建筑学外文翻译

LOUISIANA MANIFESTO

Jean Nouvel

World Architecture．May2010 V ol．05．21~23

路易斯安那宣言

让·努维尔

世界建筑．2010年5月第05期．21~23页

摘要：让·努维尔的“路易斯安那宣言”是他对于当今建筑的思考和想法最为深刻的表达。这篇文章和他的项目与短片，在2005年6月7日－9月18日，于丹麦的路易斯安那现代艺术博物馆展出。它曾以多种文字出版。其哲学的基本原则是，一个建筑是有生命的、唯一的、特殊的，并且要与其周围环境、场所精神和谐共处。该展览是让·努维尔工作室、特约馆长让－路易斯·弗洛门特和路易斯安那博物馆合作举办的。（维雷娜·辛德勒）

关键词:路易斯安那；建筑设计；现代艺术博物馆；意识形态；场所精神

2005年，建筑更加倍地在消除地方的特征，把它们变得平庸无奇，蛮横地对待它们。它有时会取代风景，独自创造风景，这不过是另一种抹去风景的方式。但是，相反，路易斯安那是情感的震撼。体现出一个很快被遗忘的真理：建筑具有超越的能力。建筑能够显露地理、历史、色彩、植被、视野、光线。它以桀敖不驯、自然不做作的姿态来到这世界、并活着。它独一无二。它体现了路易斯安那精神。

它是一个小世界，一个气泡。没有任何形象、没有任何言论能够彰显它的深度。你必须身临其境才能体验到这一切，才会相信。建筑是我们世界的延伸，当世界不断在缩小时。当我们用愈来愈快的速度在全球到处跑；当我们聆听和观看相同的全球网络，分享相同的灾难所引起的震动；当我们随着相同的畅销歌曲的节奏跳舞，看着相同的球赛；当全球充斥着相同的影片，明星是全球人物；当一国总统想要统治世界；当我们到克隆商场购物，在同样的幕墙后头上班……以及，当世界变小理当产生的好处不被列为全球重点课题时……好比说，为什么教育无法通过相同的全球网络，更快速、确实地消除文盲？为什么能够拯救世界性流行病患者的药品无法及时送达？在这个追求高效率和盈利、配有一整套经济概念的意识形态特征愈来愈明显的世界，面对这些新情况，建筑同样难以幸免。

今天，全球化的影响不断深化，主流建筑旗帜鲜明地主张要“去脉络化”。然而，没有人去讨论这个急剧发展的形势所具有的意义：建筑评论，以建筑学科的界限为由，满足于美学和风格上的笼统论述，缺乏对现实的分析，并且忽略了重要的历史课题，亦即全球性建筑和“因地制宜”的建筑、普通性建筑和特殊性建筑之间日益强烈的对峙和冲突。今天的现代性难道只是直接继承20世纪的现代性、而不带任何批判精神？它难道只是在世界各地散播大量孤立存在的事物？它难道不应该去寻找理由、对应、相同、差异，以提出针对此时此地的特殊性建筑？路易斯安那作为具象征意义的角斗场，被选来进行这场犹如大卫对抗巨人歌利亚、“因地制宜”建筑的拥护者对抗“去脉络化”建筑的受益者的新战斗。毫无疑问，这场对抗比全球与地方之间的对抗更为深沉、复杂。

特殊性与知识的更新有关。建筑知识本质上就是多元多样、与所有文明发生联系的；旅行是建造者的文化素养上一个重要的组成部分。我们熟知希腊、罗马或埃及旅行对建筑师多么重要。路易斯安那则是加州之旅的结晶：在这里，同样是透过对照和汇整距离遥远的不同讯息，构思出能够诠释一个独特情况的建筑方案。

当然，普遍性建筑在20世纪简单化的现代主义意识形态所遗留下来的功能主义这块粪肥上蓬勃发展。《雅典宪章》当初也提倡人文主义精神，然而，狂热人士、犬儒者和腐败者进行大量教条式地歪曲模仿，留给了我们一个灾难性的都市遗产。以生活在这个世界的快乐之名，我们必须抗拒建立在区块、网络、格网基础上的城市主义。这样自动的腐化堕落，让世界各地、不论何种气候形态的城市失去了身份。它以克隆办公大楼、

克隆住家、克隆商场为食。它渴求别人事先想好的想法、别人事先创造的景观，以避免自己去思考和观察。

对于这些普遍性和建筑上的领土整治规则，我们必须用建立在对有生命经验的景观所做的结构性分析的基础上所产生的其他规则来取代它们。没错，建筑！因为建筑存在于各个层次，而城市主义则不存在；那不过是卑屈顺服的建筑在宏观层次上所做的拙劣变装演出，它的发展是为了替大量普遍性建筑的到来铺路。我们必须建立敏感的、诗意的规则：谈论色彩、本质、个性、无拘无束地创造，结合雨、风、海、山相关的特殊性的建筑方向。会谈论时空的连续，会为传承下来的混乱指引转变、修改的方向，会关注我们城市的分形结构中每一个层级的规则。这些敏感的规则不得不去挑战普遍的意识形态；普遍的意识形态有不断扩散霸权主流技术、以产生依赖的趋势，它倾向将所有的交通、能源和卫生体系变得愈来愈巨大，制造出一个庞然大物。

