英美概况---英国历史一览表
Chronology of British Government
Monarch Date of Rule Deeds Events Comments
Germanic/Scandinavian Rule
Alfred the Great 871-899 1Defeated“Da
nlaw” expansion
& regained land
2established
navy and garrison
3introduction
of Christanity to
Dames, first
public schools for
noble
descendances and
magistrates
4Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle
Anglo-Saxon Wessexline
Edward the elder Anglo-Saxon Wessexline;
Son to Alfred
Athelstan Anglo-Saxon Wessexline;
Son to Edward
Edgar the
Peaceful
959-975 Anglo-Saxon Wessexline
Ethelred the Unready 978`1016 Invaded England Anglo-Saxon Wessexline;
Sweyn Forkbeard, King of
Denmark
Canute 1016-1035 1.chosen as king by
Witan;2.United
England, Denmark
and Norway.
Scandinavian Conqueror
Edward the Confessor 1042-1066 1.facilitated the
Norman
Conquer;2.Norman
feudal system adopted
Son of Ethelred the
Unready
Harold
Godwinson
1066 defeated Norwegians Earl of Wessex
Norman French Rule
William I 1066-1087 5-steps to
strengthen
reign in
England:
1.crushed
all
resistance,b
uilt castles
for
protection
2.broke up
Saxon
earldoms
established
centralized
royal
government
.
3.vicomtes
4.slovent
royal
treasury,
royal
coinage
5.allied
with
Roman
Catholic
Church
defeated Harold
and crowned William
I at Westminster
Abbey on
Dec.25,1066
William the Conqueror,
French duke connected to
the Wessex Line who
favored by Edward the
Confessor
William II 1087-1100 Murdured William Rufus, 2nd son to
William I
Henry I 1100-1135 Altered the
relationship
between
King and
his
followers:1.
chose
bishops
2.accepted
money
3rd son of William I
from Barons instead of military service-exc hequer
Stephen &Maud 1135-1154 1.20-years of civil
war and anarchy;
2.agreement to
Stephen’s rule and
Henry II’s succession.Stephen:Grandson to William I;
Matilda: Daughter to Henry I
Angevin French – Plantagenents
Henry II 1154-1189 1.reform of
legislative
system
2.claimed
vast
territories
in France
and Ireland
through
various
family
connections
;
3.altered
the
relationship
s between
secular and
religious
authorities
-murdered
of Thomas
Becket/fail
ure in
reforming
canon law;
4.invaded
and
established
English
Son to Maud
kingdom in Ireland
Richard I 1189-1199 1.Three
Crusades
for control
of holy
sites in the
Near East;
2.imprisone
d by
Christan
allies for
ransom
3.fought in
France Oldest surving son of Henry II; Richard the Lionhearted
John 1199-1216 1.raised
property
taxes;
2.struggles
with Pope
Innocent III
and
invasion of
Philip
Augustus In 1215. Tenant
Rights movement &
Magna Carta
2nd surving son of Henry II
Henry III 1216-1272 1civil war in
1263 and baronial
triumph;
2establishment
of parliament
Son to John Disarstrous
Edward I 1272-1307 1.began the
Hundred
Year’s War
against
war; 1.1348-1349:Davastat
ion of black death
resulting in the death
of 3/8
population-labor
shortage;
2.1351:the futile
Statute of Laborors
Son to Henry III
Military control over laboring class underwent changes: shift from old knight&castle system to expert archers&engineers;
1Tensions
between classes
hightened by
religious
dissension;
2nationalism
aroused, English
gained popularity
Richard II 1377-1399 Confiscated
the estates
of his uncle
John,
violating
the law of
inheritance 1.1378-1380,”Head
Tax” imposed by John
of Gaunt;
1381, Peasants’
Revolt
Son to the Black Prince,
Grandson to Edward III
Lancatrians
Henry IV 1399-1413 1.Rebelled
by cousin
Henry,
defeated
Richard
2and forced
him to
abdicate
and
murdered
him;
2.illegally
seizing
power-lost
the
protection
of laws of
inheritance-
spent much Grandson to Edward III,consin to Richard
of his reign
suppressing
rebellion.
Henry V 1413-1422 Asserting
authority
both in
France&at
home
Henry VI 1422-1461 Deposed by
Edward
Yorkist and
murdered
(1461) War of Roses
(1455-1485)
Weak King with divided
government
Yorkists
Edward IV 1461-1470
1471-1483 Briefly ousted from
power by his brother
Clarence & his
previous supporters in
1470.
Grandson of Edward III
Edward V 1483 Murdered
Richard III 1483-1485 Defeated
and killed
in the
Battle of
Bosworthy
by Henry
Tudor The Battle of
Bosworthy
Brother of Edward IV
Tudors
HenryVII 1485-1509 1united the
House of Yorkists
and Lancastrian
by means of
marriage with
Yorkist’s
Elizabeth and
established the
Tudor House.
