2013年职称英语考试理工类复习笔记

2013年职称英语考试理工类复习笔记

一、动词

从一定意义上讲，英语语法就是动词的语法，因此，掌握动词的特性、变化、句型是学习英语语法的重中之重。为了能更好地理解下面的讲课内容，首先要搞清动词的几个基本概念。

1) be 动词和do动词：be动词也称状态动词，用于说明状态或性质，主要用于构成英语的主系表句型;do动词也称为行为动词，分及物动词和不及物动词;

2) 及物动词和不及物动词：不及物动词后面不跟宾语, 也没有被动语态; 及物动词后面一定要有宾语;

3) 双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)结构和复合宾语(宾语+ 宾语补足语)结构：比较下面两个句子：

My mother made me a cake.(母亲给我做了块蛋糕。)

My father made me a doctor. (父亲把我培养成一名医生。)

第一句是双宾语结构，即My mother made a cake for me.

第二句是复合宾语结构，其句法功能为：My father made me (to) be a doctor (I am a doctor). 说明复合宾语结构中，宾语和宾语补足语之间有"主谓关系".

4) 情态动词：must, should, ought to, can, may, need, used to 等动词称为情态动词，有三大特征：A. 不受主语人称和数的影响，如：He may go now. / May I go now? 句中may的形式不变;B. 否定时在后面加not, 如：You ought not to have cheated her. C. 与另一动词连用，中间不用+ " to ", 如上举例。

请根据上述原则，(从语法角度)说出以下那种表达方式是对的：

A. She needs to see a doctor.

B. She doesn't need to see a doctor.

C. Does she need to see a doctor?

D. She needs not see a doctor.

E. She needn't see a doctor.

F. She doesn't need see a doctor.

G. She needs see a doctor.

从语法角度看，A、B、C、E是对的。

5) 助动词：帮助实意动词构成某种结构的词，如: He did come yesterday; I saw him in the office.(他昨天确实来了;我在办公室见到他的。——表示强调) 五个基本句型

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1) 主语+ 系动词+ 表语

2) 主语+ 不及物动词(+ 其他成分)

3) 主语+ 及物动词+ 宾语

4) 主语+ 及物动词+ 双宾语

5) 主语+ 及物动词+ 宾语+ 宾语补足语

我们在学习5个基本句型时，主要关心每个句型中的出题点在哪里。

(一)第一句型：主语+ 系动词+ 表语

1) 系动词一般为be 动词。

注意：look, feel, sound, smell, taste, get, become, come, go, turn, grow, keep, seem, stand等词可以作"半系动词"用，按行为动词方式变化，起系动词的作用。

试验比较：

——He felt the pockets thoroughly but did not find a single penny.(他摸遍了口袋但没有找到一分钱。——feel为行为动词)

——You look pale. Do you feel unwell? (你脸色苍白，感到不舒服?——look / feel为系动词)

一般来说，动词后面跟的是个形容词或名词，该动词为系动词，如：The plan sounds perfect. / The flower smells nice. / The dish tastes delicious. / It is getting dark.

实例：

"Don't worry. Let me take your pulse first." "Oh, it ______ normal." (脉搏正常)

A. is felt

B. is feeling

C. feels

D. felt

解题思路：normal为形容词，前面应为系动词;系动词没有被动语态，故A 不对; look, feel, sound, taste, smell, seem等半系动词一般不用进行时，B也不对;D时态错了，故正确答案为C.

2)there be是英语中非常重要的一个句型：there是引导词，不解释"那里"; 这是个倒装句, 主语在be动词的后面, be动词的单复数由后面的主语决定。西安装修网西安装修公司西安装饰公司会计网校网校排名

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注意中国学生容易搞错的问题：

There isn't enough furniture in the room.(房间里家具不够)

错：There hasn't enough furniture in the room.

There is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.(毫无疑问，中国已消灭天花。)

错：It is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.

There is ample evidence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. (充分证据表明，爱滋病正在亚洲迅速蔓延。——同位语从句)

错：It is evidence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. (可以：It is evident that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. - 主语从句)

第二句型：主语+ 不及物动词(+ 其他成分)

在这个句型中主要注意及物动词与不及物动词的区分：

不及物动词及物动词

rise /rose / risen(升起) raise /raised / raised (提高)

arise / arose / arisen (from)(产生) arouse / aroused / aroused(唤起)

lie / lay / lain(躺下) lay / laid / laid(放下)

arrive at(到达) reach(到达)

wait for(等待) await(等待)

remain(仍旧) maintain(保持，维修)

*上面所注仅为典型词义，要根据句子判别其他意思。

此外，该句型常采用倒装形式，注意辨别，主要是以下两种情况：

1) 用here 或there引导：Here comes the bus. (汽车来了。) / There rings the bell. (铃响了。)

2) 在动词+ 介词短语的结构中，往往将介词短语提前：On the top of the hill stands a pretty little house.(山顶上有一座漂亮的小房子。)

(三)第三句型：主语+ 及物动词+ 宾语

我们知道，名词可以做主语和宾语，非谓语动词-ing和to do也可以做主语和宾语，

作主语：

Learning a foreign language is not easy.(学门外语并不容易。)

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To learn a foreign language is not easy. (= It is not easy to learn a foreign language.)

从语法角度讲，上述两个表达方式都可以。

但是，当动词处于宾语位置时，就不能这样"随心所欲"了，因为英语语法有以下几个规定：

1)acknowledge / admit / appreciate / avoid / consider / contemplate / defer / deny / dislike / enjoy / escape / evade / excuse / facilitate / fancy / favor / feel like / finish / give up / cannot help / cannot stand / imagine / include / keep (on) / do not mind / miss / permit / practice / regret / resent / risk / suggest 等词后面的动词宾语必须用-ing 形式，重点和首先要掌握黑体字部分。由于这些次的词义与解题关系不大，没有给出具体词义解释。若需要，请学生自己查字典解决。

这是语法考试的一个重点，要对以上词特别敏感，例如：

It is impossible to avoid ______ by the stormy weather.

A. being much affected

B. having much affected

C. to be much affected

D. to have been much affected

解题思路：1)一看到avoid一词，便可确定正确答案在A、B中; 2)affect意为"影响"，及物动词，故B不对。[如果做题时间来不及，此类题目若有"主动语态"和"被动语态"之分，一般选"被动语态"的正确率高些。

第四句型：主语+ 及物动词+ 双宾语

有些动词(主要是"授予动词")后面需要或可以接双宾语结构，如：give, write, buy, send, make等

You may send him an E-mail or write him a letter.

这个句子也可使用以下结构：

You may send an E-mail (to him) or write a letter to him. 所以"to" 和"for" 是连接双宾语结构的重要介词。

该句型的重点是要记住以下短语，特别是所用的介词：

to cure …of(治愈…)

to accuse …of(谴责…)

to convince…of(说服…)

to inform…of(通知…)

to notify…of (通知…)

to clean…of (清除…)

to warn……of / against (警告…)

to cheat…of(欺骗)

to rob…of(抢劫…)

例如：

We have to inform the family of the patient's condition as soon as possible. / Have the family been informed of the patient's condition? (我们得尽快将病人的病情通知其家属。/ 已经将病人的病情通知其家人了吗?)

注意下面句子的结构变化：

May I ask you a question? →May I ask a question of you?

直接和间接宾语的位置与上面短语有何不同?

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