孙子兵法(英汉对照)
个人转载
孙子兵法（中英对照）
孙子兵法The Art of War
孙武By Sun Tzu
Translated by Lionel Giles
始计第一
Laying Plans
孙子曰：兵者，国之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。
Sun Tzu said：The art of war is of vital importance to the State. It i s a matter of life and death，a road either to safety or to ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry whi ch can on no account be neglected.
故经之以五事，校之以计，而索其情：一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰将，五曰法。
The art of war，then，i s governed by five constant factors，to be taken into account in one's deliberations，when seeking to determine the conditions obtaining in the field.
These are：（1）The Moral Law；（2）Heaven；（3）Earth；（4）The Commander；（5）Method and discipline.
道者，令民于上同意，可与之死，可与之生，而不危也；
The Moral Law causes the people to be in complete accord with their ruler，so that they will follow him regardless of their lives，undismayed by any danger.
天者，阴阳、寒暑、时制也；
Heaven signifies night and day，cold and heat，times and seasons.
地者，远近、险易、广狭、死生也；
Earth compri ses distances，great and small；danger and security；open ground and narrow passes；the chances of life and death.
将者，智、信、仁、勇、严也；
The Commander stands for the virtues of wisdom，si ncerely，benevolence，courage and stri ctness.
法者，曲制、官道、主用也。
By method and di scipline are to be understood the marshaling of the army in its proper subdivi sions，the graduations of rank among the officers，the maintenance of roads by whi ch supplies may reach the army，and the control of military expenditure.
凡此五者，将莫不闻，知之者胜，不知之者不胜。
These five heads should be familiar to every general：he who knows them will be victorious；he who knows them not will fail.
故校之以计，而索其情，曰：主孰有道？
Therefore，in your deliberations，when seeking to determine the military conditions，let them be made the basi s of a compari son，in thi s wi se：——
将孰有能？天地孰得？法令孰行？兵众孰强？士卒孰练？赏罚孰明？吾以此知胜负矣。
（1）Which of the two sovereigns i s imbued with the Moral law？（2）Whi ch of the two general s has most ability？（3）With whom lie the advantages derived from Heaven and Earth？（4）On which side i s di scipline most rigorously enforced？（5）Which army i s stronger？（6）On whi ch side are offi cers and men more highly trained？（7）In whi ch army i s there the greater constancy both in reward and puni shment？
By means of these seven considerations I can forecast vi ctory or defeat.
将听吾计，用之必胜，留之；将不听吾计，用之必败，去之。
The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts upon it，will conquer：let such a one be retained in command！The general that hearkens not to my counsel nor acts upon it，will suffer defeat：——let such a one be dismi ssed！
计利以听，乃为之势，以佐其外。
While heading the profit of my counsel，avail yourself also of any helpful ci rcumstances over and beyond the ordinary rules.
势者，因利而制权也。
According as ci rcumstances are favorable，one should modi fy one's plans.
兵者，诡道也。
All warfare is based on deception.
故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之远，远而示之近。
Hence，when able to attack，we must seem unable；when using our forces，we must seem inactive；when we are near，we must make the enemy believe we are far away；when far away，we must make him believe we are near.
利而诱之，乱而取之，
Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disorder，and crush him.
实而备之，强而避之，
If he is secure at all points，be prepared for him. If he i s in superior strength，evade him.
怒而挠之，卑而骄之，
If your opponent is of choleric temper，seek to irritate him. Pretend to be weak，that he may grow arrogant.
佚而劳之，亲而离之，
If he is taking his ease，give him no rest. If his forces are united，separate them.
攻其无备，出其不意。
Attack him where he i s unprepared，appear where you are not expected.
此兵家之胜，不可先传也。
These military devi ces，leading to vi ctory，must not be divulged beforehand.
夫未战而庙算胜者，得算多也；未战而庙算不胜者，得算少也。多算胜少算，而况于无算乎！吾以此观之，胜负见矣。
Now the general who wins a battle makes many cal culations in hi s temple where the battle i s fought. The general who loses a battle makes but few calculations beforehand. Thus do many cal culations lead to victory，and few cal culations to defeat：how much more no cal culation at all！It i s by attention to this point that I can foresee who is likely to win or lose.
作战第二
II. Waging War
孙子曰：凡用兵之法，驰车千驷，革车千乘，带甲十万，千里馈粮。则内外之费，宾客之用，胶漆之材，车甲之奉，日费千金，然后十万之师举矣。
Sun Tzu said：In the operations of war，where there are in the field a thousand swi ft chariots，as many heavy chariots，and a hundred thousand mail-clad soldiers，wi th provisions enough to carry them a thousand li，the expenditure at home and at the front，including entertainment of guests，small items such as glue and paint，and sums spent on chariots and armor，will reach the total of a thousand ounces of silver per day. Such i s the cost of raising an army of 100，000 men.
其用战也，胜久则钝兵挫锐，攻城则力屈，
When you engage in actual fighting，i f victory is long in coming，then men's weapons will grow dull and their ardor will be damped. If you lay siege to a town，you will exhaust your strength.
久暴师则国用不足。
Again，if the campaign i s protracted，the resources of the State will not be equal to the strain.
夫钝兵挫锐，屈力殚货，则诸侯乘其弊而起，虽有智者不能善其后矣。
Now，when your weapons are dulled，your ardor damped，your strength exhausted and your treasure spent，other chieftains will spring up to take advantage of your extremity. Then no man，however wi se，will be able to avert the consequences that must ensue.
故兵闻拙速，未睹巧之久也。
Thus，though we have heard of stupid haste in war，cleverness has never been seen associated with long delays.
夫兵久而国利者，未之有也。
There i s no instance of a country having benefited from prolonged warfare.
故不尽知用兵之害者，则不能尽知用兵之利也。
It is only one who is thoroughly acquainted with the evils of war that can thoroughly understand the profitable way of carrying it on.
善用兵者，役不再籍，粮不三载，
The skillful soldier does not raise a second levy，neither are hi s supply-wagons loaded more than twi ce.
取用于国，因粮于敌，故军食可足也。
Bring war material with you from home，but forage on the enemy. Thus the army will have food enough for
its needs.
国之贫于师者远输，远输则百姓贫；
Poverty of the State exchequer causes an army to be maintained by contributions from a distance. Contributing to maintain an army at a distance causes the people to be impoverished.
近师者贵卖，贵卖则百姓财竭，
On the other hand，the proximity of an army causes pri ces to go up；and high pri ces cause the people's substance to be drained away.
财竭则急于丘役。
When their substance is drained away，the peasantry will be afflicted by heavy exactions.
力屈中原、内虚于家，百姓之费，十去其七；公家之费，破军罢马，甲胄矢弓，戟盾矛橹，丘牛大车，十去其六。
With this loss of substance and exhaustion of strength，the homes of the people will be stripped bare，and three-tenths of thei r income will be dissipated；while government expenses for broken chariots，worn-out horses，breast-plates and helmets，bows and arrows，spears and shields，protective mantles，draught-oxen and heavy wagons，will amount to four-tenths of its total revenue.
故智将务食于敌，食敌一钟，当吾二十钟；□①杆一石，当吾二十石。
Hence a wi se general makes a point of foraging on the enemy. One cartload of the enemy's provi sions is equivalent to twenty of one's own，and likewise a single pi cul of hi s provender i s equivalent to twenty from one's own store.
【注：】①：“忌”加“艹”头。
故杀敌者，怒也；取敌之利者，货也。
Now in order to kill the enemy，our men must be roused to anger；that there may be advantage from defeating the enemy，they must have thei r rewards.
车战得车十乘以上，赏其先得者而更其旌旗。车杂而乘之，卒善而养之，是谓胜敌而益强。
Therefore in chariot fighting，when ten or more chariots have been taken，those should be rewarded who took the fi rst. Our own flags should be substituted for those of the enemy，and the chariots mingled and used in conjunction with ours. The captured soldiers should be kindly treated and kept. Thi s is called，using the conquered foe to augment one's own strength.
故兵贵胜，不贵久。
In war，then，l et your great object be vi ctory，not lengthy campaigns.
故知兵之将，民之司命。国家安危之主也。
Thus it may be known that the leader of armies is the arbiter of the people's fate，the man on whom it depends whether the nation shall be in peace or in peril.
谋攻第三
III. Attack by Stratagem
孙子曰：夫用兵之法，全国为上，破国次之；全军为上，破军次之；全旅为上，破旅次之；全卒为上，破卒次之；全伍为上，破伍次之。
Sun Tzu said：In the practi cal art of war，the best thing of all is to take the enemy's country whole and intact；to shatter and destroy it i s not so good. So，too，it is better to recapture an army entire than to destroy it，to capture a regiment，a detachment or a company enti re than to destroy them.
是故百战百胜，非善之善也；不战而屈人之兵，善之善者也。
Hence to fight and conquer in all your battles is not supreme excellence；supreme excellence consi sts in breaking the enemy's resistance without fighting.
故上兵伐谋，其次伐交，其次伐兵，其下攻城。
Thus the highest form of generalship is to balk the enemy's plans；the next best is to prevent the junction of the enemy's forces；the next in order i s to attack the enemy's army in the field；and the worst policy of all i s to besiege walled ci ties.
攻城之法，为不得已。修橹轒辒，具器械，三月而后成；距堙，又三月而后已。
The rule is，not to besiege walled cities if it can possibly be avoided. The preparation of mantlets，movable shelters，and various implements of war，will take up three whole months；and the piling up of mounds over against the walls will take three months more.
将不胜其忿而蚁附之，杀士卒三分之一，而城不拔者，此攻之灾也。
The general，unable to control hi s irritation，will launch hi s men to the assault like swarming ants，wi th the result that one-thi rd of his men are slain，while the town still remains untaken. Such are the di sastrous effects of a siege.
故善用兵者，屈人之兵而非战也，拔人之城而非攻也，毁人之国而非久也，
Therefore the skillful leader subdues the enemy's troops without any fighting；he captures their cities without laying siege to them；he overthrows their kingdom without lengthy operations in the field.
必以全争于天下，故兵不顿而利可全，此谋攻之法也。
With hi s forces intact he will dispute the mastery of the Empi re，and thus，wi thout losing a man，his triumph will be complete. This i s the method of attacking by stratagem.
故用兵之法，十则围之，五则攻之，倍则分之，
It i s the rule in war，if our forces are ten to the enemy's one，to surround him；i f five to one，to attack him；if twi ce as numerous，to divide our army into two.
敌则能战之，少则能逃之，不若则能避之。
If equally matched，we can offer battle；i f slightly inferior in numbers，we can avoid the enemy；if quite unequal in every way，we can flee from him.
故小敌之坚，大敌之擒也。
Hence，though an obstinate fight may be made by a small force，in the end it must be captured by the larger force.
夫将者，国之辅也。辅周则国必强，辅隙则国必弱。
Now the general i s the bul wark of the State；i f the bul wark i s complete at all points；the State will be strong；if the bul wark is defective，the State will be weak.
故君之所以患于军者三：
There are three ways in whi ch a ruler can bring misfortune upon his army：——
（1）不知军之不可以进而谓之进，不知军之不可以退而谓之退，是谓縻军；
（1）By commanding the army to advance or to retreat，being ignorant of the fact that it cannot obey. Thi s is called hobbling the army.
（2）不知三军之事而同三军之政，则军士惑矣；
（2）By attempting to govern an army in the same way as he administers a kingdom，being ignorant of the conditions whi ch obtain in an army. This causes restlessness in the soldier's minds.