2the Star Grandson of EdwardIII; Earl of Richmond
Chamber-consoli dation of his position;
3Morton’s Fork-turned treasury deficit into a surplus;
4the threat of revocation to gain trading prileges for English merchants abroad;
5Education funds
HenryVIII 1509-1547 1Cardinal
Wosley-last
established the
concept
“Balance-of-Pow
er” as basis of
English foreign
policy,1521 crisis
2creation of
the Royal Navy,
strengthening central
administrative
&maintaining
adequate supervision
of local government
31535-incorpo
rrated Wales &
England on equal
terms in the first
Act of Union;
4Middle-class
dominated
Parliament in
favor of the King
5Anti-clerical
Revolution,1554
the
Act of Supremacy- Son of Henry III;selected by Privy Council;Welshman
Dissolution of
monasteries
6. 1537-1542: Irish
anarchy, “Pilgrimage
of Gr ace” by Catholic
the Statute of
the Six Articles
Edward VI 1547-1553 Parliament’s effort of
religious unity
Uncles served as regents
Mary I 1553-1558 1.Married
to Catholic
Spanish
King
PhilipII,tur
ning
England a
vassal of
Spain;
2. Lost the
last French
lands-the
Port of
Calais-as a
result of
supporting
Spain
against
French in
war;
3.
appointed
Catholic as
the
Archbishop
of
Cantebury
and
Catholic
worship
returned to
local
churches. Elder daughter to HenryVIII,selected by the Privy Council, Roman Catholic, Bloody Mary.
Elizabeth I 1553-1603 1.two
disarstrous
policies
aggravated
the Irish
problems:
a. granting
the
aristocracy
commercial
and estate
monopolies
in Ireland
for
money&su
pport;
b.sent
poorly
trained
highly
ambitious
and
avaricious
favorites
as military
commander
s to Ire.
1crisis: war
with Catholic
Spain caused by
Catholic hatred of
Protestantism and
English rivalry
for global
trade&ultimate
control of oceans;
the destruction of
Spainish Armada in
1588 and GB ruled
the sea;
21597-1601:H
ugh O’Neil
Revolt
3the
flourishing of
culture
Renaissance(Sha
kespeare,
Marlowe,Donne,
Johnson, Francis
Bacon, Harvey,
Gilbert, King
James Bible of
1611)
4the economic
prosperity based
on individual
enterprise in
many fields
Younger daughter of
HenryVIII, Protestant,
Catholic illegitimate,
Intelligent, highly-educated,
proud, calculating,
self-control, rivaled by
Mary Queen of Scots, A
politician and a survivor.
The Stuart and Commonwealth
James I 1603-1625 1.peacefull
y united the
England
and 1.1621. The House of
Commons drew up
the Great
Protestant-first of the
Grandson of Henry VII, Son
to Queen Mary of Scots,
highly-educated, conceited
and stubborn
Scotland in politics; 2. New ways to raise revenue without parlimentar y approval:se lling nobilities& awarding Elizabethan monopolies 3.the failed attempt of openly seeking a Catholic Spanish princess as daughter-in -law,startin g the fires with Parl.
4. No bishop, no king. Favored the High Church. great documents of English Revolution.
2. 1624, Chales’ betrothal to French Catholic Princess.
3. the origin of GUY FAWKES Day.
4. 1607, the establishment of the first English colony in North America on the Atlantic coast at Jamestown, Virginia for commercial reasons.
1620, the second at Polymouth Massachusetts, founded by Pilgrims for religious reason.
5. 1609,the first English factory establish in India.
Charles I 1625-1649 1.1628, the Petition of
Right, first stating
some most basic rules
of modern
constitutional
government;
2. 1629, King
dissolved parliament
and imprinsoned 9
leaders in London
Tower; Son of James I, beheaded by order of the RUMP parl.
1629-1640:non-parlia ment rule;
3. 1638, Scottish rebellion: fuse of the English Revolution.
4. Charles reconvened the parliament in need of money-Short Parl.-soon dissolved.
5.Scotts invaded England-Long Parl. of the Revolution-Parl. abolished taxes and unpopular royal administrative courts & meet every 3 years.
6. Irish rebellion, massacring northern Irish Protestants; 1641, Grand Remonstrance.
7. the Civil War (1642-1649)
Oliver Cromwell 1649-1658 1 1.
claimed the
England republic
as
Commonwealth;
2 2.
1651, the
Navigation
Act-embargo on
Dutch Shipping;
3 3.
1654,solved
Scottish and Irish
problems with
violence
4 4.
1652,English
ships defeated the
Dutch and Patriotic Englishman, strong-minded, stubborn, no pathological drive for power, puritan, Lord Protector
mastered the
northern sea.
5 5.
Dissolved the
Rump and
established
himself as “Lord
Protector”, chose
New Parliament
based on the only
written
constitution of
England-the
Instrument of
Government.
