2013年职称英语理工类B级真题及答案

2013年职称英语理工B级真题及答案

第1部分：词汇选项（第1-15题，每题1分，共15分）

下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。

A. different

B. wrong

C. strange

D. funny

A. at

B. with

C. about

D. from

A. found by chance

B. passed by

C. took a notice of

D. woke up

A. general

B. complex

C. direct

D. inflexible

A. unbelievable

B. right

C. obvious

D. unclear

A. worried

B. sleepy

C. anxious

D. offensive

A. send

B. hear

C. spread

D. confirm

A. express

B. influence

C. divide

D. voice

A. explore

B. travel

C. inhabit

D. prefer

A. taught

B. kept

C. changed

D. attracted

A. cautious

B. naked

C. blind

D. private

A. repaired

B. cleared

C. booked

D. fixed

A. shut

B. break

C. set

D. beat

A. shorten

B. start

C. end

D. resume

A. understand

B. withhold

C. exchange

D. contact

答案：1-5：CCADA 6-10：DCBBD 11-15：ADBCA

第2部分：阅读判断（第16-22题，每题1分，共7分）

Wide World of Robots

Engineers who build and program robots have fascinating jobs. These researchers tinker (修补) with machines in the lab and write computer software to control these devices. "They're the best toys out there," says Howie Choset at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. Choset is a robotics, a person who designs, builds or programs robots.

When Choset was a kid, he was interested in anything that moved — cars, trains, animals. He put motors on Tinker toy cars to make them move. Later, in high school, he built mobile robots similar to small cars.

Hoping to continue working on robots, he studied computer science in college. But when he got to graduate school at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, Choset's labmates were working on something even cooler than remotely controlled cars: robotic snakes. Some robots can move only forward, backward, left and right. But snakes can twist (扭曲) in many directions and travel over a lot of different types of terrain (地形). "Snakes are far more interesting than the cars," Choset concluded.

After he started working at Carnegie Mellon, Choset and his colleagues there began developing their own snake robots. Choset's team programmed robots to perform the same movements as real snakes, such as sliding and inching forward. The robots also moved in ways that snakes usually don't, such as rolling. Choset's snake robots could crawl (爬行) through the grass, swim in a pond and even climb a flagpole.

But Choset wondered if his snakes might be useful for medicine as well. For some heart surgeries, the doctor has to open a patient's chest, cutting through the breastbone. Recovering from these surgeries can be very painful. What if the doctor could perform the operation by instead making a small hole in the body and sending in a thin robotic snake?

Choset teamed up with Marco Zenati, a heart surgeon now at Harvard Medical School, to investigate the idea. Zenati practiced using the robot on a plastic model of the chest and then tested the robot in pigs.

A company called Medrobotics in Boston is now adapting the technology for surgeries on people. Even after 15 years of working with his team's creations, "I still don't get bored of watching the motion of my robots," Choset says.

16. Choset began to build robots in high school.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

17. Snake robots could move in only four directions.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

18. Choset didn't begin developing his own snake robots until he started working at Carnegie Mellon.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

19. Choset's snake robots could make more movements than the ones others developed.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

20. The application of a thin robotic snake makes heart surgeries less time-consuming.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

21. Zenati tested the robot on people after using it in pigs.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

22. The robotic technology for surgeries on people has brought a handsome profit to Medrobotics.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

答案：

16. A Right

17. B Wrong

18. A Right

19. A Right

20. C Not mentioned

21. B Wrong

22. C Not mentioned

第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23-30题，每题1分，共8分）

下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定段落每段选择1个最佳标题；（2）第27~30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。

Black Holes

1. Black holes can be best described as a sort of vacuum, sucking up everything in space. Scientists have discovered that black holes come from an explosion of huge stars. Stars that are near death can no longer burn due to loss of fuel, and because its temperature can no longer control the gravitational (重力的) force, hydrogen ends up putting pressure onto the star’s surface until it suddenly explodes then collapses.

