建筑外文文献

SCIENCE CHINA

Technological Sciences

Low Energy Certificate –– An exploration on optimization and evaluation of energy-efficient building envelope

Energy saving is the crucial task of green architecture, energy-saving design and evaluation should be interactive. Low Energy Certificate (LEC), an interactive computer program for energy efficiency and certification of building envelope, is briefly in-troduced in this paper in aspects of certification standards, procedure, methods etc. Through the evaluation report of Innova-tion-pavilion PoI features, reference values of LEC are presented.

optimization and evaluation of energy efficiency, Low Energy Certificate (LEC), energy performance of building enve-lope, interactive

Citation:Zhang H, Leimer H P. Low Energy Certificate –– An exploration on optimization and evaluation of energy-efficient building envelope. Sci China Tech Sci, 2011, 54: 16391644, doi: 10.1007/s11431-011-4357-5

1 Actual design and evaluation of energy-efficient buildings

What is green building? Until now, there is still no world-wide uniform definition to it and individual evaluation sys-tem for energy-efficient buildings has its own emphasis. In China’s Evaluation Standard for Green Building (GB/T 50378), “Gree n building refers to the buildings that can maximally save resources (energy, land, water and material), protect the environment, reduce pollution, provide healthy, comfortable and efficient use space as well as be harmoni-ous with the nature in the whole lifecycle.” The empha-ses are laid on resource-saving and environmental protec-tion. For the moment, there are several internationally rec-ognized green building evaluation or certification systems such as LEED (Leadership in Energy & Environmental De-sign, USA), BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method, Britain), CASBEE (Comprehensive Assessment System for Building Envi-ronmental Efficiency, Japan), DGNB Certificate (Germany). Both China’s Evaluation Standard for Green Building and US Green Building Council’s LEED are comprehensive assessments which accentuate buildings’ impact on the en-vironment .

In the current phase of green building development in China, the basic policy is to promote energy saving of buildings [3]. Aiming at green building, energy efficiency is the problem that should be solved at first. On this aspect, it is often required that design and evaluation could interact. To design energy-efficient buildings, the designers should be able to estimate/evaluate the building energy perfor-mance in the planning and scheme phase, so that to check the possibilities of energy saving according to the design scheme, to make appropriate adjustments betimes and to optimize the building energy performance.

For the present, most evaluation or certification systems for green building list the building energy performance as

one item that can be presented neither directly nor thor-oughly, and the interaction between design and evaluation is almost impossible. Furthermore, most green building evalu-ation systems cannot make necessary adjustments to refer-ence data corresponding to different climate conditions when the evaluated building is sited in other regions, so these systems have less flexibility and less applicability.

Energy performance certificate for buildings (Ener-gieausweis) issued by German Energy Agency (DENA) is for the moment the only one evaluation system especially aiming at buildings’ energy requirements. Energieausweis showing general building data certifies the energy quality of the building and provides a clear summary of the analysis results. It presents energy efficiency with a color scale which shows at a glance how much energy the building re-quires compared to other buildings. In China, up to now, there are two projects awarded Energieausweis, i.e. Pujiang office building in Shanghai and Cheng Kai Yu Yuan resi-dential buildings in Nanjing. The energy requirements rated by Energieausweis contain heating, hot water, lighting in-stallation, ventilation and cooling. According to different energy carriers (such as gas, electricity, renewable resource etc.), the fore parts of energy supply chain including energy exploration, production, distribution and transition are measured with “preliminary energy consumption” so as to take resource preservation and environmental protection into consideration. Although Energieausweis presents the building energy quality comprehensively and directly, but as a European evaluation system, it cannot be directly adapted in China, since the regional climate conditions and political parameters are quite different. Furthermore, the calculation of Energieausweis is rather complicated and only the strictly trained, professional auditors with compre-hensive building-physical and HVAC knowledge can make the calculation, which makes the interaction between design and evaluation more difficult.

In fact, it is desirable for building designers to be able to use basic data to find out the crucial positions for the im-provement of building energy performance quickly and pre-cisely. Logical, rational simplification of calculation and evaluation of building energy will help to realize the inter-action between design and evaluation.