相反地，特殊的意识形态渴望自主，渴望使用当地和不同时候所提供的资源，渴望对非物质的侧重。我们该如何使用当地、而不是别处的资源？我们该如何创造具差异性的建筑，而不落入对刻板印象的夸张模仿？我们该如何进行深化？建筑设计并非从无到有的创造。建筑意味着在现有和已存在的基础上加以改造、转化。建筑意味着激励深藏于场所自身的特质，而由此具有自我创造的倾向。它意味着揭示、指引方向。它意味着延续活的历史以及它过往的轨迹。它意味着倾听一个有生命的地方的呼吸和脉动。它意味着诠释这些律动用于创造。建筑必须被视为对一个物质、原子、生物连续体的改造。

它是在宏观与纳米物理学愈来愈令人头晕目眩之际，对我们这个广大世界里的某个片断的改造。不论转变、场所、建筑的规模是大是小，我们该如何表达一个有生命的断片发生转变时的难以预料？我们是否能够藉由符号、映像、种植来掌握可见的构成部分——云、植物、各种大大小小的生命机体？我们该如何创造出能够召唤隐藏的深度、灵魂的振动？这必然是一项诗意的任务，因为唯有诗懂得如何产生“瞬间的形而上学”：关于所能掌握的极限，关于奥秘、脆弱、自然；关于时间的作用、因年久而生成的色泽、会发生变化；关于不完美，因为不完美显露了我们可以达到的极限。那些扼杀情感的建筑不是具路易斯安那精神的建筑。而是在全球游走的艺术家兼建筑师、那些重复大师的作品，他们对完美、干枯、恒久不变的细节的追求，是情感无能的真实告白！

重复制作“精通熟练的”细节，体现了他们对世界上建筑该有的本质感觉迟钝。大规模建造被误解！繁重和夸大是建筑上装腔作势的途径！细节就跟整体一样，是发明、移动、丰富世界的机会，是重新构成、重新组合、诱发各种质地、光线、不大可能的技术相遇的机会。然而，普遍性细节和普遍性建筑一样，属于预先制作、不存怀疑、没有危险、离可行的和可感觉的极限有一大段距离的领域；它以到处存在、到处可贩卖、传播一致性、扼杀差异、大量繁殖为使命。我们处在一种简单化思维的领地——系统的、使人放心的领地。我们距离产生吸引力的绝对条件——亦即自然不造作——非常遥远。能够在二元性、在对话当中创造独特性的建筑，能够面对一种情况来创造独特性的建筑，就是具路易斯安那精神的建筑。

这和那些不断重复某种形式、风格——它被视为“艺术家的签名”——的艺术家兼建筑师的态度完全相反。它和可以在任何时候空降到任何地方的建筑完全相反。这个全球现象是强调不属于任何场所、可以被移动位置、专为直接进入美术馆严密精确的白色格子而设计的20世纪艺术的延续。独立存在的建筑和可以孤立存在的艺术作品相反，

它注定要发生干扰，它的出现犹如荒唐可笑的拼贴、突如其来的喷嚏——不过可惜的是，建筑领域经常缺乏超现实主义的敏感度……

建筑意味着某些人凭着他们的意志力、渴望和知识，在某个时代对某个地方进行改造。我们从来就不是在单独地建筑。我们总是在某处建筑——当然是为某个人或某些人，但也总是为所有人。我们必须停止将建筑局限在采借一种风格上。我们的时代需要不断怀疑、寻找、不认为自己已经找到答案的建筑师，需要不畏风险、重新发现实证主义价值观、在建造的同时发明建筑、会让自己讶异、会在自己窗户上发现霉菌并知道如何解读的建筑师。让我们将替虚荣的城市化妆的工作，留给那些自认为美容师的建筑师。从今而后，建筑将在不可言喻、含糊模棱和不完美中重新发现它的光环！只有当建筑师摔了跤并改变时，他才知道自己已经尽了最大的努力：从创造到改造；从断言到暗示；从建造到嵌入；从建构到渗透；从放置到迭置；从清晰到含糊；从增加到偏移；从书法到抓痕、涂抹……

相对于“控制、留下永恒的记号”这些陈旧过时的建筑目标，我们今天要以寻找在某地生活的乐趣为目标。让我们记住，建筑同时也是一种压迫、制约行为的工具。我们永远别让任何人来查禁这个享乐主义式的追求，尤其是在我们身心获得全面发展所不可或缺的熟悉、亲密的领域。让我们表明我们的身份！每个人内心都有一个潜能的世界。我们要意识到自己的潜能，它和每个人的潜能一样，换言之，大多未被发掘，而且经常具有诗意，因此，是令人不安的。

