep sorrow, and his pent-up emotion had to find a vent. （张培基译）
No one could have foreseen such a comedown in his old age! The thought of this naturally depressed him, and as he had to vent his irritation somehow, he often lost his temper over trifles. （杨宪益译））
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翻译下列句子，注意运用物称表达法
发怒之后，我不难过，也不后悔。
我想到希望，忽然害怕起来了。
他气得话也说不出来。
我一时想不起他的名字。
我疏忽了这个问题。
我兴奋得什么话都说不出来。
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The access of hope made me suddenly afraid.
Anger choked his words.
His name escaped me for the moment.
This point slipped my attention.
Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance.
幻灯片58
他通晓多种不常使用的外国语，这使我们大家感到惊讶。
但他忽而似乎有了主意了，慢慢地跨开步，有意无意地走到静修庵。
在我从国外回到北平的时候，我已经有了去作职业写家的心意。
作为流行歌曲歌手，她取得的成功只是昙花一现。
幻灯片59
我因事进城去了。
他一直希望自己能成为老板的助手。
生日那天，她收到了大量礼品和贺信。
调查结果证明，他就是那个婴儿的生父。 .
他走起路来，不知不觉平添了几分尊严。
幻灯片60
Business took me to the town.
The idea that he should become an assistant to his boss has never deserted him.
Gifts and messages snowed in on her birthday.
Investigation fathered the baby on him.
A new dignity crept into his steps.
幻灯片61
就这样，面对着满院子灿烂的花，不说一句话，心中的怨恨已全消失了。
走过草地几步，我们就到了一个华丽的大酒店。
你只消仔细比较一下，就会发现不同。
幻灯片62
The blooming flowers of the yard presenting a riot of colour before my eyes quietly dispelled all my grudges.
A few steps across the lawn brought me to a large, splendid hotel.
Careful comparison of them will show you the difference.
幻灯片63
一看到那棵大树，我便想起了童年的情景。
恕我孤陋寡闻，对此关系一无所知。
凭良心讲，你待我礼貌有加，我却受之有愧。
五四运动以后，开始了“新红学”时代，代表人物有胡适、俞平伯等这样一些学者。
小梅心地善良，性情温和，对她朋友这种没有心肝的行为，实在看不顺眼。
幻灯片64
The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood.
My total ignorance of the connection must plead my apology.
My conscience told me that I deserved no extraordinary politeness.
幻灯片65
The May Fourth Movement of 1919 saw the beginning of the “New Redology”, represented by scholars such as Hu Shi and Yu Pingbai.
Xiaomei’s kindly and gentle nature could not but revolt at her friend’s callous behaviour.