In this sense, Low Energy Certificate (LEC) made an in-structive exploration. LEC as a planning and controlling implement including a certification system is a simple, easy-to-use evaluation system with veracity and validity. Both architects and the approving authority with average knowledge could use LEC with an economically acceptable expenditure to understand and evaluate the energetic reac-tions of buildings. Excluding influences of equipments, en-ergy types and politics, and meanwhile taking the differ-ences of climate conditions into full consideration, LEC program can analyze the energy performance of the building envelope in virtue of basic building physical data, evaluate it and offer optimization suggestions.2 LEC ––an evaluation and optimization pro-gram for energy efficiency of the building enve-lope

LEC is an interactive evaluation/optimization program for the building envelope. It can evaluate the energy efficiency of building envelope and building elements separately for the periods of heating, cooling and the whole year. The evaluation results are marked with a simplified star system, and more stars mean the higher energy efficiency of the building envelope. In order to adapt to China, LEC program is integrated with the Chinese compulsory norm –– Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Public Buildings (GB 50189-2005). (See ref. [4] for more information).

2.1Basis and processes of the LEC-evaluation

The calculations to evaluate the energetic quality of the building envelope are based on the results of build-ing-physical balance equation. According to Chinese com-pulsory norm––Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Public Buildings (GB 50189-2005), German norm DIN 4108-2, DIN 4108-6, and DIN V18599-2: 2007-02, LEC makes calculation under the consideration of the geometry, envelope construction, orientation, materials, building utili-zation, climate conditions etc. but excluding influences of HVAC equipments and user behaviors.

2.1.1Evaluation standard for the heating periods

For the heating periods, a reference building is defined con-sidering the geometry, the climatic region, orientation of azimuth and surface normal as well as the use that corre-spond to the evaluated building. As far as the building con-struction and elements are concerned, it complies with the Chinese Construction Standard of the 1980s, i.e. the stand-ard used before Building Energy Conservation Ordinance was issued.

For the evaluation of heating, the end results of the heat losses (including loss of heat transmittance through the building envelope and ventilation heat losses) and the ther-mal heat gains for the heat period (including solar gain of heat and internal gain of heat) are summed up. The differ-ence between the annual thermal heating need of the exam-ined building and that of the reference building is the esti-mated amount of energy saving used for evaluation (see Table 1).

2.1.2Evaluation standard for the cooling periods

The heat protection in summer is supposed to achieve the comfort interior temperature without air-conditioning or the cooling energy need of usage-depending air-conditioned rooms is as low as possible. For non air-conditioned rooms, it should be guaranteed that the limiting value for the physi-ological beneficial internal temperature is not exceeded. The

Table 1 LEC-standard for winter periods

Standard for winter periods Referring to the reference

building

Table 2 Solar input value

S Solar input value= A G×g×F C

A ,glass proportion of facade

1 ☆

Chinese building standard of the 1980s

2 ☆☆

3 ☆☆☆

4 ☆☆☆☆

2007 European standard

5 ☆☆☆☆☆

2009 European building standard

for low energy consumption annual heating energy

demand ≥71%

annual heating energy

demand 70%–51%

annual heating energy

demand 50%–31%

annual heating energy

demand 30%–21%

annual heating energy

demand ≤ 20%

G

g ,energy transfer coefficient of glass

F C, shading coefficient

T able 3 LEC-standard for summer periods

Referring to the reference building

periods

1 ☆cooling energy demand ≥170%

2 ☆☆

cooling energy demand

150%–169 %

comfort level for the summer periods according to the Ger-man requirement of DIN 4108-2 is proved to be a practical base reflecting very well the scope of the climate that is just tolerable in the summer periods.

The evaluation of the energetic reactions of buildings in summer is based on a process resulting from the require-ments of the German norm DIN 4208-2 which were espe-cially adjusted to the climatic region of the world. The cri-terion “cooling energy neutral” defined for facades is de-scribed by interplay of the size of the window, the charac-teristics of the glazing as well as the sun protection, sun-blind and shading devices etc., which limits an exceeding of certain maximum temperatures to a few hours per year. Simply, a cooling-energy-neutral facade can make the room with no usage keep acceptable temperatures without cooling. Increased internal loads or the possibility of an increased ventilation to lower the room air temperature are not con-sidered, since such dynamic heat exchanges have nothing to do with the energy quality of the building envelope.