不再有紧身衣，不再有现成的生活！不再有将我们数字化的数字建筑！不再有克隆城市，全球化的办公室，现成的家！我们希望能够继续旅行：聆听即兴演奏的音乐；体验承载着许多生活经验的景观；遇见创造他们文化的男男女女；发现陌生未知的颜色。建筑是变化的容器。建筑是不断遭到生命和事件渗透、更新的永恒。不可更改、从天而降的建筑，与所在地以及居住其中的人没有任何关联。

建筑必须被所在的地方和人所渗透，也要去对他们产生渗透：要具有强烈感受性，也要引起感动；要吸收，也要散发。让我们喜爱那些懂得如何聚焦的建筑：它如同光线一样闪耀；让你领略地形、大地的纹理；让你感受风、天空、土壤、水、火、气味、树、草、花、苔藓……；记得地方风土人情、同时与我们世界的信息终端相联；还向我们呈现时代变迁以及穿越其间的人们。这样的建筑与它的时代和谐共处。仍在建造20世纪建筑范型的落后者染患了“历时”症、拒绝去感受他们的时代。建筑总是标注着日期。我们知道建筑终有一天会死的、是暂时存在的；我们知道它是有生命的。因此，我们看着它走出黑暗，并想像有一天它会回到那儿。

“因地制宜”、特殊的、具路易斯安那精神的建筑，在过去与未来、矿物与植物、瞬间与永恒、可见与不可见之间建立着一种联系。它们是显现与消失的所在地。它们不时暗示着自己缓慢而悲怆的毁灭。这个时间意识与居住其中的新生命所带来的惊奇，与黎明、黄昏的伟大节奏，以及不可避免的懒散和衰败时光所显露的无关紧要相重叠。具路易斯安那精神的建筑是梦中的建筑，是寂静无声的，既是遗忘之地，也是考古之地。它们成为对引发暖昧矛盾情绪的过去进行重新诠释的借口。

具路易斯安那精神的建筑令我们感动，因为它们被梦想出来，因为它们令人感到不安全、具反抗性；它们偶尔令人绝望、遇到灾难、或遭到扼杀，但从未被遗忘，因为正如凤凰浴火重生般，它们让我们想到用点线构成的永恒……

具路易斯安那精神的建筑在材料和资源上的不确定性、简易性、甚至简陋性，滋生出这种建筑能够存在于各种经济环境的希望。基于这个原因，它可以渗透到任何地方，甚至包括我们的全球政治应该感到汗颜的贫民窟……

Jean Nouvel’s LOUISIANA MANIFESTO is the most profound expression of histhoughts and ideas about architecture today.Together with his projects and shortfilm sequences,the text was part of an exhibition at the Louisiana Museum ofModern Art in Denmark that was shown from June 7th through September 18th,2005.It was published in many languages.Fundamental to his philosophy is anarchitecture that is alive,unique,specific and in harmony with its surroundingsand the spirit of the place.The exhibition was a collaboration between AteliersJean Nouvel,guest curator Jean-Louis Froment and the Louisiana Museum.（Noteby Verena M.Schindler)

More than ever before in 2005 architecture is annihilating and violating places,making them banal.Sometimes the landscape is replaced,created in the image of the architectureitself,which is nothing but another way of effacing it.In contrast,however,there is the case of Louisiana,an emotional shock.The living proof of a forgotten truth:architecture has the power to transcend.Architecture can reveal geographies,histories,colours,vegetations,horizons,and qualities of light.Impertinent and natural,architecture is in the world,alive,unique,Louisianan. As a microcosm,a bubble,no image or statement can plumb its depth.You have to be there to experience and believe it.Architecture is an expansion of our world at a time when that world is gettingsmaller.At a time when we rush across the world faster and faster,when we listen to and watch the same global networks,share feelings aboutthe same disasters;when we dance to the same hits,watch the same matches;when we are flooded with the same films with their global screen stars;when the president of one country wants to rule the whole world;when we shop in cloned shopping centres,work behind the same eternalcurtainwalls...and,when whatever aspects of these factors that might be positive are notpartofglobalpriorities...Why,for instance,shouldn’t education eradicate illiteracy more quickly andsurely?Why doesn’t the medicine that saves the victims of pandemics get to them intime?Architecture is by no means spared of these new conditions of an efficient,profitableworld increasingly marked by an ideology delivered as the baggage of the economy.