6 6.
Puritans passed
“blue laws” in an
effort to impose
puritan lifestyle
in the country Richard Cromwell 1658-1660
Restored Stuart
Charles II 1660-1685 1dissenters
were excluded by
Parliament
particularly in the
accsess to Uni,
resulting in the
domination of a
nonconformist
consciense in
public life;
2Disarsters:the
Black
Death(1665-1666
);the Great Fire in
London
3Dutch War of
1665-1667,Engla
nd seized
commercial Selected by parliament; chief minister of Parliament dominates the monarchy; period of public pursuit of pleasure, loose morals,festive court life and indecent wit
supremacy from the Dutch. 41670, the Hudson Bay Company was granted exclusive right to trade by the Hudson Bay in Canada.
James II 1685-1688 1687,
issued a
“Declaratio
n of
Indulgence
”
1688,fled to
France. The bloodless
Glorious Revolution
(1688-1689)
Youger son of Charles,
outspoken Catholic, I exiled
by Parl.
William III &Mary II 1688-1702 1Bill of Rights
21690,Battle
of Boyne, James
II and his
supporting Irish
Roman Catholic
defeated, thus
Irish R.C were
deprived the
rights of
education and
commercial
participation;
31701,
Parliament
passed the Act of
Settlement,promi
sing the crown to
the Protesetant
Sophia, which
directly paved
way for the
Hanover’s
rule;establishing
Rule by Mary, the elder
daughter of James II and her
husband, William of Orange
the Parl’s right to
decide who
would rule.
Ann 1702-1714 1702,first English
daily newspaper:the
Daily Courant
1707,England and
Scotland formally
united under the name
of Great Britian.
Daughter of James II
Hanoverians(German Line)
Monarch Prime
Ministe
r
Party Deeds Events Comments
George I (1714- 1727) Robert
Walpol
e
(1721-
1742)
Whig 1Sta
tus:the
First
Lord of
the
Treasur
y
the
confidant
of the king
and the
leading
minister in
the Cabinet
most
influential
member of
the Whig in
the HOC.
2Pri
ncipal:
make
the
country
prosper
ous by
Grandson of James I, not
interested in England at all.;
encour aging trade and industr y;
3tryi ng to reduce politica l and religiou s
strife& avoid foreign entangl ements. 4the emerge nce of Cabinet and the Prime Ministe r.
517 27, Robert Walpol e became P.M.
George II (1727- 1760) Robert
Walpol
e
(1727-
1742)
Whig 1737,
position
weakened
because of
the death of
Q.C;
1742,
resigned.
1.the Seven Year’s
War between Austria
and Prussia,France
for A while Britan for
P.
2. in 1757, William
Pitt the elder became
a leader in English
Government, which
was the first instance
in English history of a
Son of George I;
Peppeted by Queen
Caroline and P.M. Walpole
in politics.
Earl of
Wilmin
gton(17
Whig
42-174 4) king being compelled to accept a distrusted and disliked man as PM.
3.fighting France in Europe, America and India.
4. General Wolfe’s English army defeated the French foreces led by General Montcalm at Quebec, leading to the French control of Canada and resulted in the Peace Treaty of 1763, France ceded Canada to GB.
Henry Pelham (1744-
1754)
Whig
Duke
of
Newcas
tl-e
(1754- 1756)
Whig
Duke
of
Devons
h-ire
(1756- 1757)
Tory
Earl of
Bute
(1762- 1763)
Tory
George III (1760- 1820) George
Grenvil
le
(1763-
1765)
Whig 1Whigs lost
divided and lost
support;
2forced Pitt to
resign by refusing
to declare war on
Spain as a first
step to increase
power.
31763, the
Seven Year’s War
ended, gained
lands from Peace
of Paris.
41760-1770:a
Farmer George;
Taught by his mother
exaggerated ideas of royal
power; wanting the crown
to resume administering
affairs and determining
government policy ;
wanting direct authority
over cabinet in the place
of the Parl.
Marque
ss of
Rockin
g-ham
(1765-
1766)
whig
Willia
m Pitt
whig
the Elder (1766- 1768)
capricious
Cabinet
5 5.
1776,Adam
Smith published
An Inquiry into
the Nature and
Causes of the
Wealth of Nations
6During
1750-1761:battles
with France for
commercial
control in India,
Rober Clive
managed
thriumph-made
the East India
Company a
territorial
power.-1784
Pitt’s India
ACT-making the
governor-general
supreme&creatin
g a Board of
Control.
1789, consolidation by Richard Wellesley
77.
After 1783
550male and
200female
convicts sent to
Austrilia for the
reliefe of
congesgtion in
Enlish prisons
and settled in
Sydney in 1788.
88.