The hours of the internal temperature exceeding the lim-iting value and each climatic region with regard to each cooling period are used as criteria. With the help of a dy-namic thermal and energetic building simulation done by TRNSYS -- a calculation program developed by the Solar Energy Laboratory of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, solar input values (see Table 2) are calculated as character-istic values of individual cooling-energy-neutral fa?ades with different orientations in different climate regions and the results are taken as the basis of LEC-evaluation.

For the evaluation of cooling periods, LEC compares the solar input value of the estimated building with that of the cooling-energy-neutral fa?ades. LEC calculates cooling energy demand and cooling load per unit area, and then gives corresponding evaluation of the building envelope for cooling periods (see Table 3).

2.1.3Evaluation standard for the whole year

After that the energy demand is calculated and estimated separately for the heating and cooling periods of each cli-matic region, the energy demands for both heating and cool-ing will be summarized and identified within the framework of an overall estimation for the building (see Table 4). For

3 ☆☆☆

cooling energy demand

130%–149 %

4 ☆☆☆☆

cooling energy demand

115%–129%

5 ☆☆☆☆☆cooling energy demand

2007/2009 European standard100%–114 %

this, both regional climate conditions and the duration of the heating or cooling period are considered.

2.2LEC evaluation procedure

Following the menu, the users can input corresponding in-formation and data including basic project information, ref-erence climate, orientation, zoning, utilization, construction type, thermal transmittance etc. LEC calculates energy de-mand per unit area for the heating and cooling periods, and generates individual reports for building areas, building elements and windows as well as reports on energy perfor-mance rating.

Reference climates: The maps of the countries are divid-ed into color-marked areas. The different colored overlaps represent the climate regions. Characteristics and divisions of the climate regions in China are based on the Chinese Norm GB 50189-2005. Climate zones -- Hong Kong, Ma-cao and Taiwan were added as individual climate zones. Once the reference climate is chosen, corresponding climate factors including the duration of heating or cooling periods will be given with diagrams and charts.

Zoning: The more detailed the input of the zoning of the building, the more accurate the following energetic evalua-tion.

Table 4 LEC evaluation system by awarding stars

LEC-standard Explanation

1☆★★★★ The building does not correlate with any permit standard. 2It corresponds to the minimum requirements according to

☆☆★★★GB 50189

3It corresponds to the increased requirements according to

☆☆☆★★

GB/T 50378

4☆☆☆☆★ It is comparable to the European building standard

5It is comparable to an increased European building

☆☆☆☆☆

standard

Utilization: according to the usage, there are three build-ing types, i.e. residential building area, office and /or busi-ness building area and others. For different utilization, dif-ferent boundary conditions will be chosen correspondingly during evaluation. For example, according to the standards, the limiting value of the interior temperature can be ex-ceeded temporarily, but not longer than 10% of the whole staying time. The staying time will be counted as 24 h per day in living rooms but only as 10 h per day in office rooms. In addition, there is a difference between the ventilation behaviors in these two different areas. Office buildings are ventilated more than houses but the ventilation intervals in houses are longer than in offices. Another reason to make a difference is because of the dissimilar internal thermal loads caused by technical devices and people, since the internal load referring to a short period in office building is much higher than that in houses.

Construction type: lightweight construction and heavy construction. Lightweight construction refers to the build-ings with suspended ceiling, light partition walls, and cavi-ties under the roof. This includes rooms in which at least 4 out of 6 surfaces of the internal wall (walls/ceiling/floors) are separated from the solid building parts by siding. Heavy construction refers to the buildings with solid concrete ceil-ings, solid partition walls and floor-boarding without sid-ings. This includes rooms that are mainly built without the siding of the heavy internal building element. The construc-tive designed building parts, e.g. solid concrete ceilings, heavy partition walls and floor-boarding must have contact areas with the air of the room. The difference between the two given construction types regarding the evaluation is that a heavier construction has a higher heat storage capacity

than a lighter building type. The heat storage capacity is another characteristic crucial to the energetic evaluation.

The volume and area of building zones will be calculated automatically. U-value of building elements can be either input directly or calculated with the input of materials and thickness.