（3）不知三军之权而同三军之任，则军士疑矣。
（3）By employing the offi cers of hi s army without discrimination，through ignorance of the military principle of adaptation to circumstances. Thi s shakes the confidence of the soldiers.
三军既惑且疑，则诸侯之难至矣。是谓乱军引胜。
But when the army is restless and distrustful，trouble is sure to come from the other feudal princes. Thi s is simply bringing anarchy into the army，and flinging vi ctory away.
故知胜有五：知可以战与不可以战者胜，识众寡之用者胜，上下同欲者胜，以虞待不虞者胜，将能而君不御者胜。此五者，知胜之道也。
Thus we may know that there are five essentials for vi ctory：（1）He will win who knows when to fight and when not to fight. （2）He will win who knows how to handle both superior and inferior forces. （3）He will win whose army i s animated by the same spi rit throughout all its ranks. （4）He will win who，prepared himself，waits to take the enemy unprepared. （5）He will win who has military capacity and i s not interfered wi th by the sovereign.
故曰：知己知彼，百战不贻；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼不知己，每战必败。
Hence the saying：If you know the enemy and know yourself，you need not fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy，for every vi ctory gained you will al so suffer a defeat. If you know neither the enemy nor yoursel f，you will succumb in every battle.
军形第四
IV. Tacti cal Dispositions
孙子曰：昔之善战者，先为不可胜，以待敌之可胜。
Sun Tzu said：The good fighters of old first put themselves beyond the possibility of defeat，and then waited for an opportunity of defeating the enemy.
不可胜在己，可胜在敌。
To secure ourselves against defeat lies in our own hands，but the opportunity of defeating the enemy is provided by the enemy himself.
故善战者，能为不可胜，不能使敌之必可胜。
Thus the good fighter i s able to secure himself against defeat，but cannot make certain of defeating the enemy.
故曰：胜可知，而不可为。
Hence the saying：One may know how to conquer without being able to do it.
不可胜者，守也；可胜者，攻也。
Security against defeat implies defensive tacti cs；ability to defeat the enemy means taking the offensive.
守则不足，攻则有余。
Standing on the defensive indicates insufficient strength；attacking，a superabundance of strength.
善守者藏于九地之下，善攻者动于九天之上，故能自保而全胜也。
The general who is skilled in defense hides in the most secret recesses of the earth；he who is skilled in attack flashes forth from the topmost heights of heaven. Thus on the one hand we have ability to protect ourselves；on the other，a victory that is complete.
见胜不过众人之所知，非善之善者也；
To see victory only when it is within the ken of the common herd is not the acme of excellence.
战胜而天下曰善，非善之善者也。
Neither is it the acme of excellence if you fight and conquer and the whole Empire says，"Well done！"
故举秋毫不为多力，见日月不为明目，闻雷霆不为聪耳。
To lift an autumn hai r i s no sign of great strength；to see the sun and moon is no sign of sharp sight；to hear the noise of thunder is no sign of a quick ear.
古之所谓善战者，胜于易胜者也。
What the ancients called a clever fighter i s one who not only wins，but excels in winning with ease.
故善战者之胜也，无智名，无勇功，
Hence hi s vi ctories bring him neither reputation for wisdom nor credit for courage.
故其战胜不忒。不忒者，其所措胜，胜已败者也。
He wins his battles by making no mi stakes. Making no mistakes i s what establishes the certainty of victory，for it means conquering an enemy that is already defeated.
故善战者，立于不败之地，而不失敌之败也。
Hence the skillful fighter puts himself into a position whi ch makes defeat impossible，and does not mi ss the moment for defeating the enemy.
是故胜兵先胜而后求战，败兵先战而后求胜。
Thus it i s that in war the vi ctorious strategist only seeks battle after the vi ctory has been won，whereas he who is destined to defeat first fights and afterwards looks for vi ctory.
善用兵者，修道而保法，故能为胜败之政。
The consummate leader cultivates the moral law，and strictly adheres to method and di scipline；thus it is in his power to control success.
兵法：一曰度，二曰量，三曰数，四曰称，五曰胜。
In respect of military method，we have，firstly，Measurement；secondly，Estimation of quantity；thirdly，Calculation；fourthly，Balancing of chances；fifthly，Victory.
地生度，度生量，量生数，数生称，称生胜。
Measurement owes its existence to Earth；Estimation of quantity to Measurement；Cal culation to Estimation of quantity；Balancing of chances to Cal culation；and Victory to Balancing of chances.
故胜兵若以镒称铢，败兵若以铢称镒。
A victorious army opposed to a routed one，i s as a pound's weight placed in the scale against a single grain.
称胜者之战民也，若决积水于千仞之溪者，形也。
The onrush of a conquering force i s like the bursting of pent-up waters into a chasm a thousand fathoms deep.
兵势第五
V. Energy
孙子曰：凡治众如治寡，分数是也；
Sun Tzu said：The control of a large force i s the same principle as the control of a few men：it is merely a question of dividing up thei r numbers.
斗众如斗寡，形名是也；
Fighting with a large army under your command is nowise different from fighting wi th a small one：it is merely a question of instituting signs and signal s.
三军之众，可使必受敌而无败者，奇正是也；
To ensure that your whole host may withstand the brunt of the enemy's attack and remain unshaken—— this is effected by maneuvers direct and indirect.
兵之所加，如以碬投卵者，虚实是也。
That the impact of your army may be like a grindstone dashed against an egg——this is effected by the science of weak points and strong.
凡战者，以正合，以奇胜。
In all fighting，the direct method may be used for joining battle，but indi rect methods will be needed in order to secure victory.
故善出奇者，无穷如天地，不竭如江海。终而复始，日月是也。死而更生，四时是也。
Indi rect tactics，effi ciently applied，are inexhaustible as Heaven and Earth，unending as the flow of rivers and streams；like the sun and moon，they end but to begin anew；like the four seasons，they pass away to return once more.
声不过五，五声之变，不可胜听也；
There are not more than five musical notes，yet the combinations of these five give ri se to more melodies than can ever be heard.
色不过五，五色之变，不可胜观也；
There are not more than five primary colors （blue，yellow，red，white，and black），yet in combination they produce more hues than can ever been seen.
味不过五，五味之变，不可胜尝也；
There are not more than five cardinal tastes （sour，acrid，salt，sweet，bitter），yet combinations of them yield more flavors than can ever be tasted.
战势不过奇正，奇正之变，不可胜穷也。
In battle，there are not more than two methods of attack——the direct and the indirect；yet these two in combination give ri se to an endless series of maneuvers.
奇正相生，如循环之无端，孰能穷之哉！
The direct and the indirect lead on to each other in turn. It i s like moving in a circle——you never come to an end. Who can exhaust the possibilities of their combination？
激水之疾，至于漂石者，势也；
The onset of troops is like the rush of a torrent which will even roll stones along in its course.
鸷鸟之疾，至于毁折者，节也。
The quality of deci sion i s like the well-timed swoop of a fal con whi ch enables it to strike and destroy its victim.
故善战者，其势险，其节短。
Therefore the good fighter will be terrible in hi s onset，and prompt in his decision.
势如扩弩，节如发机。
Energy may be likened to the bending of a crossbow；deci sion，to the releasing of a trigger.
纷纷纭纭，斗乱而不可乱；浑浑沌沌，形圆而不可败。
Amid the turmoil and tumult of battle，there may be seeming di sorder and yet no real di sorder at all；amid confusion and chaos，your array may be without head or tail，yet it will be proof against defeat.
乱生于治，怯生于勇，弱生于强。
Simulated di sorder postulates perfect di scipline，simulated fear postulates courage；si mulated weakness postulates strength.
治乱，数也；勇怯，势也；强弱，形也。
Hiding order beneath the cl oak of disorder is simply a question of subdivi sion；concealing courage under a show of timidity presupposes a fund of latent energy；masking strength wi th weakness is to be effected by tactical dispositions.
故善动敌者，形之，敌必从之；予之，敌必取之。
Thus one who is skillful at keeping the enemy on the move maintains deceitful appearances，according to which the enemy will act. He sacrifices something，that the enemy may snatch at it.
以利动之，以卒待之。
By holding out baits，he keeps him on the march；then wi th a body of picked men he lies in wait for him.
故善战者，求之于势，不责于人故能择人而任势。
The clever combatant looks to the effect of combined energy，and does not require too much from individuals. Hence hi s ability to pick out the right men and utilize combined energy.
任势者，其战人也，如转木石。木石之性，安则静，危则动，方则止，圆则行。
When he utilizes combined energy，his fighting men become as it were like unto rolling logs or stones. For it is the nature of a log or stone to remain motionless on level ground，and to move when on a slope；if four-cornered，to come to a standstill，but i f round-shaped，to go rolling down.
故善战人之势，如转圆石于千仞之山者，势也。
Thus the energy developed by good fighting men is as the momentum of a round stone rolled down a mountain thousands of feet in height. So much on the subject of energy.
虚实第六
VI. Weak Points and Strong
孙子曰：凡先处战地而待敌者佚，后处战地而趋战者劳。
Sun Tzu said：Whoever is first in the field and awaits the coming of the enemy，will be fresh for the fight；whoever i s second in the field and has to hasten to battle will arrive exhausted.
故善战者，致人而不致于人。
Therefore the clever combatant imposes his will on the enemy，but does not allow the enemy's will to be imposed on him.
能使敌人自至者，利之也；能使敌人不得至者，害之也。
By holding out advantages to him，he can cause the enemy to approach of his own accord；or，by inflicting damage，he can make it impossible for the enemy to draw near.
故敌佚能劳之，饱能饥之，安能动之。
If the enemy is taking his ease，he can harass him；if well supplied with food，he can starve him out；if quietly encamped，he can force him to move.
出其所必趋，趋其所不意。
Appear at points which the enemy must hasten to defend；march swiftly to places where you are not expected.
行千里而不劳者，行于无人之地也；
An army may march great di stances without distress，i f it marches through country where the enemy i s not.
攻而必取者，攻其所不守也。守而必固者，守其所必攻也。
You can be sure of succeeding in your attacks if you only attack places which are undefended. You can ensure the safety of your defense if you only hold positions that cannot be attacked.
故善攻者，敌不知其所守；善守者，敌不知其所攻。
Hence that general i s skillful in attack whose opponent does not know what to defend；and he i s skillful in defense whose opponent does not know what to attack.
微乎微乎，至于无形；神乎神乎，至于无声，故能为敌之司命。
O divine art of subtlety and secrecy！Through you we learn to be invisible，through you i naudible；and hence we can hold the enemy's fate in our hands.
进而不可御者，冲其虚也；退而不可追者，速而不可及也。
You may advance and be absolutely irresistible，i f you make for the enemy's weak points；you may retire and be safe from pursuit if your movements are more rapid than those of the enemy.
故我欲战，敌虽高垒深沟，不得不与我战者，攻其所必救也；
If we wish to fight，the enemy can be forced to an engagement even though he be sheltered behind a high rampart and a deep ditch. All we need do is attack some other place that he will be obliged to relieve.
我不欲战，虽画地而守之，敌不得与我战者，乖其所之也。
If we do not wi sh to fight，we can prevent the enemy from engaging us even though the lines of our encampment be merely traced out on the ground. All we need do is to throw something odd and unaccountable in his way.
故形人而我无形，则我专而敌分。
By discovering the enemy's di spositions and remaining invisible ourselves，we can keep our forces concentrated，while the enemy's must be divided.
我专为一，敌分为十，是以十攻其一也。
We can form a single united body，while the enemy must split up into fractions. Hence there will be a whole pitted against separate parts of a whole，whi ch means that we shall be many to the enemy's few.