1773,acknowledg
e the
Duke
of
Grafton (1768- 1770)
whig
Lord
Frederi
ck
North
(1770- 1782)
Tory
Marque
ss of Rockin
g-ham
Whig
Earl of Shelbur
ne
(1782- 1783)
Whig
Duke of Portlan d 1783 Coa- lition
Willia m Pitt, the Younge r (1783- 1801) Tory In
1781,electe
d to Parl.
1782,
chancellor
of the
exchequer
1783,the
youngest
P.M. Principal:
1.eliminatin
g the national debt,
2 cutting down on government expenditure s
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/b4455366.html,anizin
g a system of auditing the national accounts 4.introduci ng order to the national finances chaos.
5.advocatin
g the abolition of the slave trade,parlia mentary reform and the removal of restrictions on Roman Catholics.
6.
1789,preve nting the influence of French revolution from spreading in England;17 94,suspend
independence of
North American
colonies. 1774, the Quebec Act granted Catholic religious freedom and permitted French law to remain in force in all Canadian civil matters.-1791 the Canada Act-divided the Canadian settlements into two provinces-Ontario& Quebec.
1778,lost American colonies&national debts increased tremendously as a result of his personal rule.
99.
1780,a resolution
calling for a
restriction on the
crown was
passed.
1010.
1783,William Pitt
the younger
elected P.M.
1111.
1800,Act of
Union,merging
the
British and Irish Parl and leading to
“the United Kingdom of Great Britian and Ireland.
1212. 1790,
Edmund Burke
publish
Reflections on the
ed he Habeas Corpus Act Achieveme nts:Comme rcial treaty with France in
1787;succe ss in incoorperati ng Irish in to the British system of gvnmt by Act of Union.
7. India Act of 1784
Revolution in
Freance against
the French
Revolution;
Thomas Paine’s
Rights of Man in
protest to
Edmund.
1313.
Industrial
Revolution
1414. the
beginning of
Napoleonic
War,Lord
Nelson-the
renowed British
Admiral.
1515. 1812:
British warships
seized sailors
from American
ships-provoking
War of 1812
1616. 1815-
Abroad:
Battle of Waterloo- Allied armies defeated Bonaparte under the leadership of Lord Wellington. In Nov.，England, Russia, Austria and Prussia signed the Quadruple Alliance/Vienna Settlement to ensure the quarantine of France
Home：economic changes-agriculture improved,countryside to larger farms;rural unemployment
Henrt
Adding
- ton
(1801- 1804)
Tory
Willia
m Pitt,
the
Younge
r
(1804- 1806)
Tory
Willia
m
Grenvil
le
(1806- 1807)
Whig Duke Tory
of Portand (1807- 1809) increased;industrial cities grew rapidly,economic subjects exploited.;problems hightened by bad postwar-harvest,Euro pean competition,restrictiv e tariff on foreign grain kept high&starvation,paris h system failed the needs.
Spence
r
Perceva
l
（1809
-
1812）
Tory
Earl of Liverpo
ol
(1812- 1827)
Tory
George IV (1820- 1830) Earl of
Liverpo
ol
Culture:
Jane
Austin(1775-1817),Charlot
英美概况英国版感想-研究生英美概况课程作业之一
My feelings for the class of survey of Britain In terms of this class, I have gained a general understanding of the British society from the exploration into every corner , which is ranging from rel- igion, education, architecture, holidays and so on. This broadens my visi- on to a much larger extent. Generally speaking, they can be summarized as follows: First of all, a preliminary social scene has been shown to us during the class. The UK is a great nation all around the world and people speaking native English must have something different from us Chinese. Classmat- es from different majors have shown me the Britain society from their own view, which I think is very interesting. For example , someone gave his lecture by the way of listing lots of pictures. The moment was watc- hing the pictures I got a lot of information, besides , it seems not very boring. Secondly, it is《The Rise of Great Powers》.This is the twice I have wat- ched this documentary. While, I regard it as a reflection of the history of the Britain . It is also a showcase of the Empire of the Sun and a brainst- orm to me. Someone maybe whisperd, we China also does have a history as brilliant as Britain. However, from a foreigner’s view , it is fresh enoug- h and exciting enough.Perhaps, we may get lots of lessons from Britain. Finally, the teaching form is novel and lively. During my showtime, I am the reporter of the class. People sitting in the classroom are all listeners
英语国家概况—英国
Part One: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Chapter 1 Land and People Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation (500BC~AD1066) Chapter 3 The Shape of the Nation (1066~1381) Chapter 4 Transition to the Modern Age (1455~1688) Chapter 5 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688~1990) Chapter 6 The Economy Chapter 7 Government and Administration Chapter 8 Justice the Law Chapter 9 Social Affairs Chapter 10 Cultural Affairs Chapter 1 Land, People and Language ?1 Different Names for Britain and its Parts The official name of Britain is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The geographical names are the British Isles, Great Britain and England. People just say Britain, the United Kingdom or simply U.K. ?People England is the largest and most populous, almost a quarter of the people lives in England’s prosperous and fertile southeast, with over 7 million in the capital. The majority of the population are descendants of the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic people from Europe who went to England between the 5th and 7th centuries.These people settled in England and drove the native Celtic people to the mountainous areas of Wales and Scotland. Their language became the official language of the country. Most people in W ales and Scotland are descendants of the Celtic people who were the earliest known inhabitants of Britain. The Irish people were also of Celtic origin. About a hundred years ago, as a result of its imperialist expansion, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and a quarter of the world’s land area. ?Geographical Features There are 3 political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales. The island of Ireland is divided into 2 parts: Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Britain has, for centuries, been slowly tilting with the North-W est slowly rising and the South-East slowly sinking. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; the east and south-east are mostly lowlands. There are 3 natural zones of Scotland: the Highlands in the north, the central Lowlands, and the southern Uplands.