2.3 Example of LEC-evaluation ––Pavilion of Innova-tion (PoI)

The Pavilion of Innovation (PoI) was constructed under the support of Lower Saxony State of Germany (Niedersachsen) and Anhui Province of China on the occasion of the EXPO 2010 in Shanghai, the objective is to present the possibilities of energy efficiency, innovative construction methods and construction techniques. The pavilion itself is a pilot project with low energy consumption. After the EXPO 2010, PoI is intended to be put into research use for more than three years.

PoI consists of two reinforced concrete cubes, a glass corridor and a membrane canopy (see Figure 1) . The one-story high block is a showroom for techniques while the two-story high cube is used as information/consulting area.

Figure 1 PoI rendering and first floor plan.

Two cubes are connected by a glass corridor. The falcate membrane canopy over the one-story showroom, the glass corridor and some open space can act as a sunshade and collect rain water either for the sanitary use or to be purified for other reuse.

According to the LEC-evaluation for PoI, the energy performance of the pavilion achieved the 4-stars standard. Furthermore, LEC made the separate evaluations on infor-mation/consulting area, technique showroom and the glass corridor for heating periods, cooling periods as well as an-nual periods, which present the energy performance of each part for each period of time clearly (see Table 5).

The LEC-evaluation program can also evaluate divided areas and individual building elements, and calculate the technical characteristic values of windows. Take the two-storyed information/consulting area as an example. This building part with a trapezoid-shaped plan and 7.5m height was built with prefabricated walls and semi-prefabricated or cast-in-place reinforced concrete floors. Two of the external walls tilt outwards on the top with 10°. LEC reports on en-

ergy efficiency of information/consulting area and individu-al building elements, material performance, technical char-acteristic values of windows are made as Tables 6–8 .

2.4Interaction between design and evaluation

The function of analysis provided by LEC can help the de-signers to find the weak position of the building envelope concerning building energy efficiency and make the rele-vant adjustment for optimization. To do that, the aimed standard so as related, required information and data can be input at first. After calculation, LEC can offer suggestions on building elements from aspects of zoning, glazing, con-struction, area etc. With LEC, the comparison of different energy-concerned schemes can also be made easily as long as factors including glazing area, window types, sunshade form, material, construction are changed correspondingly.

Even if the aimed standard of the comprehensive energy efficiency of the building envelope is achieved, LEC can help to make optimization related to details. For example, LEC found out that the south external wall of a building envelope with LEC 4-stern-standard has no ideal energetic performance in the cooling periods and made suggestions such as using widows with better insulation, taking sun-protection measures or reducing the glazing area (see Figure

2) .

3 Exploration on optimization and evaluation of energy efficiency for building envelope

Besides the energy performance of the building envelope, the actual building energy efficiency is also influenced by equipments and their efficiency, energy sorts and efficiency, building quality, users’ behaviors and other factors. The excellent thermal isolation of the building envelope is the base to achieve optimization of building energy consump-tion and energy-saving. Evaluation aimed at the energy effi-ciency of the building envelope can objectively present the energetic reaction of the building itself so as to help designers choose the rational scheme for the building enve-lope in the early planning phase and build a favorable base for optimization of building energy performance。

Table 5 LEC evaluation report on PoI

Table 6 LEC evaluation report on the PoI information & consulting area

Table 7 LEC0020evaluation report on certain building element

Table 8 LEC evaluation report on glazing

LEC is an exploration on the energetic evaluation regarding building envelope. Excluding the influences of equipments and energy sorts, LEC makes the full consideration of climate conditions, and the rationally, measurably simplified calculation of building energy demands makes LEC more applicable. Since the basic data of climate regions of China according to Chinese national norms are integrated into the program database.

At the same time, LEC can be also used as a program to optimize the design concerning energy performance of the building envelope. The function of analyses can help to make inspection and adjustments, and realize the interaction between design and evaluation to a certain extent, and help people to make full considerations of energy saving in the early design phase.