The global economy is accentuating the effects of the dominant architecture,the type that claims,‘We dont’ need context.’And yet there is no real deba te about this galloping

frenzy:invoking the limitsof the discipline architectural criticism is content with aesthetic and stylisticreflections devoid of any analysis of the real,ignoring the crucial historical clashthat－more insistently every day－sets global architecture against an architectureof

situations,generic architecture against an architecture of specificity.Is our modernity today simply the direct descendant of the modernity of the20th century,devoid of any spirit of criticism?Does it simply consist of parachuting solitary objects onto the face of theplanet?Shouldnt’ it rather be looking for reasons,correspondences,harmonies anddifferences in order to propose an ad hoc architecture here and now?Louisiana is the symbolic arena for this new struggle of David and Goliath,between the partisans of situation architecture and the profiteers of de-contextualised architecture.Undoubtedly this confrontation runs deeper and is more complex than theissue of local against global. Specificity is linked to the actualization of knowledge.Architectural knowledgeis by nature diverse,given its links with all civilizations.Travel is an essentialelement in the cultivation of any builder.We are familiar with how journeys to Egypt,Greece and Rome are

importanttoarchitects.Louisiana is the result of a journey to California:the fruit of the graftingof information gathered from afar onto the interpretation of a uniquelocation.

Generic architecture is certainly thriving on the compost,the Functionalistdroppings of the simplistic modern ideology of the 20th century.The AthensCharter set out to be humanist,but the equally dogmatic caricatures realized bythe submissive or the corrupt have left us with an oppressive urban heritage.In the name of the pleasure of living on this earth we must resist theurbanism of zones,networks and grids.Such developments are the automaticrot that is obliterating the identity of cities on all continents in all climates.These strategies feed on cloned offices,cloned dwellings and cloned shops.They thirst for what has already been thought and seen in order to avoidthinking and seeing.

We must replace these generic rules,territorially and architecturally,withother rules based on the structural analysis of the lived landscape.Yes,architecturally!For architecture exists on all scales and urbanism does notUrbanism is nothing but the mocked-up travesty of a servile architecture on themacro-scale,advancing to prepare the way for the myriad of generic architectures.We must establish sensitive and poetic rules:approaches that speak of colours,essences,characters and the anomalies of the act of creation and the specificitiesof rain,wind,sea and mountains.Rules that speak of the temporal and spatial continuum that will turn the tidetowards a mutation modifying the inherited chaos and taking account of all thefractal scales of our cities.These sensitive rules cannot but defy the generic ideology that leads to theproliferation of hegemonic,dominant technologies.Creating dependencies andaimed for th‘ebottom line’,such a p roliferation results in the hypertrophy of allour transportation,energy and hygiene systems.

In contrast,the ideology of the specific aspires to autonomy,using theresources of actual place and time and such an ideology also privileges the non-material.How can we use what is here and nowhere else?How can we differentiate without caricaturing?How can we achieve depth?Architectural design on the large scale does not mean inventing ex nihilo.Architecture means transformation,organizing the mutations of what is alreadythere.Architecture means encouraging the embedding in the landscape of places thatanyway have a tendency to invent themselves.It means to reveal,to give direction.It means prolonging living history and its traces of past lives.It means listening to the breathing and pulsations of a living place.It means interpreting its rhythms in order to create.Architecture should be seen as the modification of a physical,atomic andbiological continuum.

As the modification of a fragment situated at the heart of our immenseuniverse amidst the dizzying discoveries made by macro-and nanophysics.Whatever the scale of the transformation of a site or place,how can wecommunicate the unpredictability of the mutation of a living fragment?Can we domesticate the visible components－clouds,plant-life and livingorganisms of every size－with signs,reflections and new plantings?How does one create a vibration that evokes a hidden depth,a soul?This is surely a task for poetry since only poetry can produce‘the metaphysicsof the instant’:to work at the limits of the achievable with the mysterious,fragile and natural;to anticipate the weathering of time,i.e.,the resulting patina as materialschange and age with character;andto work with imperfection as a revelation of the limits of the accessible.These architectures that kill emotion are not Louisianan.They are the

work of globetrotting artist-architects,princes of repetition,specialists in the perfect,dry and perennial detail that are the true confession ofemotional impotence!

The repetiti on of the‘controlled’detail is proof of their insensitivity to thepossible nature of an architecture in the world.Mass construction is used as misconstruction!Weight and emphasis are understood as vectors of architectural pedantry!The detail－like the totality－is an opportunity to invent,dislocate,enrichthe world,recompose,reassemble and provoke confrontations of textures,lightand unlikely techniques.But generic detail,like generic architecture,manifests the prefabricated.Itrepresents an absence of doubt that takes no risks and holds back as far as possiblefrom the limits of the feasible and sensitive.Its vocation is to exist and sell itselfeverywhere,spreading uniformity and killing differences in order to proliferate.We are in the domain of simplistic thinking－of the systemic,the reassuring.We are far from the sine qua non of seduction:the natural.An architecture that creates singularity in duality and is invented through theconfrontation with a situation is Louisianan.

It opposes the attitudes of these artist-architects who follow a recipe ofrepeating a kind of formal order passed off as the‘signature of the artist’.Itopposes what can be dropped down on the landscape on any occasion in any place.This global phenomenon perpetuates an artistic tradition of the 20th centuryart that is in essence unsituated,dislocated and designed to take its place amongthe mathematical white boxes of the museums.Unlike these works of art that can function in isolation,autonomousarchitectures are doomed to the status of static interference,absurd collages andsudden sneezes that disturb their surroundings;and unfortunately Surrealistsensibility is rarely part of the mix...