则我众敌寡，能以众击寡者，则吾之所与战者约矣。
And if we are able thus to attack an inferior force wi th a superior one，our opponents will be in di re straits.
吾所与战之地不可知，不可知则敌所备者多，敌所备者多，则吾所与战者寡矣。
The spot where we intend to fight must not be made known；for then the enemy will have to prepare against a possible attack at several different points；and hi s forces being thus distributed in many directions，the numbers we shall have to face at any given point will be proportionately few.
故备前则后寡，备后则前寡，备左则右寡，备右则左寡，无所不备，则无所不寡。
For should the enemy strengthen his van，he will weaken hi s rear；should he strengthen his rear，he will weaken his van；should he strengthen his left，he will weaken hi s right；should he strengthen his right，he will weaken his left. If he sends reinforcements everywhere，he will everywhere be weak.
寡者，备人者也；众者，使人备己者也。
Numeri cal weakness comes from having to prepare against possible attacks；numerical strength，from compelling our adversary to make these preparations against us.
故知战之地，知战之日，则可千里而会战；
Knowing the place and the time of the coming battle，we may concentrate from the greatest di stances in order to fight.
不知战之地，不知战日，则左不能救右，右不能救左，前不能救后，后不能救前，而况远者数十里，近者数里乎！
But if neither time nor place be known，then the left wing will be impotent to succor the right，the right equally impotent to succor the left，the van unable to relieve the rear，or the rear to support the van. How much more so if the furthest portions of the army are anything under a hundred LI apart，and even the nearest are separated by several LI！
以吾度之，越人之兵虽多，亦奚益于胜哉！故曰：胜可为也。
Though according to my estimate the soldiers of Yueh exceed our own in number，that shall advantage them nothing in the matter of vi ctory. I say then that victory can be achieved.
敌虽众，可使无斗。故策之而知得失之计，
Though the enemy be stronger in numbers，we may prevent him from fighting. Scheme so as to di scover his plans and the likelihood of their success.
候之而知动静之理，形之而知死生之地，
Rouse him，and learn the principle of hi s activity or inactivity. Force him to reveal himsel f，so as to find out his vulnerable spots.
角之而知有余不足之处。
Carefully compare the opposing army with your own，so that you may know where strength i s superabundant and where it i s defi cient.
故形兵之极，至于无形。无形则深间不能窥，智者不能谋。
In making tactical di spositions，the highest pitch you can attain i s to conceal them；conceal your dispositions，and you will be safe from the prying of the subtlest spies，from the machinations of the wi sest brains.
因形而措胜于众，众不能知。
How vi ctory may be produced for them out of the enemy's own tactics——that i s what the multitude cannot comprehend.
人皆知我所以胜之形，而莫知吾所以制胜之形。
All men can see the tacti cs whereby I conquer，but what none can see i s the strategy out of which victory is evolved.
故其战胜不复，而应形于无穷。
Do not repeat the tacti cs whi ch have gained you one vi ctory，but let your methods be regulated by the infinite variety of circumstances.
夫兵形象水，水之行避高而趋下，
Military tacti cs are like unto water；for water in its natural course runs away from high places and hastens downwards.
兵之形避实而击虚；
So in war，the way is to avoid what is strong and to strike at what i s weak.
水因地而制流，兵因敌而制胜。
Water shapes its course according to the nature of the ground over whi ch it flows；the soldier works out his victory in relation to the foe whom he is facing.
故兵无常势，水无常形。
Therefore，just as water retains no constant shape，so in warfare there are no constant conditions.
能因敌变化而取胜者，谓之神。
He who can modify hi s tacti cs in relation to hi s opponent and thereby succeed in winning，may be called a heaven-born captain.
故五行无常胜，四时无常位，日有短长，月有死生。
The five elements （water，fi re，wood，metal，earth）are not al ways equally predominant；the four seasons make way for each other in turn. There are short days and long；the moon has i ts periods of waning and waxing.
军争第七
VII. Maneuvering
孙子曰：凡用兵之法，将受命于君，
Sun Tzu said：In war，the general receives his commands from the sovereign.
合军聚众，交和而舍，
Having collected an army and concentrated hi s forces，he must blend and harmonize the different elements thereof before pitching his camp.
莫难于军争。军争之难者，以迂为直，以患为利。
After that，comes tacti cal maneuvering，than whi ch there is nothing more diffi cult. The diffi culty of tactical maneuvering consists in turning the devious into the di rect，and misfortune into gain.
故迂其途，而诱之以利，后人发，先人至，此知迂直之计者也。
Thus，to take a long and circuitous route，after enticing the enemy out of the way，and though starting after him，to contrive to reach the goal before him，shows knowledge of the artifi ce of deviation.
军争为利，军争为危。
Maneuvering wi th an army is advantageous；with an undisciplined multitude，most dangerous.
举军而争利则不及，委军而争利则辎重捐。
If you set a fully equipped army in march in order to snatch an advantage，the chances are that you will be too late. On the other hand，to detach a flying column for the purpose involves the sacrifi ce of its baggage and stores.
是故卷甲而趋，日夜不处，倍道兼行，百里而争利，则擒三将军，
Thus，i f you order your men to roll up their buff-coats，and make forced marches without halting day or night，covering double the usual distance at a stretch，doing a hundred LI in order to wrest an advantage，the leaders of all your three divisions will fall into the hands of the enemy.
劲者先，疲者后，其法十一而至；
The stronger men will be in front，the jaded ones will fall behind，and on this plan only one-tenth of your army will reach its destination.
五十里而争利，则蹶上将军，其法半至；
If you march fifty LI in order to outmaneuver the enemy，you will lose the leader of your first division，and only half your force will reach the goal.
三十里而争利，则三分之二至。
If you march thirty LI wi th the same object，two-thi rds of your army will arrive.
是故军无辎重则亡，无粮食则亡，无委积则亡。
We may take it then that an army without its baggage-train i s lost；wi thout provi sions it is lost；without bases of supply it is lost.
故不知诸侯之谋者，不能豫交；
We cannot enter into alliances until we are acquainted wi th the designs of our neighbors.
不知山林、险阻、沮泽之形者，不能行军；
We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with the face of the country——its mountains and forests，its pitfalls and precipi ces，its marshes and swamps.
不用乡导者，不能得地利。
We shall be unable to turn natural advantage to account unless we make use of local guides.
故兵以诈立，以利动，
In war，practi ce di ssimulation，and you will succeed.
以分和为变者也。
Whether to concentrate or to divide your troops，must be decided by circumstances.
故其疾如风，其徐如林，
Let your rapidity be that of the wind，your compactness that of the forest.
侵掠如火，不动如山，
In raiding and plundering be like fi re，i s immovability like a mountain.
难知如阴，动如雷震。
Let your plans be dark and impenetrable as night，and when you move，fall like a thunderbolt.
掠乡分众，廓地分利，
When you plunder a countryside，l et the spoil be divided amongst your men；when you capture new territory，cut it up into allotments for the benefit of the soldiery.
悬权而动。
Ponder and deliberate before you make a move.
先知迂直之计者胜，此军争之法也。
He will conquer who has learnt the arti fice of deviation. Such is the art of maneuvering.
《军政》曰：“言不相闻，故为之金鼓；视不相见，故为之旌旗。”
The Book of Army Management says：On the field of battle，the spoken word does not carry far enough：hence the institution of gongs and drums. Nor can ordinary objects be seen clearly enough：hence the institution of banners and flags.
夫金鼓旌旗者，所以一民之耳目也。
Gongs and drums，banners and flags，are means whereby the ears and eyes of the host may be focused on one particular point.
民既专一，则勇者不得独进，怯者不得独退，此用众之法也。
The host thus forming a single united body，i s it impossible either for the brave to advance alone，or for the cowardly to retreat alone. This i s the art of handling large masses of men.
故夜战多金鼓，昼战多旌旗，所以变人之耳目也。
In night-fighting，then，make much use of signal-fi res and drums，and in fighting by day，of flags and banners，as a means of influencing the ears and eyes of your army.
三军可夺气，将军可夺心。
A whole army may be robbed of its spirit；a commander-in-chief may be robbed of his presence of mind.
是故朝气锐，昼气惰，暮气归。
Now a soldier's spi rit i s keenest in the morning；by noonday it has begun to flag；and in the evening，his mind is bent only on returning to camp.
善用兵者，避其锐气，击其惰归，此治气者也。
A clever general，therefore，avoids an army when its spirit is keen，but attacks it when it is sluggish and inclined to return. Thi s is the art of studying moods.
以治待乱，以静待哗，此治心者也。
Disciplined and calm，to await the appearance of di sorder and hubbub amongst the enemy：——thi s is the art of retaining self-possession.
以近待远，以佚待劳，以饱待饥，此治力者也。
To be near the goal while the enemy is still far from it，to wait at ease while the enemy i s toiling and struggling，to be well-fed while the enemy is fami shed：——thi s is the art of husbanding one's strength.
无邀正正之旗，无击堂堂之陈，此治变者也。
To refrain from intercepting an enemy whose banners are in perfect order，to refrain from attacking an army drawn up in calm and confident array：——thi s is the art of studying circumstances.
故用兵之法，高陵勿向，背丘勿逆，
It i s a military axiom not to advance uphill against the enemy，nor to oppose him when he comes downhill.
佯北勿从，锐卒勿攻，
Do not pursue an enemy who simulates flight；do not attack soldiers whose temper i s keen.
饵兵勿食，归师勿遏，
Do not swallow bait offered by the enemy. Do not interfere with an army that is returning home.
围师遗阙，穷寇勿迫，
When you surround an army，leave an outlet free. Do not press a desperate foe too hard.
此用兵之法也。
Such i s the art of warfare.
九变第八
VIII. Variation in Tacti cs
孙子曰：凡用兵之法，将受命于君，合军聚合。
Sun Tzu said：In war，the general receives his commands from the sovereign，collects his army and concentrates his forces
泛地无舍，衢地合交，绝地无留，围地则谋，死地则战，
When in diffi cult country，do not encamp. In country where high roads intersect，join hands with your allies. Do not linger in dangerously i solated positions. In hemmed-in situations，you must resort to stratagem. In desperate position，you must fight.
途有所不由，军有所不击，城有所不攻，地有所不争，君命有所不受。
There are roads which must not be followed，armies whi ch must be not attacked，towns which must be besieged，positions which must not be contested，commands of the sovereign which must not be obeyed.
故将通于九变之利者，知用兵矣；
The general who thoroughly understands the advantages that accompany variation of tacti cs knows how to handle hi s troops.
将不通九变之利，虽知地形，不能得地之利矣；
The general who does not understand these，may be well acquainted wi th the configuration of the country，yet he will not be able to turn his knowledge to practical account.
治兵不知九变之术，虽知五利，不能得人之用矣。
So，the student of war who is unversed in the art of war of varying hi s plans，even though he be acquainted with the Five Advantages，will fail to make the best use of his men.
是故智者之虑，必杂于利害，
Hence in the wise leader's plans，considerations of advantage and of disadvantage will be blended together.
杂于利而务可信也，
If our expectation of advantage be tempered in this way，we may succeed in accomplishing the essential part of our schemes.
杂于害而患可解也。
If，on the other hand，i n the midst of diffi culties we are al ways ready to seize an advantage，we may extricate ourselves from mi sfortune.
是故屈诸侯者以害，役诸侯者以业，趋诸侯者以利。
Reduce the hostile chiefs by inflicting damage on them；and make trouble for them，and keep them constantly engaged；hold out speci ous allurements，and make them rush to any given point.
