2019年高考英语阅读理解-备考策略研究

2018高考英语全国卷3阅读理解试题分析

及2019年高考英语阅读理解备考建议2018年高考虽然结束了，但是备考尚未结束。

内容要点：

第一部分2017年修订的英语高考大纲关于阅读理解的解读

第二部分2018年全国卷三阅读理解试题分析

第三部分2019年高考阅读理解备考策略

第一部分2017年修订的英语高考大纲阅读理解部分解读阅读是我国学生接触外语的主要途径，它不仅有助于学生获取大量的有效信息，正确认识世界和中国发展大势，学习国外的先进经验，培养自己的国际意识，同时还在很大程度上影响其他语言技能的提高。高考阅读理解试题既考查了学生运用基本阅读技能进行阅读理解的能力，也考查了学生通过文字阅读建构阅读图式的能力。所以，阅读理解一直是高考英语试卷的重要组成部分，且被赋予较多的内容和较高的分值。该部分要求考生读懂有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。考生应能：

（1）理解主旨和要义

一篇文章都会有一个主旨要义。有时从文章的第一段落，或第一句即可得出文章的主旨要义，主要考査考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，它对考生的归纳、概括能力有一定的要求。

（2）理解文中具体信息

理解文章细节内容很重要。

阅读试题会要求考生根据不同的要求，阅读文章以获得特定的信息或准确地寻求所需的细节。

（3）根据上下文推断单词或短语的含义

理解文章中单词或短语的含义是理解文章的基础。但英语单词的含义随不同的语境会不同。此外，阅读文章时，常常会遇到一些生词，不查词典而通过上下文来推断生词含义是阅读测试中检测的一种能力。

（4）作出简单判断和推理

在实际的阅读活动中，有时需要根据文章提供的事实和线索，进行逻辑推理，推测作者未提到的事实或某事发生的可能性等。

（5）理解文章的基本结构

英语阅读：如果希望准确、深刻地理解一篇文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握住全篇的文脉，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。

（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度

文章都有一定的写作目的，或是向读者传递信息。但这些信息通常不明确表达出来，而是隐含在文章之中。因此，这类问题要求考生在理解文章内容的基础上，领会作者的言外之意。

2017年考纲关于阅读理解的六变

1.由“接触外语”变为“学习和使用外语”。

2.由“文章的主旨要义则需从文章的字里行间进行推断”变为“作者没有明示文章的主旨要义，需要读者从文章的字里行间进行归纳和概括”。

3.由“作出简单判断和推理”变为“根据所读内容做出判断和推理”。

4.增加“阅读文章需要具备一定的语篇知识”。

5.由“必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握全篇的文脉”变为“必须把握全篇的基本结构，理清上下文的衔接关系”。

6.考纲开始注重中国传统文化的考查，中国传统文化元素将持续是热点。

第二部分2018年全国卷三阅读理解试题分析

2018高考英语（全国卷3）的阅读选材丰富多样，分别关注当代生活的不同领域，贴近学生生活，开拓学生思维。选材往往会从人与自然、人与社会、人与自我三大主题入手全面考察学生的能力，引导学生形成良好的思维品质，让学生们认识到英语不仅仅是一门语言类学科，其背后更是有着深深的文化内涵。

2018年高考英语全国卷（3）阅读依然是传统的四篇单选阅读加一篇七选五任务型阅读,试题涵盖了课程标准和考试说明中全部阅读技能，包括主旨要义、事实细节、猜测词义、推理判断、理解作者意图观点态度、语篇逻辑关系等方面。题目类型多样且难易搭配合理，各难度层级试题数量比例合适，能够区分不同能力水平的考生。

2018高考英语卷三阅读理解部分具体体裁与题材：

A篇，应用文，旅游广告类阅读，200（282）词，文章主要介绍了去Holker Hall &Gardens 游玩的一些信息，包括交通方式、开放时间、门票以及特殊活动等。3个题目都是非常常规的细节题，“题干定位”，答案一目了然。

B篇，说明文，310（445）词，文章主要介绍了加拿大西部城市道森市发展的兴衰及其原因。2个细节题，1个推断题和1个主旨大意题。

C篇，记叙文，364（488）词，文章主要介绍了中国著名建筑师王澍于2012年荣获全球建筑领域最高荣誉——普利兹克建筑奖的故事。通过讲述了中国建筑师在其作品中弘扬中国传统文化，让世界更好的了解中国。这篇文章的选取首先体现了人与社会的关系，其次在高考英语试题中有机的融合了中国传统文化，可以引导学生继承和发扬优秀的传统文化，增强我们自身的文化自信的同时，让学生明白“传统应付诸于实践”。涉及2个推断题和2个常规细节理解题。