Architecture means the adaptation of the conditions of a place to a given timeby the willpower,desire and knowledge of certain human beings.We never do this alone.We always do it somewhere－certainly for some person or persons,butalways also for everyone.It is time we stop limiting architecture to the appropriation of a style.Our times need architects who doubt,who seek without thinking they havealready found,who put themselves at risk,who rediscover the values of empiricism,who invent architecture as they design it,who surprise themselves,who notice themildew on their windows and who know how to interpret it.Lets’ leave the cosmetics of vain cities to the architects who think of themselvesas aesthetes.From now on let architecture rediscover its aura in the inexpressible,thecloudy and imperfection of what is invented!The architect is not aware of having come to the end of his work until he slipsand shiftsfrom creation to modification,from assertion to allusion,from building-up to filling-in,from construction to infiltration,from positioning to super-positioning,from clearness to the nebulousness,from addition to deviation,from calligraphy to etching,to erasure...

Instead of the archaic architectural goal of domination,i.e.,making a permanentmark,today we should prefer to seek the pleasure of living somewhere.Let us remember that architecture can also be an instrument of oppression,atool for conditioning behaviour.Let us never permit anyone to censure this pursuit of pleasure especially in thedomain of the familiar and intimate that is so necessary to our wellbeing.Let us identify ourselves.Everyone bears a potential world within himself or herself.Let us be aware of our potential,which is equal to that of any human being－largely unexplored,often poetic and therefore disquieting.

No more corsets,no more ready-to-wear lives!No more architecture-by-numbers that turns us into numbers!No more cloned cities,global offices,pre-occupied homes!We want to be able to keep on travelling:to listen to spontaneous music,to live in landscapes as inhabited as a personalityto meet men and women who invent their own culture,to discover unknown colours.Architecture is the vehicle for variations.Architecture is permanence changed by life and events.Unchangeable architecture is not involved with the place and those who livethere. Architecture has to be impregnated and to impregnate in order:to be impressionable and impress andto absorb and emit.Let us love architecture that knows how to

focus,that:shineslikealight;can let you read the topography,the lay of the land;can let you feel the wind,sky,soil,water,fire,flavours,trees,grass,flowers,moss...remembers the usages and customs of the place and at the same timeinterfaces with the information terminals of our world;and,shows us the historical ages and those who have journeyed through them.Such an architecture is built up in harmony with its time.The stragglers whoare still constructing the archetypes of the 20th century are diachronically ill,refusingtolivetheirlives.Architecture is dated.We know it to be mortal and endangered as sure as weknow it is alive.And so we watch it emerging from the darkness and imagine that it will returnthere one day.

The architectures of situation,of the specific,the Louisianan architecturesweave bonds between the past and the future,the mineral and the vegetal,theinstantaneous and eternity,and the visible and the invisible.They are the loci of emergence and disappearance.They distil the essence of their own slow,poignant ruin.This consciousness of time overlays the surprises of the new lives lived in theplace,the great rhythms of dawn and twilight,the indifference of the inevitablehours of idleness and decay...Louisianan architectures are dreamed architectures,full of silences－notonly places of forgetfulness but also of archaeology.They become the cue for reinterpretations of an ambivalent past.

Louisianan architectures move us because they have been dreamed into

life,insecurity,resistance and sometimes despair;ruined or assassinated,but neverforgotten because like the Phoenix disappearing in the flames only to be rebornthey make us dream of eternally recurring points of light...

The uncertainty,simplicity and even the modesty of the Louisianan materialsand resources hold out the hope that Louisianan architecture can continue toexist in any economic condition even filtering through to the shameful shantytownsofourglobalpolitics...

建筑类外文文献及中文翻译

forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.

土木工程外文翻译

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本科毕业设计（外文翻译） 题目居住区交往空间规划与设计 院（系部）xxx学院 专业名称xx 年级班级xx 学生姓名xx 指导教师xx xx 年xx 月x 日 Planning and Design of Association Space of residential District

Xia dong liang 【Abstract】:The association space refers to the indoor and outdoor space for communication between residents.The article presents an overall discussion of the necessity，hierarchy and functionality of association space,with a wish to create positive and healthy association atmosphere and stimulate good communication among residents so that the residential area can become a homeland full of love and harmony． 【Keyword】:residential area；association space；necessity；hierarchy；Functionality 【Foreword】：As the housing system reform and the rapid development of real estate, urban residential areas large urban settlements have emerged on the layout of residential buildings, public buildings, public green space, life and living facilities such as roads, to provide urban residents live in the community and The establishment, is an integral part of the city. Exchanges between the living room area residents is to communicate and exchange of indoor and outdoor space. At this stage, people's living standards greatly improved the living environment of continuous improvement district. Developers should not only focus on residential construction and the reasonable comfort, paying greater attention to the construction of residential environment. However, the current environment in the construction of residential areas, they are often the natural ecology of greening the environment is much more to consider, and the promotion of exchanges between the residents of the space environment to consider less, environmental construction can not meet the occupants of the psychological characteristics and needs. From the basic physiological needs gradually to meet the psychological and cultural fields of promoting a higher level, the residential area is not only the function of living, but also people's thinking and feelings of the local exchange. Therefore, the strengthening of exchanges between the residential areas of space construction, increase residential neighbourhood affinity, should be developed in the planning and construction of residential areas should also consider the issue. How to conduct exchanges between the residential areas of space planning and design, improve people's quality of life, the author of his own real estate development