故用兵之法，无恃其不来，恃吾有以待之；无恃其不攻，恃吾有所不可攻也。
The art of war teaches us to rely not on the likelihood of the enemy's not coming，but on our own readiness to receive him；not on the chance of his not attacking，but rather on the fact that we have made our position unassailable.
故将有五危，必死可杀，必生可虏，忿速可侮，廉洁可辱，爱民可烦。
There are five dangerous faults whi ch may affect a general：（1）Recklessness，whi ch leads to destruction；（2）cowardi ce，whi ch leads to capture；（3）a hasty temper，whi ch can be provoked by insults；（4）a delicacy of honor whi ch is sensitive to shame；（5）over-solicitude for his men，whi ch exposes him to worry and trouble.
凡此五者，将之过也，用兵之灾也。
These are the five besetting sins of a general，ruinous to the conduct of war.
覆军杀将，必以五危，不可不察也。
When an army is overthrown and its leader slain，the cause will surely be found among these five dangerous faults. Let them be a subject of meditation.
行军第九
IX. The Army on the March
孙子曰：凡处军相敌，绝山依谷，
Sun Tzu said：We come now to the question of encamping the army，and observing signs of the enemy. Pass qui ckly over mountains，and keep in the neighborhood of valleys.
视生处高，战隆无登，此处山之军也。
Camp in high places，facing the sun. Do not climb heights in order to fight. So much for mountain warfare.
绝水必远水，
After crossing a river，you should get far away from it.
客绝水而来，勿迎之于水内，令半渡而击之利，
When an invading force crosses a river in its onward march，do not advance to meet it in mid-stream. It will be best to let half the army get across，and then deliver your attack.
欲战者，无附于水而迎客，
If you are anxious to fight，you should not go to meet the invader near a river whi ch he has to cross.
视生处高，无迎水流，此处水上之军也。
Moor your craft higher up than the enemy，and facing the sun. Do not move up-stream to meet the enemy. So much for river warfare.
绝斥泽，唯亟去无留，
In crossing salt-marshes，your sole concern should be to get over them quickly，wi thout any delay.
若交军于斥泽之中，必依水草而背众树，此处斥泽之军也。
If forced to fight in a salt-marsh，you should have water and grass near you，and get your back to a clump of trees. So much for operations in salt-marches.
平陆处易，右背高，前死后生，此处平陆之军也。
In dry，level country，take up an easily accessible position with rising ground to your right and on your rear，so that the danger may be in front，and safety lie behind. So much for campaigning in flat country.
凡此四军之利，黄帝之所以胜四帝也。
These are the four useful branches of military knowledge which enabled the Yellow Emperor to vanqui sh four several sovereigns.
凡军好高而恶下，贵阳而贱阴，
All armies prefer high ground to low and sunny places to dark.
养生而处实，军无百疾，是谓必胜。
If you are careful of your men，and camp on hard ground，the army will be free from disease of every kind，and this will spell vi ctory.
丘陵堤防，必处其阳而右背之，此兵之利，地之助也。
When you come to a hill or a bank，occupy the sunny side，with the slope on your right rear. Thus you will at once act for the benefit of your soldiers and utilize the natural advantages of the ground.
上雨水流至，欲涉者，待其定也。
When，i n consequence of heavy rains up-country，a river whi ch you wi sh to ford is swollen and flecked wi th foam，you must wait until it subsides.
凡地有绝涧、天井、天牢、天罗、天陷、天隙，必亟去之，勿近也。
Country in whi ch there are precipitous cliffs with torrents running between，deep natural hollows，confined places，tangled thickets，quagmires and crevasses，should be left with all possible speed and not approached.
吾远之，敌近之；吾迎之，敌背之。
While we keep away from such places，we should get the enemy to approach them；while we face them，we should let the enemy have them on his rear.
军旁有险阻、潢井、蒹葭、小林、蘙荟者，必谨覆索之，此伏奸之所处也。
If in the neighborhood of your camp there should be any hilly country，ponds surrounded by aquatic grass，hollow basins filled with reeds，or woods wi th thi ck undergrowth，they must be carefully routed out and searched；for these are places where men in ambush or insidious spies are likely to be lurking.
敌近而静者，恃其险也；
When the enemy i s close at hand and remains quiet，he is relying on the natural strength of his position.
远而挑战者，欲人之进也；
When he keeps aloof and tries to provoke a battle，he i s anxious for the other side to advance.
其所居易者，利也；
If his place of encampment i s easy of access，he i s tendering a bait.
众树动者，来也；众草多障者，疑也；
Movement amongst the trees of a forest shows that the enemy is advancing. The appearance of a number of screens in the midst of thick grass means that the enemy wants to make us suspi cious.
鸟起者，伏也；兽骇者，覆也；
The rising of birds in their flight i s the sign of an ambuscade. Startled beasts indi cate that a sudden attack is coming.
尘高而锐者，车来也；卑而广者，徒来也；散而条达者，樵采也；少而往来者，营军也；
When there is dust rising in a high column，it i s the sign of chariots advancing；when the dust i s low，but spread over a wide area，it betokens the approach of infantry. When it branches out in different directions，it shows that parties have been sent to collect firewood. A few clouds of dust moving to and fro signify that the army is encamping.
辞卑而备者，进也；辞强而进驱者，退也；
Humble words and i ncreased preparations are si gns that the enemy i s about to advance. Violent language and driving forward as i f to the attack are signs that he will retreat.
轻车先出居其侧者，陈也；
When the light chariots come out first and take up a position on the wings，it i s a sign that the enemy is forming for battle.
无约而请和者，谋也；
Peace proposal s unaccompanied by a sworn covenant indicate a plot.
奔走而陈兵者，期也；
When there is much running about and the soldiers fall into rank，it means that the criti cal moment has come.
半进半退者，诱也；
When some are seen advancing and some retreating，it is a lure.
杖而立者，饥也；
When the soldiers stand leaning on their spears，they are faint from want of food.
汲而先饮者，渴也；
If those who are sent to draw water begin by drinking themselves，the army i s suffering from thi rst.
见利而不进者，劳也；
If the enemy sees an advantage to be gained and makes no effort to secure it，the soldiers are exhausted.
鸟集者，虚也；夜呼者，恐也；
If birds gather on any spot，it is unoccupied. Clamor by night betokens nervousness.
军扰者，将不重也；旌旗动者，乱也；吏怒者，倦也；
If there i s disturbance in the camp，the general's authority is weak. If the banners and flags are shifted about，sedition is afoot. If the offi cers are angry，it means that the men are weary.
杀马肉食者，军无粮也；悬甀不返其舍者，穷寇也；
When an army feeds its horses wi th grain and kills its cattle for food，and when the men do not hang their cooking-pots over the camp-fires，showi ng that they will not return to their tents，you may know that they are determined to fight to the death.
谆谆□①□①，徐与人言者，失众也；
The si ght of men whi spering together in small knots or speaking in subdued tones points to disaffection amongst the rank and file.
【注：】①：［讠翕］。
数赏者，窘也；数罚者，困也；
Too frequent rewards signify that the enemy is at the end of hi s resources；too many puni shments betray a condition of dire di stress.
先暴而后畏其众者，不精之至也；
To begin by bluster，but afterwards to take fright at the enemy's numbers，shows a supreme lack of intelligence.
来委谢者，欲休息也。
When envoys are sent wi th compliments in thei r mouths，i t is a sign that the enemy wishes for a truce.
兵怒而相迎，久而不合，又不相去，必谨察之。
If the enemy's troops march up angrily and remain facing ours for a long time without either joining battle or taking themselves off again，the situation i s one that demands great vigilance and circumspection.
兵非贵益多也，惟无武进，足以并力料敌取人而已。
If our troops are no more in number than the enemy，that i s amply suffi cient；i t only means that no direct attack can be made. What we can do is simply to concentrate all our available strength，keep a close watch on the enemy，and obtain reinforcements.
夫惟无虑而易敌者，必擒于人。
He who exercises no forethought but makes light of hi s opponents i s sure to be captured by them.
卒未亲而罚之，则不服，不服则难用。卒已亲附而罚不行，则不可用。
If soldiers are puni shed before they have grown attached to you，they will not prove submissive；and，unless submi ssive，then will be practically useless. If，when the soldiers have become attached to you，puni shments are not enforced，they will still be unless.
故合之以文，齐之以武，是谓必取。
Therefore soldiers must be treated in the first instance with humanity，but kept under control by means of iron discipline. Thi s is a certain road to vi ctory.
令素行以教其民，则民服；令素不行以教其民，则民不服。
If in training soldiers commands are habitually enforced，the army will be well-disciplined；if not，its discipline will be bad.
令素行者，与众相得也。
If a general shows confidence in his men but always insists on his orders being obeyed，the gain will be mutual.
地形第十
X. Terrain
孙子曰：地形有通者、有挂者、有支者、有隘者、有险者、有远者。
Sun Tzu said：We may distingui sh six kinds of terrain，to wi t：（1）A ccessible ground；（2）entangling ground；（3）temporizing ground；（4）narrow passes；（5）precipitous heights；（6）positions at a great di stance from the enemy.
我可以往，彼可以来，曰通。
Ground whi ch can be freely traversed by both sides is called accessible.
通形者，先居高阳，利粮道，以战则利。
With regard to ground of thi s nature，be before the enemy in occupying the raised and sunny spots，and carefully guard your line of supplies. Then you will be able to fight with advantage.
可以往，难以返，曰挂。
Ground whi ch can be abandoned but is hard to re-occupy is called entangling.
挂形者，敌无备，出而胜之，敌若有备，出而不胜，难以返，不利。
From a position of this sort，i f the enemy i s unprepared，you may sally forth and defeat him. But if the enemy i s prepared for your coming，and you fail to defeat him，then，return being impossible，disaster will ensue.
我出而不利，彼出而不利，曰支。
When the position i s such that neither side will gain by making the first move，it is called temporizing ground.
支形者，敌虽利我，我无出也，引而去之，令敌半出而击之利。
In a position of this sort，even though the enemy should offer us an attractive bait，i t will be advisable not to sti r forth，but rather to retreat，thus enticing the enemy in hi s turn；then，when part of his army has come out，we may deliver our attack with advantage.
隘形者，我先居之，必盈之以待敌。
With regard to narrow passes，i f you can occupy them first，l et them be strongly garri soned and await the advent of the enemy.
若敌先居之，盈而勿从，不盈而从之。
Should the army forestall you i n occupying a pass，do not go after him i f the pass i s fully garrisoned，but only if it i s weakly garrisoned.
险形者，我先居之，必居高阳以待敌；
With regard to precipitous heights，i f you are beforehand wi th your adversary，you should occupy the rai sed and sunny spots，and there wait for him to come up.
若敌先居之，引而去之，勿从也。
If the enemy has occupied them before you，do not follow him，but retreat and try to entice him away.
远形者，势均难以挑战，战而不利。
If you are situated at a great distance from the enemy，and the strength of the two armies i s equal，it is not easy to provoke a battle，and fighting will be to your disadvantage.
凡此六者，地之道也，将之至任，不可不察也。
These six are the principles connected with Earth. The general who has attained a responsible post must be careful to study them.
凡兵有走者、有驰者、有陷者、有崩者、有乱者、有北者。凡此六者，非天地之灾，将之过也。
Now an army is exposed to six several calamities，not arising from natural causes，but from faults for whi ch the general i s responsible. These are：（1）Flight；（2）insubordination；（3）collapse；（4）ruin；（5）disorganization；（6）rout.