英美国家概况总结
英国概况 英格兰面积最大 苏格兰，爱丁堡为首府 威尔士，加的夫，Cardiff为首府 北爱尔兰，贝尔法斯特Belfast为首府 伦敦，UK首都，皇家法庭royal courts of justice 及圣保罗大教堂st paul’s cathedral在这里。威斯敏斯特westminster，伦敦市的一个行政区，也叫西敏寺，这里有议会houses of parliament，包含大钟楼big ben，白厅whitehall即英国政府，白金汉宫buckingham palace即英国皇宫，还有st james’ hall 圣詹姆斯宫。 The great charter in 1215,1215年大宪章，亦称the great charter or Magna Charta,确保一些平民的政治权利与自由，保障教会不受国王的控制，改革了法律和司法，限制国王及王室官员的行为。 议会雏形，1265年，Simon de Montford 召集the Great Council在西敏寺开会，就是最早的议会，后来发展了House of Lords上议院，House of Commons下议院。 玫瑰战争和英国宗教改革： Richard 三世和Henry Tudor都铎（duduo）打了玫瑰战争，都铎胜利，终成五代都铎王朝。 亨利八世进行宗教改革，想切断英国教会与罗马教皇的关系，使英国教会独立起来。宗教改革的真正进行是在亨利八世的儿子爱德华时期，新教是Protestant，即基督教，改革叫做“The Reformation”。伊丽莎白一世时期，伊丽莎白为女王统治英国，她是基督教徒，大力推行新教，从此英国都是信奉新教。 文艺复兴运动The English Renaissance 文艺复兴是中世纪到现代的过渡时期，从1350-1650，有300年，从意大利发起，达芬奇等人为代表。在这段时期，罗马教会经历新教改革，人文主义兴起，海外探索（大航海时代？）。 英国内战The Civil Wars 是国王和议会间的战争，Norttingham King Charles和议会开战，国王军是Cavaliers(骑士)，议会军是Roundheads(圆颅党)，因为他们短发。查尔斯战败，克伦威尔Cromwell称王。英国内战又称清教徒革命，因为国王的反对者多是清教徒Puritan。清教徒是基督教新教中的一派。这场战争颠覆了英国的封建制度，甚至动摇了欧洲的封建制度，被认为是世界现代史的开端。 王朝复辟The Restoration 克伦威尔死后，儿子Richard 继位，但是统治失败，议会选择让上代国王流放法国的儿子King Charles 二世回归。 光荣革命The Glorious Revolution 奥兰治王室（William of Orange橘子？英国的名字真搞笑），用一场不流血的政变夺了王室的权，William and Mary 共同接受了Bill of Right(1689)权利法案，英国“光荣革命”后巩固资产阶级与封建贵族联合专政、确立君主立宪政体的宪法性文件之一。君主立宪由此开始。 辉格党和托利党（Whigs and Tories） 两党名称来自光荣革命，辉格党就是后来的Liberal party，托利党是Conservative party
英美概况美国部分整理
America The Founding of Colonies殖民地的建立 First Inhabitants：American Indians Discovery of the New World： 1492 Christopher Columbus →the discoverer of America (Italian)Spanish Queen’ s support 1501-2 Amerigo Vespucci →the new land was name after him as America. reached the mouth of Amazon River America—the New World Europe—the Old World 13 colonies： New England Colonies: Mid Atlantic Colonies: Southern Colonies: Massachusetts →（2nd colony，1620）New York Maryland New Hampshire Pennsylvania Virginia →（1st colony，1607）Rhode Island Delaware North Carolina Connecticut South Carolina Georgia →（the last colony，1733）New England Region（6个）: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Maine and Vermont 建立原因： Virginia, 1607 Virginia Company For foreign expansion as a way of easing religious dispute and economic distress in England 105 men (no women) Jamestown in honor of the king Massachusetts In 1620 102 Puritans (“Pilgrim Fathers”), in Mayflower, from Plymouth in England to America First in Plymouth (today’s Massachusetts); and then Boston Seek religious freedom Mayflower Compact <五月花号公约>：self-government Hardships when arrived the help of the Indians Thanksgiving Day to thank the Indians and the God for protection The next three colonies Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire Reasons: 1. religious disputes and struggles in Massachusetts intensified 2. more immigrants
英美概况(英国篇5大英帝国的兴衰_)
英美概况（英国篇5:大英帝国的兴衰 ) I. Whigs and Tories 辉格党人和托利党人 These two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688). 这两个政党名称皆起源于1688年的光荣革命。 The Whig were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Whig were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party. 辉格党人是指那些反对绝对王权，支持新教徒宗教自由权利的人。辉格党人在 19世纪中叶与持不同意见的托利党人组盟组成自由党。 The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party. 托利党人是指那些支持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的人。托利党是保守党的前身。 I. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century 18世纪末的农业革命 During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the "open-field" system ended when the Enclosure Act was passed. The movement lasted for centuries. Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results: 18世纪末、19世纪初的农业革命期间，随着《圈地法》的颁布，传统的"开放田地"制结束。圈地运动持续了将近一个多世纪。