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Study on Project Cost Control of Construction Enterprises By: R. Max Wideman Abstract With the increasing maturity of construction market, the competition between construction enterprises is becoming fierce. The project profit is gradually decreasing. It demands that all construction enterprises enhance their cost control, lower costs, improve management efficiency and gain maximal profits. This paper analyses the existing problems on project cost control of Chinese construction enterprises, and proposes some suggestions to improve project cost control system. Key Words ：Construction enterprises, Project management, Cost control After joining the WTO, with Chinese construction market becoming integrated, the competition among architectural enterprises is turning more intense. Construction enterprises must continually enhance the overall competitiveness if they want to develop further at home and abroad construction market. Construction Enterprises basically adopt the "project management-centered" model, therefore, it is particularly important to strengthen project cost control. 1.The Current Domestic Project Cost Classification and Control Methods Cost refers to the consumption from producing and selling of certain products, with the performance of various monetary standing for materialized labor and labor-consuming. Direct and indirect costs constitute the total cost, also known as production cost or manufacturing cost. Enterprise product cost is the comprehensive indicator to measure enterprise quality of all aspects. It is not only the fund compensation scale, but also the basis to examine the implementation of cost plan. Besides, it can provide reference for product pricing According to the above-mentioned definition and current domestic cost classification, construction project cost can be divided into direct costs and indirect costs. Direct costs include material cost, personnel cost, construction machinery cost, material transportation cost, temporarily facility cost, engineering cost and other direct cost. Indirect costs mainly result from project management and company's cost-sharing, covering project operating costs (covering the commission of foreign projects), project's management costs (including exchange losses of

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项目成本控制 一、引言 项目是企业形象的窗口和效益的源泉。随着市场竞争日趋激烈，工程质量、文明施工要求不断提高，材料价格波动起伏，以及其他种种不确定因素的影响，使得项目运作处于较为严峻的环境之中。由此可见项目的成本控制是贯穿在工程建设自招投标阶段直到竣工验收的全过程，它是企业全面成本管理的重要环节，必须在组织和控制措施上给于高度的重视，以期达到提高企业经济效益的目的。 二、概述 工程施工项目成本控制，指在项目成本在成本发生和形成过程中，对生产经营所消耗的人力资源、物资资源和费用开支，进行指导、监督、调节和限制，及时预防、发现和纠正偏差从而把各项费用控制在计划成本的预定目标之内，以达到保证企业生产经营效益的目的。 三、施工企业成本控制原则 施工企业的成本控制是以施工项目成本控制为中心，施工项目成本控制原则是企业成本管理的基础和核心，施工企业项目经理部在对项目施工过程进行成本控制时，必须遵循以下基本原则。 3.1 成本最低化原则。施工项目成本控制的根本目的，在于通过成本管理的各种手段，促进不断降低施工项目成本，以达到可能实现最低的目标成本的要求。在实行成本最低化原则时，应注意降低成本的可能性和合理的成本最低化。一方面挖掘各种降低成本的能力，使可能性变为现实；另一方面要从实际出发，制定通过主观努力可能达到合理的最低成本水平。 3.2 全面成本控制原则。全面成本管理是全企业、全员和全过程的管理，亦称“三全”管理。项目成本的全员控制有一个系统的实质性内容，包括各部门、各单位的责任网络和班组经济核算等等，应防止成本控制人人有责，人人不管。项目成本的全过程控制要求成本控制工作要随着项目施工进展的各个阶段连续 进行，既不能疏漏，又不能时紧时松，应使施工项目成本自始至终置于有效的控制之下。 3.3 动态控制原则。施工项目是一次性的，成本控制应强调项目的中间控制，即动态控制。因为施工准备阶段的成本控制只是根据施工组织设计的具体内容确

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（ 二 〇 一 二 年 六 月 外文文献及翻译 题 目： About Buiding on the Structure Design 学生姓名： 学 院：土木工程学院 系 别：建筑工程系 专 业：土木工程(建筑工程方向) 班 级：土木08-4班 指导教师：

英文原文： Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing Abstract The crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing Foreword Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the