夫势均，以一击十，曰走；
Other conditions being equal，if one force i s hurled against another ten times its size，the result will be the flight of the former.
卒强吏弱，曰驰；吏强卒弱，曰陷；
When the common soldiers are too strong and their offi cers too weak，the result i s insubordination. When the officers are too strong and the common soldiers too weak，the result is collapse.
大吏怒而不服，遇敌怼而自战，将不知其能，曰崩；
When the higher offi cers are angry and insubordinate，and on meeting the enemy give battle on their own account from a feeling of resentment，before the commander-in-chief can tell whether or no he i s in a position to fight，the result is ruin.
将弱不严，教道不明，吏卒无常，陈兵纵横，曰乱；
When the general i s weak and wi thout authority；when his orders are not clear and di stinct；when there are no fixes duties assigned to offi cers and men，and the ranks are formed in a slovenly haphazard manner，the result is utter disorganization.
将不能料敌，以少合众，以弱击强，兵无选锋，曰北。
When a general，unable to estimate the enemy's strength，allows an inferior force to engage a larger one，or hurl s a weak detachment against a powerful one，and neglects to place picked soldiers in the front rank，the result must be rout.
凡此六者，败之道也，将之至任，不可不察也。
These are six ways of courting defeat，whi ch must be carefully noted by the general who has attained a responsible post.
夫地形者，兵之助也。料敌制胜，计险隘远近，上将之道也。
The natural formation of the country i s the soldier's best ally；but a power of estimating the adversary，of controlling the forces of vi ctory，and of shrewdly cal culating diffi culties，dangers and distances，constitutes the test of a great general
知此而用战者必胜，不知此而用战者必败。
He who knows these things，and in fighting puts his knowledge into practi ce，will win his battles. He who knows them not，nor practi ces them，will surely be defeated.
故战道必胜，主曰无战，必战可也；战道不胜，主曰必战，无战可也。
If fighting is sure to result in vi ctory，then you must fight，even though the ruler forbid it；i f fighting will not result in vi ctory，then you must not fight even at the ruler's bidding.
故进不求名，退不避罪，唯民是保，而利于主，国之宝也。
The general who advances without coveting fame and retreats wi thout fearing disgrace，whose only thought is to protect hi s country and do good servi ce for hi s sovereign，i s the jewel of the kingdom.
视卒如婴儿，故可以与之赴深溪；视卒如爱子，故可与之俱死。
Regard your soldiers as your children，and they will follow you into the deepest valleys；l ook upon them as your own beloved sons，and they will stand by you even unto death.
厚而不能使，爱而不能令，乱而不能治，譬若骄子，不可用也。
If，however，you are indulgent，but unable to make your authority felt；kind-hearted，but unable to enforce your commands；and incapable，moreover，of quelling disorder：then your soldiers must be likened to spoilt children；they are useless for any practical purpose.
知吾卒之可以击，而不知敌之不可击，胜之半也；
If we know that our own men are in a condition to attack，but are unaware that the enemy i s not open to
attack，we have gone only halfway towards vi ctory.
知敌之可击，而不知吾卒之不可以击，胜之半也；
If we know that the enemy is open to attack，but are unaware that our own men are not in a condition to attack，we have gone only halfway towards vi ctory.
知敌之可击，知吾卒之可以击，而不知地形之不可以战，胜之半也。
If we know that the enemy is open to attack，and also know that our men are in a condition to attack，but are unaware that the nature of the ground makes fighting impracti cable，we have still gone only halfway towards victory.
故知兵者，动而不迷，举而不穷。
Hence the experienced soldier，once in motion，i s never bewildered；once he has broken camp，he is never at a loss.
故曰：知彼知己，胜乃不殆；知天知地，胜乃可全。
Hence the saying：If you know the enemy and know yoursel f，your vi ctory will not stand in doubt；i f you know Heaven and know Earth，you may make your victory complete.
九地第十一
XI. The Nine Situations
孙子曰：用兵之法，有散地，有轻地，有争地，有交地，有衢地，有重地，有泛地，有围地，有死地。
Sun Tzu said：The art of war recognizes nine varieties of ground：（1）Dispersive ground；（2）facile ground；（3）contentious ground；（4）open ground；（5）ground of intersecting highways；（6）serious ground；（7）di ffi cult ground；（8）hemmed-in ground；（9）desperate ground.
诸侯自战其地者，为散地；
When a chieftain i s fighting in hi s own territory，it i s dispersive ground.
入人之地不深者，为轻地；
When he has penetrated into hostile territory，but to no great di stance，it i s facile ground.
我得亦利，彼得亦利者，为争地；
Ground the possession of which imports great advantage to either side，is contentious ground.
我可以往，彼可以来者，为交地；
Ground on which each side has liberty of movement i s open ground.
诸侯之地三属，先至而得天下众者，为衢地；
Ground whi ch forms the key to three contiguous states，so that he who occupies it fi rst has most of the Empire at his command，i s a ground of intersecting highways.
入人之地深，背城邑多者，为重地；
When an army has penetrated into the heart of a hostile country，leaving a number of fortified cities in its rear，it is serious ground.
山林、险阻、沮泽，凡难行之道者，为泛地；
Mountain forests，rugged steeps，marshes and fens——all country that is hard to traverse：thi s i s diffi cult ground.
所由入者隘，所从归者迂，彼寡可以击吾之众者，为围地；
Ground whi ch is reached through narrow gorges，and from which we can only retire by tortuous paths，so that a small number of the enemy would suffi ce to crush a large body of our men：this i s hemmed in ground.
疾战则存，不疾战则亡者，为死地。
Ground on which we can only be saved from destruction by fighting without delay，i s desperate ground.
是故散地则无战，轻地则无止，争地则无攻，
On dispersive ground，therefore，fight not. On facile ground，halt not. On contentious ground，attack not.
交地则无绝，衢地则合交，
On open ground，do not try to block the enemy's way. On the ground of intersecting highways，join hands with your allies.
重地则掠，泛地则行，
On serious ground，gather in plunder. In diffi cult ground，keep steadily on the march.
围地则谋，死地则战。
On hemmed-in ground，resort to stratagem. On desperate ground，fight.
古之善用兵者，能使敌人前后不相及，众寡不相恃，贵贱不相救，上下不相收，
Those who were called skillful leaders of old knew how to drive a wedge between the enemy's front and rear；to prevent co-operation between his large and small divisions；to hinder the good troops from rescuing the bad，the officers from rallying their men.
卒离而不集，兵合而不齐。
When the enemy's men were united，they managed to keep them in di sorder.
合于利而动，不合于利而止。
When it was to their advantage，they made a forward move；when otherwi se，they stopped still.
敢问敌众而整将来，待之若何曰：先夺其所爱则听矣。
If asked how to cope with a great host of the enemy in orderly array and on the point of marching to the attack，I should say："Begin by seizing something whi ch your opponent holds dear；then he will be amenable to your will."
兵之情主速，乘人之不及。由不虞之道，攻其所不戒也。
Rapidity is the essence of war：take advantage of the enemy's unreadiness，make your way by unexpected routes，and attack unguarded spots.
凡为客之道，深入则专。主人不克，
The following are the principles to be observed by an invading force：The further you penetrate into a country，the greater will be the solidarity of your troops，and thus the defenders will not prevail against you.
掠于饶野，三军足食。
Make forays in fertile country in order to supply your army wi th food.
谨养而勿劳，并气积力，运兵计谋，为不可测。
Carefully study the well-being of your men，and do not overtax them. Concentrate your energy and hoard your strength. Keep your army continually on the move，and devise unfathomable plans.
投之无所往，死且不北。死焉不得，士人尽力。
Throw your soldiers into positions whence there i s no escape，and they will prefer death to flight. If they will face death，there is nothing they may not achieve. Officers and men alike will put forth their uttermost strength.
兵士甚陷则不惧，无所往则固，深入则拘，不得已则斗。
Soldiers when in desperate straits lose the sense of fear. If there is no place of refuge，they will stand fi rm. If they are in hostile country，they will show a stubborn front. If there is no help for it，they will fight hard.
是故其兵不修而戒，不求而得，不约而亲，不令而信，
Thus，wi thout waiting to be marshaled，the soldiers will be constantly on the qui vive；without waiting to be asked，they will do your will；wi thout restri ctions，they will be faithful；wi thout giving orders，they can be trusted.
禁祥去疑，至死无所之。
Prohibit the taking of omens，and do away with superstitious doubts. Then，until death itsel f comes，no calamity need be feared.
吾士无余财，非恶货也；无余命，非恶寿也。
If our soldiers are not overburdened with money，i t is not because they have a distaste for ri ches；i f their lives are not unduly long，it i s not because they are disinclined to longevity.