农业圈地运动的利弊共存： （1） Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small; 由于大农场兼并了小农场，农场成为越来越在的生产单位； （2） More vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more varied; 人们消费的蔬菜，牛奶及奶制品越来越多，饮食种类愈加丰富； （3） Enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. These peasant farmers were forced to look for work in towns. Enclosure led to mass emigration, particularly to the New World; 圈地对佃家而言是场灾难，他们被赶出土地，被迫到城镇找工作。圈地运动导致了大规模的移民，尤其是移民至新大陆。 （4） A new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. 农村关系中产生了新的阶级对立。 II. The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830) 工业革命（1780-1830） 1．The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. 工业革命指的是17世纪末、18世纪初英国工业的机械化，以及因此而导致的社会结构和经济结构的变化。
英美国家概况之英国
填空题 Chapter 1 1.The British Isles are situated in the northwest of Europe. They are cut off from the continent by the English Channel. On the north and the east the Isles face the North Sea,and on the west they face the Atlantic Ocean. The full title of the United Kingdom is The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 3.Before the early 20th century, Northern Ireland was part of Ireland as a whole. In 1920, it become part of the United Kingdom, with a separated parliament and self-government. There were originally six countries in Northern Ireland. But since 1973 it has a single-tier system of 26 administrative districts. 4.The climate in Britain is moderated by the Atlantic Gulf Stream, and is much milder than that of many places in the same latitude. The climate is generally equable, but the day to day conditions are changeable. Chapter 2 1.The Welsh, the Scots, the Irish are the descendants of Celts who came from Europe to the British Isles centuries before the Roman invasion. It was these people whom the Germanic Anglos and Saxons conquered in the5th and 6th centuries AD. These Germanic conquerors were conquered in turn by the Norman French, when
英美概况考试重点复习材料(英国部分)
英美概况考试重点复习材料（英国部分） 英美概况考试重点复习材料（英国部分） Chapter 1第一章 Land and People 英国的国土与人民 I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分 1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。 2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。 3. The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。 4. Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wale大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。 (2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：爱丁堡。 (3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫 (4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast.北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府：贝尔法斯特。 5. The monwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has about 50 member countries until 1991. 英联邦是独立的前英国殖民地组成的自由联合体。它成立于1931 年，至1990年止已有约50个成员国。 Chapter 2 第二章 The Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066)英国的起源（公元前5000年—1066年）
《英美概况》课后练习
期末考试 一、单项选择题 1. The UK is bordered on the _____ by the English Channel. A. east B. west C. north D. south 【正确答案】D 【答案解析】答案选D。The UK is bordered on the south by the English Channel.参见教材P86。 本题知识点：Geographical features(UK), 2. The narrowest part of the English Channel is called _____. A. the Straits of Dover B. Chunnel C. Strait of Gibraltar D. Marroqui 【正确答案】A 【答案解析】答案选A。The English Channel between England and France is quite narrow and the narrowest part is called the Straits of Dover.参见教材P86。 本题知识点：Geographical features(UK),
3. The UK has a _____ climate. A. arid climates B. semi-humid C. continental D. maritime 【正确答案】D 【答案解析】答案选D。The UK has a maritime climate.参见教材P88。本题知识点：Climate(UK), 4. The UK is an island country which lies between latitude _____ north. A. 50° to 60° B. 30° to 40° C. 40° to 50° D. 60° to 70° 【正确答案】A 【答案解析】答案选A。The UK is an island country which lies between latitude 50° to 60° north.参见教材P88。 本题知识点：Climate(UK), 5. The UK has a _____ throughout the whole year.