D篇，议论文，305（443）词，人们往往认为物品越多越好，然而作者看来并非如此。作者通过让女儿捐赠玩具和女儿一起玩一个玩具的亲身体验让她体会到物品少同样可以用获得快乐。教育孩子的故事,中心“物品少照样活得开心----live more with less”，贴近生活。2个细节题，1个推断题和1个主旨大意题。

总之，2018年高考英语阅读理解部分出题紧紧围绕着考试大纲，强调英语的基础知识以及应用，而这个特点也与我校紧扣大纲，严抓基础，坚持不懈要求并鼓励学生进行阅读的复习备考思路一致，对今后的英语教学指明了方向。

第三部分2019年高考阅读理解备考建议

“得阅读者得天下”一向是高三考生的至理名言，但是从今年的试题来看，单纯依靠解题技巧只能解决部分简单的习题，加深文章内容的理解，把控文章主旨要义才是阅读理解解题的根本。深度解读文段在2017年和2018年个别篇章中已然成为正确解题的前提条件，在2019年高考中趋势会更加明显，所以夯实基础，扩展词汇量，培养能力，提升素养将是2019乃至未来提高阅读理解得分率的最有效的方法。所以，任何一个时期，想要提升阅读理解的解题能力就一定要在各阶段稳扎稳打，高质量的量变才会转化为质变。阅读质量才是取胜的关键。

通过分析2018年的高考英语卷三试卷，我们对2019年的高考英语复习给出如下备考建议：

一、关注生活实事，思想与时俱进

近三年的高考英语试卷从题材上主要体现了一下三点，为我们以后重点关注的主题提供了方向：

①融入中国优秀传统文化，通过“讲好中国故事”引导增强文化自信

阅读材料的选材要真实，设置任务要求符合学生能力水平，又自然融入了我国优秀传统文化内容，能够引导学生在使用外语了解世界的同时，注重传承和发扬中华民族优秀文明成果，运用中国元素传播中国故事，增强文化自信。

②关注中国和世界发展大势，深入思考人与自然的关系，体悟和谐发展之道

近三年的阅读理解分别选取了野生动物保护、植物科学研究、生态系统平衡维护等话题的文章来设置相关题目，引导考生在理解文章内容和作者观点态度的基础上深度发掘文章思想内涵，关注中国和世界发展大势，关注人类命运共同体，深入思考人与自然的关系，体悟和谐发展之道。

③关注介绍报道科学知识，引导养成科学精神和人文情怀

2018年全国一卷的阅读D篇讲述科技新产品对生活和能源的影响；文章主要介绍新设备比旧设备更环保、更节能，因此建议人们使用新设备来代替旧设备。2017年全国卷阅读理解均选取了科普类文章，这些文章和题目不仅能让学生体会到科学的无限趣味和实际功用，还会促使学生深入思考科技创新在人类生活和发展过程中起到的重要作用，有利于引导学生养成科学精神和人文情怀。

二、紧扣高考大纲，掌握高考词汇，系统学习句法，突破长句难句

词汇是语言的三大要素之一，更是阅读理解的基石。学生在阅读理解时通常遇到的首要问题就是词语障碍，没有一定的词汇量做基础，就谈不上理解能力的提高。熟练掌握课本单词，适量扩充课外词汇是提高阅读能力的必由之路。高考3500词，一定要掌握好，扎扎实实地打好词汇关。所有的文章理解都必须建立在词汇理解的基础上，而且要重视词汇的活用、搭配以及近义词转换等等。掌握了词汇后，还需要掌握句法才能理解句子所表达的含义。最重要的是三大从句和非谓语动词的运用，几乎在每篇文章中都会出现。其次，利用阅读语篇复习词汇、句型和语法。在做完限时阅读后，建议将短文重新再看一遍，对文章所出现的词汇、短语进行及时归纳和总结。语篇不仅为我们提供了丰富的语言文化背景知识及交际背景，而且学生可根据上下文的内容进行猜词，推理完成对语篇的理