土木工程外文文献翻译

专业资料 学院： 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

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不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反，有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了，然而，如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导，那么，得以发展的就只能是好的结构，并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何，要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计，两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论，但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低，中高度的建筑中常用的体系，它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系，或者和其他体系结合起来使用，以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑，可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系，这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS，STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地，由于柱梁节点固有柔性，并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点，所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然，在设计的后期阶段，实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强，在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色，它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑，并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。

建筑-外文翻译

外文文献： Risk Analysis of the International Construction Project By: Paul Stanford Kupakuwana Cost Engineering Vol. 51/No. 9 September 2009 ABSTRACT This analysis used a case study methodology to analyse the issues surrounding the partial collapse of the roof of a building housing the headquarters of the Standards Association of Zimbabwe (SAZ). In particular, it examined the prior roles played by the team of construction professionals. The analysis revealed that the SAZ’s traditional construction project was generally characterized by high risk. There was a clear indication of the failure of a contractor and architects in preventing and/or mitigating potential construction problems as alleged by the plaintiff. It was reasonable to conclude that between them the defects should have been detected earlier and rectified in good time before the partial roof failure. It appeared justified for the plaintiff to have brought a negligence claim against both the contractor and the architects. The risk analysis facilitated, through its multi-dimensional approach to a critical examination of a construction problem, the identification of an effective risk management strategy for future construction projects. It further served to emphasize the point that clients are becoming more demanding, more discerning, and less willing to accept risk without recompense. Clients do not want surprise, and are more likely to engage in litigation when things go wrong. KEY WORDS:Arbitration, claims, construction, contracts, litigation, project and risk The structural design of the reinforced concrete elements was done by consulting engineers Knight Piesold (KP). Quantity surveying services were provided by Hawkins, Leshnick & Bath (HLB). The contract was awarded to Central African Building Corporation (CABCO) who was also responsible for the provision of a specialist roof structure using patented “gang nail” roof

建筑外文文献及翻译

外文原文 Study on Human Resource Allocation in Multi-Project Based on the Priority and the Cost of Projects Lin Jingjing , Zhou Guohua SchoolofEconomics and management, Southwest Jiao tong University ,610031 ,China Abstract----This paper put forward the a ffecting factors of project’s priority. which is introduced into a multi-objective optimization model for human resource allocation in multi-project environment . The objectives of the model were the minimum cost loss due to the delay of the time limit of the projects and the minimum delay of the project with the highest priority .Then a Genetic Algorithm to solve the model was introduced. Finally, a numerical example was used to testify the feasibility of the model and the algorithm. Index Terms—Genetic Algorithm, Human Resource Allocation, Multi-project’s project’s priority . 1.INTRODUCTION More and more enterprises are facing the challenge of multi-project management, which has been the focus among researches on project management. In multi-project environment ,the share are competition of resources such as capital , time and human resources often occur .Therefore , it’s critical to schedule projects in order to satisfy the different resource demands and to shorten the projects’ duration time with resources constrained ,as in [1].For many enterprises ,the human resources are the most precious asset .So enterprises should reasonably and effectively allocate each resource , especially the human resource ,in order to shorten the time and cost of projects and to increase the benefits .Some literatures have

土木工程岩土类毕业设计外文翻译

学号： 10447425 X X 大学 毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 （2014届） 外文题目 Developments in excavation bracing systems 译文题目开挖工程支撑体系的发展 外文出处 Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 31 (2012) 107–116 学生 XXX 学院 XXXX 专业班级 XXXXX 校内指导教师 XXX 专业技术职务 XXXXX 校外指导老师专业技术职务 二○一三年十二月