TestforUK英美国家概况英国部分测试题.docx
1.Off the coast of mainland Western Europe lie two islands called the British Isles of which the big one is the island of ___ , or ___ , and the small one is the island of __ . 2.Britainis divided into three par ts: ___ . and . 3.LondonGMT is s hort for, which i s the time o n the line o f __ (deg r ee) longitu de, which pa sses through ____ , a d istrict of s outheast, u sed as a bas is for calcu lati ng time throughout t he world in d iff ere nt ti me zon es. 4.United KingdomThe national fl ag of thei s also calle d ____ or __ . 5.Englandwas once conquer ed by , ____ z and . 6.EnglandOf the fou r nations,feel mo st British,is the most confid ent of its o wn identity’and__ i s most clos ely related to. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/b4455366.html,Monetary unit of is __ . https://www.sodocs.net/doc/b4455366.html, , __ , and are majo r industries in. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/b4455366.html, __ , ___ , and __ a re major tr ading partne rs of. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/b4455366.html,is k nown as"； due to its decline s in economy . 11.National Ho liday of UK is ___ ? 12.and weakened the European monarchies,and introdu ced the age of con stitut ional mon arc hy, a mon arc hy with powe rs limited b y Parliame nt ? 13?UKThree major national pa rties of ar e ___ , and . 14. Depe nding on the rela tive st re ngt hs of the pa rties in the House of Co mmons, the 0 pposition ma y try to ove rthrow the G overnment by defeating i t on a vote. 25.The Prime Minis ter's offici al reside nee is ______ ,which is the symbol of t he British G overnment. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/b4455366.html,In , Ministers are appoint ed by the Qu een on the r ecommendatio n of __ ? 17.EnglandAs the langu age of, Eng lish is a la nguage belon ging to the branchofthe family. 18.S tandard Engl ish is vario usly known a s ___ …__ a nd ___ or __ . https://www.sodocs.net/doc/b4455366.html, and are very p opular Chris tian festiva Is in. 20. a system n ow in gen era I use of arr an ging the m on ths in the year and th e days in th e mon th, int roduced by P ope Gregory X III (1502-85). 21.The only re ally importa nt patriotic festival is ____ on w hich __ are remember ed in specia I church ser vices and ci vicceremoni es. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/b4455366.html,The popul ation ofis nearly million. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/b4455366.html, , and __ are the main language us ed in. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/b4455366.html, is nationa I nickname o f. 25?The Engli sh have a mi xed cultural heritage co mbining , ____ 〃and element s. 26.The Englis h have many differences in regional speech. The Chief divisi on is betwee n _ and __ . 27.WalesThe ancestors of the Welsh w ere _________ ,who escaped to the wild mountains of form the i n vadi ng Angl es and Sax on s. 28.Today abou t_____ % of the Welsh p opulation st ill speak We Ish as their first Iangu age and abou t ______ % of the Welsh p eople speak only Welsh,and
英语国家概况 英国&澳大利亚部分Terms
Terms 1. Magna Carta Magna Carta (Latin for "Great Charter", literally "Great Paper"). In 1215, King John was forced by a group of feudal Barons (男爵，贵族) and the church to grant them a charter of liberty and political rights. Magna Carta placed some limits on the king’s ability to abuse his royal power. The Magna Carta is regarded as the foundation of the British Constitutionalism（立宪制度）and it provides the basic principles（基本原则）for the protection of individual rights in both Britain and the United States. 2. The Hundred Years’ War The Hundred Years’War was a series of wars fought between England and France over trade, Territory（领土）, security（安全）and the throne（王权）. The Hundred Years’ War promoted the concept of English Nationalism（民族主义）and the development of the textile industry because it reduced the export of English wool （羊毛）. The war raised the social position of the bourgeois（资产阶级）class. All these factors contributed to the decline of feudalism（封建制度）in England. 3. The Wars of the Roses玫瑰战争 Between 1455 and 1485 a series of battles were fought between the two branches of the Plantagenet family, the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the red rose, and the House of York, symbolized by the white rose, ended with the failure of the House of York. 4. Black Death Black Death was the modern name given to the deadly（致命的）bubonic plague（黑死病）, an epidemic disease(流行病) spread by rat fleas（鼠疫跳蚤）. It was a fierce and widespread outbreak of plague(瘟疫) that ravaged（毁坏）the whole of Europe in the 14th century. It hit England first in 1349 with subsequent waves between 1360 and 1375 . The plague killed perhaps up to one-third of the British population. As a result of the plague, much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labour. 5. The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization(机械化) of industry and the consequences in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Britain was the first country to industrialize. The Industrial Revolution in Britain first began in the textile （纺织）industry.