令发之日，士卒坐者涕沾襟，偃卧者涕交颐，投之无所往，诸、刿之勇也。
孙子兵法原文及翻译
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《孙子兵法》全文翻译
《孙子兵法》全文翻译 (上) 【始计第一】原文： 孙子曰：兵者，国之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。 故经之以五事，校之以七计，而索其情。一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰将，五曰法。道者，令民于上同意，故可与之死，可与之生，而不畏危也。天者，阴阳、寒暑、时制也。地者，高下，远近、险易、广狭、死生也。将者，智、信、仁、勇、严也。法者，曲制、官道、主用也。凡此五者，将莫不闻，知之者胜，不知之者不胜。故校之以七计，而索其情。曰：主孰有道？将孰有能？天地孰得？法令孰行？兵众孰强？士卒孰练？赏罚孰明？吾以此知胜负矣。 将听吾计，用之必胜，留之；将不听吾计，用之必败，去之。计利以听，乃为之势，以佐其外。势者，因利而制权也。 兵者，诡道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之远，远而示之近。利而诱之，乱而取之，实而备之，强而避之，怒而挠之，卑而骄之，佚而劳之，亲而离之，攻其无备，出其不意。此兵家之胜，不可先传也。 夫未战而庙算胜者，得算多也；未战而庙算不胜者，得算少也。多算胜，少算不胜，而况于无算乎！吾以此观之，胜负见矣。
【始计第一】译文： 孙子说：战争是一个国家的头等大事，关系到军民的生死，国家的存亡，是不能不慎重周密地观察、分析、研究。 因此，必须通过敌我双方五个方面的分析，七种情况的比较，得到详情，来预测战争胜负的可能性。一是道，二是天，三是地，四是将，五是法。道，指君主和民众目标相同，意志统一，可以同生共死，而不会惧怕危险。天，指昼夜、阴晴、寒暑、四季更替。地，指地势的高低，路程的远近，地势的险要、平坦与否，战场的广阔、狭窄，是生地还是死地等地理条件。将，指将领足智多谋，赏罚有信，对部下真心关爱，勇敢果断，军纪严明。法，指组织结构，责权划分，人员编制，管理制度，资源保障，物资调配。对这五个方面，将领都不能不做深刻了解。了解就能胜利，否则就不能胜利。所以，要通过对双方各种情况的考察分析，并据此加以比较，从而来预测战争胜负。哪一方的君主是有道明君，能得民心？哪一方的将领更有能力？哪一方占有天时地利？哪一方的法规、法令更能严格执行？哪一方资源更充足，装备更精良，兵员更广大？哪一方的士兵训练更有素，更有战斗力？哪一方的赏罚更公正严明？通过这些比较，我就知道了胜负。 将领听从我的计策，任用他必胜，我就留下他；将领不听从我的计策，任用他必败，我就辞退他。听从了有利于克敌制胜的计策，还要创造一种势态，作为协助我方军事行动的外部条件。势，就是按照我方建立优势、掌握战争主动权的需要，根据具体情况采取不同的相应措施。
孙子兵法_翻译、解释(完整版)
孫子兵法—翻譯 一、兵者，國之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。 譯：戰爭是國家的大事，關係人民的生死，國家的存亡，是不可不細心研究和慎重考慮的。 二、故經之以五事，校之以計，而索其情，一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰將， 五曰法。 譯：所以要從五方面來比較、核算，探求其事實。第一是主義，第二是時間，第三是空間，第四是精神，第五是紀律。 三、道者，令民與上同意，可與之死，可與之生，而不畏危也。 譯：道的含義，就是使全國人民，意志統一，精神集中，人民和政府，才能同心協力，同生死，共患難而不怕犧牲。 四、將者，智、信、仁、勇、嚴也。 譯：為將者，必須具有才智、威信、仁愛、英勇、嚴肅等精神與性格。 五、曰：主孰有道？將孰有能？天地孰得？法令孰行？兵眾孰強？士卒熟練？ 賞罰孰明？吾以此知勝負矣。 譯：自問：誰的主帥，能使全體軍民意志統一與精神集中？誰的將領具有才能？ 誰得天時地利？誰的法令能貫徹執行？誰的軍隊強大？誰的士兵有訓練？ 誰得賞罰，公正嚴明？根據這些事實判斷，便能預先知道誰勝誰敗。 六、計利以聽，乃為之勢，以佐其外，勢者，因利而制權也。 譯：分析情況，計算利害，然後部署打擊敵人之形勢；並利用其他有利的手段與權宜之處置，掌握變化，進行機動。 七、兵者，詭道也。 譯：兵法，是詭詐多端，千變萬化的行為。 八、能而示之不能，用而示之不用。 譯：有能力，故意顯示沒有能力，要用兵，故意顯示不用兵。 九、近而示之遠，遠而示之近。 譯：欲攻近處，故示欲攻遠處；欲攻遠處，故示欲攻近處。 十、此兵家之勝，不可先傳也。 譯：這就是軍事家戰勝的道理，但戰爭乃千變萬化，必須靈活運用，決不可能事先傳之其秘訣的。 十一、夫未戰而廟算勝者，得算多也。 譯：戰爭未發生以前，要有精密周詳的國防計劃，得到勝利的，是因為計劃精詳。 十二、其用戰也貴勝。 譯：大軍出爭作戰，以爭取勝利為第一要務。 十三、夫鈍兵、挫銳、屈力、殫貨，則諸侯乘其弊而起，雖有智者，不能善後矣！ 譯：如果軍隊疲憊，挫失銳氣，經濟枯竭，則鄰近敵國，便會乘機入侵；雖有智謀的主帥，也將無法結束戰爭，確保勝利了。
《孙子兵法》原文与译文
《孙子兵法》原文与译文 作者：孙武 始计第一 孙子曰：兵者，国之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。 故经之以五事，校之以计，而索其情：一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰将，五曰法。道者，令民于上同意，可与之死，可与之生，而不危也；天者，阴阳、寒暑、时制也；地者，远近、险易、广狭、死生也；将者，智、信、仁、勇、严也；法者，曲制、官道、主用也。 凡此五者，将莫不闻，知之者胜，不知之者不胜。故校之以计，而索其情，曰：主孰有道？将孰有能？天地孰得？法令孰行？兵众孰强？士卒孰练？赏罚孰明？吾以此知胜负矣。 将听吾计，用之必胜，留之；将不听吾计，用之必败，去之。 计利以听，乃为之势，以佐其外。势者，因利而制权也。 兵者，诡道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之远，远而示之近。利而诱之，乱而取之，实而备之，强
而避之，怒而挠之，卑而骄之，佚而劳之，亲而离之，攻其无备，出其不意。此兵家之胜，不可先传也。 夫未战而庙算胜者，得算多也；未战而庙算不胜者，得算少也。多算胜少算，而况于无算乎！吾以此观之，胜负见矣。 始计篇译文 孙子说：战争，是国家的大事，关系到国家的生死存亡，不能不认真地观察和对待。 因此，要通过对敌我五个方面的分析，通过对双方七种情况的比较，来探索战争胜负的情势。(这五个方面)一是政治，二是天时，三是地利，四是将领，五是法制。政治，就是要让民众和君主的意愿一致，因此可以叫他们为君主死，为君主生，而不存二心。天时，就是指昼夜、晴雨、寒冷、炎热、四时节候的变化。地利，就是指高陵洼地、远途近路、险要平坦、广阔狭窄、死地生地等地形条件。将领，就是指智谋、诚信、仁慈、勇敢、严明。法制，就是指军队的组织编制、将吏的管理、军需的掌管。 凡属这五个方面的情况，将帅都不能不知道。充分了解这些情况的就能打胜仗，不了解这些情况的就不能打胜仗。所以要通过对双方七种情况的比较，来探索战争胜负的情势。(这七种情况)是：哪一方君主政治开明？哪一方将帅更
孙子兵法全文译文
《子兵法》全文译文 ——黄觉收集于2011-12-20 一、始计篇 2 二、作战篇 5 三、谋攻篇8 四、军形篇11 五、兵势篇14 六、虚实篇17 七、军争篇21 八、九变篇25 九、行军篇27 十、地形篇32 十一、九地篇36 十二、火攻篇44 十三、用间篇47 一、始计篇 【原文】子曰：兵者，国之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。 【译文】子说：战争，是国家的头等大事，是关系民众生死的所在，是决定国家存亡的途径，不能不认真加以考察、研究。 【原文】故经之以五事，校之以计，而索其情：一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰将、五曰法。道者，令民与上同意也，故可以与之死，可以与之生，而不畏危。天者，阴阳，寒暑、时制也。地者，远近、险易、广狭、死生也。将者，智、信、仁、勇、严也。法者，曲制、官道、主用也。凡此五者，将莫不闻，知之者胜，不知者不胜。故校之以计，而索其情，曰：主孰有道？将孰有能？天地孰得？法令孰行？兵众孰强？士卒孰练？赏罚孰明？吾以此知胜负矣。 【译文】应该以五个方面的情实为纲，通过具体比较双方的基本条件来探讨战争胜负的情形：一是"道"，二是"天"，三是"地"，四是"将"，五是"法"。所谓"道"，就是从政治上使民众与君主的思想一致，这样，民众就能与君主同生死共患难，誓死效命，毫无二心。所谓"天"，就是气候的阴晴、寒暑、四季节令的更替规律等。所谓"地"，就是指行程的远近、地势的险峻或平易，战地的广狭，是死地还是生地等。所谓"将"，就是看将领们是否具备智、信、仁、勇、严五种素质。所谓"法"，就是指部队的组织编制制度，军官的职责围规定，军需物资的供应管理制度等。大凡这五个方面，将领们没有谁没听说过，但只有透彻掌握了的人才能取
孙子兵法全文译文
孙子兵法全文译文 一、计篇 【原文】孙子曰：兵者，国之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。 【译文】孙子说战争，是国家的头等大事，是关系民众生死的所在，是决定国家存亡的途径，不能不认真加以考察、研究。 【原文】故经之以五事校之以计而索其情：一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰将、五曰法。道者，令民与上同意也，故可以与之死，可以与之生，而不畏危。天者，阴阳，寒暑、时制也。地者，远近、险易、广狭、死生也。将者，智、信、仁、勇、严也。法者，曲制、官道、主用也。凡此五者，将莫不闻，知之者胜，不知者不胜。故校之以计而索其情，曰：主孰有道？将孰有能？天地孰得？法令孰行？兵众孰强？士卒孰练？赏罚孰明？吾以此知胜负矣。【译文】应该以五个方面的情实为纲，通过具体比较双方的基本条件来探讨战争胜负的情形：一是“道”，二是“天”，三是“地”，四是“将”，五是“法”。所谓“道”，就是从政治上使民众与君主的思想一致，这样，民众就能与君主同生死共患难，誓死效命，毫无二心。所谓“天”，就是气候的阴晴、寒暑、四季节令的更替规律等。所谓“地”，就是指行程的远近、地势的险峻或平易，战地的广狭，是死地还是生地等。所谓“将”，就是看将领们是否具备智、信、仁、勇、严五种素质。所谓“法”，就是指部队的组织编制制度，军官的职责范围规定，军需物资的供应管理制度等。大凡这五个方面，将领们没有谁没听说过，但只有透彻掌握了的人才能取胜，没有透彻掌握的人则不能取胜。因而，还要通过比较双方的具体条件来探究战争胜负的情形。这些条件是：双方君主哪一方施政清明、有道？将领哪一方更有才能？天时、地利哪一方占得多？军中法令哪一方执行得好？兵力哪一方更强大？士兵哪一方更训练有素？奖赏与惩罚哪一方更严明？我凭着对这些情况的分析比较，就可知道战争胜负的情形了。 【原文】将听吾计，用之必胜，留之；将不听吾计，用之必败，去之。计利以听，乃为之势，以佐其外。势者，因利而制权也。 【译文】如果您能接受我的军事思想，任用我领兵作战一定胜利，我就留下；如果您不能接受我的军事思想，用我领兵作战必定失败，我就离开。我的军事思想您认为好并且能够接受，我将为您造成军事上的势，从外辅佐您。所谓造成军事上的势，就是在战争瞬息万变的情况中抓住有利的时机采取恰当的应变行动。 【原文】兵者，诡道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之远，远而示之近；利而诱之，乱而取之，实而备之，强而避之，怒而挠之，卑而骄之，佚而劳之，亲而离之。攻其无备，出其不意。此兵家之胜，不可先传也。 【译文】用兵，是以诡诈为原则的。因而，“能”要使敌人看成“不能”，“用”要让敌人看作“不用”。“近”要让敌人看作“远”，“远”要让敌人看作“近”。敌人贪利，就诱之以利而消灭它；敌人混乱，就抓紧时机立刻消灭它；敌人实力雄厚，则须时刻戒备它；敌人精锐强大，就要注意避开它的锋芒；敌人褊急易怒，就挑逗它，使它失去理智；敌人小心谨慎，稳扎稳打，就设法使它骄傲起来；敌人内部和睦，就离间其关系。在敌人没有准备的情况下进攻，在敌人意想不到的条件下出击。这些，是军事家用兵之佳妙奥秘，是不可事先规定或说明的。 【原文】夫未战而庙算胜者，得算多也；未战而庙算不胜者，得算少也。多算胜，少算不胜，而况于无算乎？吾以此观之，胜负见矣。 【译文】未开战而在庙算中就认为会胜利的，是因为具备的致胜条件多；未开战而在庙算中就认为不能胜利的，是具备的致胜条件少。具备致胜条件多就胜，少就不胜，何况一个致胜