开挖工程支撑体系的发展 1.引言 几乎所有土木工程建设项目（如建筑物，道路，隧道，桥梁，污水处理厂，管道，下水道）都涉及泥土挖掘的一些工程量。往往由于由相邻的结构，特性线，或使用权空间的限制，必须要一个土地固定系统，以允许土壤被挖掘到所需的深度。历史上，许多挖掘支撑系统已经开发出来。其中，现在比较常见的几种方法是：板桩，钻孔桩墙，泥浆墙。 土地固定系统的选择是由技术性能要求和施工可行性（例如手段，方法）决定的，包括执行的可靠性，而成本考虑了这些之后，其他问题也得到解决。通常环境后果（用于处理废泥浆和钻井液如监管要求）也非常被关注（邱阳、1998）。 土地固定系统通常是建设项目的较大的一个组成部分。如果不能按时完成项目，将极大地影响总成本。通常首先建造支撑，在许多情况下，临时支撑系统是用于支持在挖掘以允许进行不断施工，直到永久系统被构造。临时系统可以被去除或留在原处。 打桩时，因撞击或振动它们可能会被赶入到位。在一般情况下，振动是最昂贵的方法，但只适合于松散颗粒材料，土壤中具有较高电阻（例如，通过鹅卵石）的不能使用。采用打入桩系统通常是中间的成本和适合于软沉积物（包括粘性和非粘性），只要该矿床是免费的鹅卵石或更大的岩石。 通常，垂直元素（例如桩）的前安装挖掘工程和水平元件（如内部支撑或绑回）被安装为挖掘工程的进行下去，从而限制了跨距长度，以便减少在垂直开发弯矩元素。在填充情况下，桩可先设置，从在斜坡的底部其嵌入悬挑起来，安装作为填充进步水平元素（如搭背或土钉）。如果滞后是用来保持垂直元素之间的土壤中，它被安装为挖掘工程的进行下去，或之前以填补位置。 吉尔- 马丁等人（2010）提供了一个数值计算程序，以获取圆形桩承受轴向载荷和统一标志（如悬臂桩）的单轴弯矩的最佳纵筋。他们开发的两种优化流程：用一个或两个直径为纵向钢筋。优化增强模式允许大量减少的设计要求钢筋的用量，这些减少纵向钢筋可达到50％相对传统的，均匀分布的加固方案。 加固桩集中纵向钢筋最佳的位置在受拉区。除了节约钢筋，所述非对称加强钢筋图案提高抗弯刚度，通过增加转动惯量的转化部分的时刻。这种增加的刚性可能会在一段时间内增加的变形与蠕变相关的费用。评估相对于传统的非对称加强桩的优点，对称，钢筋桩被服务的条件下全面测试来完成的，这种试验是为了验证结构的可行性和取得的变形的原位测量。 基于现场试验中，用于优化的加强图案的优点浇铸钻出孔（CIDH）在巴塞罗那的几个非对称加强桩的施工过程中观察到混凝土桩沿与测得的变形的结果在常规和描述优化桩。实验证据表明，非对称地增强桩变形比观察到在常规增强那些小。两桩类型（对称和非对称）具有相同的直径，并设计为抵抗基于极限强度设计相同的弯曲力矩;离散杆的尺寸和使用的条全数字的，导致类似的名义抗弯强度。

土木工程外文翻译参考3篇

学校 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号： xxxxx 姓名： xxx 所在系别： xxxxx 专业班级： xxx 指导教师： xxxx 原文标题： Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing 2012年月日 .

建筑施工混凝土裂缝的预防与处理1 摘要 混凝土的裂缝问题是一个普遍存在而又难于解决的工程实际问题，本文对混凝土工程中常见的一些裂缝问题进行了探讨分析，并针对具体情况提出了一些预防、处理措施。 关键词：混凝土裂缝预防处理 前言 混凝土是一种由砂石骨料、水泥、水及其他外加材料混合而形成的非均质脆性材料。由于混凝土施工和本身变形、约束等一系列问题，硬化成型的混凝土中存在着众多的微孔隙、气穴和微裂缝，正是由于这些初始缺陷的存在才使混凝土呈现出一些非均质的特性。微裂缝通常是一种无害裂缝，对混凝土的承重、防渗及其他一些使用功能不产生危害。但是在混凝土受到荷载、温差等作用之后，微裂缝就会不断的扩展和连通，最终形成我们肉眼可见的宏观裂缝，也就是混凝土工程中常说的裂缝。 混凝土建筑和构件通常都是带缝工作的，由于裂缝的存在和发展通常会使内部的钢筋等材料产生腐蚀，降低钢筋混凝土材料的承载能力、耐久性及抗渗能力，影响建筑物的外观、使用寿命，严重者将会威胁到人们的生命和财产安全。很多工程的失事都是由于裂缝的不稳定发展所致。近代科学研究和大量的混凝土工程实践证明，在混凝土工程中裂缝问题是不可避免的，在一定的范围内也是可以接受的，只是要采取有效的措施将其危害程度控制在一定的范围之内。钢筋混凝土规范也明确规定：有些结构在所处的不同条件下，允许存在一定宽度的裂缝。但在施工中应尽量采取有效措施控制裂缝产生，使结构尽可能不出现裂缝或尽量减少裂缝的数量和宽度，尤其要尽量避免有害裂缝的出现，从而确保工程质量。 混凝土裂缝产生的原因很多，有变形引起的裂缝：如温度变化、收缩、膨胀、不均匀沉陷等原因引起的裂缝；有外载作用引起的裂缝；有养护环境不当和化学作用引起的裂缝等等。在实际工程中要区别对待，根据实际情况解决问题。 混凝土工程中常见裂缝及预防: 1.干缩裂缝及预防 干缩裂缝多出现在混凝土养护结束后的一段时间或是混凝土浇筑完毕后的一周左右。水泥浆中水分的蒸发会产生干缩，且这种收缩是不可逆的。干缩裂缝的产生主要是由于混凝土内外水分蒸发程度不同而导致变形不同的结果：混凝土受外部条件的影响，表面水分损失过快，变形较大，内部湿度变化较小变形较小，较大的表面干缩变形受到混凝土内部约束，产生较大拉应力而产生裂缝。相对湿度越低，水泥浆体干缩越大，干缩裂缝越易产 1原文出处及作者：《加拿大土木工程学报》

建筑外文文献及翻译

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