2. Black holes come from stars that are made of hydrogen, other gases and a few metals. When these explode it can turn into a stellar-mass (恒星质量) black hole, which can only occur if the star is large enough (should be bigger than the sun) for the explosion to break it into pieces, and the gravity starts to compact every piece into the tiniest particle. Try to see and compare: if a star that’s ten times the size of the sun ends up being a black hole that’s no longer than 70 kilometers, then the Earth would become a black hole that’s only a fraction of an inch!

3. Objects that get sucked in a black hole will always remain there, never to break free. But remember that black holes can only gobble up (吞噬) objects within a specific distance to it. It’s possible for a large star near the sun to become a black hole, but the sun will continue to stay in place. Orbits do not change because the newly formed black hole contains exactly the same amount of mass as when it was a star, only this time its mass is totally contracted that it can end up

as no bigger than a state.

4. So far, astronomers have figured out that black holes exist because of Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity. In the end, through numerous studies, they have discovered that black holes truly exist. Since black holes trap light and do not give off light, it is nearly impossible to detect black holes via a telescope. But astronomers continue to study galaxies, space and the solar system to understand how black holes might evolve. It is possible that black holes can exist for millions of years, and later contribute to a bigger process in galaxies, which can eventually lead to creation of new entities. Scientists

26. Paragraph 4

27. Black holes are formed after_________.

28. When a large star explodes, the gravity compacts every piece into_________ .

29. A newly formed black hole and the star it comes from are of _________ .

30. Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity helps to prove_________ .

答案：

23. C How are black holesformed?

24. F What are black holesmade of?

24. E What happens to theobjects around a black hole?

26. A Is there proof thatblack holes really exist?

27. B an explosion of hugestars

28. C the tiniest particle

29. D the same amount ofmass

30. E the existence ofblack holes

第4部分：阅读理解（第31-45题，每题3分，共45分）

下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。

第一篇Energy and Public Lands

The United States boasts substantial energy resources. Federal lands provide a good deal of U.S. energy production; the U.S. Department of the Interior manages federal energy leasing, both on land and on the offshore Outer Continental Shelf. Production from these sources amounts to nearly 30 percent of total annual U.S. energy production.

In 2000, 32 percent of U.S. oil, 35 percent of natural gas, and 37 percent of coal were produced from federal lands, representing 20,000 producing oil and gas leases and 135 producing coal leases. Federal lands are also estimated to contain approximately 68 percent of all undiscovered U.S. oil reserves and 74 percent of undiscovered natural gas.

Revenues from federal oil, gas, and coal leasing provide significant returns to U.S. taxpayers as well as State governments. In 1999, for example, $553 million in oil and gas revenues were paid to the U.S. Treasury, and non-Indian coal leases accounted for over $304 million in revenues, of which 50 percent were paid to State governments. Public lands also play a critical role in energy delivery. Each year, federal land managers authorize rights of way for transmission lines, rail systems, pipelines, and other facilities related to energy production and use.

Alternative energy production from federal lands lags behind conventional energy production, though the amount is still significant. For example, federal geothermal resources produce about 7.5 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity per year, 47 percent of all electricity generated from U.S. geothermal energy. There are 2,960 wind turbines on public lands in California alone, producing electricity for about 300,000 people. Federal hydropower facilities produce about 17 percent of all hydropower produced in the United States.

Because of the growing U.S. thirst for energy and increasing public unease with dependence on foreign oil sources, pressure on the public lands to meet U.S. energy demands is intensifying. Public lands are available for energy development only after they have been evaluated through the land use planning process. If development of energy resources conflicts with management or use of other resources, development restrictions or impact mitigation measures may be imposed, or mineral production may be banned altogether.