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专业资料 学院： 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

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不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反，有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了，然而，如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导，那么，得以发展的就只能是好的结构，并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何，要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计，两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论，但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低，中高度的建筑中常用的体系，它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系，或者和其他体系结合起来使用，以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑，可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系，这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS，STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地，由于柱梁节点固有柔性，并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点，所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然，在设计的后期阶段，实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强，在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色，它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑，并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。

外文文献—动画

Animation Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions to create an illusion of movement. The effect is an optical illusion of motion due to the phenomenon of persistence of vision, and can be created and demonstrated in several ways. The most common method of presenting animation is as a motion picture or video program, although there are other methods. Early examples An Egyptian burial chamber mural, approximately 4000 years old, showing wrestlers in action. Even though this may appear similar to a series of animation drawings, there was no way of viewing the images in motion. It does, however, indicate the artist's intention of depicting motion. Early examples of attempts to capture the phenomenon of motion drawing can be found in paleolithic cave paintings, where animals are depicted with multiple legs in superimposed positions, clearly attempting to convey the perception of motion. Five images sequence from a vase found in Iran A 5,000 year old earthen bowl found in Iran.It has five images of a goat painted along the sides. This has been claimed to be an example of early animation. However, since no equipment existed to show the images in motion, such a series of images cannot be called animation in a true sense of the word. A Chinese zoetrope-type device had been

商业建筑外文文献翻译)

Commercial Buildings Abstract: A guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings is provided. It covers load characteristics; voltage considerations; power sources and distribution apparatus; controllers; services, vaults, and electrical equipment rooms; wiring systems; systems protection and coordination; lighting; electric space conditioning; transportation; communication systems planning; facility automation; expansion, modernization, and rehabilitation; special requirements by occupancy; and electrical energy management. Although directed to the power oriented engineer with limited commercial building experience, it can be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial buildings. This recommended practice is not intended to be a complete handbook; however, it can direct the engineer to texts, periodicals, and references for commercial buildings and act as a guide through the myriad of codes, standards, and practices published by the IEEE, other professional associations, and governmental bodies. Keywords: Commercial buildings, electric power systems, load characteristics 1. Introduction 1.1 Scope This recommended practice will probably be of greatest value to the power oriented engineer with limited commercial building experience. It can also be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial buildings. However, it is not intended as a replacement for the many excellent engineering texts and handbooks commonly in use, nor is it detailed enough to be a design manual. It should be considered a guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings. 1.2 Commercial Buildings The term “commercial, residential, and institutional buildings”as used in this chapter, encompasses all buildings other than industrial buildings and private dwellings. It includes office and apartment buildings, hotels, schools, and churches, marine, air, railway, and bus terminals, department stores, retail shops, governmental buildings, hospitals, nursing homes, mental and correctional institutions, theaters, sports arenas, and other buildings serving the public directly. Buildings, or parts of buildings, within industrial complexes, which are used as offices or medical facilities or for similar nonindustrial purposes, fall within the scope of this recommended practice. Today’s commercial buildings, because of their increasing size and complexity, have become more and more dependent upon adequate and reliable electric systems. One can better understand the complex nature of modern commercial buildings by examining the systems, equipment, and facilities listed in 1.2.1. 1.2.2 Electrical Design Elements In spite of the wide variety of commercial, residential, and institutional buildings, some electrical design elements are common to all. These elements, listed below, will be discussed generally in this section and in detail in the remaining sections of this recommended practice. The principal design elements considered in the design of the power, lighting, and auxiliary systems include: 1) Magnitudes, quality, characteristics, demand, and coincidence or diversity of loads and load factors 2) Service, distribution, and utilization voltages and voltage regulation 3) Flexibility and provisions for expansion