文言文翻译-孙子兵法-军争篇
文言文翻译-孙子兵法-军争篇 孙子曰：凡用兵之法，将受命于君，合军聚众，交和而舍，莫难于军争。军争之难者，以迂为直，以患为利。 故迂其途，而诱之以利，后人发，先人至，此知迂直之计者也。军争为利，军争为危。举军而争利则不及，委军而争利则辎重捐。是故卷甲而趋，日夜不处，倍道兼行，百里而争利，则擒三将军，劲者先，疲者后，其法十一而至；五十里而争利，则蹶上将军，其法半至；三十里而争利，则三分之二至。是故军无辎重则亡，无粮食则亡，无委积则亡。故不知诸侯之谋者，不能豫交；不知山林、险阻、沮泽之形者，不能行军；不用乡导者，不能得地利。故兵以诈立，以利动，以分和为变者也。故其疾如风，其徐如林，侵掠如火，不动如山，难知如阴，动如雷震。掠乡分众，廓地分利，悬权而动。先知迂直之计者胜，此军争之法也。 《军政》曰：“言不相闻，故为之金鼓；视不相见，故
为之旌旗。”夫金鼓旌旗者，所以一民之耳目也。民既专一，则勇者不得独进，怯者不得独退，此用众之法也。故夜战多金鼓，昼战多旌旗，所以变人之耳目也。 三军可夺气，将军可夺心。是故朝气锐，昼气惰，暮气归。善用兵者，避其锐气，击其惰归，此治气者也。以治待乱，以静待哗，此治心者也。以近待远，以佚待劳，以饱待饥，此治力者也。无邀正正之旗，勿击堂堂之阵，此治变者也。 故用兵之法，高陵勿向，背丘勿逆，佯北勿从，锐卒勿攻，饵兵勿食，归师勿遏，围师遗阙，穷寇勿迫，此用兵之法也。 译文 孙子说：用兵的原则，将领接受君命，从召集军队，安营扎寨，到开赴战场与敌对峙，没有比率先争得制胜的条件更难的事了。“军争”中最困难的地方就在于以迂回进军的
方式实现更快到达预定战场的目的，把看似不利的条件变为有利的条件。所以，由于我迂回前进，又对敌诱之以利，使敌不知我意欲何去，因而出发虽后，却能先于敌人到达战地。能这么做，就是知道迂直之计的人。“军争”为了有利，但“军争”也有危险。带着全部辎重去争利，就会影响行军速度，不能先敌到达战地；丢下辎重轻装去争利，装备辎重就会损失。卷甲急进，白天黑夜不休息地急行军，奔跑百里去争利，则三军的将领有可能会被俘获。健壮的士兵能够先到战场，疲惫的士兵必然落后，只有十分之一的人马如期到达；强行军五十里去争利，先头部队的主将必然受挫，而军士一般仅有一半如期到达；强行军三十里去争利，一般只有三分之二的人马如期到达。这样，部队没有辎重就不能生存，没有粮食供应就不能生存，没有战备物资储备就无以生存。 所以不了解诸侯各国的图谋，就不要和他们结成联盟；不知道山林、险阻和沼泽的地形分布，不能行军；不使用向
文言文翻译-孙子兵法-九地篇
文言文翻译-孙子兵法-九地篇 孙子曰：用兵之法，有散地，有轻地，有争地，有交地，有衢地，有重地，有圮地，有围地，有死地。诸侯自战其地，为散地。入人之地不深者，为轻地。我得则利，彼得亦利者，为争地。我可以往，彼可以来者，为交地。诸侯之地三属，先至而得天下之众者，为衢地。入人之地深，背城邑多者，为重地。行山林、险阻、沮泽，凡难行之道者，为圮地。所由入者隘，所从归者迂，彼寡可以击吾之众者，为围地。疾战则存，不疾战则亡者，为死地。是故散地则无战，轻地则无止，争地则无攻，交地则无绝，衢地则合交，重地则掠，圮地则行，围地则谋，死地则战。 所谓古之善用兵者，能使敌人前后不相及，众寡不相恃，贵贱不相救，上下不相收，卒离而不集，兵合而不齐。合于利而动，不合于利而止。敢问：“敌众整而将来，待之若何？”曰：“先夺其所爱，则听矣。”
兵之情主速，乘人之不及，由不虞之道，攻其所不戒也。 凡为客之道：深入则专，主人不克；掠于饶野，三军足食；谨养而勿劳，并气积力，运兵计谋，为不可测。投之无所往，死且不北，死焉不得，士人尽力。兵士甚陷则不惧，无所往则固。深入则拘，不得已则斗。是故其兵不修而戒，不求而得，不约而亲，不令而信，禁祥去疑，至死无所之。吾士无余财，非恶货也；无余命，非恶寿也。令发之日，士卒坐者涕沾襟。偃卧者涕交颐。投之无所往者，诸、刿之勇也。 故善用兵者，譬如率然；率然者，常山之蛇也。击其首则尾至，击其尾则首至，击其中则首尾俱至。敢问：“兵可使如率然乎？”曰：“可。”夫吴人与越人相恶也，当其同舟而济，遇风，其相救也如左右手。是故方马埋轮，未足恃也；齐勇若一，政之道也；刚柔皆得，地之理也。故善用兵者，携手若使一人，不得已也。
孙子兵法全文及翻译
孙子兵法全文及翻译 【始计第一】 孙子曰：兵者，国之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。 故经之以五事，校之以计而索其情：一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰将，五曰法。道者，令民与上同意也，故可以与之死，可以与之生，而不畏危。天者，阴阳、寒暑、时制也。地者，远近、险易、广狭、死生也。将者，智、信、仁、勇、严也。法者，曲制、官道、主用也。凡此五者，将莫不闻，知之者胜，不知者不胜。故校之以计而索其情，曰：主孰有道？将孰有能？天地孰得？法令孰行？兵众孰强？士卒孰练？赏罚孰明？吾以此知胜负矣。 将听吾计，用之必胜，留之；将不听吾计，用之必败，去之。 计利以听，乃为之势，以佐其外。势者，因利而制权也。兵者，诡道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之远，远而示之近；利而诱之，乱而取之，实而备之，强而避之，怒而挠之，卑而骄之，佚而劳之，亲而离之。攻其无备，出其不意。此兵家之胜，不可先传也。 夫未战而庙算胜者，得算多也；未战而庙算不胜者，得算少也。多算胜，少算不胜，而况于无算乎！吾以此观之，
胜负见矣。 【译文】： 孙子说：战争是国家的大事，它关系到百姓的生死，国家的存亡，不能不认真地考察和研究。 因此，要通过对敌我五个方面的情况进行综合比较，来探讨战争胜负的情形：一是政治，二是天时，三是地势，四是将领，五是制度。政治，就是要让民众和君主的意愿一致，战时他们才会为君主去死，不存二心。天时，就是指昼夜、晴雨、寒冷、炎热、季节气候的变化。地势，就是指高陵洼地、路途远近、险隘平坦、进退方便等条件。将领，就是指挥者所具备的智慧、诚信、仁爱、勇猛、严明等素质。制度，就是军制、军法、军需的制定和管理。凡属这五个方面的情况，将领都不能不知。充分了解这些情况的就能取胜，相反就会作战失败。此外，还要通过比较双方的具体条件来探究战争胜负的情形，即双方君主哪一方施政清明？哪一方将帅更有才能？哪一方拥有更好的天时地利？哪一方军纪严明？哪一方兵力强大？哪一方士卒训练有素？哪一方赏罚分明？通过这些分析比较就能够判断谁胜谁负了。 将领听从我的意见，用兵作战就会取胜，就留下来（任用）；若是不从，打仗就会失败，我将会（让他）离开这里。 我的军事思想您认为能够接受，再从外交上造成大好形势作为辅助条件，就掌握了主动权。所谓态势，即是凭借有
孙子兵法-翻译、解释(完整版)
孙子兵法—翻译 一、兵者，国之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。 译：战争是国家的大事，关系人民的生死，国家的存亡，是不可不细心研究和慎重考虑的。 二、故经之以五事，校之以计，而索其情，一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰将， 五曰法。 译：所以要从五方面来比较、核算，探求其事实。第一是主义，第二是时间，第三是空间，第四是精神，第五是纪律。 三、道者，令民与上同意，可与之死，可与之生，而不畏危也。 译：道的含义，就是使全国人民，意志统一，精神集中，人民和政府，才能同心协力，同生死，共患难而不怕牺牲。 四、将者，智、信、仁、勇、严也。 译：为将者，必须具有才智、威信、仁爱、英勇、严肃等精神与性格。 五、曰：主孰有道？将孰有能？天地孰得？法令孰行？兵众孰强？士卒熟练？ 赏罚孰明？吾以此知胜负矣。 译：自问：谁的主帅，能使全体军民意志统一与精神集中？谁的将领具有才能？ 谁得天时地利？谁的法令能贯彻执行？谁的军队强大？谁的士兵有训练？ 谁得赏罚，公正严明？根据这些事实判断，便能预先知道谁胜谁败。 六、计利以听，乃为之势，以佐其外，势者，因利而制权也。 译：分析情况，计算利害，然后部署打击敌人之形势；并利用其他有利的手段与权宜之处置，掌握变化，进行机动。 七、兵者，诡道也。 译：兵法，是诡诈多端，千变万化的行为。 八、能而示之不能，用而示之不用。 译：有能力，故意显示没有能力，要用兵，故意显示不用兵。 九、近而示之远，远而示之近。 译：欲攻近处，故示欲攻远处；欲攻远处，故示欲攻近处。 十、此兵家之胜，不可先传也。 译：这就是军事家战胜的道理，但战争乃千变万化，必须灵活运用，决不可能事先传之其秘诀的。 十一、夫未战而庙算胜者，得算多也。 译：战争未发生以前，要有精密周详的国防计划，得到胜利的，是因为计划精详。 十二、其用战也贵胜。 译：大军出争作战，以争取胜利为第一要务。 十三、夫钝兵、挫锐、屈力、殚货，则诸侯乘其弊而起，虽有智者，不能善后矣！ 译：如果军队疲惫，挫失锐气，经济枯竭，则邻近敌国，便会乘机入侵；虽有智谋的主帅，也将无法结束战争，确保胜利了。 十四、故兵闻拙速，未赌巧之久也。
孙子兵法--计篇(原文及译文)