31. What is the main idea of this passage?

A. Public lands are one of the main sources of revenues.

B. Public lands play an important role in energy production.

C. Public lands should be developed to ease energy shortage.

D. Public lands store huge energy resources for further development.

32. Which of the following statements is true of public lands in the U.S.?

A. The majority of undiscovered natural gas is stored there.

B. Half of U.S. energy is produced there.

C. Most of coal was produced from there in 2000.

D. Most energy resources are reserved there.

33. Geothermal resources, wind turbines, and hydropower facilities in Paragraph 4 are cited as examples to illustrate that

A. the amount of alternative energy production from public lands is huge.

B. alternative energy production is no less than conventional energy production.

C. they are the most typical conventional energy resources from public lands.

D. geothermal resources are more important than the other two.

34. There is a mounting pressure on public lands to satisfy US energy demands because

A. the US is demanding more and more energy.

B. many Americans are unhappy with energy development in foreign countries.

C. quite a few public lands are banned for energy development.

D. many Americans think public lands are being abused.

35. Public lands can be used for energy development when

A. energy development restrictions are effective.

B. federal land managers grant permissions.

C. they go through the land use planning process.

D. there is enough federal budget.

答案：

31. B Public lands play an important role in energy production.

32. A The majority of undiscovered natural gas is stored there.

33. A the amount of alternative energy production from public lands is huge.

34. A the US is demanding more and more energy.

35. C they go through the land use planning process.

第二篇Putting Plants to Work

Using the power of the sun is nothing new. People have had solar-powered calculators and

buildings with solar panels for decades. But plants are the real experts: They've been using sunlight as an energy source for billions of years.

Cells in the green leaves of plants work like tiny factories to convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into sugars and starches, stored energy that the plants can use. This conversion process is called photosynthesis. Unfortunately, unless you're a plant, it's difficult and expensive to convert sunlight into storable energy. That's why scientists are taking a closer look at exactly how plants do it.

Some scientists are trying to get plants，or biological cells that act like plants，to work as very small photosynthesis power stations. For example，Maria Ghirardi of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden. Colo.，is working with green algae（水藻）. She’s trying to trick them into producing hydrogen instead of sugars when they perform photosynthesis. Once the researchers can get the algae working efficiently，the hydrogen that they produce could be used to power fuel cells in cars or to generate electricity.

The algae are grown in narrow-necked glass bottles to produce hydrogen in the lab. During photosynthesis，plants normally make sugars or starches.“But under certain conditions，a lot of algae are able to use the sunlight energy not to store starch，but to make hydrogen.”Ghirardi says. For example，algae will produce hydrogen in an airfree environment. It’s the oxygen in the air that prevents algae from making hydrogen most of the time.

Working in an airfree environment，however，is difficult. It’s not a practical way to produce cheap energy. But Ghirardi and her colleagues have discovered that by removing a chemical called sulfate（硫酸盐）from the environment that the algae grow in，they will make hydrogen instead of sugars，even when air is present.

Unfortunately, removing the sulfate also makes the algae's cells work very slowly, and not much hydrogen is produced. Still, the researchers see this as a first step in their goal to produce hydrogen efficiently from algae. With more work, they may be able to speed the cells' activity and produce larger quantities of hydrogen.

The researchers hope that algae will one day be an easy-to-use fuel source. The organisms are cheap to get and to feed, Ghirardi says, and they can grow almost anywhere：“You can grow them in a reactor, in a pond. You can grow them in the ocean. There's a lot of flexibility in how you can use these organisms.”

36. How do plants relate to solar energy？

A They have been using it for billions of years.

B They are the real experts in producing it.

C They have been a source of it.

D They have been used to produce it.

37. Scientists study how photosynthesis works because they want to

A improve the efficiency of it.

B turn plant sugars to a new form of energy.

C get more sugars and starches from plants.

D make green plants a new source of energy.

38. Algae are able to use solar energy to produce hydrogen when

A they are grown in narrow-necked bottles.

B there is no oxygen in the air.

C there is nenough oxygen in the air.

D enough starches is stored.

39. Researchers find it difficult to make algae produce hydrogen efficiently because

A it is hard to create an airfree environment.

B it is expensive to remove the sulfate from the environment.

C removing the sulfate slows down hydrogen production.

D the algae’s cells work slowly if there is no oxygen in the air.

40. What does Ghirardi say about algae？

A They can be a good energy source.

B They grow faster in a reactor.

C They will be planted everywhere.

D They are cheap to eat.