解，并带动单词、短语和句型的复习，形成较为流畅的语言表达习惯，有助于突破英语阅读理解的长难句。

三、坚持不懈的进行语篇训练并保质保量

将语篇训练作为贯穿高中英语学习的主线，着重加大语篇分析的训练，提高学生语篇分写解读能力和语言的综合运用能力。语篇分析解读能力的高低，是英语科目拿高分的核心因素。个人认为，应该课内精读、课外阅读“两手抓”，同时，找到同类文章的“公因式”，就能轻松把握该类文章的脉络。

1）课内精读、课外阅读两手抓

在阅读理解题的训练过程中，教师的眼光要放长远，避免盲目就题论题，急功近利。要立足教材资源，挖掘训练素材，始终坚持以教材为主，以课文阅读为主线，逐步提升学生语篇理解能力与语篇分析能力。例如，在教授课文时，教师可引导学生学会分析文章思路，包括明确文章的体裁与题材、推断作者的写作意图及写作态度、对文章内容进行必要梳理等，使学生形成认真分析阅读材料的习惯。但课堂阅读材料毕竟有限，高中生应扩大自己的课外阅读量，通过课外的大量阅读，完成量变到质变的过程。英语报刊杂志、网络资源和众多英语学习类APP上都有海量的地道英语美文。阅读不仅能让同学们感悟英语语言之美，加深对英美文化的了解，也是培养语感、扩大词汇量、提高阅读速度、提升理解能力的有效手段。

2）分类阅读，提取公因式、击破语篇

高考英语文章有很强的规律性，分体裁、分题材找到了同类文章的“公因式”，就能轻松把握该类文章的脉络。要精选阅读素材，渐进式的强化练习，注重做题时间的控制和阅读速度的点亮提高，从练入手强化知识运用，从分析入手注重能力的提高，从结果入手寻找适应的差距。鼓励并帮助学生在平时的训练中，按题材和体裁对语篇进行分类，找出同题材或同体裁文章的规律和基本框架。如介绍发展史的说明文，通常会在开头提出说明对象，然后以时间为线索介绍发展阶段和特征。最后结尾部分，往往是对如今现状的描述，以及对未来发展前景的展望。抓住这个通用框架后，阅读此类说明文，就能很快地理清文章脉络，明白大概意思了。

高中英语考试中阅读理解的九大题型和解题技巧例证题

1.例证题的标记。当题干中出现

example, case, illustrate, illustration, exemplify时。

2.返回原文，找出该例证所在的位置，既给该例子定位。

3.搜索该例证周围的区域，90%向上，10%向下，找出该例证支持的观点。例子周围具有概括抽象性的表达通常就是它的论点。

注意：举例的目的是为了支持论点或是为了说明主题句。举例后马上问这个例子说明了什么问题？不能用例子中的话来回答这个问题。

4.找出该论点，并与四个选项比较，得出选项中与该论点最一致的答案。

5.例证题错误答案设计的干扰特征经常是：就事论事。即用例子中的某一内容拉出来让你去选。(一般不会是正确选项)

要求：在阅读中，遇到长的例子，立即给这个例子定位，即找出起始点，从哪开始到哪结束。

指代题

1.返回原文，找出出题的指代词。

2.向上搜索，找最近的名词、名词性短语或句子(先从最近点开始找，找不到再找次近的，一般答案不会离得太远)。

3.将找到的词、词组或句子的意思代入替换该指代词，看其意思是否通顺。

4.将找到的词、词组或句子与四个选项进行比较，找出最佳答案。

词汇题

“搜索代入”法：

返回原文，找出该词汇出现的地方。

确定该词汇的词性。

从上下文(词汇的前后几句)中找到与所给词汇具有相同词性的词(如一下子找不到就再往上往下找)，代入所给词汇在文章中的位置(将之替换)看语义是否合适

找出选项中与代替词意思相同或相近的选相，即答案

注意：

a.如果该词汇是简单词汇，则其字面意思一般不是正确答案。

b.高考阅读不是考察字认识不认识，而是考察是否能根据上下文作出正确的判断。

c.词汇题的正确答案经常蕴藏在原文该词汇出现的附近。注意不能靠单词词义直接往下推。

d.寻找时要注意同位语、特殊标点(比如分号，分号前后两句话的逻辑关系不是形式上的并列就是语义上的并列，也就是两句话的意思相同，所以可用其中一句话的意思来推测另一句话的意思从而推出所给词汇含义)、定语从句、前后缀，特别要注意寻找时的同性原则。比如：让猜一个名词词组(动词词组)的意思，我们就向上向下搜索名词词组(动词词组)。