始计篇 作者：孙武 孙子曰：兵者，国之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。 故经之以五事，校之以计而索其情：一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰将，五曰法。道者，令民与上同意也，故可以与之死，可以与之生，而不畏危。天者，阴阳、寒暑、时制也。地者，远近、险易、广狭、死生也。将者，智、信、仁、勇、严也。法者，曲制、官道、主用也。凡此五者，将莫不闻，知之者胜，不知者不胜。故校之以计而索其情，曰：主孰有道将孰有能天地孰得法令孰行兵众孰强士卒孰练赏罚孰明吾以此知胜负矣。 将听吾计，用之必胜，留之；将不听吾计，用之必败，去之。 计利以听，乃为之势，以佐其外。势者，因利而制权也。兵者，诡道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之远，远而示之近；利而诱之，乱而取之，实而备之，强而避之，怒而挠之，卑而骄之，佚而劳之，亲而离之。攻其无备，出其不意。此兵家之胜，不可先传也。 夫未战而庙算胜者，得算多也；未战而庙算不胜者，得算少也。多算胜，少算不胜，而况于无算乎！吾以此观之，胜负见矣。 译文及注释 作者：佚名 译文 孙子说：战争是国家的大事，它关系到百姓的生死，国家的存亡，不能不认真地思考和研究。 因此，要通过对敌我五个方面的情况进行综合比较，来探讨战争胜负的情形：一是政治，二是天时，三是地势，四是将领，五是制度。政治，就是要让民众和君主的意愿一致，战时他们才会为君主去死，不存二心。天时，就是指昼夜、晴雨、寒冷、炎热、季节气候的变化。地势，就是指高陵洼地、路途远近、险隘平坦、进退方便等条件。将领，就是指挥者所具备的智慧、诚信、仁爱、勇猛、严明等素质。制度，就是军制、军法、军需的制定和管理。凡属这五个方面的情况，将领都不能不知。充分了解这些情况的就能取胜，相反就会作战失败。此外，还要通过比较双方的具体条件来探究战争胜负的情形，即双方君主哪一方施政清明哪一方将帅更有才能哪一方拥有更好的天时地利哪一方军纪严明哪一方兵力强大哪一方士卒训练有素哪一方赏罚分明通过这些分析比较就能够判断谁胜谁负了。
职高语文第三册 孙子兵法《谋攻》原文和译文
孙子兵法《谋攻》原文和译文 孙子兵法译文 《孙子》一书，篇卷体例颇有异同。《十家注》--《十一家注》系统各本只有篇名，而无篇次，本篇作“计篇”。简本漶漫，多不可识，惟从所存篇名如《刑》(形)、《聉》(势)观之，本篇亦当只有“计”字。而《武经》系统各本则作“始计第一”，无“篇”字，但有篇次，且有“始”字。按：此“始”字迨为后人所加。孙校本作“卷一计篇”，亦即每篇一卷，共十三篇，即同明本《集注》。而宋本则分三卷，《武经》同，惟具体分法不全同。如上卷，《十家注》是自本篇至《形篇》第四，而《武经》则至《势篇》第五。日樱田本则分十三篇为上下两篇。简本虽未明篇卷，但篇题第二栏“军争”之上标有圆点，此或即其分篇或分卷之证。今为统一体例起见，不分卷，篇题从《十家注》，篇次同《武经》，故本篇作“计篇第一”。以下各篇仿此，不再出校。 (一) 孙子曰：兵者，国之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。 译文：孙子说：战争是国家的大事，它关系着人民的生死和宗庙社稷的存亡，是不可不认真考察了解的。 (二) 故经之以五(事)，校之以计，而索其情：一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰将，五曰法。道者，令民与上同意也，故可(以)与之死，可(以)与之生，而不(畏危)〔诡也〕。天者，阴阳、寒暑、时制也。地者，远近、险易、广狭、死生也。将者，智、信、仁、勇、严也。法者，曲制、官道、主用也。凡此五者，将莫不闻，知之者胜，不知者不胜。 译文：所以，要以如下五个根本方面的因素为基础，去对敌我双方的情况进行比较分析和评估，从而探索战争胜负的情势。这五个根本方面即：一是“道”，二是“天”，三是“地”, 四是“将”，五是“法”。所谓“道”，就是要使民众与君主同心同德，可与君主死生与共而无违疑之心。所谓“天”，就是指昼夜、寒暑与四时节令的变化。所谓“地”，就是指道路的远近、地势之险厄平易、开阔狭窄与高低向背等地理条件。所谓“将”，就是要求将帅要具备智谋、信实、仁爱、勇敢和严明等五种品格。所谓“法”，就是指军队的组织编制、将吏的职分管理与军需物资的掌管使用。凡属上述五个方面的事，身为将帅，都不能不过问。了解这些情况，就能打胜仗；不了解这些情况，就不能打胜仗。 (三) 故校之以计而索其情，曰：主孰有道?将孰有能?天地孰得?法令孰行?兵众孰强?士卒孰练?赏罚孰明?吾以此知胜负矣。 译文：所以要对敌我双方的情况进行比较分析，从而探索战争胜负的情势：哪一方的君主开明？哪一方的将帅贤能？哪一方占有天时、地利？哪一方的武器装备精良？哪一方的士卒训练有素？哪一方的赏罚公正严明？我们根据上述情况，就可预知谁胜谁负了。 (四) 将听吾计，用之必胜，留之；将不听吾计，用之必败，去之。 译文：将帅如能听从我的谋划，用他指挥作战，必然取胜，就把他留下；如不听从我的谋划，用他指挥作战，必然失败，就把他辞去。
《孙子兵法》九地篇原文及翻译
《孙子兵法》九地篇原文及翻译 作者：孙武 孙子曰：用兵之法，有散地，有轻地，有争地，有交地，有衢地，有重地，有圮地，有围地，有死地。诸侯自战其地，为散地。入人 之地不深者，为轻地。我得则利，彼得亦利者，为争地。我可以往，彼可以来者，为交地。诸侯之地三属，先至而得天下之众者，为衢地。入人之地深，背城邑多者，为重地。行山林、险阻、沮泽，凡 难行之道者，为圮地。所由入者隘，所从归者迂，彼寡可以击吾之 众者，为围地。疾战则存，不疾战则亡者，为死地。是故散地则无战，轻地则无止，争地则无攻，交地则无绝，衢地则合交，重地则掠，圮地则行，围地则谋，死地则战。 所谓古之善用兵者，能使敌人前后不相及，众寡不相恃，贵贱不相救，上下不相收，卒离而不集，兵合而不齐。合于利而动，不合 于利而止。敢问：“敌众整而将来，待之若何?”曰：“先夺其所爱，则听矣。” 兵之情主速，乘人之不及，由不虞之道，攻其所不戒也。 凡为客之道：深入则专，主人不克;掠于饶野，三军足食;谨养而勿劳，并气积力，运兵计谋，为不可测。投之无所往，死且不北， 死焉不得，士人尽力。兵士甚陷则不惧，无所往则固。深入则拘， 不得已则斗。是故其兵不修而戒，不求而得，不约而亲，不令而信，禁祥去疑，至死无所之。吾士无余财，非恶货也;无余命，非恶寿也。令发之日，士卒坐者涕沾襟。偃卧者涕交颐。投之无所往者，诸、 刿之勇也。 故善用兵者，譬如率然;率然者，常山之蛇也。击其首则尾至， 击其尾则首至，击其中则首尾俱至。敢问：“兵可使如率然乎?”曰：“可。”夫吴人与越人相恶也，当其同舟而济，遇风，其相救也如 左右手。是故方马埋轮，未足恃也;齐勇若一，政之道也;刚柔皆得，地之理也。故善用兵者，携手若使一人，不得已也。
孙子兵法 原文和译文
孙子兵法原文和译文一 2011－04-27 ２１:3７ 计篇第一 原文 1.孙子曰:兵者,国之大事,死生之地，存亡之道,不可不察也。 2.故经之以五事,校之以七计,而索其情。 3、一曰道,二曰天,三曰地，四曰将,五曰法。道者,令民与上同意,可与之死，可与之生，而不畏危。天者,阴阳、寒暑、时制也。地者,高下、远近、险易、广狭、死生也。将者,智、信、仁、勇、严也。法者，曲制、官道、主用也。凡此五者，将莫不闻,知之者胜,不知之者不胜。 ４.故校之以七计，而索其情。曰:主孰有道？将孰有能？天地孰得?法令孰行?兵众孰强？士卒孰练?赏罚孰明？吾以此知胜负矣。 5．将听吾计，用之必胜，留之;将不听吾计，用之必败,去之。计利以听,乃为之势,以佐其外。势者，因利而制权也。 6、兵者,诡道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之远,远而示之近。利而诱之,乱而取之，实而备之,强而避之,怒而挠之,卑而骄之,佚而劳之,亲而离之，攻其无备，出其不意。此兵家之胜,不可先传也。 7.夫未战而庙算胜者,得算多也;未战而庙算不胜者,得算少也。多算胜,少算不胜,而况于无算乎！吾以此观之，胜负见矣。 译文 孙子说：战争是国家的大事，它关系到百姓的生死，国家的存亡，不能不认真地考察和研究。 因此，要通过对敌我五个方面的情况进行综合比较，来探讨战争胜负的情形：一是政治,二是天时,三是地势，四是将领，五是制度。政治,就是要让民众和君主的意愿一致，战时他们才会为君主去死,不存二心。天时,就是指昼夜、晴雨、寒冷、炎热、季节气候的变化。地势，就是指高陵洼地、路途远近、险隘平坦、进退方便等条件。将领,就是指挥者所具备的智慧、诚信、仁爱、勇猛、严明等素质。制度，就是军制、军法、军需的制定和管理。凡属这五个方面的情况,将领都不能不知。充分了解这些情况的就能取胜，相反就会作战失败。此外，还要通过比较双方的具体条件来探究战争胜负的情形,即双方君主哪一方施政清明?哪一方将帅更有才能？哪一方拥有更好的天时地利？哪一方军纪严明？哪一方兵力强大?哪一方士卒训练有素?哪一方赏罚分明？通过这些分析比较就能够判
孙子兵法原文加译文绝对经典
始计第一 原文：【始计第一】 1.子曰：兵者，国之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。 2.故经之以五事，校之以七计，而索其情。 3、一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰将，五曰法。道者，令民于上同意，可与之死，可与之生，而不畏危也。天者，阴阳、寒暑、时制也。地者，高下，远近、险易、广狭、死生也。将者，智、信、仁、勇、也。法者，曲制、官道、主用也。凡此五者，将莫不闻，知之者胜，不知之者不胜。 4.故校之以七计，而索其情。曰：主孰有道？将孰有能？天地孰得？法令孰行？兵众孰强？士卒孰练？赏罚孰明？吾以此知胜负矣。 5.将听吾计，用之必胜，留之；将不听吾计，用之必败，去之。计利以听，乃为之势，以佐其外。势者，因利而制权也。 6、兵者，诡道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之远，远而示之近。利而诱之，乱而取之，实而备之，强而避之，怒而挠之，卑而骄之，佚而劳之，亲而离之，攻其无备，出其不意。此兵家之胜，不可先传也。 7.夫未战而庙算胜者，得算多也；未战而庙算不胜者，得算少也。多算胜，少算不胜，而况
于无算乎！吾以此观之，胜负见矣。 译文：【始计第一】 1.子说：战争是一个的头等大事，关系到军民的生死，的存亡，是不能不慎重密地观察、分析、研究。 2.因此，必须通过敌我双五个面的分析，七种情况的比较，得到详情，来预测战争胜负的可能性。 3.一是道，二是天，三是地，四是将，五是法。道，指君主和民众目标相同，意志统一，可以同生共死，而不会惧怕危险。天，指昼夜、阴晴、寒暑、四季更替。地，指地势的高低，路程的远近，地势的险要、平坦与否，战场的广阔、狭窄，是生地还是死地等地理条件。将，指将领足智多谋，赏罚有信，对部下真心关爱，勇敢果断，军纪明。法，指组织结构，责权划分，人员编制，管理制度，资源保障，物资调配。对这五个面，将领都不能不做深刻了解。了解就能胜利，否则就不能胜利。 4.所以，要通过对双各种情况的考察分析，并据此加以比较，从而来预测战争胜负。哪一的君主是有道明君，能得民心？哪一的将领更有能力？哪一占有天时地利？哪一的法规、法令更能格执行？哪一资源更充足，装备更精良，兵员更广大？哪一的士兵训练更有素，更有战斗力？哪一的赏罚更公正明？通过这些比较，我就知道了胜负。 5.将领听从我的计策，任用他必胜，我就留下他；将领不听从我的计策，任用他必败，我就辞退他。听从了有利于克敌制胜的计策，还要创造一种势态，作为协助我军事行动的外部条件。势，就是按照我建立优势、掌握战争主动权的需要，根据具体情况采取不同的相应措施。 6.用兵作战，就是诡诈。因此，有能力而装做没有能力，实际上要攻打而装做不攻打，欲攻打近处却装做攻打远处，攻打远处却装做攻打近处。对贪利就用利益诱惑他，对混乱就趁机攻取他，对强大就要防备他，对暴躁易怒就可以撩拨他怒而失去理智，对自卑而谨慎就使他骄傲自大，对体力充沛就使其劳累，对部亲密团结就挑拨离间，要攻打对没有防备的地，在对没有料到的时机发动进攻。这些都是军事家克敌制胜的诀窍，不可先传泄于人也。
孙子兵法-翻译、解释(完整版)61263
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火攻篇 第十二-《孙子兵法》全文带译文
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