答案：

36. A They have been using it for billions of years.

37. D make green plants anew source of energy.

38. B there is no oxygen in the air.

39. C removing the sulfate slows down the hydrogen production.

40. A They can be a good energy source.

第三篇On the Trail of the Honey Badger

On a recent field trip to the Kalahari Desert，a team of researchers learnt a lot more about honey badgers（獾）. The team employed a local wildlife expert，Kitso Khama，to help them locate and follow the badgers across the desert. Their main aim was to study the badgers’ movements and behavior as discreetly（谨慎地）as possible frightening them away or causing them to change their natural behavior. They also planned to trap a few and study them close up before releasing them in view of the animal’s reputation，this was something that even Khama was reluctant to do. “The problem with honey badgers is they are naturally curious animals，especially when they see something new.”he says.“That，combined with their unpredictable nature，can be a dangerous mixture. If they sense you have food，for example，they won’t be shy about com ing right up to you for something to eat. They’re actually quite sociable creatures around humans，but as soon as they

feel they might be in danger，they can become extremely vicious（凶恶的）. Fortunately this is rare，but it does happen.”

The research confirmed many things that were already known. As expected，honey badgers ate any creatures they could catch and kill. Even poisonous snakes，feared and avoided by most other animals，were not safe from them. The researchers were surprised，however，by the animal’s fondness for local melons，probably because of their high water content. Previously researchers thought that the animal got all of its liquid requirements from its prey（猎物）. The team also learnt that，contrary to previous research findings，the badgers occasionally formed loose family groups. They were also able to confirm certain results from previous research，including the fact that female badgers never socialised with each other.

Following some of the male badgers was a challenge，since they can cover large distances in a short space of time. Some hunting territories cover more than 500 square kilometers. Although they seem happy to share these territories with other males，there are occasional fights over an important food source，and male badgers can be as aggressive towards each other as they are towards other species.

As the badgers became accustomed to the presence of people，it gave the team the to get up close to them without being the subject of the animals’ curiosity—or a sudden aggression. The badgers’ eating patterns，which had been disrupted，to normal. It also allowed the team to observe more closely some of the other that form working associations with the honey badger，as these seemed to badgers’ relaxed attitude when near humans.

41. Why did the wildlife experts visit the Kalahari Desert？

A To find where honey badgers live.

B To catch some honey badgers for food.

C To observe how honey badgers behave.

D To find out why honey badgers have a bad reputation.

42. What does Kitso Khama say about honey badgers？

A They are always looking for food.

B They do not enjoy human company.

C It is common for them to attack people.

D They show interest in things they are not familiar with.

43. What did the team find out about honey badgers？

A They may get some of the water they needed from fruit.

B They were some creatures they did not eat.

C They were afraid of poisonous creatures.

D Female badgers did not mix with male badgers.

44. Which of the following is a typical feature of male badgers？

A They don’t run very quickly.

B They defend their territory from other badgers.

C They hunt over a very large area.

D They are more aggressive than females.

45. What happened when honey badgers got used to humans around then

A They became less aggressive towards other creature.

B They started eating more.

C Other animals started working with them.

D They lost interest in people.

答案：

41. C To observe how honey badgers behave.

42. D They show interest in things they are not familiar with.

43. A They may get some of the water they needed from fruit.

44. C They hunt over a very large area.

45. D They lost interest in people.

第5部分：补全短文（第46~50题，每题2分，共10分）下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据文章的内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。

The Tough Grass that Sweetens Our Lives

Sugar cane was once a wild grass that grew in New Guinea and was used by local people for roofing their houses and fencing their gardens. Gradually a different variety evolved which contained sucrose（蔗糖）and was chewed on for its sweet taste. Over time，sugar cane became a highly valuable commercial plant，grown throughout the world. ____（46）____

Sugar became a vital ingredient in all kinds of things，from confectionery（糖果点心）to medicine，and，as the demand for sugar grew，the industry became larger and more profitable. ____(47) ____ Many crops withered（枯萎）and died ，despite growers’ attempts to save them，and there were fears that the health of the plant would continue to deteriorate.

In the 1960s，scientists working in Barbodos looked for ways to make the commercial species stronger and more able to resist disease. They experimented with breeding programmes，mixing genes from the more delicate，commercial type. ____（48）____This sugar cane is not yet ready to be sold commercially，but when this happens，it is expected to be incredible profitable for the industry.