英美概况 英国和美国习题
美国 1．美国一共有多少个州？ 50个和一个哥伦比亚特区(District of Columbia)，其中有2个海外州北美洲西北部的阿拉斯加(Alaska)和位于中太平洋北部的夏威夷 (Hawaii)。。 2．在美国所有的宗教派别中，新教教徒最多。 3．美国的气候是属于什么样的气候？冬冷夏热的大陆性气候4．美国本土的地形上东部和西部各有什么山脉？东面。有阿巴拉契亚山脉(Appalachian Mountains)，西面有落基山脉(Rocky Mountains) 5．美国的地理位置？位于北美洲中部，东濒大西洋，西临太平洋，北面以北纬49°和五大湖与加拿大为界，南联墨西哥，东南隔墨西哥湾与西印度群岛遥遥相望。本土和中国的纬度基本相同。6．简介密西西比河。1）美国的主要河流，也是北美最大河流，全长6,262公里，是世界上最长的河流之一它纵贯美国中部大平原，向南注入墨西哥湾，滋润美国41%土地——众河之父；2）NBA联盟划分东西部赛区；美国编剧协会也以此河为界；3）美国航空公司票价也依次为界。4）密西西比河沿岸州多为摇摆州。7．五大湖。1）从西到东依次是苏必利尔湖(Lake Superior)、密执安湖(Lake Michigan)、休伦湖(Lake Huron)、伊利湖(Lake Erie)和安大略湖(Lake Ontario)；各湖之间有水道相通，最后经由安大略湖，汇经圣劳伦斯河注入大西洋。2）为世界最大的淡水湖群，有“美洲大陆地中海”之称
8．伊利湖湖和安大略湖之间尼亚加拉瀑布 9．美国最干燥,最热的地方？加州的死谷 10．美国一半的电力是靠何种方式取得。火力发电取得的。11．美国的石油产区主要分布在何处？集中在得克萨斯(Texas)、路易斯安那(Louisiana)和俄克拉何马(Oklahoma)三个州。 12．美国国旗是星条旗英文为the Star-SpangledBanner. 13．帝国主义阶段后对外进行战争侵略政策的起点是哪次战争？ 美西战争 14．“大棒政策’是谁提出的？西奥多·罗斯福 15．“金元外交”是谁提出的？威廉·塔夫脱 16．美国历史上第一次大规模的罢工运动？ 1877年，宾夕法尼亚州境内爆发了铁路工人大罢工 17．五一国际劳动节争取到了何种权利？八小时工作制的权利18．“饥饿总统”指那位总统？胡佛 19．接替共和党人胡佛的是谁？民主党人富兰克林·罗斯福20．珍珠港事件 1941年12月8 日(珍珠港Pearl Harbor当地时间为7日)，日本帝国主义用偷袭手段，袭击了美国在太平洋的主要海军基地珍珠港，炸沉、炸伤美军各种舰艇40余艘，击毁美军飞机300架，死伤美军达4，500多人，停泊在珍珠港的美国太平洋舰队几乎全军覆没。美国长期扶植日本帝国主义，玩弄远东
英语国家概况之英国
英语国家概况B （英国）——课程介绍及教学大纲 英语国家概况B （英国） 课程介绍 外语教学不仅要向学生传授语言知识，还应让学生了解目的语国家的文化背景。“英语国家概况”是一门以知识传授为主的课程，其内容所涉及的知识领域繁多复杂，例如地理、历史、经济、政体、教育、艺术、哲学、性格、民俗、宗教等。该课程具体教学目标就是使学生对英语国家的地理风貌、重大历史事件、重要历史文件、政体制度、教育制度、家庭生活、风俗习惯、价值观念等有一个较系统和清楚的了解，并就自己感兴趣的某一领域能够进一步深入研究。该课程教学目的就是开阔学生的视野，扩大知识面，弥补文化背景知识的不足，为大学阶段的外语学习和以后的英语教学工作打下良好的基础。在该课程教学过程中，利用视频、音频、图片等现代化的辅助教学手段，教师不是局限于文化背景知识的传授，同时还注意培养学生的文化意识和英语学习兴趣，进一步扩大学生的英语词汇量，提高跨文化交际能力。 《英语国家概况(B)》教学大纲 一、课程中英文名称 中文名称：英语国家概况(B) 英文名称：A Survey of English-speaking Countries (B) 二、授课对象：英语专业二年级下总学时36 三、本课程与其他课程的联系 先修课程：英语国家概况A、精读C、听力C、泛读C、口语提高 后续课程：精读E、泛读E、视听说E 四、课程教学的目的 一、课程目标 《英语国家概况》是一门介绍英语国家(包括英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰)社会文化综合背景知识的课。目的在于帮助学生了解所学语言国家的背景情况，培养学生的文化意识,帮助学生克服由于缺乏背景知识给语言学习带来的障碍，拓宽知识面。这对进一步提高语言水平，特别是交际能力有重要的指导意义。本学期以英国概况为重点。本科程目的在于帮助学生了解所学语言国家的历史、地理、政治制度、社会生活等方面的背景情况，帮助学生克服由于缺乏背景知识给语言学习带来的障碍，拓宽知识面。这对进一步提高语言水平，特别是交际能力有重要的指导意义。 五、课程教学的主要内容 第一章英国地理、主要城市、社会生活（4学时）