隐蔽型词汇题：题干与原文的某句完全重合，只有一两个词被替换掉。隐蔽型词汇题的做法跟词汇题的做法几乎一样，往上往下找。

句子理解题

1.返回原文找到原句。

2.对原句进行语法和词义的精确分析(找主干)，应该重点抓原句的字面含义。若该句的字面含义不能确定，则依据上下文进行判断。

注意：局部含义是由整体决定的。

3.一般来说，选项中的正确答案与原句意思完全相同，只不过用其他英语词汇换种表达而已。

4.句子理解题的错误选项干扰项特征：推得过远。做题时应把握住推的度。

思路：对句子微观分析，不行就依据上下文，选择时不要推得过远。

推理题“最近原则”

1.标志：learn, infer, imply, inform

2.看是否可以通过题干返回原文或依据选项返回原文。一般要围绕文中的一两个重点进行推理。推理题无论通过题干能不能定位，我们都要把它固化到文章的一两点上。

3.依据原文的意思进行三错一对的判断。先不要进行推理，若有一个选项跟原文的意思一模一样，则该选项必然是正确答案。推理题不是考察我们的想象力，它实际是考察我们原文中的某几个点如一个、两个点所涉及的问题我们读透了没有。因此，不推的比推的好;推的近的比推的远的要好。

4.推理题的最近答案原则：不推的要比推的好，推的近的要比推的远的好，直接推出的要比间接推的好。(原文的某句话变个说法)

注意：做题时不能想得太多，推得过远。是否把原文读懂才是关键。

主旨题“串线摘帽”：即在自然段少的时候串串线，串线法解不出来时，大帽子、小帽子摘一下。

1.主旨题的标志：mainly about, mainly discuss, the best title

2.串线法：抓首段和其余各段的第一句话，把其意思连接成一个整体。要注意总结性的提示词和转折词，特别要注意中心句。(主要针对自然段少的文章；针对自然段多的文章，主旨题最好联系中心句。找一个和中心句最贴近的)

3.小心首段陷阱。

4.主旨题错误选项的干扰特征经常是：

局部信息，即选项的内容小于文章的内容;范围过宽，即选项的内容大于文章的内容。

5.逆向思维法、快速作文法：在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有那些内容，然后把它与文章的内容比较，接近的即为正确选项。

作者态度题

1.标志：attitude

2.应精确理解四个选项的含义。

3.不要掺杂自己的观点。

4.可以寻找文中一些具有感情色彩的词。如：fortunately, excessively, too many.

5.举例的方式。

6.抓论述的主线。把第一段读透，把其他各段的段首段尾句拉出来，看整个文章的谋篇结构。

7.做作者态度题时特别注意：首先看清楚是谁对谁的态度。

判断题

1.看可否通过四个选项具体化到文中一点或者根据自然段原则定位。

2.每个选项都应返回原文，不能凭主观印象进行判断。

3.要重点抓是“三错一对”还是“三对一错”的关系(做题是要看清题目)。

细节题看完题目回到原文，重叠原文，得出答案。

重点题型中的几个问题

1.词汇题：字面意思不是答案，要根据上下文推测其深刻含义

2.句子理解题：一般不要求推理，只看句子本身。

3.推理题：答案很大程度上是原文的重现，不一定非要经过逻辑推理从原文中得出。

正确答案的特征

1.正确答案经常与中心思想有关。

2.正确答案的位置，最常见的三个位置是：段首段尾处、转折处、因果处。

3.正确答案经常运用的原则是：同义替换、正话反说、反话正说。

4.从语气角度来看，正确答案中经常含有不肯定的语气词和委婉表达的用词。如：can, may, might, possible, not necessarily, some

5.正确答案经常具有概括性、深刻性，不能只见树木不见森林。

错误答案的特征

第一大层次：无中生有(未提及的概念)；正反混淆(选项的意思跟原文的意思正好相反)；所答非所问(虽然选项的说法没有问题，符合原文，但和题干搭不上边)。

第二大层次：过分绝对；扩大范围(注意隐蔽型的扩大范围mostly)；因果倒置；常识判断；推得过远；偏离中心；变换词性。

常识判断：如果一个选项仅仅符合常识，不一定是正确答案，还要看文章中类似的意思有没有出现；如果一个选项不符合常识，一定不是正答案。

能够不由自主地按照正确的思路解题了，才表明我们正确掌握了这些技巧。

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