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PA VEMENT PROBLEMS CAUSED BY COLLAPSIBLE SUBGRADES By Sandra L. Houston,1 Associate Member, ASCE (Reviewed by the Highway Division) ABSTRACT: Problem subgrade materials consisting of collapsible soils are com- mon in arid environments, which have climatic conditions and depositional and weathering processes favorable to their formation. Included herein is a discussion of predictive techniques that use commonly available laboratory equipment and testing methods for obtaining reliable estimates of the volume change for these problem soils. A method for predicting relevant stresses and corresponding collapse strains for typical pavement subgrades is presented. Relatively simple methods of evaluating potential volume change, based on results of familiar laboratory tests, are used. INTRODUCTION When a soil is given free access to water, it may decrease in volume, increase in volume, or do nothing. A soil that increases in volume is called a swelling or expansive soil, and a soil that decreases in volume is called a collapsible soil. The amount of volume change that occurs depends on the soil type and structure, the initial soil density, the imposed stress state, and the degree and extent of wetting. Subgrade materials comprised of soils that change volume upon wetting have caused distress to highways since the be- ginning of the professional practice and have cost many millions of dollars in roadway repairs. The prediction of the volume changes that may occur in the field is the first step in making an economic decision for dealing with these problem subgrade materials. Each project will have different design considerations, economic con- straints, and risk factors that will have to be taken into account. However, with a reliable method for making volume change predictions, the best design relative to the subgrade soils becomes a matter of economic comparison, and a much more rational design approach may be made. For example, typical techniques for dealing with expansive clays include: (1) In situ treatments with substances such as lime, cement, or fly-ash; (2) seepage barriers and/ or drainage systems; or (3) a computing of the serviceability loss and a mod- ification of the design to "accept" the anticipated expansion. In order to make the most economical decision, the amount of volume change (especially non- uniform volume change) must be accurately estimated, and the degree of road roughness evaluated from these data. Similarly, alternative design techniques are available for any roadway problem. The emphasis here will be placed on presenting economical and simple methods for: (1) Determining whether the subgrade materials are collapsible; and (2) estimating the amount of volume change that is likely to occur in the 'Asst. Prof., Ctr. for Advanced Res. in Transp., Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ 85287. Note. Discussion open until April 1, 1989. To extend the closing date one month,

建筑外文文献及翻译论文资料

外文原文 Study on Human Resource Allocation in Multi-Project Based on the Priority and the Cost of Projects Lin Jingjing , Zhou Guohua SchoolofEconomics and management, Southwest Jiao tong University ,610031 ,China Abstract----This paper put forward the affecting factors of project’s priority. which is introduced into a multi-objective optimization model for human resource allocation in multi-project environment . The objectives of the model were the minimum cost loss due to the delay of the time limit of the projects and the minimum delay of the project with the highest priority .Then a Genetic Algorithm to solve the model was introduced. Finally, a numerical example was used to testify the feasibility of the model and the algorithm. Index Terms—Genetic Algorithm, Human Resource Allocation, Multi-project’s project’s priority . 1.INTRODUCTION More and more enterprises are facing the challenge of multi-project management, which has been the focus among researches on project management. In multi-project environment ,the share are competition of resources such as capital , time and human resources often occur .Therefore , it’s critical to schedule projects in order to satisfy the different resource demands and to shorten the projects’duration time with resources constrained ,as in [1].For many enterprises ,the human resources are the most precious asset .So enterprises should reasonably and effectively allocate each resource , especially the human resource ,in order to shorten the time and cost of projects and to increase the benefits .Some literatures have

文化创意产业园外文翻译文献

文献信息： 文献标题：Creative China must find its own Path（中国要有自己的创新之道） 国外作者：Justin 0'Connor 文献出处：《Zhuangshi》, 2009, 199:1-4 字数统计：英文2082单词，10526字符；中文3519汉字 外文文献： Creative China must find its own Path It is commonly said that China needs to ‘catch-up’ with ‘the west’ or the ‘developed world’. This phrase implies a singular path; there may be short cuts and ‘late-comer advantages’ but the destination –a modern, developed country –is the same. But just when it seems China is within touching distance, the ‘developed world’ changes the definition of what it is to be ‘developed’ and puts more obstacles in the path of those trying to catch-up. In English we call this ‘moving the goal-posts’. After manufacturing, services and high-technology seemed to present clear goals for China, the cultural creative industries arrive as the new ‘value-added’ product and service sector, posing yet more problems for the country’s policy-makers. Many in the West have argued that China will take a long time to catch-up in these areas and that this provides a new source of competitive advantage to the West. Indeed, for some, the absence of a competitive cultural creative industries sector is evidence that China is not, and maybe can never be, fully ‘developed’. Much of this can be dismisse d as another example of the West’s superiority complex; however, there can be no doubt that the cultural creative industries present great possibilities but also great challenges for China. These industries – from visual and performing arts, to recorded music, film and TV, to digital animation and new media services, through to fashion, design and architecture – are highly creative and