____ (49)____Brazil，which produces one quarter of the world’s sugar，has coordinated an international project under Professor Paulo Arrudo of the Universidade Estaudual de Campinas in Sao Paulo. Teams of experts have worked with him to discover more about which parts of the genetic structure of the plant are important for the production of sugar and its overall health. Despite all the research，however，we still do not fully understand how the genes in sugar cane.____（50）____This gene is particularly exciting because it makes the plant resistant to rust,

a disease which probably originated in India, but is now capable of infecting sugar cane across the world. Scientist believe they will eventually be able to grow a plant which cannot be destroyed by rust.

A Since the 1980s，scientists have been analysing the mysterious of the sugar canes genetic code.

B Unfortunately，however，the plant started to become weaker and more prone to disease.

C The majority of the world’s sugar now comes from this particular commercial species.

D One major gene has been identified by Dr. Angellique D’Hont and her team in Montpeller，France.

E Eventually，a commercial plant was developed which was 5 percent sweeter than before，but also much stronger and less likely to die from disease.

F Sugar cane is now much more vigorous and the supply of sugar is therefore more guaranteed.

答案：

46. C The majority of the world's sugar now comes from this particular commercial species.

47. B Unfortunately, however, the plant started to become weaker and more prone to disease.

48. E Eventually, a commercial plant was developed which was 5 percent sweeter than before, but also much stronger and less likely to die from disease.

49. A Since the 1960s,scientists have been analysing the mysteries of the sugar cane's genetic code.

50. D One major gene has been identified by Dr Angelique D'Hont and her team in Montpelier, France.

第6部分：完形填空（第51~65题，每题1分，共15分）下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳答案。

Why India Needs Its Dying Vultures

The vultures（秃鹰）in question may look ugly and threatening，but the sudden sharp decline in three species of India's vultures is producing alarm rather than celebration，and it presents the world with a new kind of environmental problem. The dramatic_____（51）_____in vulture numbers is causing widespread disruption to people living in the ____（52）_____areas as the birds. It is also causing serious public health problems _____（53）_____the Indian sub-continent. While their reputation and appearance may be unpleasant to many Indians，vultures have _____（54）_____played a very important role in keeping towns and villages all over India （55）. It

is because they feed on dead cows. In India，cows are sacred animals and are _____（56）_____left in the open when they die in their thousands upon thousands every year.

The disappearance of the vultures has _____（57_____an explosion in the numbers of wild dogs feeding on the remains of these_____（58）_____animals. There are fears that rabies（狂犬症）may increase as a result. And this terrifying disease may ultimately（最终）affect humans in the region，_____（59）_____wild dogs are its main carriers. Rabies could also spread to other animal species，_____（60）_____an even greater problem in the future.

The need for action is _____（61）_____，so an emergency project has been launched to find a solution to this serious vulture problem. Scientists are trying to _____（62）_____the disease causing the b irds’ deaths and，if possible，develop a cure.

Large-scale vulture _____（63）were first noticed at the end of the 1980s in India. A population survey at that time showed that the three species of vultures had declined _____（64）over 90 per cent. All three species are now listed as "critically endangered". As most vultures lay only single eggs and _____（65）_____about five years to reach maturity，reversing their population decline will be a long and difficult exercise.

51.A increase B threat C risk D decline

52. A same B small C different D safe

53.A above B across C with D through

54.A rarely B recently C seldom D long

55.A dangerous B smelly C clean D beautiful

56.A immediately B occasionally C traditionally D hardly

57.A led to B acted as C come from D slowed down

58.A strange B wild C endangered D dead

59.A when B since C so D whether

60.A improving B predicting C finding D causing

61.A urgent B frequent C regular D sudden

62.A prove B identify C test D check

63.A deaths B injuries C arrivals D attacks

64.A in B on C by D along

65.A waste B consume C adopt D take

答案：

51. D decline

52. A same

53. B across

54. D long

55. C clean

56. C traditionally

57. A lead to

58. D dead

59. B since

60. D causing

61. A urgent

62. B identify

63. A deaths

64. C by

65. D take

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